immediately

very soon after something else happens, and without any delay

immediately – used especially for emphasis

Remove the pie from the oven and serve at once.

He came home at once when he heard his wife was ill.

immediately, especially because something is urgent. [Right away](bold) and [straightaway](bold) are less formal than [immediately](bold), and are very common in everyday spoken English

If this happens, let us know right away.

if something happens instantly, it happens immediately after something else, with almost no time between

The message is sent instantly from your computer.

if someone orders you to do something right now, they want you to do it immediately, especially because they are annoyed with you

The head teacher wants to see you right now.

immediately, because it is important that you do something as soon as possible

If you lose your passport, you should contact the embassy without delay.

Mix in the remaining ingredients and serve immediately.

拌入余下的食材，立即上桌。

The telephone rang, and he answered it immediately.

电话铃响了，他马上去接。

In everyday English, people usually say [right away](bold)  or, in British English, [straight away](bold)  rather than [immediately](bold) :

He retired immediately after the end of the war.

I can’t remember what happened immediately before the crash.

我记不得撞车前一刹那发生的事了。

able to be seen or understood very easily

能轻易看见的；很容易理解的

The solution to this problem is not immediately obvious.

这个问题的解决办法不是显而易见的。

immediately behind/above/below/in front of etc sth

very closely involved etc in a particular situation

直接受〔某事〕影响的；〔与某事〕有直接牵连/关系等的

Those most immediately involved in the disaster will be given support.

灾害最直接受害者将获得援助。


immediately

Immediately you begin to speak, he gives you his full attention.

你只要一开始说话，他就会全神贯注地听。


immense

People who travel by rail still read an immense amount.

人们坐火车旅行时仍然会读很多书。

Regular visits from a social worker can be of immense value to old people living alone.

对于独居老人来说社工的经常探望极其重要。


immensely

Champagne wines became [immensely popular](bold) in the 18th century.

香槟酒在18世纪十分流行。

Nationalism is an immensely powerful force.

民族主义是十分强大的力量。


immigrant

Large numbers of illegal immigrants have found their way into the country.

Two thirds of legal immigrants to the country came from Europe and Canada.

The majority of workers at the factory are recent immigrants.

There has been a recent increase in the number of African immigrants.

(=someone who is an immigrant, or whose parents were immigrants)

Her parents were first-generation immigrants from Poland.

(=someone whose parents or grandparents were immigrants)

These boys are second-generation immigrants who grew up speaking English.

A new wave of immigrants arrived in the 1950s.

(=a very large number of immigrants that arrive at the same time)

He suggested the country would experience a flood of immigrants.

A quarter of the school’s students are from immigrant families.

Many immigrant workers had to live in deprived areas.

There are shops catering for the various immigrant communities.

The immigrant population increased rapidly during the 1970s.

someone who enters another country to live there permanently

a new wave of immigrants from the Middle East

来自中东的一股新兴的移民浪潮


immigrate

to come into a country in order to live there permanently

〔为定居而从外国〕移居，移入

His father and mother immigrated when he was two.

他的父母在他两岁时移民到这里。


immigration

ˌɪmɪˈɡreɪʃən

ˌɪmɪˈɡreɪʃən

the process of entering another country in order to live there permanently

He called for a common European policy on immigration.

他要求欧洲国家实施共同的移民政策。

the total number of people who immigrate

20世纪80年代移民人数下降。

the place at an airport, sea port etc where officials check the documents of everyone entering the country

〔机场、港口等的〕入境检查处


imminent

[imminence](bold) n. <U> eg: the imminence of the General Election

an event that is imminent, especially an unpleasant one, will happen very soon

〔尤指令人不快的事〕即将发生的，逼近的

一项新的贸易协定即将签署。


immune

someone who is immune to a particular disease cannot catch it

〔对某种疾病〕有免疫力的

Once we’ve had the disease, we’re immune for life.

我们一旦得过这种病，就获得了终身免疫力。

the reaction of the body’s immune system to something that is harmful

HIV is a progressive disease which the immune response ultimately fails to control.

人类免疫缺陷病毒是一种进行性疾病，最终免疫反应无法将其控制。

not affected by something that happens or is done

The Labour Party is not immune to new ideas.

工党也受到新思潮的影响。

specially protected from something unpleasant

The senior members of the group appeared to be immune from arrest.

该团体的资深成员似乎可免遭拘捕。


immunity

the state or right of being protected from particular laws or from unpleasant things

They were [granted immunity](bold) from prosecution.


impact

Winning this competition could have a big impact on my life.

His impact was greater than that of the Beatles.

Industry has a huge impact on the environment we live in.

The impact has been enormous on people’s daily lives.

New technologies have only had a small impact on the overall level of employment.

The change in government had a minimal impact in the rural areas of the country.

Cuts in federal spending should have a positive impact on America’s economic future.

The expansion of the airport would have a negative impact on the environment.

His leg injury had a disastrous impact on his career as a footballer.

The war had a major impact on French domestic politics.

Population growth has a profound impact on world food demand.

The loss of forests has had an adverse impact on bird populations.

The film made a real impact on cinema audiences.

The arrival of the railways made a lasting impact on many sectors of the economy.

Scientists are calculating the long-term impact of the floods.

A military attack may only have a short-term impact on terrorist activity.

Their mother’s death had a huge emotional impact on the children.

It is difficult to measure the economic impact of the war.

The environmental impact of the construction project is being investigated.

South Wales felt the full impact of the recession.

He’s studying the potential impact of climate change.

New technology has had a massive impact on our lives.

The product quickly made an impact on the market.

The industry has felt the impact of rising fuel prices.

The chemical industry is looking at ways to reduce its impact on the environment.

The picture loses impact when it is reduced in size.

the effect or influence that an event, situation etc has on someone or something

We need to assess the impact on climate change.

我们需要评估对气候变化的影响。

Higher mortgage rates have already [had](bold) a major [impact](bold) on spending.

抵押借款利率提高已经对消费产生了重大影响。

an international meeting to consider the [environmental impacts](bold) of global warming

研究全球变暖所造成环境影响的国际会议

→ Don’t say ‘cause an impact’ on something. Say [have an impact](bold) on something.

The force of the impact knocked the breath out of her.

at the moment when one thing hits another


impact

[v](bold) <[I,T](bold)> ([especially AmE](special))

to have an important or noticeable effect on someone or something

（对 …）产生〔重要或明显的〕影响

The Food Safety Act will progressively impact on the way food businesses operate.

《食品安全法》将逐渐对食品业的经营方式产生影响。


impair

to damage something or make it not as good as it should be

削弱，损害，损伤〔某物〕

The illness had impaired his ability to think and concentrate.

这种疾病损害了他的思维能力和注意力。


impartial

[impartiality](bold) /ɪmˌpɑːʃiˈæləti/ US /-ɑːr-/  n. <U>

not involved in a particular situation, and therefore able to give a fair opinion or piece of advice

We offer [impartial advice](bold) on tax and insurance.

我们就税收和保险问题提供公允的建议。

an [impartial inquiry](bold) into the deaths


impatient

annoyed because of delays, someone else’s mistakes etc

不耐烦的，无耐心的，急躁的

[become/grow impatient (with sb/sth)](bold)

We are growing impatient with the lack of results.

我们因为没有取得成效而急躁起来。

He turned away with an impatient gesture.

他做了个不耐烦的手势转过身去。

very eager for something to happen and not wanting to wait

Alec strode down the street, impatient to be home.

亚历克在街上大步走着，急着想赶回家。

He was eager to talk to Shildon and impatient for him to return from lunch.

他急着想和希尔登谈谈，盼着他快点吃完午饭回来。


imperfect

[imperfection](bold) /ˌɪmpəˈfekʃ/ US /-pər-/  n. <C,U>

我们生活于其中的不完美的世界


imperfect

the form of a verb which is used when talking about an action in the past that is not complete. For example, ‘I was eating’.


impetus

an influence that makes something happen or makes it happen more quickly

The report may [provide](bold) further [impetus](bold) for reform.

这份报告可能会进一步推动改革。

The discovery [gave](bold) fresh [impetus to](bold) the research.

这个发现为研究带来新动力。

the force that makes an object start moving, or keeps it moving


implement

[implementation](bold) /ˌɪmpləmenˈteɪʃ/  n. <U> eg: the implementation of the peace plan

to take action or make changes that you have officially decided should happen

[implement a policy/plan/decision etc](bold)

We have decided to [implement](bold) the committee’s recommendations [in full](bold).

我们已决定全面实施委员会提出的建议。


implement

a tool, especially one used for outdoor physical work

〔尤指用于户外体力活的〕工具，用具，器具


implicate

to show or suggest that someone is involved in a crime or dishonest act

使卷入〔罪案或不诚实行为〕；牵连

The allegations implicated Abe to such an extent he was forced to resign.

安倍深受指控牵连，不得不辞职。

Three police officers are implicated in the cover-up.

if something is implicated in something bad or harmful, it is shown to be its cause

说明〔某物〕导致〔不好或有害的事〕

Viruses are known to be implicated in the development of some cancers.

已知病毒是诱发一些癌症的原因。

[Implicate](bold)  is usually passive in this meaning.


implication

ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃən

ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃən

The results of the experiment could have important implications for scientists.

The lack of affordable housing has major implications for families living in rural areas.

The transformation of Europe has profound implications for the defence industries.

(=causing things to change in an important way)

The cuts in social security benefits had far-reaching implications for ethnic minorities.

(=affecting more people or society in general)

What are the wider implications of this change in the law?

The full implications of the decision will become clear over the next few weeks.

We discussed the possible implications of oil price rises.

Academic research often has practical implications.

Managers must be aware of the financial implications of their decisions.

The court’s decision could have far-reaching political implications.

We have taken advice on the legal implications of our activities.

She’s studying the social implications of different patterns of work.

This is an environmental disaster which will have implications for more than one country.

Have you considered the implications of your choice?

The paper discusses the implications of the agreement.

He has studied the implications of recent technical innovations.

The government has been slow to grasp the implications of the current teacher shortage.

a possible future effect or result of an action, event, decision etc

〔行动、事件、决定等的〕可能的影响[后果]

What are the implications of these proposals?

This election [has](bold) profound [implications for](bold) the future of U.S. democracy.

His talk will examine the [wider implications](bold) of the Internet revolution.

他的讲话将探讨因特网革命更为广泛的影响。

a situation in which it is shown or suggested that someone or something is involved in a crime or a dishonest act

〔与罪行或欺诈行为的〕牵涉，牵连

the implication of the former Chief of Staff in a major scandal

前任总参谋长卷入一宗重大丑闻

a suggestion that is not made directly but that people are expected to understand or accept

They are called ‘Supertrams’, [the implication being that](bold)(=which is meant to suggest that) they are more advanced than earlier models.

它们被称作“超级电车”，这是暗指它们比先前的型号更先进。

The law bans organized protests and, by implication, any form of opposition.

这一法令禁止有组织的抗议，言下之意就是禁止任何形式的反对活动。


implicit

[implicitly](bold) adv. eg: They believed implicitly in their own superiority.

suggested or understood without being stated directly

His statement is being seen as implicit criticism of the work of research laboratories.

他的话被认为是对研究实验室工作的含蓄批评。

forming a central part of something, but without being openly stated

Confidentiality is implicit in your relationship with a counselor.


imply

[past tense and past participle](italic) [implied](bold) [present participle](italic) [implying](bold) [third person singular](italic) [implies](bold)

to suggest that something is true, without saying this directly

Cleo blushed. She had not meant to imply that he was lying.

克利奥脸红了。她不是故意暗指他在撒谎的。

if a fact, event etc implies something, it shows that it is likely to be true

意味着〔某事可能是真的〕

The high level of radiation in the rocks implies that they are volcanic in origin.

这些岩石内的高辐射水平显示它们是由火山作用形成的。

if one thing implies another, it proves that the second thing exists

Democracy implies a respect for individual liberties.

High profits do not necessarily imply efficiency.

高利润并不一定意味着高效率。


import

Foreign imports into Britain continued to grow in the 1970s.

Farmers are complaining about cheap imports flooding the market.

The country is dependent on oil imports for almost all its basic energy needs.

There is pressure on the country to reduce its rice imports.

Restrictions on agricultural imports remain in place.

The country had problems paying for its essential imports.

Higher duties were placed on luxury imports.

The company increased imports in order to cut domestic production costs.

New investment will reduce imports and save jobs.

The scheme aims to control imports of cheap goods.

The organization wants the government to ban imports of exotic birds.

Imports increased by 13 percent last year.

Imports of consumer goods fell sharply in December.

The US imposed an import ban on several types of fish.

(=laws which reduce or limit the amount of imports)

(=limits on the number of imports allowed)

Each country introduced its own import quotas.

The US imposed huge import duties on products from Europe.

a product that is brought from one country into another so that it can be sold there, or the business of doing this

the abolition of [import duties](bold)(=taxes)

American demand for Japanese imports (=goods from Japan)

美国人对日本进口产品的需求

something new or different that is brought to a place where it did not previously exist

〔之前不曾在某地存在的〕输入物，引进物

The beetle is thought to be a European import.

这种甲虫被认为是从欧洲传入的。


import

[imported](bold) adj. eg: imported autos eg: imported data

to bring a product from one country into another so that it can be sold there

In 2001, Britain exported more cars than it imported.

2001年，英国汽车出口量大于进口。

to introduce something new or different in a place where it did not previously exist

The unusual designs were probably imported from Iran.

这些新奇设计可能是从伊朗传入的。

The US comedy format was gradually imported to UK screens.

这种美国喜剧模式渐渐被搬上英国银幕。

to move information from one computer to another

导入，传输〔计算机信息〕

You can now import graphics from other applications.

你现在可以导入其他应用软件的图表。


importance

the importance of cleanliness in preventing infections

He may have been an evil tyrant, but you cannot deny his importance in world history.

the importance of an event, action etc, especially because of the effects or influence it will have in the future

The significance of the discovery was not understood until years later.

9/11 was an event of global significance.

the importance and usefulness or something

The athletes talked to the students about the value of a college education.

the fact of being important and well-known

He first came to prominencebecame well-known in the 1990s.

This is an issue that has importance for all of us.

She attached great importance to loyalty.

We all recognize the importance of his work.

I'd like to emphasize the importance of reading exam questions carefully.

The town assumed importance once it was connected to the rail system.

The island lost its importance when trade routes changed.

(=be more important than something else)

For him, winning Wimbledon exceeded all other tournaments in importance.

Crime rates have great importance for the government.

Some people attach enormous importance to personal wealth.

The central importance of interest rates is widely recognized.

Tourism has particular importance in some regions.

When applying for a job, qualifications and experience are often of equal importance.

We discussed the relative importance of these different sources of revenue.

the growing importance of the Internet as a source of information

The role of the police has great political importance.

Crime is an issue of national importance.

(=related to things that happen, rather than just ideas)

Science has long been of practical importance to civilization as a whole.

(=a feeling that you are an important person)

Sitting behind the big desk gave her a feeling of importance.

Where the money came from is of no importance.

be of the utmost importance/be of paramount importance

It is of the utmost importance that this matter is kept confidential.

Finishing the project on time is of primary importance.

Sometimes we forget that the media coverage of a sport is actually of secondary importance to the event itself.

I agree about the importance of these proposals (=the reasons why they are important).

我同意，这些建议十分重要。

They make decisions about various matters of importance(=important matters).

他们对各种各样的重要事情作出决定。

He was [full of his own importance](bold)(=he behaved in an annoying way which showed that he thought he was very important).


important

having a big effect on people’s lives or on events in the future

Good qualifications are increasingly important.

important enough to be noticeable or have a big effect

There is no significant difference between the performance of male and female students.

The Internet has brought about significant changes in people’s lives.

important or interesting enough to deserve your attention

The castle is the island’s most noteworthy feature.

The jury’s verdict was noteworthy for a number of reasons.

very important, especially for the success, health, or safety of someone or something

It is essential to speak the local language.

extremely important, because without it there could be serious problems

The US plays a crucial role in the region.

The media are a vital part of the political system.

extremely important and having a big effect

Wheeler had a key role in the development of the atom bomb.

In the construction industry, health and safety are of considerable importance.

very important because it has a very great effect on the future

Momentous events were taking place in Russia.

one of the most important or serious things

Smoking is a major cause of heart disease.

most important – used especially when talking about the main thing that people are discussing, worried about, or trying to do

Education will be the central issue in the election.

Our primary concern is passenger safety.

more important than anything else, so that you must consider it when deciding what to do

Airport security is of paramount importance.

The needs of the students are paramount.

an important event, decision, problem etc has a big effect or influence on people’s lives or on events in the future

The accident taught him an important lesson.

那次事故给了他很大的教训。

‘What did you say?’ ‘Oh, nothing important.’

“你说什么？”“噢，没什么大事。”

It’s important to explain the procedure to the patient.

向病人解释治疗程序十分重要。

[It’s](bold) vitally [important that](bold) you understand the danger.

了解危险所在是极为重要的。

It was important for the president to continue his schedule, regardless of the bomb threat.

总统不顾炸弹的威胁仍继续他的行程，这十分重要。

Nothing could be more important to me than my family.

对我来说，没有什么比家庭更重要。

→ When you mean that you care about something a lot, say that it is [important to](bold) you, not that it is ‘important for’ you.

people who are important have a lot of power or influence

〔人〕有权力的，有影响力的

They carry guns because it makes them [feel important](bold).

他们带着枪，因为这使他们感觉自己有势力。


importantly

used to show that your next statement or question is more, equally etc important than what you said before

Most importantly, you must keep a record of everything you do.

最重要的是，你必须把你所做的事一一记录下来。

in a way that shows you think that what someone is saying or doing is important

煞有介事地；自以为了不起地

他煞有介事地阔步走进房间。


importer

a person, company, or country that buys goods from other countries so they can be sold in their own country

进口者；进口商；进口国，输入国


impose

if someone in authority imposes a rule, punishment, tax etc, they force people to accept it

The government imposed a ban on the sale of ivory.

to force someone to have the same ideas, beliefs etc as you

将〔想法、信仰等〕强加〔于某人〕

parents who impose their own moral values on their children

把自己的道德观强加给孩子的父母

to expect or ask someone to do something for you when this is not convenient for them

We could ask to stay the night, but I don’t want to impose on them.

我们可以要求留下来过夜，但我不想给他们添麻烦。

to have a bad effect on something or someone and to cause problems for them

对 …造成不利影响；给 …造成困难

[impose a burden/hardship etc (on sb/sth)](bold)

Military spending imposes a huge strain on the economy.

军费开支给经济带来了沉重的负担。

In everyday English, people usually say [put a ban/tax/burden/strain](bold)  on something rather than [impose a ban/tax/burden/strain](bold)  on something:

The government [put](bold) a higher [tax on](bold) cigarettes.

This [puts](bold) a lot of [strain on](bold) families.


imposition

the introduction of something such as a rule, punishment, tax etc

〔规章、惩罚、税种等的〕实施

something that someone expects or asks you to do for them, which is not convenient for you

I know it’s an imposition, but could I use your bathroom?

实在不好意思，我可以借用你的浴室吗？


impossible

[impossibly](bold) adv. eg: Some sales managers think selling abroad is impossibly difficult.

[impossibility](bold) /ɪmˌpɒsəˈbɪləti/ US /-ˌpɑː-/  n. <C,U> eg: One hundred percent airline security is a practical impossibility.

[Impossible](bold)  is not used with ‘very’. You say: It was an absolutely impossible task.
Don’t say: [It was a very impossible task.](strike)

something that is impossible cannot happen or be done

It’s impossible to get a taxi around here.

At times, finding a job felt like an impossible task.

something that is impractical is too expensive, takes too much time, is too difficult etc and therefore it is not sensible to try to do it

It’s a nice idea, but it’s totally impractical.

We cannot all just stop using our cars - that would be completely impractical.

used when saying that something is completely impossible, especially because it is not allowed

It’s out of the question for you to go alone.

used when saying that you think something is completely impossible

There’s no way we can get to the airport in less than an hour.

It seemed inconceivable that there could be an end to the fighting in Northern Ireland.

impossible to imagine or believe – used especially about something that seems very shocking to people

In those days it was unthinkable for a lady to work outside the home.

used when saying very definitely that something is impossible

It seemed impossible that he would ever recover from the injury.

As it became darker, it became impossible for the players to see the ball.

(=be impossible because you have tried but not succeeded)

It proved impossible for the two sides to reach an agreement.

He found it impossible to sleep because of the noise coming from next door.

The large number of prison guards rendered any escape impossible.

It is absolutely impossible to drive in these conditions.

He thought that winning would be almost impossible.

Getting tickets for the concert is practically impossible.

Policing the entire coastline is well-nigh impossible.

He managed to win the chess game from a seemingly impossible position.

It is physically impossible to survive for long in the desert without water.

He faced the impossible task of paying back huge debts.

She achieved the seemingly impossible feat of breaking the world record.

(=something you want, but will never happen)

For a small club, winning the cup final will always be the impossible dream.

She was growing tired of the company’s impossible demands.

It is impossible to know if this story is true.

Obtaining funding for the film will be difficult, if not impossible.

‘I want to speak to Mr Franks.’ ‘I’m afraid that’s impossible.’

“我想和弗兰克斯先生谈谈。”“恐怕不行。”

[It’s impossible to](bold) be accurate about these things.

这些事情不可能准确无误。

The noise [made](bold) sleep [impossible](bold).

Members with young children often [found it impossible to](bold) attend evening meetings.

有小孩的会员常觉得没法参加晚上的聚会。

It is difficult to find work these days, but for blind people it is [virtually impossible](bold).

现在找工作很难，对于盲人来说几乎是不可能。

He was faced with a [seemingly impossible](bold) task.

他面临着似乎不可能完成的任务。

It was [physically impossible](bold) to get the fridge through the door.

根本不可能把冰箱从这扇门搬过去。

Six months ago, peace seemed an [impossible dream](bold).

六个月前和平还似乎是个无法实现的梦。

Such mental attitudes are [difficult, if not impossible](bold), to change.

即使有可能，要改变这样的心态也是很难的。

a situation that is impossible is one that you cannot deal with

We were in an impossible situation. Whatever we decided to do would upset someone.

我们处于两难的境地。无论我们决定做什么都会有人不开心。

Helen’s refusal to cooperate [put](bold) me [in an impossible position](bold).

海伦拒绝合作，使我进退维谷。

His attitude is [making life impossible](bold) for the rest of the team.

他的态度使队里其他人的日子很难过。

behaving in a very unreasonable and annoying way

〔行为〕不讲道理的，令人讨厌的


impossible

[attempt/do/ask etc the impossible](bold)

I just want to be able to buy healthy food at a reasonable price. Is that asking the impossible?

我只是希望能以合理的价格买到健康食品。难道这是不可能实现的要求吗？


impress

to make someone feel admiration and respect

Steve borrowed his dad’s sports car to impress his girlfriend.

史蒂夫借来他爸爸的跑车向女友炫耀。

We were very impressed by the standard of work.

工作水准之高给我们留下了深刻的印象。

One candidate in particular impressed us with her knowledge.

尤其是有一位候选人，她的学识给我们留下了深刻的印象。

I think the chief exec was [favourably impressed](bold) by your presentation.

我认为总经理对你作的介绍相当满意。

‘He’s a lawyer?’ Mum looked [suitably impressed](bold)(=as impressed as you would expect).

“他是个律师？”不出所料，妈妈面露欣赏之色。

to make the importance of something clear to someone

使〔某人〕了解〔某事的重要性〕；强调

Father impressed on me the value of hard work.

父亲向我强调努力工作的重要意义。

to press something into a soft surface so that a mark or pattern appears on it

把〔某物〕压入〔柔软的平面〕；压印；盖〔印〕于


impression

Think about what sort of impression you want to make.

Her speech definitely gave the impression that she was enthusiastic about the project.

Arriving late won’t create a very good impression.

What sort of impression did you get of the city?

(=make someone remember a person, place, or thing)

Janet certainly left an impression on him.

He was keen to make a good impression on his boss.

Arriving late for an interview gives a very negative impression.

My first impression was that Terry’s version of the events was untrue.

He had the clear impression that most people were in favour of the idea.

Dave only had a vague impression of the man who had attacked him.

She made a strong impression on me the first time I met her.

(=one that someone remembers for a long time)

Sam’s performance had clearly made a lasting impression on the audience.

(=an impression that is stronger than all others)

The overwhelming impression after the meeting was one of optimism.

Alan’s wartime experiences had left an indelible impression on him.

The advertisement gave a misleading impression of the product.

He had the mistaken impression that Julia was married.

Many people got the false impression she didn’t care.

The general impression was of a very efficiently run company.

(=used when something seems very clear to you)

We were left with the impression that the contract was ours if we wanted it.

My personal impression is that the new manager has greatly improved things.

(=the impression you make when you first meet someone is important)

When attending a job interview, remember that first impressions count.

the opinion or feeling you have about someone or something because of the way they seem

When we looked around the school we got a very good impression.

我们参观了学校，对它的印象很好。

I got the impression that she wasn't very happy with her job.

我有这样的印象，她的工作干得并不愉快。

to believe that something is true when it is not

I’m sorry, I was under the impression that you were the manager.

对不起，我以为你是经理呢。

if you do an impression of a famous person, you copy their speech or behaviour in order to make people laugh

〔对名人言行的〕滑稽模仿

Jean [does](bold) a great [impression of](bold) Madonna.

琼模仿麦当娜真是惟妙惟肖。

a picture or drawing of what someone or something might look like, or what something will look like in the future

an [artist’s impression](bold) of the new building

一位美术家给新大楼画的印象画

a mark left by pressing something into a soft surface

Some of the fallen trees had [left](bold) a clear [impression](bold)  in the hardened mud.

有一些倒下的树木在板结的淤泥上留下了清晰的压痕。

all the copies of a book printed at one time

印数〔一本书一次印刷的总册数〕


impressive

[impressively](bold) adv. eg: Production standards are impressively high.

used about something that people admire because it is very good, large, important etc

The drug has shown some impressive results.

extremely impressive – used especially when someone does something very well or looks very beautiful

extremely impressive – used especially about beautiful views, or the fast speed of something

The views of the Rocky Mountains are simply breathtaking.

The economy is growing at a breathtaking pace.

very impressive and exciting to look at or watch

so impressive that you feel great respect and admiration, or you feel rather frightened

Michelangelo’s masterpiece is awe-inspiring.

very impressive because of being big and beautiful

used about buildings and people that are large and impressive

something that is impressive makes you admire it because it is very good, large, important etc

令人钦佩的，给人深刻印象的

这些数字看上去确实很可观。

Among the guests was an [impressive array of](bold) authors and critics.

来宾中有不少出色的作家和评论家。


imprison

to put someone in prison or to keep them somewhere and prevent them from leaving

The government imprisoned all opposition leaders.

政府把反对派领导人全部监禁起来。

She was imprisoned within his strong arms.

if a situation or feeling imprisons people, it restricts what they can do

〔状况或感觉〕束缚，限制〔人们的行为〕

Many elderly people feel imprisoned in their own homes.

许多老年人感到待在自己家里跟坐牢一样。


imprisonment

the state of being in prison, or the time someone spends there

They were sentenced to 6 years’ imprisonment.


improve

to make something better, or to become better

a course for students wishing to improve their English

为想提高英语水平的学生开设的一门课

The doctors say she is improving (=after being ill).

You could use the money for improving your home.

你可以用这笔钱改善家居。

Many wines [improve with age](bold)(=get better as they get older).

很多葡萄酒年代越久越香醇。

In everyday English, people often say something [gets better](bold)  rather than [improves](bold) :

Her English is definitely [getting better](bold).


improved

[adj](bold) <[usually before noun](bold)>

Our washing powder now has a [new improved](bold) formula.

我们的洗衣粉现已有改良的新配方。


improvement

This version of the software is a clear improvement on its predecessor.

After taking the tablets, he noticed some improvement in his energy levels.

The sales figures show a major improvement.

A pre-tax profit of 4.3 million pounds represents a 5% improvement on last year.

The situation today is a big improvement on the 1980s.

The new computer system was a vast improvement.

With the new treatment we saw a dramatic improvement in his condition.

There has been a considerable improvement in trading conditions.

Joanna's work showed a marked improvement.

Sales figures have shown a slight improvement this month.

There has been a gradual improvement in educational standards.

There has been a general improvement in the standard of living.

The following two seasons saw a steady improvement in the team's performance.

We feel there is room for further improvement.

The patient is showing signs of improvement.

(=the possibility that something could be done better)

There's room for improvement in the way the tickets are sold.

the act of improving something, or the state of being improved

There’s been a big improvement in the children’s behaviour.

孩子们的行为举止有了很大的进步。

We need to carry out some improvements to the system.

我们需要对系统进行一些改进。

Our results have shown some improvement this month.

我们的成绩这个月有所提高。

a change or addition that improves something

Are you making some improvements to your home?

你在改善家里的居住条件吗？


impulse

He had a strong impulse to punch Stan in the face.

I felt an irresistible impulse to giggle.

She felt a sudden impulse to play some music.

Her first impulse was to turn and walk away.

My natural impulse was to shout for help.

Rosa had an impulse to tell Henry the truth.

(=not do something, even though you have an impulse to do it)

Derek resisted the impulse to eat any more cake.

(=do something because you have a sudden desire to do it)

Acting on an impulse, he decided to visit his sister.

(=do something because you have a sudden very strong desire to do it)

Yielding to an impulse, she called him on her mobile phone.

(=buying something without having planned it)

She admitted that the necklace had been an impulse buy.

(=do something without having planned it)

James bought her some flowers on impulse.

a sudden strong desire to do something without thinking about whether it is a sensible thing to do

玛吉的第一个念头就是跑。

Gerry couldn’t [resist the impulse](bold) to kiss her.

格里抑制不住想亲吻她的冲动。

On impulse, I picked up the phone and rang her.

一时心血来潮，我拿起电话打给她。

Most beginners [buy](bold) plants [on impulse](bold) and then hope for the best.

大多数新手都是一时兴起把植物买回来，然后就抱着最大的希望。

[impulse buying/shopping](bold)(=when you buy things that you had not planned to buy)

a short electrical signal that travels in one direction along a nerve or wire

(神经)冲动；(电)脉冲

The eye converts light signals to nerve impulses.

眼睛把光信号转变成神经冲动。

a reason or aim that causes a particular kind of activity or behaviour

It is the passions which provide the main impulse of music.

激情是音乐创作的主要动力。


impulsive

[impulsively](bold) adv. eg: ‘Oh, Anne, I do love you!’ he said impulsively.

someone who is impulsive does things without considering the possible dangers or problems first

Rosa was impulsive and sometimes regretted things she’d done.

罗莎性情鲁莽，有时会为做过的事感到后悔。

In a burst of impulsive generosity, I offered to pay.

因一时慷慨，我主动提出付款。


in

[in all](bold) at → [all](->all) 1 sense 11

used with the name of a container, place, or area to say where someone or something is

在〔容器、地点或地区〕里，在 …内

他开着他的新车载我们去兜风。

我发现她直直地坐在床上。

曼森在监狱里待了15年。

费希尔先生本周在波士顿。

He almost drowned when he fell in the river.

You can put your pyjamas in the bottom drawer.

你可以把你的睡衣放在底层抽屉里。

She looked in her handbag, but her keys were not there.

她朝她的手提包里看了看，但钥匙不在里面。

used to say how something is done or happens

〔表示某事完成或发生的方式〕

一间以现代风格装饰的房间

Her parents always talk to her in German.

她的父母总是用德语和她交谈。

她用刺耳的声音叫我的名字。

用铅笔草草写下的一小段笔记

The title was printed in capital letters.

标题是用大写字母印刷的。

used with the names of months, years, seasons etc to say when something happens

在〔某月、某年、某季节等〕

Bright yellow flowers appear in late summer.

夏末时开出颜色鲜艳的黄色花朵。

It was amazing how much we managed to do in a day.

真想不到我们在一天之内做了这么多事情。

the hardest decision I ever made in my life

我一生中作出的最困难的决定

You say: I got a card from my sister this morning. I hope to go to Europe next summer.
Don’t say: [ in this morning](strike)  [in next summer](strike)

You say: The group meets three times a month.
Don’t say: [three times in a month](strike)

You can say [in one](bold)  week, month etc when emphasizing how often something happens: He was stopped for speeding three times in one month.

The results will be announced in two weeks’ time.

used with negatives or with ‘first’ to say how much time has passed since the last time something happened

在〔某段时间〕内〔用于否定句或与first连用〕

I haven’t enjoyed myself so much in years.

我已多年没有玩得这么开心了。

It was the team’s first win in eighteen months.

这是该队18个月以来的首次胜利。

used to name the book, document, film etc where something or someone appears

在〔书、文件、电影等〕里

You shouldn’t believe everything you read in the newspapers.

报纸上看到的东西不可全信。

Which actress starred in the film ‘Cleopatra’?

哪位女演员在电影《埃及艳后》里担任主角？

In his speech, Professor Leary praised the work of the volunteers.

利里教授在演讲中赞扬了志愿者所做的工作。

making up the whole of something or included as part of something

构成 …的整体；包含在 …之内

There are twelve programmes in the series.

Think of a word with eight letters in it meaning ‘cold’.

想出一个由八个字母组成的意为“寒冷”的单词。

Owen will be playing in the England team tomorrow.

欧文明天将代表英格兰队出战。

doing or affecting a particular kind of job

在 …界，在 …行业〔从事或影响某种工作〕

He’s been in politics for fifteen years.

used to talk about the state or situation of something or someone

处于 …中〔表示某事物或某人的状态、情况〕

I hear that their marriage is in trouble.

我听说他们的婚姻出问题了。

The engine appears to be in good condition.

used to say what activity a group of people do

〔一群人〕参与，参加〔活动〕

About 4,000 students took part in the protest.

大约有4,000名学生参加了抗议活动。

used to talk about the shape, arrangement, or course of something or someone

以 …，呈 …〔表示形状、排列方式或路线〕

我要你们所有人站成一圈。

used between a smaller number and a larger number to say how common or how likely something is

在 …中〔用于较小和较大的数字之间，指某事的普遍性或可能性〕

现在十个家庭中有一家拥有有线电视。

Smokers have a one in three chance of dying from their habit.

吸烟者死于吸烟这一习惯的概率是三分之一。

used before a plural number or amount to say how many people or things are involved, or how many there are in each group

〔用于复数或数量前，表示涉及多少人或物，或每组有多少人〕

[in their hundreds/thousands etc](bold)(=in very large numbers)

People flocked in their thousands to greet their new princess.

成千上万的人蜂拥而来迎接他们的新王妃。

used between a smaller number or amount and a larger one to say what a rate is

Income tax stands at 23 pence in the pound.

used to say what colour something is or what it is made of

〔指某物的颜色或组成成分〕

used to say what specific thing your statement is related to

Clark had become more extreme in his opinions.

克拉克的观点变得更为极端。

used to refer to the weather or the physical conditions somewhere

在 …中〔用以描述某处的天气或环境〕

I’ve been standing in the rain for over an hour.

我在雨中已站了一个多小时。

used to say what feeling you have when you do something

处于 …中〔表示做某事时的情感〕

used before the name of someone or something when you are saying how they are regarded

〔用于某人或某物的名字前，表示对其的看法〕

In Dwight D. Eisenhower the Republicans had found the ideal candidate.

共和党人认为德怀特·D.艾森豪威尔是理想的候选人。

used to say what person or thing has the quality you are mentioning

在 …中〔指人或物有某种特性〕

空气中弥漫着一丝春天的气息。

I don’t think Freddy had it in him to be a killer.

我认为弗雷迪成不了杀手。

She’s everything I’d want in a wife (=she has every quality I would want a wife to have).

她就是我心目中完美的妻子形象。

used to name the substance, food, drink etc that contains something

在 …里〔用于说出包含某物的物质、食品、饮料等〕

used to say how many parts something is divided into

〔指某物被分成多少部分〕

I tore the letter in two and threw the pieces in the fire.

我把信撕成两半扔进火中。

while doing something or while something is happening, and as a result of this

In all the confusion, it is quite possible that some people got tickets without paying.

在混乱中极有可能有人没付钱就得到票了。

In my excitement, I forgot all about the message.

我一激动就把口信忘得一干二净。

In trying to protect the queen, Howard had put his own life in danger.

霍华德冒着生命危险保护女王。

used after a statement to begin to explain in what way it is true

I’ve been lucky in that I have never had to worry about money.

我很幸运，从来不必为钱发愁。

to be between the ages of 20 and 29, 30 and 39 etc

二十多岁/三十多岁/四十多岁等

马修斯已经四十五岁左右。


in

[have (got) it in for sb](bold) at → [have](->have) 2 sense 41

into or inside a container, place, vehicle etc

Eric held the boat steady while the children got in.

孩子们上船时，埃里克把船扶稳。

He went to the ticket machine and put a coin in.

他走向售票机，投入一枚硬币。

inside or into a building, especially your home or the place where you work

在建筑物里，进入建筑物里〔尤指居住或工作的地方〕

I’m afraid Mr Stewart won’t be in until tomorrow morning.

恐怕斯图尔特先生明天上午才会回来。

if a train, boat, or plane is in, it has arrived at a station, airport etc

〔火车、船或飞机〕已经到达

她乘坐的航班什么时候到？

given or sent to a person or organization to be dealt with by them

递交〔某人〕，送至〔某机构〕

所有参赛作品必须在下周之前提交。

Letters have been pouring in from all over the country.

信件从全国各地纷至沓来。

if you write, paint, or draw something in, you add it in the correct place

Fill in your name and address on the form provided.

在所提供的表格上填上你的姓名和地址。

The information is typed in by trained keyboarders.

资料由训练有素的输入人员输入计算机。

if a player or team is in during a game of cricket, they are batting (bat)

〔板球手或板球队〕在击球

if a ball is in during a game, it is inside the area where the game is being played

阿加西的二发刚好落在界内。

if a politician or a political party is in, they have been elected

Labour recorded its highest vote ever, but the Tories got in again.

工党的得票率是有史以来最高的，但保守党再一次当选。

The map had started to curl in at the edges.

when the tide is in, the sea by the shore is at its highest level

The tide was in, and the sea lapped against the harbour wall.

涨潮了，海水拍打着港口岸堤。

if someone is in for something unpleasant, it is going to happen to them

I’m afraid he’s in for a bit of a disappointment.

if someone is in for it, they are going to be punished

If they find out what I’ve done, I’ll be in for it, won’t I?

如果他们发现我做的事，我会受到惩罚的，是不是？

to be or become involved in something that is happening

I think you ought to be in on this discussion, Ted.

我看你应该加入这场讨论，特德。

to have a friendly relationship with someone

You have to [be well in with](bold) the directors (=be very friendly with them) if you want to get promotion here.

如果你想在这里得到提升，就必须和主管们搞好关系。

to be present or involved when something starts

(某事)一开始时就已在场[参与]


in

→see THESAURUS at [fashionable](->fashionable)

Red is definitely the in colour this year.

红色无疑是今年的流行色。

I joined the club because it seemed the in thing to do.

我加入了这家俱乐部，因为这似乎是很时髦的事。


in

The book guides you through the ins and outs of choosing and growing garden flowers.

这本书详细介绍了如何选择和培育园艺花卉。

a way of getting the opportunity to do something or influence someone

〔得到某机会或影响某人的〕途径，方式

The job is pretty boring, but it’s an in to a career in publishing.

这工作很乏味，但却是进入出版业谋发展的途径。


in

[plural](italic) in or [plural](italic) ins

the written abbreviation ofinch or inches


inability

the fact of being unable to do something

Alcoholism can result in an inability to cope.

酒精中毒会导致行为能力丧失。

the government’s inability to enforce the ceasefire


inaccurate

A lot of what has been written about him is inaccurate.

关于他的文字描述有大量失实之处。

He was fined $300,000 for making inaccurate statements to Congress.

他对国会发表失实的陈述，被罚款30万美元。


inadequate

[inadequately](bold) adv. eg: Colleges have been inadequately funded for years.

not good enough, big enough, skilled enough etc for a particular purpose

〔对某一特定目的而言〕不够好的，不足的，不强的

The parking facilities are inadequate for a busy shopping centre.

这些停车设施对于一个繁忙的购物中心来说是不够的。

The building’s electrical system was completely inadequate.

大楼的电力供应系统有严重缺陷。

The new air conditioning system [proved inadequate](bold).

someone who feels inadequate thinks other people are better, more skilful, more intelligent etc than they are

〔人自以为〕不胜任的，不够好的，能力不足的

The teacher made us [feel inadequate](bold) and stupid if we made mistakes.

如果我们犯了错，老师就会让我们觉得自己能力差，脑子笨。


inappropriate

[inappropriately](bold) adv. eg: inappropriately dressed

not suitable or right for a particular purpose or in a particular situation

〔对特定目的或情况〕不合适的，不恰当的

His comments were wholly inappropriate on such a solemn occasion.

他在这么严肃的场合中说这样的话完全不恰当。

It would be inappropriate for me to comment until we know more of the facts.

在我们了解更多的情况之前我不宜发表意见。

marketing techniques that are totally inappropriate to education

对教育完全不适用的营销方法


inbox

the place in a computer email program where new messages arrive

I had 130 emails in my inbox this morning.

今天早上我的收件箱里有130封邮件。

a container on an office desk that is used to hold letters, documents etc that you must deal with

〔办公室中存放待处理信件、文件等的〕收件盘，收文匣


incapable

[incapability](bold) /ɪnˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti/  n. <U>

Someone is [incapable of doing](bold)  something: He is incapable of lying.
Don’t say: [He is incapable to lie.](strike)

He seemed incapable of understanding how she felt.

他似乎不能理解她的感受。

Seventy-five percent of the electorate believe his party is incapable of government.

75%的选民都认为他领导的政党无能力执政。

The stroke [rendered](bold) her [incapable](bold) of speech.

中风令她丧失了语言能力。


incentive

Companies have an incentive to maximize efficiency.

If you want people to change their behaviour, it's a good idea to offer them some kind of incentive.

Good teachers provide their students with incentives to learn.

We need to create an incentive for people to recycle their rubbish.

The chance of promotion acts as an incentive for many employees.

The possibility of acquiring wealth acts as a strong incentive in many people's lives.

The high financial rewards provide a significant incentive.

The scheme gives industry a greater incentive to tackle pollution.

What is the main incentive for people to join the army?

The cash prize gives contestants an added incentive to do well.

(=money that is offered to someone as an incentive)

Doctors are encouraged through financial incentives to work in poor areas.

The scheme gives farmers cash incentives to manage the countryside for wildlife.

(=a reduction in tax, offered to people as an incentive)

Tax incentives are provided for employees to buy shares in their own companies.

(=lower prices, offered to people as an incentive)

The strong December sales were attributed to attractive price incentives.

The incentive scheme was introduced to encourage companies to use renewable energy sources.

Poor farmers have little incentive to grow crops for export.

something that encourages you to work harder, start a new activity etc

As an [added incentive](bold), there’s a bottle of champagne for the best team.

给最优秀的队发一瓶香槟作为额外的鼓励。

[create/provide/give sb an incentive](bold)

Awards provide an incentive for young people to improve their skills.

奖励是一种激励手段，鼓励年轻人努力提高自己的技能。

Farmers lack any incentive to manage their land organically.

农场主没有任何动力去采用有机耕作法。

a recycling drive backed with financial incentives

由财政奖励作支持的回收利用运动


inch

(written abbreviation: in ([BrE](bold)) or: in. ([AmE](bold)) )

a unit for measuring length, equal to 2.54 centimetres. There are 12 inches in a foot

英寸〔长度单位，等于2.54厘米。1英尺为12英寸〕

Rainfall here is under 15 inches a year.

本地的年降雨量不到15英寸。

Derek leaned closer, his face [only inches from](bold) hers.

德里克靠得更近了，他的脸几乎贴到她的脸上。

公共汽车差一点就撞着我们了。

On several occasions, they came [within inches](bold) of death.

With her designer clothes and elegant hair, she [looks every inch](bold) the celebrity.

她穿着著名设计师设计的服装，发型优雅，看起来完全像个名人。

Every inch of space in the tiny shop was crammed with goods.

这家小商店的每一寸地方都塞满了商品。

Italy deserved to win, though Greece made them fight [every inch of the way](bold).

意大利队应该获胜，虽然在希腊队的逼迫下，他们全局打得都很艰苦。

give sb an inch and they’ll take a yard/mile

used to say that, if you allow someone a little freedom or power, they will try to take more

〔移动〕一点一点地，缓慢地

Inch by inch, he lowered himself from the roof.

to refuse to change your decision or opinion, even though people are trying to persuade you to do this

Neither side is prepared to give an inch in the negotiations.

双方都无意在谈判中作丝毫让步。

beat/thrash etc sb to within an inch of their life

to beat someone very hard and thoroughly

Another word out of you and I’ll beat you to within an inch of your life.


inch

[v](bold) <[I,T always + adv/prep](bold)>

to move very slowly in a particular direction, or to make something do this

我贴着地面缓慢向前挪动。


incident

The road is closed following a serious incident earlier today.

The most recent major incident was an explosion at an oil refinery.

An apparently minor incident sparked off rioting.

Young men were killed in two separate incidents on the same day.

The report describes a number of related incidents.

(=one that happens on its own, not together with others)

Luckily the attack turned out to be an isolated incident.

In the latest incident a post office was broken into.

Viewers watched the dramatic incident on the television news.

There have been several violent incidents at football matches recently.

Andrew’s father was lost at sea in this tragic incident.

Disciplinary action may be taken over this unfortunate incident.

He left after an embarrassing incident in the bar.

Any unusual incidents should be reported to the police.

Two men died today in a shooting incident.

The incident happened as Mrs Edwards was walking her dog.

The tragic incident occurred just after midnight.

His carelessness caused a major incident.

It is claimed that the police provoked the incident.

All those involved in the incident were sacked.

The police were criticized for the way in which they handled the incident.

Police asked the victim to describe the incident.

an event, especially one that is unusual, important, or violent

〔尤指不平常的、重要的或暴力的〕事件

Am I at risk because of some incident in my sexual past?

Roads were sealed off because of a major incident.

因为发生重大事故，道路被封锁了。

[Incident](bold)  is used mainly in journalism or in formal contexts. In everyday English, people usually say [something happened](bold)  rather than talking about [an incident](bold) :

Am I at risk because of [something that happened](bold) in my past?

a serious disagreement between two countries

〔两国间的〕冲突，严重摩擦

You could have caused a major [diplomatic incident](bold).

你差点引起了严重外交冲突。


incidentally

used to add more information to what you have just said, or to introduce a new subject that you have just thought of

顺便提一下〔用来补充说过的事情，或提及刚想到的事〕

顺便问一下，你在哪儿出生的？

The wine, incidentally, goes very well with a mature cheese.

顺便说一下，这种葡萄酒配熟干酪味道很好。

in a way that was not planned, but as a result of something else

Quite incidentally, I got some useful information at the party.

我在聚会上无意中得到了一些有用信息。


inclination

ˌɪŋkləˈneɪʃən

ˌɪŋkləˈneɪʃən

a feeling that makes you want to do something

My [natural inclination](bold) was to say no.

Neither of my children [showed](bold) the slightest [inclination](bold) to follow me into journalism.

我的两个孩子一点都没表现出要随我从事新闻业的意愿。

Teachers simply do not have [the time or the inclination](bold) to investigate these matters.

老师们根本没有时间、也无意调查这些事。

a tendency to think or behave in a particular way

an inclination to see everything in political terms

从政治角度看待一切事物的倾向

She’s troubled by her son’s inclination toward atheism.

她因为儿子的无神论倾向而感到困扰。

She greeted Maggie with an inclination of the head.

a slope, or the angle at which something slopes


inclined

to hold a particular opinion, but not very strongly

倾向于赞同/认为/相信等

Arthur has some strange ideas, but on this occasion I’m inclined to agree with him.

阿瑟是有一些奇怪的想法，但这次我倒是倾向于同意他的观点。

to be likely to do something or behave in a particular way

有做某事的意向，倾向于做某事

Commandos are inclined to shoot first and ask questions later.

突击队员往往会先开枪，然后再问话。

to want to do something, but without having a strong desire

想(做某事)〔但愿望不强烈〕

It was Sunday morning, and she was not inclined to get up yet.

那是星期天早上，她还不想起床。

You can visit our chat rooms, if you [feel so inclined](bold).

你有兴趣的话可以登录我们的聊天室。

naturally interested in or good at art, music etc

有艺术/音乐/数学等天赋的

For the artistically inclined, the markets are full of interest.

对有艺术天赋的人来说，这些市场相当有趣味。

sloping or leaning in a particular direction


include

You [include](bold)  someone or something [in](bold)  a group, total, statement etc: Insurance is included in the price.
Don’t say: [Insurance is included on the price.](strike)

You [include](bold)  something or someone [on](bold)  a list: His name was included on the team sheet.

[Include](bold)  is not used in the progressive. You say: The book includes a chapter on Europe.
Don’t say: [The book is including a chapter on Europe.](strike)

However, the present participle [including](bold)  is very commonly used as a preposition: It costs $150 including tax.

if one thing includes another, the second thing is part of the first

His job includes looking after under-21 teams.

他的职责包括照管21岁以下球队。

The curriculum includes courses in computing.

to make someone or something part of a larger group or set

将 …列为 …的一部分；把 …算入

The team is stronger now they’ve included Roscoe.

罗斯科加入后，现在队伍的实力更强了。

Would you include a mobile phone on your list of essentials?

你的基本用品清单上包括手机吗？


including

used to introduce something or someone that is part of a larger group or amount you have just mentioned

The price is £25.50, including postage and packing.

价钱是25.5英镑，含邮费和包装费。

You’ll need a variety of skills, including leadership and negotiating.

你将需要各种技巧，包括领导能力和协商能力。

In written or business English, people often prefer to use [excluding](bold)  rather than [not including](bold) , as it sounds more formal:

The cost is $49.95 [excluding](bold) tax.


inclusion

the act of including someone or something in a larger group or set, or the fact of being included in one

His inclusion in the team has caused controversy.

photos chosen [for inclusion in](bold) the magazine

the inclusion of early recordings on the CD

激光唱片中收入的早期录音

someone or something that has been included in a larger group

包括在整体中的某人[某物]

With the recent inclusions, there will be 28 delegates in all.

连同新近加入的成员，总共将有28位代表。


inclusive

an inclusive price or cost includes everything

〔价钱或费用〕包括一切的

The fully inclusive fare for the trip is £22.

这次出行的全部费用为22英镑。

The rent is £120 a week, inclusive of heating.

房租连暖气费在内是每星期120英镑。

including a wide variety of people, things etc

Not everyone shares his vision of an inclusive America.

(from) April to June inclusive/15 to 20 inclusive etc

used to refer to a range of months, numbers etc, including the ones that start and end the range

从4月到6月〔包括4月和6月〕/从15到20〔包括15和20〕等

In everyday American English, people usually use [through](bold)  rather than [inclusive](bold) :

They are open Monday [through](bold) Friday.


income

ˈɪŋkʌm, ˈɪn-

ˈɪŋkʌm, ˈɪn-

[unearned income](bold) at → [ unearned](-> unearned)

We have an income of over $100,000 a year.

The properties he rented out provided him with an income.

He decided to invest the money to generate an income for the future.

She took on extra work to increase her income.

(=increase your income, for example by doing an extra job)

Ted supplemented his income by doing part-time work in the evenings.

They saw their income rise considerably over the next few years.

Average income fell by one third during this period.

Rent takes a large chunk of their small income.

Brian’s annual income is around £43,000.

The report compares average incomes across different European countries.

A large proportion of the national income comes from food exports.

She works in a shop to supplement the family income.

(=your income after tax and necessary bills have been paid)

People spend a high proportion of their disposable income running a car.

The family’s gross income has increased by 5% this year.

He was left with a net income of just £80 per week.

(=the part of your income on which you pay tax)

Money received in rent is included as part of your taxable income.

Between them they have a joint income of less than £20,000.

Average personal incomes rose by about 5% last year.

You will be taxed on your investment income.

The tax rate rises with the individual’s income level.

In general, people in higher income brackets live longer.

The standard rate of income tax is to be cut by 0.5%.

Government control of the economy must include an effective incomes policy.

His pension was his only source of income.

You can buy insurance to protect you against loss of income if you are ill.

the money that you earn from your work or that you receive from investments, the government etc

〔工作的〕收入；〔投资的〕收益

People on higher incomes should pay more tax.


incompatible

ˌɪnkəmˈpætəbəl◂

ˌɪnkəmˈpætəbəl◂

[incompatibility](bold) /ˌɪnkəmpætəˈbɪləti/  n. <U> eg: sexual incompatibility

two people who are incompatible have such different characters, beliefs etc that they cannot have a friendly relationship

〔两个人〕不能和睦相处的，合不来的

I don’t know why they ever got married. They’re totally incompatible.

我不知道他们为什么结婚，他们根本合不来。

two things that are incompatible cannot exist or be accepted together

〔两种事物〕不相容的，不能共存的

Business interests are incompatible with public office.

商业利益与公职不可兼得。

Politeness and truth are often [mutually incompatible](bold).

礼貌和实话往往互不相容。

two things that are incompatible are of different types and so cannot be used together

〔两种不同类的东西〕不相配的，相互排斥的

The laser printer is incompatible with the new computer.

这台激光打印机和新计算机不兼容。


incomplete

not having everything that should be there, or not completely finished

不完全的，不完整的；未完成的，未结束的

Unfortunately, I do not have the information because our records are incomplete.

很遗憾，由于我们的记录不完整，我无法提供有关资料。

TV ads implied that a woman was [incomplete without](bold) a man.

电视广告暗示女人没有男人就不完整。


incomplete

a grade  given to school or college students when they have not completed all the work for a course

〔学业成绩评分〕未修毕，未完成


incomprehensible

[incomprehensibility](bold) /ɪnˌkɒmprɪhensəˈbɪləti/ US /-ˌkɑːm-/  n. <U>

legal documents full of incomprehensible jargon

I find your attitude quite incomprehensible.

我觉得你的态度很难理解。

His accent made his speech incomprehensible to me.

他的口音使我听不懂他说的话。


inconsiderate

ˌɪnkənˈsɪdərət◂

ˌɪnkənˈsɪdərət◂

not caring about the feelings, needs, or comfort of other people

不考虑他人的，不为别人着想的

It was very inconsiderate of you to keep us waiting.

你让我们一直等着，真是太不体谅人了。


inconsistent

two statements that are inconsistent cannot both be true

〔两种说法〕不一致的，互相矛盾的

The accounts of the witnesses are inconsistent.

几位目击者的说法不一致。

His results are inconsistent with our data.

他得到的结果和我们的数据不一致。

not right according to a particular set of principles or standards

His conduct was inconsistent with what is expected of a congressman.

他的行为和国会议员应有的操守相悖。

inconsistent behaviour, work etc changes too often from good to bad

〔行为、工作等〕时好时坏的，变化无常的

The team’s performance has been highly inconsistent this season.

该队本赛季发挥极不稳定。


inconvenient

causing problems, often in a way that is annoying

Monday’s a bit inconvenient for me. How about Wednesday?

周一我不太方便，周三如何？


incorporate

ɪnˈkɔːpəreɪt

[incorporation](bold) /ɪnˌkɔːpəˈreɪʃ/ US /-ɔːr-/  n. <U> eg: the incorporation of the college into the university

to include something as part of a group, system, plan etc

We’ve incorporated many environmentally friendly features into the design of the building.

我们在这座建筑的设计中加进了许多环保元素。

Our original proposals were not incorporated in the new legislation.

我们最初的提案没有写进新的法规。


incorrect

[incorrectly](bold) adv. eg: Sorry, you answered incorrectly.

The information you gave us was incorrect.

not following the rules of polite or fair behaviour

〔行为〕不恰当的，不合礼节的


increase

[increasing](bold) adj. eg: the increasing difficulty of finding trained staff eg: European leaders watched events unfold with increasing alarm.

[increased](bold) adj. eg: an increased incidence of childhood leukaemia

[Increase](bold)  belongs to a group of verbs where the same noun can be the subject of the verb or its object.

You can say: They increased the price of gas.  In this sentence, ‘the price of gas’ is the object of [increase](bold) .

You can say: The price of gas increased.  In this sentence, ‘the price of gas’ is the subject of [increase](bold) .

to become larger in number, amount, or degree

to increase. [Go up](bold) is less formal than [increase](bold), and is the usual verb to use in everyday English

to increase. [Rise](bold) sounds a little formal and is often used when talking about the level of something increasing

The demand for oil has been rising steadily.

Living standards have risen dramatically.

to increase, especially gradually over a period of time – used about numbers or amounts

Since 1990, US imports of foreign goods have grown at a rate of 7.7% per year.

The number of people working from home has grown substantially.

to increase to a high level – used about things that you do not want to increase such as costs, crimes, or violence

to become twice as much or three times as much

Since 1950, the number of people dying from cancer has almost doubled.

The company’s profits tripled last quarter.

to become larger in size, or to include a wider range of activities

The business has expanded at a rate of 15% per year.

We are hoping to expand into mobile phone services.

to increase and reach a very high level – used about numbers and amounts, or about feelings

The temperature soared to 36.6 degrees Centigrade.

to increase very quickly and suddenly – used about prices, numbers, or temperatures

Share prices shot up 30% over the last week.

to make something larger in number, amount, or degree

Being overweight increases the risk of having a heart attack.

We need to increase the number of police officers on the streets.

to increase prices, taxes etc. [Put sth up](bold) is less formal than [increase](bold), and is the usual verb to use in everyday English

to increase something such as prices or taxes, or levels or standards

The bank has raised interest rates for the third time this year.

The school aims to raise students’ levels of achievement.

to increase the amount of something so that it is twice or three times as large

The airline plans to double the number of passengers it carries by 2015.

High blood pressure triples the risk of strokes.

to increase sales, profits, production etc, especially when they have been lower than you want them to be

to increase something so that it contains a wider range of things, or to increase the size of a business

The company plans to expand its retail operations.

Supermarkets have expanded their ranges to include non-food items.

to increase something such as your power or influence, or the number of things you are involved in

We are hoping to extend the range of services that we offer.

The company plans to extend its dominance of the world car market.

to increase your efforts or activities, especially to change a situation

Security has been stepped up following the bombing.

Local people have stepped up their campaign to prevent a prison being built in their neighbourhood.

The attack has heightened concerns about racism in schools.

Hunger can heighten the effect that alcohol has on you.

to increase something as much as possible

Businesses try to maximize efficiency and cut costs.

To maximize the chances of a successful pregnancy, you should make sure that you eat well.

if you increase something, or if it increases, it becomes bigger in amount, number, or degree

The population [increased dramatically](bold) in the first half of the century.

该世纪上半叶，人口大幅度增加。

political tensions that might increase the likelihood of war

或许会增加战争爆发可能性的紧张政治局面

Visits to the site have increased threefold since May.

来这里的参观者自5月起已增至原来的三倍。

[increase in value/price/importance etc](bold)

Investments are certain to increase in value.

Food prices increased by 10% in less than a year.

不到一年，食品价格就上涨了10%。

The salary is £18,600 a year, increasing to £23,000.

薪水由每年18,600英镑增加到23,000英镑。

In everyday English, people usually say that an amount or level [goes up](bold)  rather than [increases](bold) :

The population has [gone up](bold) a lot.

Her investments all [went up](bold) in value.


increase

an occasion when the amount or number of something becomes bigger

There has been a significant increase in violent crime over the past year.

an increase in the number, size, or importance of something. [Growth](bold)  is also used when saying that a company or a country’s economy becomes more successful

The astonishing growth of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on people’s lives.

Japan experienced a period of rapid economic growth.

Many people are concerned about the enormous growth in the world’s population.

an increase in the amount of something, or in the standard or level of something

The latest figures show a sharp risea sudden big rise in unemployment in the region.

There was a 34 percent rise in the number of armed robberies.

The majority of families experienced a rise in living standards.

a sudden increase in something such as profits, demand, or interest

There has been a big  surge in  demand for organically grown food.

We have seen a tremendous surge of interest in Chinese medicine.

an increase in the amount or level of something – used especially in business or political contexts, or when talking about an increase in someone’s weight

The December job figures show a net gain of 81,000 jobs.

The party has experienced a gain in popularity.

The amount of weight gain during pregnancy varies.

a large or sudden increase in prices or taxes – often used in newspaper reports

Despite a 25% hike in fuel costs, the airline made a profit last year.

a sudden very large increase in the amount or number of something

There has been an explosion in the number of fast food restaurants.

The country experienced a population explosion.

The book caused an explosion of interest in Renaissance Italy.

a sudden large increase in trade, profits or sales, with the result that a country, company, or industry becomes very successful. [Boom](bold) is also used about a sudden increase in interest in something, with the result that it becomes very popular

There has been a boom in sales of diet books and videos.

The company has announced a big increase in its profits for last year.

Doctors have reported a slight increase in the number of deaths caused by the disease.

The temperature increase was quite small.

There has been a great increase in air traffic in the last twenty years.

There was a huge increase in emigration after the war.

He negotiated a substantial increase in pay for the workers.

Over the last few years, there has been a marked increase in tourism to developing countries.

What has led to this dramatic increase in prices?

Recently there has been a rapid increase in fish farming.

The figures reveal a modest increase in the birth rate.

Her temperature chart showed a gradual increase over the preceding six hours.

The university has benefited from a steady increase in student numbers.

a threefold/fourfold/fivefold etc increase

The figures show a threefold increase in incidents of car theft.

A 5% increase in petrol prices is predicted.

The company reported a 10% increase in pre-tax profits.

They argue that the abolition of the death penalty has led to an increase in the number of murders.

The heat wave brought about a massive increase in water consumption.

We expect a price increase of 1.4% this year.

The airline instituted a 10% fare increase.

Canadian workers received a 5.4% wage increase.

The government had no choice but to impose a tax increase.

The rate of increase in the number of violent crimes is much higher than under the previous government.

Recent [tax increases](bold) have affected the poor more than the rich.

新近的增税对穷人的影响比对富人的大。

the [dramatic increase](bold) in the population aged over 65

65岁以上人口的急剧增加

There has been a [marked increase](bold) in the use of firearms.

Cases of tuberculosis are [on the increase](bold).


increasingly

Marketing techniques are becoming increasingly sophisticated.

市场营销技巧越来越巧妙。

Increasingly, young people distrust all forms of government.


incredible

There was blood everywhere and the pain was incredible.

到处都是血，疼得难以忍受。

too strange to be believed, or very difficult to believe

[It’s incredible that](bold) he survived the fall.

他跌下去竟然能够生还，真不可思议。

[It’s incredible how much](bold) Tom has changed since he met Sally.

自从遇见萨莉后，汤姆的变化之大简直令人难以置信。

I [find it](bold) almost [incredible that](bold) no one noticed these errors.

没人发现这些错误，真让我无法相信。


incredibly

The knife had pierced his heart, but incredibly he was still alive.

刀插入了他的心脏，但他还活着，真令人难以置信。


incur

[past tense and past participle](italic) [incurred](bold) [present participle](italic) [incurring](bold)

if you incur a cost, debt, or a fine, you have to pay money because of something you have done

引致，带来〔成本、债务或罚款〕

If the council loses the appeal, it will incur all the legal costs.

如果委员会败诉，它将承担所有诉讼费用。

the heavy losses incurred by airlines since September 11th

“九一一”事件以来航空公司所承受的巨大损失

if you incur something unpleasant, it happens to you because of something you have done

[incur sb’s displeasure/wrath/disapproval etc](bold)

She wondered what she’d done to incur his displeasure this time.

她奇怪她这次做了什么引起他的不悦。


indecisive

ˌɪndɪˈsaɪsɪv◂

ˌɪndɪˈsaɪsɪv◂

unable to make clear decisions or choices

一个软弱且优柔寡断的领导者

无确定结果的，无决定性的

一场混乱的、胜负未决的战斗


indeed

当然，确实〔用于强调陈述或回答〕

The blood tests prove that Vince is indeed the father.

验血证明文斯确实是父亲。

‘Would it help if you had an assistant?’ ‘It would indeed.’

“你要是有个助手，会有帮助吗？”“那是肯定的。”

used to introduce an additional statement that emphasizes or supports what you have just said

甚至，其实〔用来补充内容，以强调或支持刚说过的话〕

I didn’t mind at all. Indeed, I was pleased.

我一点也不介意，事实上我非常高兴。

used with ‘very’ and an adjective or adverb to emphasize a statement or description

真正地〔与very和形容词或副词连用，以强调陈述或描述内容〕

Most of the essays were very good indeed.

这些文章大多数确实都非常好。

used to show that you are surprised or annoyed by something that someone has just told you

真的，真是〔表示对所听到的消息感到惊讶或恼火〕

‘He said he was too busy to see you.’ ‘Did he, indeed?’

“他说他太忙，没时间见你。”“真的吗？他这么说？”

used when someone has asked you a question, to show that you do not know the answer and you do not think there can be a satisfactory answer

是呀，为什么呢？/怎样呢？/谁？等〔表示不知道答案，并且认为不会有令人满意的答案〕

‘Why would John have left without saying a word?’ ‘Why indeed?’

“约翰为什么会一句话不说就走了？”“是呀，为什么呢？”


indefinite

an indefinite action or period of time has no definite end arranged for it

The next day the union voted to begin an indefinite strike.

第二天工会投票表决决定开始无限期罢工。

The picture has been loaned for an indefinite period to the National Gallery.

那幅画长期出借给国家美术馆。

Teachers find the report’s terminology so indefinite that it is confusing.

老师们发现报告的专门用语含义不明确，令人费解。


indefinitely

for a period of time for which no definite end has been arranged

The project has been postponed indefinitely.

〔细节〕不清楚地，模糊粗略地


independence

The country gained complete independence from Britain in the 1960s.

Zambia achieved political independence without a prolonged conflict.

The struggle for national independence lasted over 20 years.

The new constitution aims to strengthen local independence.

The country eventually got its independence in 1960.

Our aim was to achieve full independence.

Estonia declared independence on August 20th.

(=allow a country to become independent)

It was General de Gaulle who granted Algeria independence.

The rebels fought to bring independence to East Africa.

(=gradually achieve it over a period of time)

The country was slowly moving towards independence.

(=a day on which a country's independence is celebrated)

The president was on television giving his Independence Day speech.

The region is preparing for Monday's independence celebrations.

The struggle for independence continued for three decades.

political freedom from control by the government of another country

独立〔指政治上不受另一国政府控制〕

Nigeria gained independence from Britain in 1960.

尼日利亚于1960年脱离英国获得独立。

the time when a country becomes politically independent

独立〔指国家获得独立的那一刻〕

The country has made great advances since independence.

该国自独立以来发展迅速。

the freedom and ability to make your own decisions in life, without having to ask other people for permission, help, or money

〔个人生活的〕独立，自主

ways of helping old people maintain their independence

帮助老年人保持独立的方法

Having a job gives you [financial independence](bold).

有一份工作就能保证经济上的独立。


independent

[independently](bold) adv. eg: The two departments operate independently of each other. eg: She had elderly parents who could no longer live independently.

an independent organization is not owned or controlled by, or does not receive money from, another organization or the government

There are plans to split the corporation into a number of smaller independent companies.

有计划要把这家大企业分割成一些独立的小公司。

We need a central bank that is independent of the government.

[independent school](bold) especially BrE(=one not owned or paid for by the government)

[independent television/radio/broadcasting etc](bold) BrE(=not owned or paid for by the government)

[independent film](bold)(=one not made or produced by a large film production company)

an independent organization or person is not involved in a particular situation, and can therefore be trusted to be fair in judging it

独立的；公正的；无偏见的

An [independent body](bold)(=group of people who work together) has been set up to monitor government spending.

成立了一个独立机构来监督政府开支。

There were no independent witnesses to the shooting.

此次枪击案没有无偏见的证人。

[independent inquiry/advice/opinion etc](bold)(=carried out by or given by an independent person or organization)

Human rights groups have called for an independent inquiry into the killings.

an independent country is not governed or controlled by another country

India [became independent](bold) in 1947.

confident and able to do things by yourself in your own way, without needing help or advice from other people

自立的，不依赖他人帮助的；有主见的

Now that my sons are more independent, I have more time for myself.

我那几个儿子更加独立了，因此我自己的时间就多了。

He’s helping other people with spinal injuries to lead an independent life.

他正在帮助脊椎受伤的人独立生活。

By this age, the child becomes relatively independent of his mother.

到了这个年龄，孩子可以较为独立，不完全依赖母亲。

having enough money to live, without having to ask for help from other people

It was always very important to me to be [financially independent](bold).

经济独立对我来说始终非常重要。

Robert aimed to be independent of his parents by the time he was twenty.

罗伯特的目标是在20岁时脱离父母自立。

when you study on your own, rather than being taught by a teacher

The tapes can be used in class or for independent study.

someone who has their own income from property,investments etc, so that they do not have to work or depend on anyone else

〔有个人收入的〕独立女人/男人等

if one thing is independent of another, the two are not connected, or the second thing does not influence the first

reports from two separate sources entirely independent of one another

根据两个完全独立的信息来源所作的报道

Three independent studies all arrived at the same conclusion.

三项独立研究最后都得出了相同的结论。

an independent politician does not belong to a particular party

[Independent candidates](bold) won three seats.

无党派候选人赢得三个席位。


index

an alphabetical list of names, subjects etc at the back of a book, with the numbers of the pages where they can be found

a set of cards or a database containing information, usually arranged in alphabetical order and used especially in a library

〔尤用于图书馆的〕卡片[资料库]索引

a standard by which the level of something can be judged or measured

〔用于判断或量度水平的〕标志，指标

The changing size of an infant’s head is considered an index of brain growth.

婴儿头围不断变大标志着大脑在发育。

a system by which prices, costs etc can be compared to those of a previous date

〔用于比较今昔价格、费用等的〕指数


index

[indexation](bold) /ˌɪndekˈseɪʃ/  n. <C,U>

if documents, information etc are indexed, an index is made for them

The reports are indexed by subject and location.

报告按主题和位置编索引。

to arrange for the level of wages, pensions etc to increase or decrease according to the level of prices

使〔工资、养老金等〕与物价水平挂钩

demands that wages be indexed to the rise in prices


indicate

to show that a particular situation exists, or that something is likely to be true

Research indicates that over 81% of teachers are dissatisfied with their salary.

研究结果显示超过81%的教师对他们的薪水不满意。

Long skid marks on the pavement indicated the driver had attempted to brake.

人行道上长长的滑行痕迹表明司机曾试图刹车。

The study indicates a connection between poverty and crime.

研究显示贫穷和犯罪有关联。

to say or do something to make your wishes, intentions etc clear

〔说或做某事〕表明〔意向等〕

The Russians have already indicated their willingness to cooperate.

俄国人已经表明了愿意合作的意向。

Professor Johnson has indicated his intention to retire at the end of next year.

约翰逊教授表示打算明年年底退休。

Ralph patted the sofa to indicate that she should join him.

拉尔夫拍拍沙发，示意她坐过来。

Please indicate your preference on the booking form.

请在订单上注明你的偏好。

to direct someone’s attention to something or someone, for example by pointing

‘That’s her,’ said Toby, indicating a girl on the other side of the room.

“就是她。”托比指着房间另一端的一个女孩说。

Sales targets are indicated on the graph by a vertical dotted line.

销售指标在图表中用垂直的虚线表示。

to show the direction in which you intend to turn in a vehicle, using lights or your hands

〔用灯或手〕打(行车转向信号)

Don’t forget to indicate before you pull out.


indication

ˌɪndɪˈkeɪʃən

ˌɪndɪˈkeɪʃən

a sign, remark, event etc that shows what is happening, what someone is thinking or feeling, or what is true

Dark green leaves are a good indication of healthy roots.

深绿色的树叶充分表明树根长势良好。

He gave no indication at all of his own feelings.

他一点也没有显露自己的感情。

Could you [give](bold) me some [indication](bold) as to when I am likely to receive a reply?

你能给我透露一下什么时候我能收到回复吗？

Taking a career history along with you will be a clear indication that you are well organized.

随身携带履历表，这能清楚表明你做事很有条理。

Indications are that the situation hasn’t improved much.

迹象表明局势并没有多大好转。

There is [every indication](bold)(=there are very clear signs) that it is true.


indicative

to be a clear sign that a particular situation exists or that something is likely to be true

显示出 …；是 …的迹象

This behaviour is indicative of her whole attitude, I’m afraid.

这一行为恐怕已表明了她的总体态度。

an indicative verb form is used for making statements


indicative

the form of a verb that is used to make statements. For example, in the sentences ‘Penny passed her test’ and ‘Michael likes cake’, the verbs ‘passed’ and ‘likes’ are in the indicative.


indicator

something that can be regarded as a sign of something else

All the main economic indicators suggest that trade is improving.

所有主要的经济指标都表明贸易情况正在改善。

one of the lights on a car that flash to show which way the car is turning

a pointer on a machine that shows the temperature, pressure, speed etc

〔机器设备中显示温度、压力、速度等的〕指针


indict

[v](bold) <[I,T](bold)> ([especially AmE](special)) [law](special)

to officially charge someone with a criminal offence

He was indicted for vehicular homicide in 1987.

1987年他因车祸致人死亡被起诉。


indictment

to be a very clear sign that a system, method etc is very bad or very wrong

是〔制度极不完善、方法极其错误等〕的明显征兆

The fact that these children cannot read is a damning indictment of our education system.

an official written statement charging someone with a criminal offence

the act of officially charging someone with a criminal offence


indifference

his apparent indifference to material luxuries

他对物质享受明显缺乏兴趣

Whether you stay or leave is [a matter of](bold) total [indifference to](bold) me (=I do not care).

你是留是走我根本无所谓。


indifferent

not at all interested in someone or something

Sarah was absolutely indifferent to him, and it hurt.

萨拉对他漠不关心，这令他伤心。

不太好的，一般的，平庸的


indirect

[indirectly](bold) adv. eg: Perhaps I was indirectly responsible for the misunderstanding.

Losing weight is an [indirect result](bold) of smoking cigarettes.

The [indirect effects](bold) of climate change may be profound.

气候变化造成的间接影响可能是深远的。

an indirect way to a place is not the straightest way

They took an indirect route, avoiding the town centre.

他们绕路走，避开了市中心。

not saying or showing something in a clear definite way

〔说话〕间接的，不直截了当的

George’s comments were an indirect way of blaming me.

乔治的评论转弯抹角地指责了我。


indispensable

someone or something that is indispensable is so important or useful that it is impossible to manage without them

This book is indispensable to anyone interested in space exploration.

本书是任何对太空探险感兴趣的人必读的。

Meat is not indispensable for maintaining a healthy diet.

要想健康饮食，肉食并不是不可或缺的。

Mobile phones have become an [indispensable part](bold) of our lives.

移动电话已经成为我们生活中的必需品。


indistinguishable

ˌɪndɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃəbəl

ˌɪndɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃəbəl

things that are indistinguishable are so similar that you cannot see any difference between them

an artificial material that is almost indistinguishable from real silk

与真丝几乎无法区分的人造材料


individual

ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl◂

ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl◂

considered separately from other people or things in the same group

[Each individual](bold) leaf on the tree is different.

belonging to or intended for one person rather than a group

Children get more individual attention in small classes.

小班上课的孩子得到较多的个别关注。

You can have the bathroom designed to suit your [individual needs](bold).

你可以让人按照你的个人需要来设计浴室。

an individual style, way of doing things etc is different from anyone else’s – usually used to show approval

〔风格、做事方式等〕独特的，与众不同的〔一般含褒义〕

a tennis player with a highly individual style


individual

Ordinary individuals need no more than 3–5 grams of salt per day.

He had taken a group of talented individuals and built a superb team.

We need a few outstanding individuals to act as leaders.

Few shares in the company are owned by private individuals.

The writer is addressing a general reader rather than a particular individual.

Equipment of this kind is not something a single individual could afford.

Large ranches are often owned by corporations or wealthy individuals.

(=ones who are specially chosen for something)

Selected individuals were invited to the dinner.

(=one on their own, not in a group with others)

Society does not consist of isolated individuals.

The message board is a forum where like-minded individuals can communicate.

Each student must be treated as an individual.

We need to perform as a team rather than a group of individuals.

The fitness program is adapted to the needs of the individual.

The rights of the individual must be protected.

We live in a society which prizes the freedom of the individual.

The policies are based on respect for the individual.

Individuals vary in their ability to adapt to change.

a person, considered separately from the rest of the group or society that they live in

Each individual receives two genes, one inherited from each parent.

Most churches were built with donations from [private individuals](bold)(=ordinary people, rather than the government or companies).

大多数教堂都是由私人捐款建成的。

a person of a particular kind, especially one who is unusual in some way

有某种特点的人〔尤指在某些方面与众不同的人〕


individuality

ˌɪndəvɪdʒuˈæləti

ˌɪndəvɪdʒuˈæləti

the qualities that make someone or something different from other things or people

We like our staff to show their individuality rather than wear a uniform.

我们喜欢员工穿出个性，而不是穿制服。


individually

ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəli

ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəli

The bridegroom thanked them all individually.


indoor

[Indoor ](bold)  is an adjective and [indoors ](bold)  is an adverb.

You say: indoor sports
Don't say: [indoors sports](strike)

You say: I stayed indoors.
Don't say: [I stayed indoor.](strike)

Too much central heating can harm indoor plants.

中央供暖系统温度太高会伤害室内植物。


indoors

Let’s go indoors and have something to eat.

It rained all day so we had to stay indoors.

雨下了整整一天，我们只好留在屋里。


induce

to persuade someone to do something, especially something that does not seem wise

劝诱，诱导〔尤指做似乎不明智的事〕

Nothing would induce me to vote for him again.

没有什么能诱使我再投他的票了。

to make a woman give birth to her baby, by giving her a special drug

〔用药物〕为〔产妇〕引产，催生

She had to be induced because the baby was four weeks late.

她的孩子晚了四星期仍未出生，因此要给她引产。

The doctor decided to [induce labour](bold).

to cause a particular physical condition

Patients with eating disorders may use drugs to induce vomiting.

患有进食障碍的人可使用药物催吐。


indulge

to let yourself do or have something that you enjoy, especially something that is considered bad for you

(使自己)沉溺(于)，沉湎(于)

Most of us were too busy to indulge in heavy lunchtime drinking.

我们大多数人都忙得不能在午饭时尽情饮酒。

Eva had never been one to indulge in self-pity.

伊娃从不是那种沉湎于自怜自哀的人。

Even if you’re dieting, you can indulge yourself (=eat what you want) once in a while.

即使在节食，也可以偶尔放纵一下。

Ray has enough money to indulge his taste for expensive wines.

雷有足够的钱来尽情享受高档葡萄酒。

to let someone have or do whatever they want, even if it is bad for them

His mother spoiled him, indulging his every whim.

他母亲对他纵容娇惯，百依百顺。

to take part in an activity, especially an illegal one

参与，参加〔尤指违法活动〕

Women do not indulge in crime to the same extent as men.

女性参与犯罪的程度与男性不同。


industrial

relating to industry or the people working in it

Industrial production has risen by 0.5% since November.

11月份以来工业产量提高了0.5%。

[industrial conflict/dispute/unrest](bold)(=disagreement between workers and their employers)

Last year 1.3 million workers took part in industrial disputes.

去年有130万名工人涉入劳资纷争。

[industrial accident/injury](bold)(=happening at work)

有很多工业的，工业发达的

a meeting of the world’s major industrial nations

世界主要工业国参加的会议

By 1900, Britain was a mainly [industrial society](bold).

到1900年，英国已基本进入工业社会。

cleaning products that are for [industrial use](bold) only (=not to be used at home)


industrialist

a person who owns or runs a factory or industrial company


industrialized

also: industrialised ([BrE](bold))  [adj](bold)

an industrialized country or place has a lot of factories, mines etc


industry

Agriculture is still a major industry in Scotland.

Software development soon became a thriving industry in the area.

Tourism is a growing industry in many parts of the developing world.

Coal and steel are declining industries in Britain.

(=industries in which goods are produced in factories)

The last twenty years has seen a decline in manufacturing industry.

(=businesses that provide a service, such as banking and tourism)

Most of the new jobs are in service industries.

(=industries that involve the production of large goods)

Shipbuilding and other heavy industry developed in the north of Britain.

(=industries that involve the production of small goods)

Modern industry needs to be in places where there are good transport links.

(=an industry that has been in a particular area for a long time)

The shipyards, the traditional industry in the northeast, had closed.

The town was very dependant on the car industry.

There has been a decline in Britain’s fishing industry.

The tourist industry earns billions of dollars per year.

Computer technology has revolutionized the entertainment industry.

She would really like to work in the music industry.

The clothing industry grew rapidly during the 1960s.

The shipping industry declined after World War II.

More investment is needed to develop new industries such as tourism.

Financial scandals have damaged the industry in recent years.

The rail industry was nationalized in the 1950s, with disastrous results.

(=make it privately owned, rather than owned by the state)

The water industry was privatized in the 1980s.

(=control an industry so that it does not make unfair profits)

A new agency was created to regulate the telecommunications industry.

(=one of the most successful companies in a particular industry)

We are now a mature company and an industry leader.

(=people who know a lot about a particular industry)

Industry experts expect house prices to rise.

(=people who study a particular industry to see how it is developing)

Industry analysts are expecting profits to improve in the second half of the year.

(=someone who runs a large company and has a lot of influence)

He rose to be a great captain of industry.

(=producing goods, and buying and selling them)

He works for the Department of Trade and Industry.

the large-scale production of goods or of substances such as coal and steel

This type of software is widely used in industry.

这种软件广泛应用于工业。

an agreement that will be welcomed by both sides of industry (=employers and workers)

将受到劳资双方欢迎的协定

businesses that produce a particular type of thing or provide a particular service

古尔德是一个很勤劳的人。

an area of work which has grown too large – used to show disapproval

范围，领域，界〔指规模过大，含贬义〕

another book from the Shakespeare industry

庞杂的莎士比亚研究领域的又一部专著


ineffective

ˌɪnəˈfektɪv◂

ˌɪnəˈfektɪv◂

[ineffectiveness](bold) n. <U> eg: the ineffectiveness of most diets

In everyday English, people usually say that something [does not work](bold)  rather than saying that it [is ineffective](bold) :

These drugs [don’t work](bold) against bird flu.

something that is ineffective does not achieve what it is intended to achieve

无效果的，不起作用的，不奏效的

The chemical was almost totally ineffective in killing the weeds.

这种化学品除杂草几乎一点用也没有。

Various drugs have proved ineffective against the virus.

许多药物经证明都对这种病毒无效。


inefficient

ˌɪnəˈfɪʃənt◂

ˌɪnəˈfɪʃənt◂

[inefficiency](bold) n. <C,U> eg: problems due to the inefficiency of management

not using time, money, energy etc in the best way


inequality

ˌɪnɪˈkwɒləti

Great inequality exists between the rich and the poor.

Education can play a large part in reducing social inequality.

The party has promised to fight racial inequality.

There has been an increase in economic inequality between nations.

Gender inequality starts at home and in school.

Class inequality is firmly embedded in our society.

Income trends are shifting form increasing equality to increasing inequality.

Certain economic systems inevitably result in inequality.

Some of the government's policies have actually increased inequalities between men and women.

an unfair situation, in which some groups in society have more money, opportunities, power etc than others

There are inequalities in wealth distribution.

a policy that aims to redress racial inequalities

旨在纠正种族不平等的政策


inevitable

certain to happen and impossible to avoid

→see THESAURUS at [certain](->certain) 1

A further escalation of the crisis now seems inevitable.

危机的进一步升级现在看来已不可避免。

It’s inevitable that doctors will make the occasional mistake.

Disease was an inevitable consequence of poor living conditions.

恶劣的生活条件必然诱发疾病。

One day the inevitable happened and I got a speeding ticket.

有一天，不可避免的事情发生了: 我收到了一张超速罚款单。


inevitably

used for saying that something is certain to happen and cannot be avoided

The decision will inevitably lead to political tensions.

该决定必然导致政治局势的紧张。

Inevitably, the situation did not please everyone.

这种状况必定不能让所有人都感到满意。


inexpensive

不昂贵的，价钱公道的〔含褒义〕

可供选择的各种价格公道的葡萄酒

Painting is a relatively inexpensive way to enhance your home.

粉刷是美化居室的一种相对较便宜的方式。


infamous

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitution.

这个地区因毒品和卖淫而声名狼藉。


infant

The never-ending demands of a young infant can be very stressful for parents.

Newborn infants only a few hours old can distinguish between different voices.

Unborn infants can hear certain sounds while still in the mother’s womb.

The hospital provides life-saving care to premature infants.

Sick infants are treated in the intensive care nursery.

The number of infant deaths has fallen significantly.

The infant mortality rate doubled during the 1990s.

→ [Sudden Infant Death Syndrome](->Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)

children in school in Britain between the ages of four and eight

〔英国学校里四至八岁的〕学童


infant

a school, teacher etc for children aged between four and eight in Britain

〔英国教授四至八岁儿童的〕儿童学校/教师/班级等

intended for babies or very young children

an infant company, organization etc has just started to exist or be developed

〔公司、组织等〕刚成立的，初创的


infect

People with the virus may feel perfectly well, but they can still infect others.

带有这种病毒的人可能毫无症状，却仍可能传染他人。

to make something contain something harmful that gives people a disease

Eggs known to be infected with salmonella were allowed to go on sale.

已知带有沙门氏菌的鸡蛋被允许销售。

[Infect](bold)  is usually passive in this meaning.

if a feeling or interest that you have infects other people, it makes them begin to feel the same way or have the same interest

〔某种感情或兴趣〕感染，影响〔他人〕

Lucy’s enthusiasm soon infected the rest of the class.

露西的热情很快就感染了班里的其他人。

if a virus infects your computer or disk, it changes or destroys the information in or on it


infection

I think you’ve got an infection, so you need to rest.

He was suffering from an infection of the lungs.

She got a nasty throat infection which meant she couldn’t sing.

Antibiotics are used to treat the infection.

A new drug is being developed to combat the infection.

Pregnant women can transmit the infection to their unborn child.

Although the infection cleared up, he still felt weak.

He was exposed to the infection while he was travelling in India.

He was admitted to hospital with a serious infection.

She’s suffering from a slight infection.

(=a serious infection that develops suddenly)

The disease usually occurs as an acute infection of the throat.

She was given antibiotics for an ear infection.

I’ve got a bad cough, but the doctor says it isn’t a chest infection.

(=caused by bacteria, a virus, or a fungus)

Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections.

(=an additional infection that happens as a result of the main illness)

Often, scratching the skin because it is itchy results in secondary infection.

Doctors are trying to locate the source of the infection.

a disease that affects a particular part of your body and is caused by bacteria or a virus

Always sterilize the needle to prevent infection.


infectious

an infectious illness can be passed from one person to another, especially through the air you breathe

〔疾病〕传染性的〔尤指通过空气〕

someone who is infectious has an illness and could pass it to other people

infectious feelings or laughter spread quickly from one person to another

〔情感或笑声〕有感染力的


infer

[past tense and past participle](italic) [inferred](bold) [present participle](italic) [inferring](bold)

to form an opinion that something is probably true because of information that you have

A lot can be inferred from these statistics.

根据这些统计资料可以推断出很多事情。

From the evidence, we can infer that the victim knew her killer.

根据证据我们可以推断出受害者认识凶手。


inference

[inferential](bold) /ˌɪnfəˈrenʃ/  adj. eg: inferential evidence

something that you think is true, based on information that you have

[draw/make inferences (about/from sth)](bold)

What inferences have you drawn from this evidence?

你从这个证据中推论出了什么结果？

He was portrayed as a hero and, by inference, Thompson as the villain.

他被描写成英雄，由此推论，汤普森则成了恶棍。


inferior

Iron is greatly inferior to steel in many ways.

He easily defeated a far inferior opponent.

They have the same number of points as the league leaders, but a considerably inferior goal difference.

The quality of service was vastly inferior in that other restaurant.

Our equipment was markedly inferior to that of the enemy forces.

She felt socially inferior to her husband's wealthy friends.

Non-believers were considered morally inferior by people who adopted the new religion.

Students from working-class families were made to feel intellectually inferior.

(=inferior as part of its nature or character)

Recorded music is intrinsically inferior to the real thing.

Women are made to feel inferior by men's violence towards them.

The poor are considered inferior by some people.

The poor soil produces wine of inferior quality.

He argued that capitalism requires some people to be kept in an inferior position in society.

As a slave, he was aware of his inferior status.

He wrote a letter to complain about inferior service at the hotel.

The public are being deceived into buying inferior goods.

not good, or not as good as someone or something else

〔与其他人或物相比〕差的，次的

I felt very inferior among all those academics.

与那些大学教师在一起，我自惭形秽。

Their performance was [inferior to that of](bold) other teams.

He refused to accept a job of inferior status.

他拒绝接受职位低的工作。


inferior

someone who has a lower position or rank than you in an organization


infinite

[in sb’s (infinite) wisdom](bold) at → [wisdom](->wisdom) sense 4 → [non-finite](->non-finite)

[an infinite number/variety of sth](bold)

There was an infinite variety of drinks to choose from.

有各种各样的饮料可以选择。

〔空间或时间〕无限的，无穷无尽的


infinitely

very much – used especially when comparing things

This school is infinitely better than the last one I went to.

这所学校比我之前上的那一所好太多了。


infinitive

→ [split infinitive](->split infinitive)

in grammar, the basic form of a verb, used with ‘to’ in English. In the sentence ‘I want to watch television’, ‘to watch’ is an infinitive.

〔动词的〕不定式〔英语语法中动词的基本形式，与to连用；I want to watch television一句中，to watch是不定式〕


inflation

France had achieved low inflation and steady growth.

Inflation remained high throughout this period.

The country was hit by rising inflation.

(=inflation that is increasing quickly and out of control)

Argentina was suffering from spiralling inflation.

Price inflation was running at about twelve percent last summer.

the inflation rate/the rate of inflation

The current inflation rate stands at 4.1%.

April's inflation figures are likely to show a further fall.

Too much government borrowing can lead to inflation.

The increase in food prices is fuelling inflation.

There are now fears that price rises will push up inflation.

These measures are designed to curb inflation.

An economic plan to combat inflation was drawn up.

The government has promised to reduce inflation to 3%.

The government's top priority is to get inflation down to 2%.

These policies will help to keep inflation down.

Inflation rose steadily from the mid-1960s.

(=used to talk about the present rate of inflation)

Salaries have not kept pace with inflation.

a continuing increase in prices, or the rate at which prices increase

物价上涨(率)，通货膨胀(率)

通货膨胀率现已超过16%。

the process of filling something with air


inflict

[infliction](bold) /ɪnˈflɪkʃ/  n. <U> eg: the deliberate infliction of pain

to make someone suffer something unpleasant

使〔某人〕遭受〔不愉快的事〕，使承受

The strikes inflicted serious damage on the economy.

罢工给经济造成了巨大损失。

Detectives warned that the men could inflict serious injury.

警探提醒说这些人可能会造成严重伤害。

to visit or be with someone when they do not want you – used humorously

不请自来/把某人硬塞给某人〔幽默用法〕

Was it really fair to her friends to inflict her nephew on them?

把她外甥硬塞给她的朋友，这对她们真的公平吗？