ring

ring back
ring in
ring off
ring out
ring round
ring up

[Ring](bold)  belongs to a group of verbs where the same noun can be the subject of the verb or its object.

You can say: The teacher rang the bell.  In this sentence, ‘the bell’ is the object of [ring](bold) .

You can say: The bell rang.  In this sentence, ‘the bell’ is the subject of [ring](bold) .

[past tense](italic) [rang](bold) /ræŋ/ [past participle](italic) [rung](bold) /rʌŋ/

to make a bell make a sound, especially to call someone’s attention to you or to call someone to help you

使〔钟或铃〕鸣响；敲钟；按铃

我按了门铃，但没有人来。

牌子上写着: “需要服务请按铃”。

Instead of ringing for the maid, she made the tea herself.

她没有按铃叫女仆，而是自己沏了茶。

铃声响了，休息时间结束。

打电话；给〔某人〕打电话

I was going to ring you but I don’t have your number.

我想给你打电话，但没有你的电话号码。

if a telephone rings, it makes a sound to show that someone is telephoning you

The phone hasn’t stopped ringing all day.

if your ears ring, they make a continuous sound that only you can hear, after you have been somewhere very noisy or heard a loud sound

爆炸声震得我们耳朵嗡嗡作响。

if a place rings with a sound, it is full of that sound

The whole room rang with their laughter.

整个房间回荡着他们的笑声。

if something rings a bell, it reminds you of something, but you cannot remember exactly what it is

Her name rings a bell but I can’t remember her face.

她的名字听起来耳熟，但是她的面孔我却记不得了。

if something does not ring true, you do not believe it, even though you are not sure why

It was a possible explanation, but it didn’t quite ring true.

这也许是个理由，但听上去不像真的。

to make changes to something, not because it needs changing but just in order to make it more interesting, more attractive etc

〔为了增加趣味、吸引力等〕推出新花样，作出不同的安排

Choose a variety of foods and ring the changes with meals.

要选择不同种类的食物，每顿饭换换花样。

if something that someone says rings hollow, you do not feel that it is true or sincere

Assurances that things have changed ring hollow in many ears.

所谓情况已有改观的保证在很多人听来都是空话。

if a sound or remark rings in your ears, you continue to remember it very clearly, exactly as it sounded, after it has finished

He left Washington with the president’s praises ringing in his ears.

他离开了华盛顿，总统的赞扬还在他耳际回响。


ring

[past tense and past participle](italic) [ringed](bold)

Thousands of people ringed the court building to demand the release of Mr Cox.

数千人包围了法院，要求释放考克斯先生。

Her eyes were ringed with stiff black lashes.

她的眼睛上有一圈硬挺的黑睫毛。

to draw a circular mark around something


rinse

to wash clothes, dishes, vegetables etc quickly with water, especially running water, and without soap

把蔬菜放在冷水龙头下冲洗。

Don’t forget to rinse out your swimsuit.

别忘了把你的泳衣冲洗一下。

to remove soap, dirt etc from something by washing it quickly with water

把〔肥皂、污垢等〕冲洗掉，漂洗

Leave the shampoo for two minutes, then rinse it off with warm water.

让洗发液停留两分钟，然后用温水冲洗干净。

我在水龙头下把泥巴冲掉。

if you rinse your mouth, or rinse your mouth out, you wash it by filling it with water and then spitting (spit) the water out


rinse

I [gave](bold) my hands a quick [rinse](bold).

a product you use to change the colour of your hair or to make it more shiny


riot

When the election results were announced, it caused riots in the capital.

The incident sparked off a riot which lasted for three days.

The police marched in to quell the riots.

Riots broke out last month following the verdict.

The prison riots were caused by bad physical conditions and poor security.

In 1967, there were race riots in a number of major American cities.

The urban riots forced the Government to invest in the inner cities.

The jail was hit by a serious riot last year.

(=a serious riot, not only a little fighting)

The disturbance escalated into a full-scale riot.

The city deployed riot police to contain the demonstration.

(=a group of police who deal with riots)

Demonstrators clashed with 140 riot squad officers, drawn from the police and the British army.

(=special clothing worn by police dealing with a riot)

Almost 1,000 officers, many in riot gear, were needed to restore order.

(=a plastic shield used by a police officer)

The police moved in on the demonstration using riot shields and tear gas.

All officers are trained in riot control.

a situation in which a large crowd of people are behaving in a violent and uncontrolled way, especially when they are protesting about something

His murder triggered vicious [race riots](bold)(=caused by a problem between different races).

他的被杀引发了严重的种族骚乱。

police wearing [riot gear](bold)(=the special clothing and equipment worn by police officers during a riot)

police in bullet-proof vests and carrying [riot shields](bold)(=a piece of very hard plastic which police officers stand behind to protect them)

穿防弹背心、持防暴盾牌的警察

if your imagination, emotions, thoughts etc run riot, you cannot or do not control them

〔想象、感情、思绪等〕无法控制，不加约束

Manufacturers have [let](bold) their [imaginations run riot](bold) to create new computer games.

生产商极尽想象之能事，开发设计新的电脑游戏。

if people run riot, they behave in a violent, noisy, and uncontrolled way

Some people let their children run riot.

有些人听任孩子胡作非为。

if a plant runs riot, it grows very quickly

something with many different bright colours

The garden is a riot of colour in spring.

to give someone a strong warning that they must stop causing trouble – used humorously

严厉警告（某人）必须停止闹事〔幽默用法〕

If the kids don’t settle down soon, I’ll go up and read them the riot act.

如果孩子们不马上安静下来，我就要上去向他们提出严正警告。


riot

if a crowd of people riot, they behave in a violent and uncontrolled way, for example by fighting the police and damaging cars or buildings

University students rioted in protest at tuition fees.

大学生闹事，抗议学费过高。


rip

rip apart
rip off
rip on
rip through
rip up

[past tense and past participle](italic) [ripped](bold) [present participle](italic) [ripping](bold)

to tear something or be torn quickly and violently

The sails ripped under the force of the wind.

Impatiently, Sue [ripped](bold) the letter [open](bold).

to remove something quickly and violently, using your hands

Gilly ripped out a sheet of paper from her notebook.

吉莉从她的笔记本上撕下一页纸。

to destroy something or damage it badly by tearing it in many places

Jill’s kitten is ripping her sofa to shreds.

吉尔的小猫在把她的沙发抓得稀烂。

to strongly criticize someone, or criticize their opinions, remarks, behaviour etc

严厉批评某人；抨击某人的观点[言论，行为等]

I expected to have my argument ripped to shreds.

我等着别人来批驳我的论点。

to copy music from a CD to an MP3 player or computer

to speak or behave violently or emotionally

Fran took a slow deep breath, then let rip, yelling and shouting at him.

弗兰慢慢地深吸了一口气，然后发起威来，冲着他又喊又叫。

to make a car, boat etc go as fast as it can

让它/她全速前进〔指车、船等〕

Put your foot on the gas and let her rip!


rip

a green leather jacket with a rip in the sleeve

袖子有一条长口子的绿色皮夹克


ripe

[comparative](italic) [riper](bold) [superlative](italic) [ripest](bold)

ripe fruit or crops are fully grown and ready to eat

to be ready for a change to happen, especially when it should have happened sooner

适宜做某事，做某事条件成熟

改革警察队伍的时机已经成熟。

The former dock area is ripe for development.

这片昔日的码头区可以开发了。

used to say it is a very suitable time for something to happen, especially when it should have happened sooner

The time is ripe for a review of progress up to now.

是时候回顾一下目前为止所取得的进展了。

if you live to a ripe old age, you are very old when you die

Eat less and exercise more if you want to [live to a ripe old age](bold).

used to show that you find it surprising or impressive that someone is doing something or has achieved something at a very young age – used humorously

年纪很小〔用于表示对某人很年轻便做或做到某事感到意外或惊叹，幽默用法〕

She was put in charge [at the ripe old age of](bold) twenty-nine.

她年纪轻轻，29岁就当上了主管。

ripe cheese has developed a strong taste and is ready to eat

a ripe smell is strong and unpleasant – used humorously

臭气熏天的，浓烈难闻的〔幽默用法〕

We were pretty ripe after a week of walking.

我们走了一个星期的路，身上都臭死了。


rise

The value of the painting has risen sharply in recent years.

(=in a way that shows something important)

Male cancer rates rose significantly during the period 1969–78.

University fees have risen substantially.

The water temperature had risen slightly.

[past tense](italic) [rose](bold) /rəʊz/ US /roʊz/ [past participle](italic) [risen](bold) /ˈrɪz/

〔数字、数量或价值〕增加，增长，上升

→see THESAURUS at [increase](->increase) 1

Sales rose by 20% over the Christmas period.

圣诞节期间销售量增加了20%。

The research budget rose from £175,000 in 1999 to £22.5 million in 2001.

研究预算从1999年的17.5万英镑增加到2001年的2,250万英镑。

Temperatures rarely rise above freezing.

The number of people seeking asylum in Britain has risen sharply.

到英国寻求政治庇护的人数激增。

The divorce rate has [risen steadily](bold) since the 1950s.

20世纪50年代以来，离婚率持续上升。

The country faces economic recession and rising unemployment.

该国面临着经济衰退和失业人数增加的问题。

The police seem unable to cope with the [rising tide of](bold)(=large increase in) car crime.

面对日益增多的汽车罪案，警方似乎无能为力。

In everyday English, people usually say an amount or level [goes up](bold)  rather than [rises](bold) :

She watched the bubbles rise to the surface.

她看着一个个气泡上升到表面。

the problems caused by climate change and rising sea levels

气候变化和海平面上升所引起的问题

The road [rises steeply](bold) from the village.

这条路从村子这里突然变陡峭了。

Then she picked up her bag and rose to leave.

然后她拿起包站起来要走。

[rise from the table/your chair etc](bold)

The chairman rose from his chair and came forward to greet her.

董事长从座位上站起身，上前迎接她。

He put down his glass and [rose to his feet](bold).

to become important, powerful, successful, or rich

He had swiftly risen to prominence during the 1950s.

20世纪50年代，他一下子就出了名。

Mussolini rose to power in Italy in 1922.

1922年，墨索里尼在意大利上台掌权。

people who [rise to the top](bold) in their chosen professions

在自己所选择的职业中出人头地的人们

He rose to become chairman of the company.

She had joined the company as a secretary and [risen through the ranks](bold)(=made progress from a low position to a high position) to become a senior sales director.

她初来公司时是一名秘书，后来逐步晋升为销售部高级主管。

The bridge [rose majestically](bold) into the air.

The sound of traffic rose from the street below.

下面的街上传来车来车往的声音。

Her voice rose above the shouts of the children.

她的声音盖过了孩子们的叫喊声。

if a feeling or emotion rises, you feel it more and more strongly

She could sense her temper rising again.

她感觉到自己的脾气又上来了。

There was an atmosphere of rising excitement in the school.

学校里的气氛越来越热烈。

The doctor sounded optimistic and John’s [hopes rose](bold).

医生说得很乐观，约翰心中燃起了希望。

to deal successfully with a difficult situation or problem, especially by working harder or performing better than usual

a young athlete who can certainly rise to the occasion

绝对能够应对困境的一名年轻运动员

if a large group of people rise, they try to defeat the government, army etc that is controlling them

They rose up and overthrew the government.

The prisoners rose against the guards and escaped.

They rose in rebellion against the king.

if bread, cakes etc rise, they become bigger because there is air inside them

〔面包、蛋糕等〕膨松，发酵胀大

On the third day Jesus rose from the dead.

if a court or parliament rises, that particular meeting is formally finished

The wind had risen again and it was starting to rain.

风又刮得猛烈起来，并下起了雨。

if a river rises somewhere, it begins there

used humorously to tell someone to wake up and get out of bed


rise

There’s been a sharp rise in house prices.

The meter showed a dramatic rise in the level of radioactivity.

There has been a big rise in violent crime.

The result was a huge rise in unemployment.

Manufacturers claimed the increase would mean a substantial rise in costs.

Wealthy Americans face a significant rise in their income tax rate.

The post-war years saw a rapid rise in prosperity.

Japanese banks have been hit hard by the rise in interest rates.

The company reported an 81% rise in profits.

The tax would result in a price rise of 6 percent for petrol.

They predicted a global temperature rise of 2.5 degrees by the end of the century.

There has been a rise in the number of arrests for drug offences.

They were alarmed by Hitler’s rise to power.

His rise to prominence would not have been possible without the war.

Her success in the film ensured a rapid rise to fame.

In this book, he explores the actor’s rise to stardom.

His rise to the top of the Labour Party was effortless.

The exhibition tells the story of the rise and fall of the Etruscan civilisation.

What can explain their meteoric rise in popularity?

Her rapid rise to the top is well deserved.

〔数字、数量或价值的〕增加

We are expecting a rise in interest rates.

Profits went up to £24 million, a rise of 16%.

利润增加到2,400万英镑，上升了16%。

The railworkers were offered a 3% [pay rise](bold).

铁路工人得到3%的加薪。

the achievement of importance, success, or power

Thatcher’s rise to power in the late 70s

撒切尔夫人在70年代末的上台掌权

The band’s sudden [rise to fame](bold) took everyone by surprise.

该乐队的突然成名让所有人都感到意外。

the [rise and fall](bold) of the Roman Empire

to be the reason why something happens, especially something bad or unpleasant

引起[导致]某事〔尤指坏事〕

His speech gave rise to a bitter argument.

他的讲话引发了激烈的争论。

The president’s absence has given rise to speculation about his health.

总统的缺席引发了对他健康状况的猜测。

She watched the steady [rise and fall](bold) of his chest.

她看着他的胸膛均匀地一起一伏。

They topped the rise (=reached the top of the hill) and began a slow descent towards the town.

他们登上山顶，然后开始慢慢下山朝小镇的方向走去。

to make someone become annoyed or embarrassed by making a joke about them

〔开玩笑〕激怒某人；使某人尴尬


rising

〔重要性或名望〕上升的，兴起的

Francesca was a [rising star](bold) in the cinema.

young people who will soon be old enough to vote, have jobs etc

The rising generation of students are optimistic about the future.

年轻一代的学生对未来很乐观。


rising

a sudden attempt by a large group of people to violently remove a government or ruler


risk

Professional sport involves a relatively high risk of injury.

Starting up your own business involves considerable risks.

There is a great risk that the wound will become infected.

Those who smoke have an increased risk of heart disease.

There is a real risk that there could be another war.

The most serious risk of flooding this evening is on the River Wye.

The potential risks associated with this operation should not be ignored.

There is relatively little financial risk for the company.

The political risks for the president are minimal.

Those who deal with firearms are generally aware of the attendant risks.

Most medical operations carry some risk.

Climate change poses serious risks to the environment.

Investments that provide a high return generally entail more risk.

This diet could reduce your risk of certain cancers.

Smoking increases the risk of heart disease.

You can’t eliminate risk in your life completely.

They are anxious to avoid any risk of criticism.

The dominant male faces the risk that adult males from the group will attack him.

High cholesterol is one of the risk factors associated with heart disease.

(=a calculation of how much risk is involved in something)

Engineering risk assessment is based on objective scientific criteria.

There is always a risk that mistakes will be made.

There is always an element of risk in flying.

Don’t walk home alone at night – it’s not worth the risk.

the risks involved/the risks associated with sth

The soldiers were well aware of the risks involved.

The public are unwilling to accept the risks associated with nuclear energy.

(=they are more important than the possible risks)

The benefits to patients who are taking the drug far outweigh the risks.

the possibility that something bad, unpleasant, or dangerous may happen

Skiers always face the risk of serious injury.

滑雪者始终面临着受重伤的风险。

There is a risk that the disease may spread further.

这种疾病存在进一步扩散的危险。

It was a risk, sending a letter to my house.

[take a risk](bold)(=do something that might have bad results)

Isn’t he taking a bit of a risk in coming here?

他来这儿不是有点冒险吗？

I couldn’t take the risk of leaving him alone even for a short time.

我不能冒险留下他独自一人，哪怕是一会儿也不行。

[calculated risk](bold)(=a risk you take because you think a good result is quite likely)

something or someone that is likely to cause harm or danger

可能造成伤害[危险]的事物[人]

Polluted water supplies are a risk to public health.

受污染的水源对公众健康是一个威胁。

Meat from the infected animals is regarded as a serious [health risk](bold)(=something likely to harm people’s health).

受感染动物的肉被认为对健康有严重威胁。

The tyre dump is a major [fire risk](bold)(=something that could cause a dangerous fire).

那堆废轮胎是一个很大的火灾隐患。

She’s becoming a [security risk](bold)(=someone who may tell important secrets to an enemy).

We must stop these rumours; the firm’s reputation is at risk.

我们必须制止这些谣言，公司的名誉受到了威胁。

Women are more at risk from the harmful effects of alcohol than men.

女性受酒精危害的可能性比男性更大。

Their children are also at [high risk](bold) of developing the disease.

他们的孩子患此病的风险也很高。

That would mean [putting](bold) other children [at risk](bold).

那将意味着让其他孩子遭受威胁。

to be in a situation where there is a possibility that something bad could happen to you

Anyone travelling without a passport runs the risk of being arrested.

任何人不带护照旅行都有被捕的危险。

used when you think that what you are going to say or do may have a bad result, may offend or annoy people etc

At the risk of sounding stupid, can I ask a question?

恕我愚昧，能问个问题吗？

Will they go ahead with their plans, even at the risk of offending the Americans?

他们会继续实行他们的计划吗，哪怕是冒着得罪美国人的危险？

if you do something at your own risk, you do it when you understand the possible dangers and have been warned about them

You can use it, but it’s at your own risk.

你可以用它，但后果自负。

All personal belongings are left at the owner’s risk.

所有私人物品，一旦丢失，责任自负。

a person or business judged according to the danger involved in giving them insurance or lending them money

〔按其风险评估的〕保险对象；贷款对象

Drivers under 21 are regarded as poor risks by insurance companies.

未满21岁的驾驶者被保险公司认为是高风险的保险对象。


risk

[Risk](bold)  is followed by an [-ing](bold)  form, not an infinitive. You say: They risk being shot if they are caught.
Don’t say: [They risk to be shot.](strike)

to put something in a situation in which it could be lost, destroyed, or harmed

使冒〔失去、毁坏或伤害的〕风险

When children start smoking, they don’t realize that they’re risking their health.

He’s prepared to risk everything to avoid this war.

他准备不惜一切来避免这场战争。

You’d be crazy to risk your money on an investment like that!

你疯了，竟然拿钱去冒险做那样的投资！

He [risked](bold) his [life](bold) helping others to escape.

他冒着生命危险去帮助其他人逃离。

I’m not going to [risk](bold) my [neck](bold)(=risk my life) just to save a common criminal.

我才不会冒死去救一个惯犯。

Why [risk life and limb](bold)(=risk your life and health) jumping out of a plane just to raise money for charity?

何必为了慈善募捐去玩命跳飞机呢？

to get into a situation where something unpleasant may happen to you

担 …风险，冒 …的危险

他们甚至有可能失去房子。

He would prefer not to risk another embarrassing defeat.

他可不想冒再次失败丢人现眼的风险。

Some people are prepared to risk imprisonment for what they believe.

有些人为了信仰甘冒牢狱之险。

[risk being seen/caught/arrested etc](bold)

Workers who broke the strike risked being attacked when they left the factory.

破坏罢工的工人在离开工厂时有遭受攻击的危险。

to do something that you know may have dangerous or unpleasant results

冒险做〔可能有危险或不好结果的事〕

Are you prepared to risk traveling without an armed guard?

你准备冒险不带武装警卫出行吗？

She risked a glance back over her shoulder.

她壮着胆子回头看了一眼。

You could slip out of school between classes, but I wouldn’t [risk it](bold).

你可以在课间溜出学校，但我不想冒这个险。


risky

involving a risk that something bad will happen

→see THESAURUS at [dangerous](->dangerous)

Doctors say it’s [too risky](bold) to try and operate.

Buying a secondhand car is a [risky business](bold).


rite

a ceremony that is always performed in the same way, usually for religious purposes

〔通常指宗教〕仪式，典礼

These traditional [rites](bold) are [performed](bold) only by the women of the village.

这些传统仪式只由村里的女人来进行。

a special ceremony or action that is a sign of a new stage in someone’s life, especially when a boy starts to become a man

〔标志人生重要阶段的〕通过仪式；〔尤指男孩的〕成人仪式

final prayers or religious ceremonies for someone who is dying

A priest came to [give](bold) him [the last rites](bold).

一位神父来为他做临终祷告。


ritual

a ceremony that is always performed in the same way, in order to mark an important religious or social occasion

〔为纪念重要宗教或社会事件举行的〕仪式，典礼

the importance of religion and ritual in our lives

我们生活中宗教和仪式的重要性

The lady of the house [performs](bold) the sacred [ritual](bold) of lighting two candles.

由女主人来完成点燃两根蜡烛的神圣仪式。

something that you do regularly and in the same way each time

He [went through the ritual](bold) of lighting his cigar.


ritual

[ritually](bold) adv. eg: Animals are brought in and ritually slaughtered.

done in a fixed and expected way, but without real meaning or sincerity

The police issued the usual ritual apology.

警方发表了例行公事式的道歉。


rival

(=the one that is closest to beating them)

She finished 7.1 seconds ahead of her nearest rival.

Oxford and Cambridge University have always been great rivals

McDonald's and its arch-rival Burger King

He knows that he has no serious rival for the job.

Hindhead had a convincing victory over their old rivals, Frensham.

(=one who is likely to be a rival in the future)

Their business is a potential rival for ours.

At the time, France and Britain were major political rivals.

His presidential rivals have vigorously attacked him.

My task is to unite the rival factions within the party.

The rival team's fans were in the other part of the ground.

The street is a war zone between two rival gangs.

There were fights between rival fans after the match.

It may have to merge with a rival company to stay in business.

a person, group, or organization that you compete with in sport, business, a fight etc

This gives the company a competitive advantage over its rivals.

这使该公司与其对手相比具有一项竞争优势。

和他竞争这份工作的主要对手

He finished 39 seconds ahead of his [main rival](bold).

他比主要对手早39秒到达终点。

She was 2 minutes faster than her [nearest rival](bold).

她比紧随其后的对手快两分钟。

a game against their [old rivals](bold), Manchester United

和他们的老对手曼联队的比赛

They still remain [bitter rivals](bold)(=hate each other).

Their sales have now overtaken those of their [arch-rival](bold)(=main or strongest rival).

他们的销售额现已超过了主要竞争对手。

Sheena left her job and went to work for a rival company.

希娜辞了职，转投一家对手公司工作。

one of a group of things that people can choose between

The newest model has several advantages over its rivals.

最新的型号和其竞争品牌相比有几大优势。


rival

[past tense and past participle](italic) [rivalled](bold) [present participle](italic) [rivalling](bold) ([BrE](bold)) [past tense and past participle](italic) [rivaled](bold) [present participle](italic) [rivaling](bold) ([AmE](bold))

to be as good or important as someone or something else

The college’s facilities rival those of Harvard and Yale.

这所学院的设施比得上哈佛和耶鲁。


rivalry

a situation in which two or more people, teams, or companies are competing for something, especially over a long period of time, and the feeling of competition between them

〔尤指长期的〕竞争，竞赛，较量

There has always been [intense rivalry](bold) between New Zealand and Australia.

新西兰和澳大利亚之间始终存在激烈的竞争。

The two players have developed a [friendly rivalry](bold).

这两名选手之间已形成一种友好的竞争关系。

She had never overcome her feelings of [sibling rivalry](bold)(=rivalry between brothers and sisters).

她一直没有克服和兄弟姐妹较劲的那种心理。


river

[sell sb down the river](bold) at → [sell](->sell) 1

You use [in the river](bold)  to talk about things that happen in the water: In summer we swim in the river. There was something floating in the river.

You use [on the river](bold)  to talk about things that happen on the surface of a river or very close to the edge of a river: We went boating on the river. There’s a nice pub on the river.

You use [along the river](bold)  to talk about things that happen on land next to a river: They strolled along the river. There are houses built all along the river.

In Britain and Europe, the name usually comes after the word ‘river’. You usually say: the River Thames the River Seine the River Rhone the River Nile the River Ganges .

In the US and outside Europe, the name usually comes before the word ‘river’. You usually say: the Yangtze River the Amazon River the Congo River the Hudson River the Mississippi River the Colorado River .

a stream or river that flows into a larger river

The River Trombetas is a tributary of the River Amazon.

the wide part of a river where it goes into the sea

plans to build a big new airport on the Thames estuary

a long passage dug into the ground and filled with water, either for boats to travel along, or to take water to a place

an area of low land where a river spreads into many smaller rivers near the sea

There was a small brook, rushing and sparkling along between green banks.

a narrow area of sea that goes into the land, or a small river

The River Fal with its many creeks was a perfect place for smugglers.

The kids hunted for crabs in the muddy creek.

the part of a river where it joins the sea

Havre-Marat was a port at the mouth of the River Seine.

He owns a chateau on the banks of the River Loire.

the place where a river or stream starts

The source of the River Nile was discovered by a British explorer, John Speke.

The River Avon flows through the town of Stratford.

the place where the river runs into the sea

(=it turns and curves, rather than going in a straight line)

He could see the river winding across the plain.

There are fears that the river could flood.

Further downstream the river has dried up completely several times in recent years.

The River Euphrates rises in Turkey and flows through Syria.

Cross the river by the road bridge and then turn right.

(=cross a river on foot, in a vehicle, or on a horse, without using a bridge)

The water was shallow enough for us to be able to ford the river.

The narrow cliffs once made the river dangerous to navigate.

We crossed the wide River Rhone the following morning.

The Severn is the longest river in Britain.

The river was high and running quite swiftly.

The child fell into a fast-flowing river.

Cairo sits at the mouth of the mighty river Nile.

(=people are able to travel along it in a boat)

The river is navigable in the winter months.

Crowds lined the river banks to watch the boat race.

He bought a house on the banks of the River Wye.

The Statue of Liberty stands at the mouth of the Hudson River.

Where exactly is the source of the River Ganges?

We sailed down the lower reaches of the river.

He rounded a bend in the river and saw Flora sitting there.

(=it is very full and the water is flowing very quickly)

The snow had just melted and the rivers were in spate.

a natural and continuous flow of water in a long line across a country into the sea

a river of hot lava flowing from the volcano


road

[the end of the road](bold) at → [end](->end) 1 sense 16 [hit the road](bold) at → [hit](->hit) 1 sense 13

You often use the phrases [up the road](bold)  and [down the road](bold)  when saying that someone or something is not far away, on the same road: She lives just up the road from us. The post office is down the road on the right.

a hard surface for cars, buses etc to drive on

a road in a town, with houses or shops on each side

We walked along the streets of the old town.

Oxford Street is one of Europe’s busiest shopping areas.

He was stopped by the police, driving the wrong way down a one-way street.

Turn left on Main Streetthe street in the middle of a town, where most of the shops are – used in American English.

These days the same shops are on every high streetthe street in the middle of a town, where most of the shops are – used in British English.

a road in a town, often with trees on each side

the busy avenue in front of the cathedral

a wide road in a city or town – used especially in street names in the US, France etc. In the UK, streets are usually called [avenue](bold) rather than [boulevard](bold)

the world-famous Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles.

a short street which is closed at one end

The house is situated in a quiet cul-de-sac in North Oxford.

a narrow road in the country, usually without a hard surface

a road that goes past a town, allowing traffic to avoid the centre

The bypass would take heavy traffic out of the old city centre.

a road with a barrier or strip of land in the middle that has lines of traffic travelling in each direction

I waited until we were on the dual carriageway before I overtook him.

a very wide road in a city or between cities, on which cars can travel very fast without stopping

Take the Hollywood Freeway (101) south, exit at Vine Street and drive east on Franklin Avenue.

Over on the side of the expressway, he saw an enormous sedan, up against a stone wall.

a very wide road for travelling fast over long distances

The speed limit on the motorway is 70 miles an hour.

a road for fast traffic that goes between states

The accident happened on Interstate 84, about 10 miles east of Hartford.

The government is planning to introduce toll roads, in an effort to cut traffic congestion.

a large road for fast traffic that you pay to use

He dropped her off at an entrance to the New Jersey Turnpike.

The children have to cross a busy road to get to school.

At that time of night, the roads were quiet.

(=with no traffic or nothing blocking it)

Before you overtake, make sure the road is clear.

The main road was blocked for twenty-five minutes.

France has a huge network of minor roads.

He drove into a quiet side road and stopped the car.

He was driving along a quiet country road when a tyre suddenly burst.

A lot of concentration is needed on the narrow mountain roads.

(=a road without much traffic or anything to stop you getting somewhere)

This car is at its best on the open road.

We try to keep the mountain road open for most of the year.

The main road was blocked for an hour while police cleared the accident.

She was standing on the pavement waiting to cross the road.

He had to swerve when a child ran out into the road.

We turned into the road leading to the village.

(=it starts going ahead in two different directions)

At Salen, the road forks right and left.

After a couple of miles, the road narrows.

Her husband was killed in a road accident.

We share parents’ concern for road safety.

(=knowledge of how to behave safely near traffic)

Young children don’t have any road sense.

(=system of roads that cross or are connected to each other)

We stopped and had something to eat by the side of the road.

She was standing on the other side of the road talking to my mum.

(=a place where a road goes in two different directions)

We had to ask for directions each time we got to a fork in the road.

a specially prepared hard surface for cars, buses, bicycles etc to travel on

I was driving along the road when a kid suddenly stepped out in front of me.

我正在路上开着车，突然一个小孩冲到我车前。

You’ll see the library a bit further up the road.

沿这条路再往前走一点就能看到图书馆。

I ran down the road to see what was happening.

我沿着路跑去看发生了什么事。

Protestors sat down in the road to stop the lorries.

抗议者坐在路上，阻止卡车通过。

Someone was standing in the middle of the road.

The college is easily accessible by road.

There are far more cars on the road now than there used to be.

现在路上的车比以前要多得多。

There were lots of cars parked on the road.

used in addresses after the names of roads and streets

路〔用在地址中的街道名称之后〕

He lives [on](bold) Dudley [Road](bold).

travelling in a car, especially for long distances

〔尤指长途〕乘车[开车]旅行中

I’ve been on the road since 5:00 a.m. this morning.

我从今早5点起就一直在路上。

if a group of actors or musicians are on the road, they are travelling from place to place giving performances

They’re on the road for six months out of every year.

他们每年有六个月在巡回演出。

if your car is on the road, you have paid for the repairs, tax etc necessary for you to drive it legally

〔汽车〕可以合法行驶〔指已付维修费用、税款等〕

It would cost too much to put it back on the road.

要让车子重新上路费用太高了。

if you are on the road to something, you will achieve it soon, or it will happen to you soon

The doctor says she’s [well on the road to](bold) recovery.

It was this deal that [set](bold) him [on the road to](bold) his first million.

正是从这笔生意开始，他挣到了第一笔一百万。

the first [step along the road to](bold) democracy

Is there any scope for going down that road in the future?

It depends which road you want to go down.

这取决于你想选择哪种做法。

in the future, especially at a later stage in a process

You can always upgrade a bit further down the road if you want.

今后如果你想将电脑系统升级就能升级。

Somewhere down the road, they’re going to clash.

a last alcoholic drink before you leave a party,pub etc

〔离开聚会、酒吧等前喝的〕最后一杯酒

a situation in which someone experiences a sudden and complete change in their opinions or beliefs. The phrase is based on the story in the New Testament of the Bible, in which St Paul saw a blinding light and heard God’s voice while he was travelling on the road to Damascus. He immediately became a Christian.

通往大马士革之路〔指某人突然彻底改变观点或信仰，源于《圣经·新约》中圣保罗在前往大马士革途中皈依基督教的故事〕


roam

to walk or travel, usually for a long time, with no clear purpose or direction

Chickens and geese [roam freely](bold) in the back yard.

You shouldn’t let your children [roam the streets](bold).

你不应该让孩子在街上游荡。

[roam the countryside/desert/forests etc](bold)

if your eyes roam over something, you look slowly at all parts of it

他的目光扫过一个个书架。

to use your mobile phone in a different country or area from usual by connecting to a different network

Some pay-as-you-go phones do not allow you to roam.

有些随用随付手机不允许漫游。


roar

to shout something in a deep powerful voice

“从我家里滚出去！”他吼道。

By this time, Michael was [roaring with laughter](bold).

这时迈克尔已经在狂笑了。

if a vehicle roars somewhere, it moves very quickly and noisily


roar

a deep, loud noise made by an animal such as a lion, or by someone’s voice

a continuous loud noise, especially made by a machine or a strong wind

〔机器的〕轰鸣声；〔风的〕呼啸声


roast

to cook something, such as meat, in an oven or over a fire, or to cook in this way

We caught a rabbit and roasted it over an open fire.

我们捉到一只兔子，放在火上烧烤。

to heat nuts, coffee beans etc quickly in order to dry them and give them a particular taste

烘，焙〔坚果、咖啡豆等〕


roast

an outdoor party at which food is cooked on an open fire

户外烧烤热狗/牡蛎等野餐会

an occasion at which people celebrate a special event in someone’s life by telling funny stories or giving speeches about them

庆祝会〔常讲述主角的趣事等〕


rob

[past tense and past participle](italic) [robbed](bold) [present participle](italic) [robbing](bold)

to steal money or property from a person, bank etc

They killed four policemen while robbing a bank.

他们抢劫一家银行的时候杀了4名警察。

A 77-year-old woman was robbed at knifepoint.

一名77岁老妪遭到持刀抢劫。

They threatened to shoot him and robbed him of all his possessions.

他们威胁要开枪打死他，并抢走了他的全部东西。

→ You say that someone [robs](bold) a person or place. Do not say that someone robs an object or an amount of money. Use [steal](bold)[He stole cash and valuables worth $500,000.](italic)

to take money away from someone or something that needs it in order to pay someone else or use it for something else

Taking money out of the hospital’s budget for this is simply robbing Peter to pay Paul.

将医院预算里的钱挪用到这里，简直是在剜肉补疮。

The minute your back’s turned, they’ll rob you blind.

你一转身，他们就会把你偷个精光。

used when you think that you were beaten unfairly in a sport

我/我们输得不公平！〔用于体育比赛中〕

to have a sexual relationship with someone who is a lot younger than you – used humorously

老牛吃嫩草〔指跟比自己年龄小很多的人有性关系，幽默用法〕


robber

Armed robbers broke into the shop and demanded money from the till.

持枪劫匪闯进商店，索要现金出纳机里的钱。


robbery

[daylight robbery](bold) at → [daylight](->daylight) sense 5 [highway robbery](bold) at → [highway](->highway) sense 3

the crime of stealing money or other things from a bank, shop etc, especially by using threats or violence

Mobile phones are a common target in street robberies.

the crime of stealing something, especially when the person they are stolen from is not present

Security has been tightened since the theft of a $150,000 oil painting.

the crime of entering a house or other building illegally and stealing things

Most burglaries occur when a house or apartment is empty.

an occasion when someone breaks a door or window in order to enter a place and steal things

The break-in was the eighth on our street this year.

There’s been a break-in at the newsagents.

a violent attack on someone in the street in order to rob them

There have been a number of muggings outside downtown hotels.

an attack on a bank, shop etc, especially one in which the thieves use weapons

The gang carried out an armed raid on a post office.

The money from the bank job was quickly taken out of the country.

the crime of stealing something from someone, without using force or threats. This word is used mainly in American English. It is now old-fashioned in British English

He pleaded guilty in New York to nine counts of grand larceny stealing things that are worth a lot of money.

They were suspected of being involved in petty larceny stealing things that are not worth a lot of money.

the crime of stealing money or things from a bank, shop etc, especially using violence

Police are investigating a series of [bank robberies](bold) in South Wales.

警方正在调查发生在南威尔士的连环银行抢劫案。

He received a 10 year prison sentence for [armed robbery](bold)(=robbery using a gun).

他因持枪抢劫被判十年监禁。

He admitted [attempted robbery](bold) and was given a suspended sentence.

他承认企图行劫，被判了缓刑。


robe

a long loose piece of clothing, especially one worn for official ceremonies

〔尤指正式典礼上穿的〕长袍

a long loose piece of clothing that you wear over your night clothes or after a bath


robot

a machine that can move and do some of the work of a person, and is usually controlled by a computer


robust

一个身高六英尺四英寸的壮汉

a robust system, organization etc is strong and not likely to have problems

〔系统、组织等〕强大的，稳固的

The formerly robust economy has begun to weaken.

原本强劲的经济开始疲软。

a robust object is strong and not likely to break

showing determination or strong opinions

a typically robust performance by the prime minister

robust food or flavours have a good strong taste


rock

a piece of the hard substance that forms the main surface of the Earth. In British English, [rocks](bold) are too large to pick up, but in American English, they can either be large or small

a small piece of rock, found on the ground or near the surface of the ground. Speakers of American English are more likely to use the word [rock](bold) than [stone](bold)

The children were throwing stones into the water.

She climbed over a few boulders at the edge of the sea.

a small smooth stone found especially on a beach or on the bottom of a river

The beach was covered with smooth white pebbles.

a rock which has the shape of an animal or plant that lived many thousands of years ago

Steps had been carved out of the solid rock.

Here there was only bare rock and gravel.

The fossils are sandwiched between two layers of volcanic rock.

There are marvellous views of impressive rock formations.

From the texture of the rock we can tell how it was formed.

(=it gradually removes the surface of the rock)

Rainwater drained away, forming streams and rivers that began to erode the rock.

(=its surface is gradually removed because of the action of water, wind etc )

The rocks had eroded away over the years.

His leg was trapped under a large lump of rock.

You can see six layers of rock in the cliff.

(=a mass of rock that sticks up above the ground)

To build the tunnel, they had to cut through 500 feet of [solid rock](bold).

为了建这条隧道，他们不得不凿穿500英尺的坚硬岩石。

Most of the country is desert and [bare rock](bold).

这个国家大部分地区都是沙漠和裸露的岩石。

massive [rock formations](bold)(=shapes made naturally from rock)

a piece of rock, especially a large one that sticks up from the ground

〔尤指凸出地面的〕岩块，大石块

杰克站在一块大石头上，以便看得更清楚。

During the storm a ship had been driven onto [the rocks](bold)(=a line of rocks under or next to the sea).

暴风雨中有一艘船触礁了。

a type of popular modern music with a strong loud beat, played using guitars and drums

Komuro formed a rock band with some friends while in college.

已故摇滚乐明星弗雷迪·默丘里

The stadium has hosted numerous [rock concerts](bold).

这个体育场举行过许多场摇滚音乐会。

→ [hard rock](->hard rock) [punk rock](bold) at → [punk](->punk) sense 1

very strongly built or well supported and not likely to break or fall

someone who is as solid or steady as a rock is very strong and calm in difficult situations and you can depend on them

〔指人面对困难时〕坚定镇静的

someone who always gives you support and who you can depend on

姐姐始终是我可以依靠的人。

a relationship or business that is on the rocks is having a lot of problems and is likely to fail soon

〔关系〕濒临破裂；〔企业〕濒临破产

I’m afraid Tim’s marriage is on the rocks.

蒂姆的婚姻恐怕是快破裂了。

an alcoholic drink that is served with ice but no water

加冰块的苏格兰威士忌/伏特加等

a very pure form of the illegal drug cocaine that some people use for pleasure

be (stuck) between a rock and a hard place

to have a choice between two things, both of which are unpleasant or dangerous


rock

to move gently backwards and forwards or from side to side, or to make something do this

（使）来回摆动，（使）摇摆

She covered her face, [rocking to and fro](bold) in her grief.

她捂住脸，悲痛得身体来回抖动。

The waves [rocked](bold) the boat [from side to side](bold).

Paul sat gently rocking the child in his arms.

保罗坐着，轻轻摇晃怀里的孩子。

Jim [rocked with laughter](bold) when he heard what had happened.

吉姆听了发生的事情后笑得前仰后合。

to make the people in a place or organization feel very shocked – used in news reports

使震惊，使震动〔用于新闻报道中〕

to make the future of something seem less certain or steady than it was before, especially because of problems or changes

Another financial blow has rocked the industry.

又一次金融冲击动摇了这个行业。

The theory [rocked the foundations](bold) of social and moral life.

这一理论动摇了社会生活和道德生活的根基。

to cause problems for other members of a group by criticizing something or trying to change the way something is done

〔通过批评某事或试图改变做事方式而〕生事；找麻烦

He kept his feelings to himself, not wanting to rock the boat.

他没有把自己的感受说出来，免得惹是生非。

if an explosion or earthquake rocks an area, it makes it shake

〔爆炸或地震〕使剧烈震动

Residents had only a few minutes to escape before the blast rocked their houses.

居民只有几分钟的逃离时间，随后爆炸就把房屋震得摇来晃去。

said to show that you strongly approve of someone or something

to cause someone to think about something or someone in a completely new way

动摇某人的世界〔使其以全新方式考虑某事物或某人〕

to look good when wearing something fashionable – used especially in magazines

扮出范儿〔尤作杂志用语〕

We'll tell you how to rock this season's hottest looks.

我们会告诉你如何扮出本季最火的范儿。


rocket

a vehicle used for travelling or carrying things into space, which is shaped like a big tube

The [rocket](bold) was [launched](bold) from a space research base.

火箭从一个航天研究基地发射升空。

a weapon shaped like a big tube that is fired at things

a firework that goes high into the air before exploding into coloured lights

a plant with green leaves and a strong taste, eaten raw in salads


rocket

if a price or amount rockets, it increases quickly and suddenly

〔价格或数量〕迅速上升，猛涨

Car sales rocketed from 180 to 2000 a year.

汽车的年销量从180辆猛增到2,000辆。

Larsson’s shot rocketed into the back of the net.

to achieve a successful position very quickly

Their new album rocketed to number one in the charts.

他们的新专辑跃居排行榜首位。

Beatty rocketed to stardom after his first film.

贝蒂拍摄首部电影后迅速蹿红。


rocky

岩石覆盖的；由岩石形成的

They hurried over the rough [rocky ground](bold).

他们匆匆穿过那崎岖不平的石头地。

a relationship or situation that is rocky is difficult and may not continue or be successful

〔关系或情形〕难以维持的，可能失败的

Rangers got off to a [rocky start](bold) this season.

流浪者队本赛季出师不利。

The company faces a [rocky road](bold) ahead.

公司面临一条坎坷的发展道路。


rod

→ [hot rod](->hot rod) → [lightning rod](->lightning rod) [rule sb/sth with a rod of iron](bold) at → [rule](->rule) 2 sense 5

The walls are reinforced with steel rods.

a long thin pole used with a line and hook for catching fish


role

He played a prominent role in the company’s success.

Mr Jones took on the role of spokesperson for the organization.

Britain began to take a more active role in the affairs of Europe.

Health experts should be given a key role in developing the correct procedures.

(=give someone a role, especially one they do not want)

He found himself cast in the role of guide and translator.

She played an important role in her husband’s political career.

The report recognized the key role of teachers.

Every member of the team has a vital role to play.

(=when you do practical things to achieve particular aims)

She took an active role in the community.

They take a leading role in discussions.

Technology is already playing a significant role in classroom teaching.

The military has played a prominent role in Burmese politics.

(=when someone or something does two things)

People have dual roles in society as producers and consumers.

(=one based on ideas that have existed for a long time, without changing)

Some women are happy with their traditional role as carers.

She was the first actress to play the role of Peter Pan.

In the end, I decided not to take the role.

In 1982 he landed a role in the musical 'Destry Rides Again'.

Television producers would not cast her in lead roles.

He has had small roles in several other films.

He had already cast Tom Hanks in the lead role.

She was offered the starring role in a new British stage comedy.

(=the role of the character whose name is the title of the film or play)

She will play the title role in ‘Emma’ later this year.

Lee has a supporting role as Judy’s best friend,

She admits she is attracted to comic roles.

the way in which someone or something is involved in an activity or situation, and how much influence they have on it

the role of diet in the prevention of disease

They want to limit the role of government.

the character played by an actor in a play or film

Matthews [plays](bold) the [role ](bold)of a young doctor suspected of murder.

马修斯扮演一名涉嫌谋杀的年轻医生。

[the lead/leading/starring role](bold)(=the most important role)

A young actor named Johnny Depp was given the leading role.

一位名叫约翰尼·德普的年轻演员获演主角。

It was Johansson's first major movie role.

这是约翰松首次在影片中担任主角。

[the title role](bold)(=the role of the character whose name is in the title of a film or play)

The film features Paul Schofield in the title role.

这部影片的同名角色由保罗·斯科菲尔德担纲。

a situation in which two people, especially a man and a woman, each do what is traditionally expected of the other

角色倒转〔尤指男女交换传统角色〕


role model

someone whose behaviour, attitudes etc people try to copy because they admire them

I want to be a [positive role model](bold) for my sister.

我想成为我妹妹的好榜样。


roll

roll around
roll back
roll down
roll in
roll out
roll over
roll up

[set/start/keep the ball rolling](bold) at → [ball](->ball) 1 sense 6 [heads will roll](bold) at → [head](->head) 1 sense 37 [let the good times roll](bold) at → [let](->let) 1 sense 21

if something rolls, especially something round, or if you roll it, it moves along a surface by turning over and over

（使）〔尤指圆形物体〕滚动

其中一只鸡蛋滚下了柜台。

把鸡胸脯肉在面粉里滚一下。

to turn your body over one or more times while lying down, or to turn someone else’s body over

The children rolled down the hill, laughing.

孩子们笑着从山坡上滚下来。

to make something into the shape of a tube or ball

Would you like the paper rolled or folded?

这纸你要卷起来，还是折叠起来？

to make something flat by rolling something heavy over it

做比萨饼的面团要擀得薄薄的。

to fold the sleeves or legs of something that you are wearing upwards, so that they are shorter

His sleeves were rolled above his elbows.

他的袖子卷到了胳膊肘的上面。

to move on wheels, or make something that has wheels move

Her car was slowly rolling away from the curb.

The waitress rolled the dessert trolley over to our table.

女服务员把甜点车推到我们的桌前。

to move over a surface smoothly without stopping

to move continuously in a particular direction

〔朝特定方向〕滚动，翻滚

We watched the waves rolling onto the beach.

if you roll dice, you throw them as part of a game

if drums or thunder roll, they make a long low series of sounds

if a machine such as a film camera or a printing press rolls, it operates

There was silence as the cameras started to roll.

摄影机开始转动，大家安静了下来。

if a ship or plane rolls, it leans one way and then another with the movement of the water or air

〔随着水流或气流〕左右摇晃，摇摆

to make your own cigarette, using tobacco or marijuana and special paper

Ben [rolled](bold) a [joint](bold)(=a cigarette containing marijuana) and lit it.

It’s cheaper to [roll](bold) your [own](bold)(=make your own cigarettes).

to move your shoulders forward, up, and back down

to move your eyes around and up, especially in order to show that you are annoyed or think something is silly

〔尤表示不快或认为某事愚蠢而〕翻〔白眼〕，骨碌碌地转动〔眼球〕

Lucy rolled her eyes as Tom sat down beside her.

汤姆在露西身旁坐下，露西翻了个白眼。

to rob someone, especially when they are drunk and asleep

Kids on the streets rolled drunks for small change.

街头流浪儿从醉汉身上偷零钱。

if someone or something is several different things rolled into one, they include or do the work of all those things

Mum was cook, chauffeur, nurse, and entertainer all rolled into one.

妈妈既要做饭又要开车，既要照料家人又要逗大家开心，真是一身数职。

to start happening or make something start happening in a smooth and successful way

The business didn’t really get rolling until 1975.

公司直到1975年才真正开始运作。

Have a good breakfast to get your day rolling.

好好地吃一顿早餐，开始新的一天。

非常富有；财源滚滚；腰缠万贯

‘He’s rolling in it,’ said the girl, pointing at Lewis.

“他可有钱啦。”女孩指着刘易斯说。

if people in a theatre, cinema etc are rolling in the aisles, they are laughing a lot

〔剧院、电影院等的观众〕笑得东倒西歪

The car was packed and we were ready to roll.

车子满了，我们准备出发。

used to suggest to a group of people that you all begin doing something or go somewhere

to deal with problems or difficulties by doing whatever you need to do, rather than by trying only one method

Strong industries were able to roll with the punches during the recession.

实力雄厚的行业在经济衰退时期灵活应变挺了过来。

used to say that you wish a time or event would come quickly

to pronounce the sound /r/ using your tongue in a way that makes the sound very long

used to say that someone who often changes jobs, moves to different places etc is not able to have any permanent relationships or duties

滚石不生苔〔形容经常换工作、搬家等的人无法拥有长久的关系或责任〕

used to say that what you are doing is how you like to do things or live your life


roll

→ [rock 'n' roll](->rock 'n' roll) → [sausage roll](->sausage roll) → [spring roll](->spring roll) → [Swiss roll](->Swiss roll)

a piece of paper, camera film, money etc that has been rolled into the shape of a tube

〔纸、胶卷、钱等的〕一卷

I used up three rolls of film on holiday.

这次度假我用了三卷胶卷。

There’s a new roll of silver foil in there.

→ [kitchen roll](->kitchen roll) → [toilet roll](->toilet roll)

a small round loaf of bread for one person

[ham/cheese etc roll](bold) BrE(=one that is filled with ham, cheese etc)

有300名注册学生的学校

[call/take the roll](bold)(=say the list of names to check who is there)

点名时有三名参议员缺席。

[the electoral roll](bold) BrE, [the (voter) rolls](bold) AmE(=a list of the people who are allowed to vote)

[welfare rolls](bold) AmE(=a list of people without jobs who claim money from the state)

Thompson said he had cut welfare rolls by 39%.

汤姆森说他已经将救济金名单上的人数减少了39%。

→ [roll of honour](->roll of honour) → [honor roll](->honor roll)

to be having a lot of success with what you are trying to do

Midvale High was on a roll, having won their last six basketball games.

米德韦尔中学鸿运当头，最近六场篮球赛他们都赢了。

the action of throwing dice as part of a game

If you get a 7 or 11 on your first roll, you win.

如果你第一次就掷出7点或11点，那你就赢了。

a thick layer of skin or fat, usually just below your waist

〔通常指腰部下方的〕赘皮，赘肉

a movement in which you roll forward or back in a controlled way with your body curled so that your head is near your feet, often done as part of a sport

gymnasts [doing rolls](bold) and handsprings

在做滚翻和手翻的体操运动员

the action of turning your body over one or more times while lying down

a young horse [having a roll](bold) in the field

a long low fairly loud sound made by drums etc

There was a [roll of thunder](bold), and the rain started pelting down.

雷声滚滚，大雨开始倾盆而下。

the movement of a ship or plane when it leans from side to side with the movement of the water or air

when you have sex with someone – used humorously


romance

an exciting and often short relationship between two people who love each other

Hemingway’s romance with his nurse inspired him to write ‘A Farewell to Arms’.

海明威和他护士之间的罗曼史赋予他灵感写出《永别了，武器》。

Michelle married him after a [whirlwind romance](bold)(=one that happens very suddenly and quickly).

经过一场旋风式的恋爱，米歇尔嫁给了他。

[holiday romance](bold) BrE, [summer romance](bold) AmE(=one that happens during a holiday)

The romance had gone out of their relationship.

他们之间已经没有了爱意。

the feeling of excitement and adventure that is related to a particular place, activity etc

a story about the love between two people

a story that has brave characters and exciting events


romance

to describe things that have happened in a way that makes them seem more important, interesting etc than they really were

天花乱坠地大谈往事的老人

向 …求爱，追求〔某人〕


romantic

‘Tom always sends me red roses on my birthday.’ ‘How romantic!’

“我过生日时汤姆总是给我送红玫瑰。” “多浪漫啊！”

relating to feelings of love or a loving relationship

After dinner, they took a romantic stroll by the sea.

晚饭后，他们浪漫地沿着海边散步。

real old-fashioned [romantic love](bold)

I’m not ready for a romantic relationship.

beautiful in a way that affects your emotions and makes you think of love or adventure

富有浪漫情调的；充满传奇色彩的

The castle is set in one of England’s most romantic landscapes.

城堡坐落在英格兰最富浪漫气息的风景区之一。

romantic ideas are not practical or not based on reality

不切实际的，耽于幻想的，空想的

romantic notions about becoming a famous actress

希望成为著名女演员的幻想

Like many New Yorkers, he had a romantic image of country life.

像许多纽约人一样，他对乡村生活也有一种不切实际的美好幻想。

art or literature that is based on the ideas of romanticism


romantic

someone who shows strong feelings of love and likes doing things that are related to love such as buying flowers, presents etc

someone who is not practical, and bases their ideas too much on an imagined idea of the world

a writer, painter etc whose work is based on romanticism


roof

[raise the roof](bold) at → [raise](->raise) 1 sense 24 → [sunroof](->sunroof)

The path led to a log cabin with a chalet-style sloping roof.

a row of garages with tiled pitched roofs.

(=covered with thin pieces of a grey rock)

She lived in a pretty country cottage with a thatched roof.

the structure that covers or forms the top of a building, vehicle, tent etc

〔建筑物、汽车、帐篷等的〕顶，顶部

They finally found the cat up on the roof.

他们最后在屋顶上找到了那只猫。

We can probably strap the cases to the roof of her car.

我们也许可以把箱子捆在她的车顶上。

〔地下通道的〕顶部；天花板

Suddenly, the whole tunnel roof caved in.

突然间，隧道顶部整个塌陷。

I may not have a job, but at least I’ve got a roof over my head.

我是没有工作，但我至少还有个住的地方。

Put that back before Dad sees you and hits the roof!

赶紧放回去，免得爸爸看见了大发雷霆！

if a price, cost etc goes through the roof, it increases to a very high level

the hard upper part of the inside of your mouth

If we’re going to [live under the same roof](bold), we need to get along.

我们要想住在同一个屋檐下，就得和睦相处。

Here you can buy food, clothes, and electrical goods all under one roof.

就在这一家店里你可以买到食物、衣服和电器。

As long as you live under my roof, you’ll do as I say.

只要你住在我家里，就得照我说的办。

if the roof falls in or caves in, something bad suddenly happens to you when you do not expect it


roof

用当地的石板瓦盖房顶的小屋


room

a part of the inside of a building that has its own walls, floor, and ceiling

She nodded toward a man who was standing across the room (=on the other side of the room).

她朝站在屋子另一头的一个男人点点头。

Someone was laughing in [the next room](bold)(=the one beside the one you are in).

贝丝，你该收拾你的房间了。

[bathroom/dining room/meeting room etc](bold)

[single/double room](bold)(=a room in a hotel for one person or for two)

I’d like to book a double room for two nights.

我想预订一个大床房，住两个晚上。

这是你的钥匙——348号房间。

→ [front room](->front room) → [living room](->living room) → [sitting room](->sitting room)

space somewhere for a particular thing, person, or activity

〔供某物、某人或某个活动使用的〕空间，地方

I hope [there’s](bold) going to be enough [room](bold) in the fridge.

但愿冰箱里有足够的空间。

My suitcase was so full I didn’t [have room](bold) for anything else.

我的手提箱塞得满满的，没有地方再放其他东西了。

The museum doesn’t have enough room to show everything in their collection.

博物馆没有足够的空间展示所有藏品。

There’s plenty of room in the boot for your luggage.

车后的行李舱有足够的空间装你的行李。

I’m trying to [make room](bold) for a vegetable garden in the backyard.

我想在后院腾出地方当菜园。

Step back, [leave room](bold) for people to get past.

往后退一退，让出地方给人通过。

The old wardrobe [took up](bold) too much [room](bold).

[leg-room/head-room](bold)(=space for your legs or head in a vehicle)

[elbow-room](bold) at → [elbow](->elbow) 1 sense 5

the chance to do something, or the possibility that something exists or can happen

[There’s](bold) little [room](bold) for innovation.

[room for doubt/debate/argument etc](bold)

The evidence was clear, and there was little room for doubt.

证据确凿，几乎无可怀疑。

[room for manoeuvre](bold) BrE, [room for maneuver](bold) AmE(=the possibility of changing what you do or decide)

Teachers feel they have little room for manoeuvre when the curriculum is so demanding.

课程要求这么严格，教师感到没有多少回旋余地。

Children need to [have room](bold) to develop their natural creativity.

儿童需要空间来发挥他们天生的创造力。

[Make room](bold) in your day for exercise.

used to say that something is not perfect and needs to be improved

The report shows that there is room for improvement.

报告表明还有改进的余地。

used humorously to say that an area or room is not very big

〔地方或空间〕小得无法转身〔幽默用法〕

two or more rooms that you rent in a building, or stay in at a college

〔租住的或大学里的〕居室；寓所

[The whole room](bold) started singing ‘Happy Birthday’.

房间里的人都唱起了生日快乐歌。


roommate

someone who you share a room with, especially at college

someone you share an apartment or house with

同住一套公寓[一幢房子]的人


root

→ [cube root](->cube root) → [square root](->square root) → [grass roots](->grass roots)

the part of a plant or tree that grows under the ground and gets water from the soil

These plants produce a number of thin roots.

这些植物会长出一些细根。

→ [root crop](->root crop) → [root vegetable](->root vegetable)

[be/lie at the root of sth](bold)(=be the cause of something)

Allergies are at the root of a lot of health problems.

过敏是许多健康问题的根源。

The love of money is [the root of all evil](bold).

A competent mechanic should be able to get to the root of [the problem](bold)(=find out the cause of a problem).

称职的机械师应该能够找到问题的根源。

the origin or main part of something such as a custom, law, activity etc, from which other things have developed

a legal system with roots in English common law

基于英格兰普通法的司法制度

Jazz [has its roots in](bold) the folk songs of the southern states of the US.

爵士乐起源于美国南部诸州的民歌。

the liberal economic policies which lie at the root of American power

your relation to a place because you were born there, or your family used to live there

某人的根〔指与出生地、家乡的联系〕

immigrants keeping in touch with their cultural roots

维系着自身文化根脉的移民

Alex Haley’s story about his [search for](bold) his [roots](bold) became a bestseller.

亚历克斯·哈利写的关于他寻根的故事成了畅销书。

if you put down roots somewhere, you start to feel that a place is your home and to have relationships with the people there

Because of her husband’s job, they’d moved too often to put down roots anywhere.

因为丈夫工作的关系，他们经常搬家，难以在一个地方扎下根来。

the part of a tooth, hair etc that connects it to the rest of your body

She’d pulled some of Kelly’s hair out by the roots.

她连根拔下了凯利的几根头发。

if an idea, method, activity etc takes root, people begin to accept or believe it, or it begins to have an effect

〔观点、方法、活动等〕扎根，深入人心，开始见效

Economists believe that economic recovery will begin to take root next year.

经济学家相信明年经济将开始复苏。

if a plant takes root, it starts to grow where you have planted it

to search for something by moving other things around

the basic part of a word which shows its main meaning, to which other parts can be added. For example, the word ‘coldness’ is formed from the root ‘cold’ and the suffix ‘ness’.

a number that, when multiplied by itself a certain number of times, equals the number that you have

if you destroy or change something root and branch, you get rid of it or change it completely and permanently because it is bad

彻底地，永久地〔消除或改变不良事物〕

a root and branch reform of the electoral system


root

if a plant is rooted somewhere, it is held in the ground firmly by its roots

牢牢扎根于硬实土地的一丛灌木

Clumps of thyme had rooted themselves between the rocks.

一丛丛百里香在岩石中间扎了根。

[Root](bold)  is either passive or reflexive in this meaning.

to have developed from something and be strongly influenced by it

The country’s economic troubles are rooted in a string of global crises.

这个国家的经济困境源于一连串的全球危机。

This feeling of rejection is often [deeply rooted in](bold) childhood.

这种受排斥的感觉往往起源于童年，根深蒂固。

to search for something by moving things around

Leila rooted through her handbag for a pen.

利拉在手提包里翻找钢笔。

if a pig roots somewhere, it looks for food under the ground

so shocked, surprised, or frightened that you cannot move

〔震惊、惊讶或害怕得〕呆住不动

She stood rooted to the spot, staring at him.

她呆若木鸡地站着，盯住他看。


rope

→ [jump rope](->jump rope) → [skipping rope](->skipping rope) → [tightrope](->tightrope) → [towrope](->towrope) [money for old rope](bold) at → [money](->money) sense 17

very strong thick string, made by twisting together many thinner strings

They tied a rope around my waist and pulled me up.

他们在我腰间系了一根粗绳子，把我拉了上去。

all the things someone needs to know to do a job or deal with a system

〔干某项工作的〕诀窍，窍门

I spent the first month just [learning the ropes](bold).

第一个月我只是熟悉了情况。

He works repairing streets, and [knows the ropes](bold) when it comes to safety.

他是修路的，讲到安全，他很在行。

Miss McGinley will [show](bold) you [the ropes](bold) and answer any questions.

麦金利小姐会教你怎么做，并解答你的所有问题。

the rope fence that surrounds an area used for boxing or wrestling

〔拳击或摔跤场地四周的〕围绳，圈绳

to be in a very bad situation, in which you are likely to be defeated

The army says the rebels are on the ropes.

军方说叛军已经走投无路。

to have no more patience or strength left to deal with a problem or a difficult situation

My son is causing endless problems, and I’m close to the end of my rope.

我儿子没完没了地惹麻烦，我快要忍无可忍了。

to give someone a lot of freedom to do something in the way they want to do it

给某人一些/足够等的自由

Managers have to decide how much rope to give their subordinates.

经理人员必须决定应该给下属多少自由。

to give someone freedom to do what they want to do, because you think they will cause problems for themselves and you want them to look stupid

任由某人自作自受，听任某人自取灭亡

pearl
        s
       on a string, worn around your neck as jewellery


rope

Suitcases were roped to the top of the car.

手提箱用绳子固定在车顶上。

Mountaineers rope themselves together for safety.

为了安全，登山者用绳子把彼此连在一起。

to catch an animal using a circle of rope

用绳套捉住牛犊后将其打上烙印。


rose

a flower that often has a pleasant smell, and is usually red, pink, white, or yellow, or the bush that this flower grows on

A large bouquet of roses arrived on her desk.

一大束玫瑰送到了她的桌子上。

(BrE also: [sth is not all roses](bold) )

if a job or situation is not a bed of roses, it is not always pleasant and there are difficult things to deal with

某事不尽如人意，某事并非一切顺利

It’s no bed of roses teaching in a secondary school.

to be happening or developing in the best possible way

come out of sth/come up smelling of roses

to do well or get an advantage from a situation, when you could have been blamed, criticized, or harmed by it

She managed to come out of the deal smelling of roses.

她把自己洗脱得干干净净。

a circular piece of metal with holes in it that is attached to the end of a pipe or watering can so that liquid comes out in several thin streams

〔水管或洒水壶上的〕莲蓬式喷嘴


rot

[past tense and past participle](italic) [rotted](bold) [present participle](italic) [rotting](bold)

to decay by a gradual natural process, or to make something do this

The trees were cut and [left to rot](bold).

to suffer or be punished for a long time – used especially when you are angry with someone

烂在地狱里/监狱里〔尤用于表示对某人生气〕

I hope the people who did this rot in hell.

我希望做这件事的人不得好死。


rot

the natural process of decaying, or the part of something that has decayed

a state in which something becomes bad or does not work as well as it should

He criticized the talk shows as ‘cultural rot’.

他批评这些脱口秀节目是“文化垃圾”。

[stop the rot](bold) BrE(=stop a bad situation getting worse)

The team has enough good players to stop the rot.

这支球队有不少优秀球员，足以止住颓势。

[the rot set in](bold) BrE(=a situation started to get worse)

It was after he left the company that the rot set in.

公司是在他离开之后开始走下坡路的。


rotate

to turn with a circular movement around a central point, or to make something do this

The Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours.

地球每24小时绕地轴自转一周。

Rotate the pan halfway through the baking time.

烘烤到一半时把盘子转一下。

if a job rotates, or if people rotate jobs, they each do a particular job for a particular period of time

（使）轮流做，（使）轮换

The chairmanship of the committee rotates annually.

委员会主席的职位每年轮换一次。

Employers may rotate duties to give staff wider experience.

雇主会安排轮换工作岗位，以丰富员工的经验。

to change the places of things or people, or to change places, especially in a circular direction

Rotating the tyres every few months helps them last longer.

每隔几个月给轮胎换位一次，可延长其使用寿命。

to regularly change the crops grown on a piece of land, in order to preserve the quality of the soil


rotation

when something turns with a circular movement around a central point

one complete circular turn around a central point

The blades spin at 100 rotations per minute.

the practice of regularly changing the thing that is being used or done, or the person who does a particular job

Three plays will be performed in rotation during the drama festival.

戏剧节期间将有三个剧目轮流上演。

a period of time spent doing a particular job, when you will soon change to a different job for the same employer

a young doctor on a rotation in the children’s ward

轮岗到儿童病房的一名年轻医生

the people who each take a turn to do a particular job in a regular order

The rotation included two rookies, Hernandez and Saunders.

轮岗的人中有两个新手——埃尔南德斯和桑德斯。


rotten

The apples [went rotten](bold) very quickly.

if someone is rotten, they are unpleasant, unkind, or dishonest

〔人〕不友善的，刻薄的，不诚实的

to feel unhappy and guilty about something

我对他撒了谎，感觉很不好。

令人讨厌的〔用于表示生气〕

The whole government is rotten to the core.

one bad person who has a bad effect on all the others in a group


rotten

to treat someone too well or too kindly, especially a child, so that they think they should always have what they want

He was the favorite, and his mother spoiled him rotten.

他是最宝贝的一个，他母亲都把他宠坏了。

to be extremely attracted to someone in a sexual way – used humorously

被某人迷得神魂颠倒，对某人极为迷恋〔幽默用法〕


rough

→ [rough diamond](->rough diamond) → [rough paper](->rough paper) → [roughly](->roughly)

having a surface that is not flat or smooth

an uneven  surface has areas that are not flat or not all at the same level

She climbed the uneven steps with great care.

a bumpy  road, path, or area of land has a lot of holes and raised parts in it

The field was too bumpy to play football on.

a bumpy journeyon a road that has a very rough surface

having a rough surface that feels slightly hard – used especially about materials such as cloth or wool

land that is rugged is very rough and uneven and is often in a high place

My children had a rough time because they were different from the rest.

(=a difficult time that does not last long)

He was good at encouraging his team when it hit a rough patch.

(=a time when you are criticized, opposed etc)

She was given a rough ride by the press.

Though the president pushed the bill through the House of Representatives, it faces a rough ride in the Senate.

(=a difficult and unpleasant experience)

If there is a recession, next year will be very rough going.

[comparative](italic) [rougher](bold) [superlative](italic) [roughest](bold)

她的双手因为干重活而变得很粗糙。

the [rough terrain](bold) at the base of the mountains

We were bumping over the [rough ground](bold).

我们在崎岖的地面上颠簸而行。

not exact, not containing many details, or not in a final form

不确切的，粗略的，大致的

Could you give me a [rough idea](bold) what time you’ll be home?

你能告诉我你大概什么时候在家吗？

First do a [rough draft](bold) of your essay.

首先给你的文章写一个草稿。

a rough period is one in which you have a lot of problems or difficulties

The first year was rough, but things have gotten better.

第一年很艰难，但现在已经好起来了。

Sounds like you had a [rough day](bold).

We’ve been through some [rough times](bold) together.

My boyfriend and I were [going through a rough patch](bold).

我和我的男朋友之间有点麻烦。

The bill [is in for a rough ride](bold) in the Senate.

It’s been [rough going](bold), but we’ve almost finished now.

很费劲，不过我们现在基本上已经完成了。

橄榄球是一项非常激烈的运动。

equipment capable of withstanding [rough treatment](bold)

The referee won’t allow any [rough stuff](bold)(=violent behaviour).

裁判不允许出现任何粗暴行为。

[be rough on sb](bold)(=treat someone unkindly or criticize them in an angry way)

Don’t you think you were a little rough on her?

你不觉得你对她有点凶吗？

a rough area is a place where there is a lot of violence or crime

〔地方〕多暴力的，犯罪率高的

The ship went down in [rough seas](bold).

船在汹涌的波涛中沉没了。

not sounding soft or gentle, and often rather unpleasant or angry

〔声音〕不悦耳的，粗声粗气的

having an unpleasant sound, especially because there is something wrong with a machine

〔尤指机器出现故障时发出的声音〕刺耳的，难听的

The clutch sounds rough – better get it checked.

离合器的声音不对头，最好检查一下。

uncomfortable, and with difficult conditions

(also: [be rough around the edges](bold) )

to have some parts that are not as good as they should be, but that are not a serious problem

The team has a few rough edges, but they’re winning more games.

这支球队虽然有些小问题，但他们赢下的比赛越来越多。

if a person is rough around the edges, they are not very polite, educated etc

不眠之夜，辗转反侧的一夜

Mickey [had a rough night](bold) last night.

something that happens to you that is unfair or unpleasant

不公平的待遇；不愉快的事

He’s [had a rough deal](bold) with his wife leaving him like that.

他的妻子就这样离开他，这对他很不公平。

看上去邋遢[肮脏，不健康]

After travelling for two days we must have looked pretty rough.

在路上走了两天，我们肯定是蓬头垢面的。

not perfect, but good enough for a particular purpose

The tests are only a rough and ready guide to a pupil’s future development.

这些测试只能大致看出一个学生未来的发展。

punishment that is not decided in a court in the usual legal way, and that is often severe or unfair

Gangs practise a kind of rough justice on their members.


rough

→ [diamond in the rough](->diamond in the rough)

uneven ground with long grass on an area where people play golf

to accept the bad things in life as well as the good ones

既能享乐也能吃苦；好坏都能接受

You have to learn to take the rough with the smooth.

你要学会无论身在顺境还是逆境都能泰然处之。

a picture drawn very quickly, not showing all the details

a rough of the proposed housing development

if you write or draw something in rough, you do it without paying attention to details or tidiness, because you are going to do it again later

It’s best to work in rough first, and then write it out neatly.

最好先打一个草稿，然后再工整地誊写出来。

someone from a lower social class than you, with whom you have a sexual relationship

〔社会地位比自己低的〕性伴侣


rough

to live for a short time in conditions that are not very comfortable

偶尔艰苦一下，我无所谓。


rough

[cut up rough](bold) at → [cut up](->cut up) sense 4

to sleep outside with nothing to protect you from the weather, especially because you have no home to live in

the number of people sleeping rough on the street


roughly

→see THESAURUS at [approximate](->approximate) 1

Azaleas flower at roughly the same time each year.

杜鹃花每年的开花时间大致相同。

[roughly speaking](bold)(=used when saying something without giving exact details or information)

Roughly speaking, I’d say we need about $500.

粗略地说，我认为我们大约需要500美元。


round

→ [all round](->all round) [go round in circles](bold) at → [circle](->circle) 1 sense 5 [(a)round the clock](bold) at → [clock](->clock) 1 sense 2 [(just) around/round the corner](bold) at → [corner](->corner) 1 sense 9 [first/second time round](bold) at → [time](->time) 1 sense 3 [way round](bold) at → [way](->way) 1 sense 24

([especially BrE](special)) also: around  [adv, prep](bold)

surrounding or on all sides of something or someone

Gather round! I have an important announcement to make.

大家围拢来！我有重要事情要宣布。

I kept the key on a chain round my neck.

我给钥匙穿了根链子挂在脖子上。

The ballroom’s huge, with windows [all the way round](bold).

舞厅很大，四周都是窗户。

There was a lovely courtyard with tables [all round](bold).

有一个漂亮的庭院，四周都是桌子。

used to say that someone or something turns so that they face in the opposite direction

When he turned round I recognised him immediately.

他转过身来，我立即认出了他。

Graham glanced round, startled by the voice behind him.

格雷厄姆听到背后的声音一惊，回头扫了一眼。

in or to many places or parts of an area

Reggie went round making sure all the lights were off.

雷吉走了一圈，确保所有灯都关了。

Leah showed me round on my first day at the office.

我上班第一天，利娅带我在办公室走了一圈。

A guide took us round the palace and gardens.

一名导游带我们参观了宫殿和花园。

He spent a whole year travelling round Europe.

他花了整整一年周游欧洲。

She looked round the room as though leaving it for the last time.

她环顾房间，那样子就像要永远离开这里了。

changes that are affecting the weather [all round](bold) the world

An aeroplane was circling round far overhead.

Until the 16th century people believed that the Sun went round the Earth.

直至16世纪人们一直认为太阳围绕地球转。

He stared at the washing machine, just watching the clothes go [round and round](bold).

他盯着洗衣机，看着衣服一圈圈地转。

a shoal of tiny fish swimming [round in circles](bold)

if you go round to someone’s house, you go to their house, usually to visit them

I might go round to Nigel’s this evening.

我今天晚上可能去奈杰尔家。

他邀请我们去他家吃晚饭。

A big box of chocolates was handed round.

一大盒巧克力分给了大家。

on the other side of something, or to the other side of it without going through it or over it

He ran round to open Kate’s door for her.

There must be another entrance round the back.

I watched the two boys disappear [round the corner](bold).

我看着这两个男孩拐过弯不见了。

Much of the countryside round Hinkley Point is given over to agriculture.

欣克利角附近的乡间有许多地区都被用于农业开垦。

He owned all the land [round about](bold)(=in the surrounding area).

used when guessing a number, amount, time etc without being exact

We got there round about half past nine.

我们大约9点半到了那儿。

He’s round about the same age as my son.

他大概和我儿子差不多年龄。

It must have been round midnight when I saw him.

我看到他的时候肯定已经是半夜前后了。

used to show that someone spends time in a place without doing anything useful

People were just standing round and not doing anything to help.

旁边的人只是站着，也不做点什么帮一下。

if something is organized round a particular person or thing, it is organized according to their needs, wishes, ideas etc

Working from home, she could arrange her hours round her children.

在家工作，她就可以按照孩子的需要安排时间了。

He had built his whole existence round her.

他的全部生活都以她为中心。

a way round a difficult situation or problem is a way to solve it or avoid it

解决〔问题〕；绕过〔问题〕

She’s going to have to buy a car. I can’t see any other way round it.

她只能去买一辆车了，我看没有其他办法。

strategies to [get round](bold)(=solve) the [problem](bold)

used to show the length of a line surrounding something

公园的外围大概有五英里。


round

[a square peg in a round hole](bold) at → [square](->square) 1 sense 12

a round number or figure is a whole number, often ending in 0

整数的〔常指10的倍数〕

我们就凑个整数吧，50英镑怎么样？

[in round figures](bold)(=expressed as the nearest 10, 100, 1,000 etc)

Altogether, in round figures, there are about three thousand students here.

算整数，这儿总共有大约3,000名学生。

[a round hundred/dozen etc](bold)(=a complete hundred etc)


round

A second round of talks got under way this week.

In the first round of voting he took 44.5 percent of the vote,

(=when a government or a company reduces the size or amount of something)

The president is likely to approve a new round of cuts in military forces.

(=when people are told to leave their jobs)

The latest round of layoffs could bring its labor force down to 60,000.

What has prompted the latest round of violence?

a round of events is a series of related events, which are part of a longer process

the Government’s latest round of expenditure cuts

one of the parts of a competition that you have to finish or win before you can go on to the next part

[the first/final/next/qualifying etc round](bold)

Two of their candidates made it through to the next round.

他们的候选人中有两名进入了下一轮。

a round of activities is a regular series of activities, especially activities that are not very exciting

一系列常规活动；惯常的活动

an [endless round](bold) of meetings and interviews

He continued with his [usual round](bold) of private and business engagements.

他生活依旧，除了私事就是公事。

the [daily round](bold) of commuting and shopping

上下班和购物的日常例行事务

the usual visits that someone, especially a doctor, regularly makes as part of their job

巡访；〔尤指医生的〕定期巡诊

I’m sorry. The doctor is out on her rounds.

对不起，医生出去巡诊了。

when people clap for a short time to show that they enjoyed something or approve of something

She [got](bold) a big [round of applause](bold).

The passengers [gave](bold) the pilot a [round of applause](bold).

轮〔指打完球场里所有的洞〕

I [played a round of golf](bold) on Sunday morning.

星期天早上我打了一轮高尔夫球。

one of the periods of fighting in a boxing or wrestling match

〔拳击或摔跤比赛的〕回合

if you buy a round of drinks in a bar, you buy drinks for all the people in your group

〔在酒吧为同伴买的〕一巡〔饮料〕

[it’s my/your etc round](bold)(=used to say whose turn it is to buy drinks for all the people in your group)

你们喝什么？这一巡我请客。

(also: [go the rounds](bold) ([BrE](bold)) )

if a story, idea, or illness does the rounds, it is passed on from one person to another

〔故事、观点或疾病〕传播，流传

to go around from one place to another, especially looking for work or advertising something

去各处做某事〔尤指找工作或作宣传〕

Ryan is making the rounds of talk shows to promote her new movie.

瑞安正到处出席访谈节目，宣传她的新片。

a single shot from a gun, or a bullet for one shot

I’ve only got ten [rounds of ammunition](bold) left.

Richards [fired](bold) a few [rounds](bold).

a regular visit to a number of houses, offices etc to deliver or sell things

[paper/milk round](bold)(=a job in which you deliver newspapers, milk etc to people’s houses)

I used to [do](bold) a paper [round](bold).

我以前干过上门送报纸的活。

a song for three or four singers, in which each one sings the same tune, starting at a different time

sandwich
        es
       made from two whole pieces of bread

〔用两整片面包做成的〕三明治

one whole piece of bread that has been toasted

a play that is performed in the round is performed on a central stage surrounded by the people watching it

舞台设在中央的〔观众围绕在舞台四周〕


round

round down
round off
round on
round out
round up

→ [rounded](->rounded) → [well-rounded](->well-rounded)

to go round something such as a bend or the corner of a building

环绕 …而行，绕过，拐过

As they [rounded](bold) the [bend](bold) and came in sight of the river, Philip took her hand.

他们转过弯，看到河的时候，菲利普牵起了她的手。

The tide was coming in as he rounded the rocks.

他绕过岩石的时候正在涨潮。

The stones were then rounded, polished and engraved.

接着石头被打圆、磨光、刻上图案。

if your eyes round, you open them wide because you are shocked, frightened etc

〔由于震惊、害怕等眼睛〕睁圆

芭芭拉惊讶得眼睛都睁圆了。


route

Let's look at the map and work out the best route.

We took the shortest route back to the hotel.

Sorry we're late. We took a rather circuitous route.

(=a route that is not direct but goes through beautiful country)

She followed the northerly route across Spain to Bilbao.

He had intended to return by the same route.

Is this a different route than the one we took before?

Holiday-makers bound for South Wales are advised to find an alternative route.

(=a way of leaving a building or place in an emergency such as a fire)

They had been forced to take a longer route.

We studied the map and planned our route.

到剑桥的最佳路线怎么走？

[take/follow a route](bold)(=use a route)

We weren’t sure about which route we should take.

我们拿不准应该走哪条路线。

a way between two places that buses, planes, ships etc regularly travel

你的办公室在公共汽车线上吗？

[cycle route](bold)(=a way between two places that only people on bicycles can use)

a way of doing something or achieving a particular result

Kennedy arrived at the same conclusion by a different route.

肯尼迪用不同的方法得出了同样的结论。

used to show the number of a main road in the US

66号/54号等公路〔在美国用于表示干道的编号〕


route

to send something somewhere using a particular route

They had to route the goods through Germany.

他们必须经由德国运送这些货物。


routine

[routinize](bold) /ruːˈtiːnaɪz, ˈruːtiːnaɪz/  v. <T> ([AmE](bold))

Make exercise part of your daily routine.

Although he'd gone, I continued with my normal routine.

His morning routine started with a cup of tea followed by a shower.

I get sick of the same old routine day after day.

(=develop a fixed order of doing things, or make someone do this)

(=get into a routine without making any difficulty)

The team slipped quickly into a routine.

Bella didn’t break her routine for anyone.

She disliked things that disrupted her routine.

This briefing is a matter of routine whenever a new minister takes office.

the usual order in which you do things, or the things you regularly do

John’s departure had upset their [daily routine](bold).

约翰的离去打乱了他们的日常生活。

Try to [get into](bold) a [routine](bold)(=develop a fixed order of doing things).

Dressing is a task which we do every day as a [matter of routine](bold)(=done regularly and not unusual).

穿衣打扮是我们每天必做的事情。

a set of movements, jokes etc that form part of a performance

〔演出中的〕一套动作，一组笑话

a set of instructions given to a computer so that it will do a particular operation


routine

The system will be shut down overnight for routine maintenance.

We need more junior staff to help out with the routine work.

Many routine operations had to be cancelled.

Police stopped the vehicle for a routine check.

the routine screening of milk for contamination

happening as a normal part of a job or process

You mustn’t worry. These are just routine enquiries.

你不必担心，这只是例行的询问。


routinely

if something is routinely done, it is done as a normal part of a process or job

这种疫苗的使用已经常规化。


row

a line of things or people next to each other

The children were asked to stand in a row.

[row upon row](bold)(=many rows) of shelves stacked with books

〔剧院或电影院里的〕一排座位

happening a number of times, one after the other

I’ve beaten her three [times in a row](bold).

used to say that a particular situation is difficult


row

[row](bold) n. <singular> eg: Why don’t we [go for a row](bold)?

to make a boat move across water using oars

Jenny used to row at college (=as a sport).

珍妮以前在大学里经常参加划船运动。


row

They had a huge row when he got back home early yesterday.

She left the party after a furious row with her boyfriend.

She had a blazing row with Eddie and stormed out of the house.

That night there was a stand-up row among the four kidnappers.

When he turned up late, there was a family row.

An unholy row broke out between two of the men drinking in the bar.

a short angry argument, especially between people who know each other well

〔尤指熟人之间的〕争吵，吵架

→see THESAURUS at [argument](->argument)

He had just [had](bold) a [row](bold) with his wife.

a [blazing row](bold)(=a very angry argument)

a situation in which people disagree strongly about important public matters

〔对重要公众事件的〕争议，争论

关于政府机密的一个新争议

a loud unpleasant noise that continues for a long time

〔持久的〕嘈杂声，喧闹声

Stop that row – I’m trying to get to sleep!


royal

relating to or belonging to a king or queen

used in the names of organizations that serve or are supported by a king or queen

very impressive, as if done for a king or queen

the use of the word ‘we’ instead of ‘I’ by the Queen or King

朕，寡人〔女王或国王的自称，以代替I〕


rub

rub along
rub down
rub in
rub off
rub out

[past tense and past participle](italic) [rubbed](bold) [present participle](italic) [rubbing](bold)

to move your hand, or something such as a cloth, backwards and forwards over a surface while pressing firmly

[rub your nose/chin/eyes/forehead etc](bold)

她打了个呵欠，揉了揉眼睛。

She began rubbing her hair with a towel.

You’ll have to rub harder if you want to get it clean.

如果你想把它弄干净，就得更使劲地擦。

to make something press against something else and move it around

She stood by the oven, rubbing one bare foot against the other.

她站在烤箱旁边，两只光脚丫互相蹭着。

The cat purred loudly, rubbing against her legs.

那只猫大声咕噜着，在她的腿上蹭来蹭去。

We tried to make a fire by rubbing two pieces of wood together.

我们把两块木头相互摩擦，试图生出火来。

He [rubbed](bold) his [hands together](bold) with embarrassment.

if shoes, clothes, or parts of a machine rub, they move around while pressing against another surface, often causing pain or damage

The front left fender was smashed and rubbing against the wheel.

左前轮挡泥板被撞碎，蹭到了轮子。

The skin under my sock was rubbed raw (=the skin had come off).

我袜子下面的皮肤被磨破了。

to put a substance into or onto a surface by pressing it and moving it about with your fingers or something such as a cloth

Can you rub some sun cream on my back for me?

给我的背上抹些防晒霜好吗？

to meet and spend time with people, especially rich and famous people

与某人交往〔尤指富人和名人〕

As a reporter he gets to rub shoulders with all the big names in politics.

身为记者，他有机会与所有政界大人物打交道。

to make a bad situation even worse for someone

在伤口上抹盐，加深〔某人的〕痛苦

to annoy someone by the things you say or do, usually without intending to

〔一般指无意中〕惹恼某人，触怒某人

to be pleased because something has happened which gives you an advantage, especially because something bad has happened to someone else

〔因某事发生给自己带来好处而〕高兴地搓着手〔尤指幸灾乐祸〕

to keep reminding someone about something they did wrong or failed to do, especially in order to punish them

不断提起某人的过失，揭某人的伤疤〔尤指为了惩罚某人〕

not have two pennies/halfpennies/beans to rub together


rub

to rub something or massage someone for a short time

把某物擦一擦；给某人揉一揉

Give the table a good rub with a damp cloth.

used when saying that a particular problem is the reason why a situation is so difficult – often used humorously

困难在于那里/这里〔常为幽默用法〕


rubber

a substance used to make tyres, boots etc, which is made from the juice of a tropical tree or artificially

a small piece of rubber or similar material used for removing pencil marks from paper

an object used for cleaning marks from a blackboard

rubber shoes or boots that you wear over ordinary shoes when it rains or snows

橡胶套鞋〔雨天或雪天时套在平常穿的鞋子外面〕

the piece of white rubber where the pitcherperson who throws the ball stands in a baseball game

〔棒球比赛中投手站的〕投手板


rubbish

things that people throw away, such as old food, dirty paper etc

People are being encouraged to recycle their household rubbish.

There were piles of trash in the backyard.

The strike has disrupted refuse collection.

It’s a site which is used for domestic refuse.

empty bottles, pieces of paper etc that people have dropped on the ground

Parents should teach children not to drop litter.

rubbish, or materials that need to be dealt with after they have been used in industrial processes

The company was fined for dumping toxic waste in the sea.

[n](bold) <[U](bold)> ([especially BrE](special))

food, paper etc that is no longer needed and has been thrown away

〔已扔掉的〕垃圾，废弃物

[rubbish tip/dump](bold)(=a place to take rubbish)

objects, papers etc that you no longer use and should throw away

垃圾〔指不再使用、应该扔掉的东西〕

I’ve got so much rubbish on my desk it’s unbelievable.

我桌上有那么多垃圾，真是让人难以相信。

an idea, statement etc that is rubbish is silly or wrong and does not deserve serious attention

The suggestion is [absolute rubbish](bold).

这个建议绝对是一派胡言。

[rubbish!](bold) [spoken](special)(=used to tell someone that what they have just said is completely wrong)

a film, book etc that is rubbish is very bad

水准低劣的电影[书籍等]


rucksack

a bag used for carrying things on your back, especially by people on long walks

〔尤指长途步行用的〕背包，背囊


rude

[rudely](bold) adv. eg: We were rudely awakened by the storm. eg: He answered me very rudely.

not following the rules of good social behaviour or treating other people with a lack of respect

not following the rules of good social behaviour. [Impolite](bold) sounds rather formal

It’s not polite to talk with your mouth full of food.

behaving in a way that is a little rude, especially when this is amusing or annoying – used especially about children

saying things that are likely to upset or embarrass someone, without intending to

speaking or behaving in a way that is likely to upset or offend someone

His remarks are offensive to African-Americans.

speaking or behaving in a way that is very rude and offensive to someone

The article was full of insulting language.

rather rude. [Discourteous ](bold) sounds very formal and is often used when talking about being careful not to upset someone’s feelings

He did not wish to appear discourteous towards his host.

It would seem discourteous to refuse her offer.

behaving in a rude way, especially because you have never been taught how to behave politely

Ill-mannered movie-goers talked throughout the entire picture.

not showing the proper respect for someone or something

I felt her comments were disrespectful to all the people who have worked so hard on this project.

not showing a proper respect for someone, especially by asking or talking about subjects that you do not have a right to know about

an impertinent question about his private life

Would it be impertinent to ask how old you are?

behaving in a way that is deliberately very rude to someone in authority

The girl’s only response was an insolent stare.

rude, and having no respect for people who are older or more important

showing a lack of respect for someone or something who people are supposed to respect – used especially about comedy programmes and newspaper articles

[comparative](italic) [ruder](bold) [superlative](italic) [rudest](bold)

speaking or behaving in a way that is not polite and is likely to offend or annoy people

I didn’t mean to be rude, but I had to leave early.

我并不想显得无礼，但我不得不早走。

rude jokes, words, songs etc are about sex

〔玩笑、话语、歌曲等〕粗俗的，下流的

a situation in which you suddenly realize something unpleasant

〔对不愉快之事的〕猛然醒悟

If they expect the match to be friendly, they’re in for a rude awakening.

要是他们以为比赛将会友好进行，那么他们很快就会清醒了。


rug

a piece of thick cloth or wool that covers part of a floor, used for warmth or as a decoration

a large piece of material that you can wrap around yourself, especially when you are travelling

〔尤指旅行用、可裹身的〕大毛毯

pull the rug (out) from under sb/sb’s feet

to suddenly take away something that someone was depending on to achieve what they wanted


rugby

also: [#rugby =football](bold)  [n](bold) <[U](bold)>

an outdoor game played by two teams with an ovalegg-shaped ball that you kick or carry


rugged

苏格兰高地崎岖起伏的美景

a man who is rugged is good-looking and has strong features which are often not perfect

〔男人的外貌〕粗犷而英俊的

a vehicle or piece of equipment that is rugged is strongly built and not likely to break easily

〔汽车、设备等〕坚固的，结实的

rugged behaviour is confident and determined but not always polite

〔行为举止〕自信而坚决的，坚毅的


ruin

to spoil or destroy something completely

→see THESAURUS at [destroy](->destroy)   →see THESAURUS at [spoil](->spoil) 1

杰斐逊因为那场官司倾家荡产。


ruin

[go to rack and ruin](bold) at → [rack](->rack) 1 sense 4

(=when someone loses all or most of their money)

She faces financial ruin after losing the court case.

(=when someone loses all their money or when a country loses a lot of its trade, industry, and wealth)

Their policies have been driving this country to economic ruin for the past 13 years.

The scandal left the government on the brink of political ruin.

(=when someone loses their position or rank in society)

In those days, breaking off your engagement could mean social ruin.

They fear that the proposals could mean ruin for small football clubs.

Unwise investment can spell financial ruin.

He believes the invention saved him from financial ruin.

Her behaviour brought ruin on her family.

Farmers told how foot-and-mouth disease was driving them to ruin.

The recession could leave many businesses on the brink of ruin.

(=be certain to happen at some time in the future)

a situation in which you have lost all your money, your social position, or the good opinion that people had about you

small businesses facing [financial ruin](bold)

[be on the road to ruin](bold)(=be doing something that will make you lose your money, position etc)

the part of a building that is left after the rest has been destroyed

the parts of something such as an organization, system, or set of ideas that remain after the rest have been destroyed

〔组织、体制、思想等的〕残余部分

the ruins of a government that once held so much promise

if a building is in ruins, it has fallen down or been badly damaged

〔建筑物〕倒塌，破败不堪

if someone’s life, a country’s economy etc is in ruins, it is affected by very great problems

〔生活、国家经济等〕崩溃，垮掉

if something falls into ruin, it gets damaged or destroyed because no one is taking care of it

〔因无人照料而〕衰落，败落

to make someone lose all their money, their good health, the good opinion that other people have of them etc


rule

→ [golden rule](->golden rule) → [ground rules](->ground rules) → [home rule](->home rule) → [slide rule](->slide rule) [work to rule](bold) at → [work](->work) 1 sense 32

an instruction that says what people are allowed to do or not allowed to do, for example in a game, school, or company

an official rule that everyone in a country, city, or state must obey

It is against the law to carry a concealed weapon.

The law requires motorcyclists to wear helmets.

an official rule or order, which is part of a set of rules made by a government or organization

the regulations for applying for a passport

environmental regulations on air pollution

an official rule that limits what people can do

The government is planning to impose regulations on the amount of alcohol you can bring into the country.

rules or instructions about the best way to do something

the Department of Health’s guidelines for a healthy diet

a set of rules that people or organizations agree to obey but are not forced to obey

The school has a dress code for its students.

a law that has been officially approved by a parliament, council etc, and written down

a law, made by a city or town, that forbids or restricts an activity

A local ordinance limited speed in the parks to ten miles an hour.

He had clearly broken the official rules.

Any one who violates this rule will be severely punished.

She wasn’t going to obey their silly rules.

All members must comply with the rules of the organization.

There is little that one country can do if another fails to abide by the rules.

We expect you to observe the general rules of conduct as set out below.

I’m only an assistant manager – I don’t make the rules.

The rule says that you must be standing inside the line.

The rules stipulate that clubs must field the strongest team available.

The rule forbids women from becoming members of the club.

(=it says that people must do something)

School rules required all girls to tie back their hair.

Everyone thinks that the rule doesn’t apply to them.

The system works well enough — as long as everyone plays by the rules.

(=allow someone to do something that is not normally allowed)

The EU has tightened the rules on the quality of drinking water.

The planning office does not always enforce its own rules.

(=break it, without trying to hide what you are doing)

The party continues to flout its own rules.

Solicitors are bound by strict rules that regulate their professional conduct.

They have very strict rules about gambling.

(=unreasonable rules about unimportant things)

(=a rule of behaviour that everyone in a group understands)

There’s an unwritten rule that you never call an actor before 10 a.m.

You should follow any health and safety rules which apply to your workplace.

It was against the rules to talk in class.

the rules concerning/governing/relating to sth

I didn’t realise that there had been a change in the rules.

The government keeps introducing more and more rules and regulations.

Rules are rules and you have to abide by them.

an official instruction that says how things must be done or what is allowed, especially in a game, organization, or job

规则，章程，规定〔尤用于游戏、组织或工作〕

Under the rules, the company must publish its annual accounts.

根据规定，该公司必须公布年度账目。

what you should do in a particular situation, or a statement about this

〔特定情况下〕应做的事；规定，规则

There are no [hard and fast rules](bold)(=clear and definite rules) about what to wear to classes.

对于上课着装并没有硬性规定。

[The rule is](bold): if you feel any pain you should stop exercising immediately.

原则是: 如果觉得疼痛，就应立即停止锻炼。

something that is normal or usually true

As a general rule most students finish their coursework by the end of May.

一般来说，大多数学生在5月底结束他们的课程。

Early marriage used to [be the rule](bold) in that part of the world.

过去在那个地方早婚是常见现象。

A series of payments used to be [the exception rather than the rule](bold).

在过去分期付款并不多见。

Unfortunately there is an [exception](bold) to every [rule](bold).

很遗憾，每项规则都有例外。

the government of a country or area by a particular group of people or using a particular system

the restoration of [majority rule](bold)(=government by the party that most people have voted for) to Northern Ireland

北爱尔兰恢复由获多数选票的政党执政

a statement about what is usually allowed in a particular system, such as the grammar of a language, or a science

a situation in which the laws of a country are obeyed

我们在这里是要维护法治。

what people believe to be right and fair

The governor failed to observe the rules of natural justice.

a rough figure or method of calculation, based on practical experience

〔基于实际经验的〕粗略的数字[计算方法]

As a general rule of thumb, children this age should not spend more than one hour on homework.

按照实际经验，这个年龄的儿童花在家庭作业上的时间不应超过一小时。

to try to make sure that you always do something

I make it a rule never to mix business with pleasure.

我定下一个规矩，决不把工作和娱乐混在一起。


rule

→ [overrule](->overrule) [let your heart rule your head](bold) at → [heart](->heart) 1 sense 2

to have the official power to control a country and the people who live there

→see THESAURUS at [control](->control) 2

Queen Victoria ruled England for 64 years.

维多利亚女王统治英格兰64年。

African tribal societies were traditionally ruled by a council of elders.

非洲部落社会传统上由长老会统治。

Alexander the Great ruled over a huge empire.

亚历山大大帝统治一个庞大的帝国。

He announced that henceforth he would [rule by decree](bold)(=make all the important decisions himself).

他宣布他将从此实行专制统治。

if a feeling or desire rules someone, it has a powerful and controlling influence on their actions

〔情感或欲望〕控制，支配

the passion for power and success which [rules](bold) her [life](bold)

支配着她生活的对权力和成功的强烈渴望

to make an official decision about something, especially a legal problem

判定，裁定〔尤指法律问题〕

The judge ruled that she should have custody of the children.

法官判定孩子的监护权归她。

The Supreme Court has yet to rule on the case.

特别法庭作出了有利于她的裁决。

This part of the bill was ruled unconstitutional.

法案的这部分内容被判定违反宪法。

to be the most powerful person in a group

His wife rules the roost in their house.

to control a group of people in a very severe way

对某人/某事物实行严酷的高压统治

Although he was a fair man, he ruled us with an iron fist.

虽然他是个正直的人，但他对我们实行高压管理。

used to say that the team, school, place etc mentioned is better than any other

某人/某事物最好〔指球队、学校、地方等〕

写着“波黑尼高中最棒”的涂鸦

to draw a line using a ruler or other straight edge

在每个答案下面画一条线。