soil

the top layer of the earth that plants grow in

Roses do best in well-drained, slightly acid soil.

the brown substance that the ground is made up of

Thousands of tons of earth were moved to build the dam.

a dry powder made up of extremely small bits of earth or sand

A cloud of dust billowed out behind the tractor.

wet soil that has become soft and sticky

The fertile soil produces delicious wines.

If the soil is poor, add manure or compost.

The soil near the river is rich and deep.

The soil was dry after three weeks without rain.

The soil was too heavy to grow decent carrots.

Plant the seedlings out in a warm, sunny position in well-drained soil.

Try planting them in compost rather than garden soil.

They worked the soil with hoes and forks.

Their time is spent in constantly tilling the soil.

the top layer of the earth in which plants grow

[fertile soil](bold)(=good for growing crops)

The [soil](bold) here is very [poor](bold)(=not good for growing crops).

蔷薇适宜在黏质土中生长。

在英国/法国/外国等的土地上

The crime was committed on American soil.

a place or situation where something can develop

〔可供某事物发展的〕土壤，温床

Eastern Europe provided [fertile soil](bold) for political activists.


soil

to make something dirty, especially with waste from your body

〔尤指用人的排泄物〕弄脏，弄污

to not do something because you consider it too unpleasant or dishonest

不玷污双手〔指不做令人不快或不诚实的事〕

Keep your money – I wouldn’t soil my hands with it.

把你的钱留着吧，我可不愿意被它玷污了双手。


solar

using the power of the sun’s light and heat


solar system

the Sun and the planets that go around it

〔以其他恒星为中心的〕类太阳系


soldier

a member of the army of a country, especially someone who is not an officer

A British soldier was wounded in the fighting.

战斗中，有一名英国士兵受了伤。


sold out

if a concert, performance etc is sold out, all the tickets for that show have been sold

〔音乐会、表演等〕票已售完的，满座的

The group will play three sold-out shows at Wembley Stadium.

这个组合将在温布利体育场举行三场音乐会，门票已告售罄。

if a shop or store is sold out of a particular product, it has sold all of that product

〔商店里某种商品〕销售一空的，售完的

The store was completely sold out of tuna fish.

这家商店里的金枪鱼已销售一空。


sole

His sole reason for calling was to shower abuse upon me.

I’m not saying that TV violence is the sole cause of violence in society.

The library’s sole occupant was a thin, elderly man.

the sole surviving/remaining member/child etc

His sole surviving child, Mary, succeeded to the throne at the age of one week.

She has the sole responsibility for a large family.

The company now has the sole rights to the process.

He now has sole ownership of the company.

The school was no longer under their sole control.

the sole person, thing etc is the only one

Griffiths is the [sole survivor](bold) of the crash.

格里菲思是此次撞车事故唯一的幸存者。

The story was published [with the sole purpose of](bold) selling newspapers.

刊登这则报道的目的纯粹是为了推销报纸。

Derek [has sole responsibility](bold) for sales in Dublin.

德里克单独负责都柏林地区的销售。

The company has the [sole rights](bold) to market Elton John’s records.

这家公司拥有埃尔顿•约翰唱片的独家销售权。


sole

the bottom surface of your foot, especially the part you walk or stand on

The [soles of](bold) his [feet](bold) were caked in mud.

the flat bottom part of a shoe, not including the heel


sole

给〔鞋〕配新底，给〔鞋〕换底

[thick-soled/leather-soled etc](bold)(=having soles that are thick, made of leather etc)


solely

唯一地，仅仅，独一无二地

Scholarships are given solely on the basis of financial need.

奖学金完全是根据经济需要发放的。

I shall hold you [solely responsible](bold) for anything that goes wrong.

出现任何差错的话，我唯你是问。


solemn

very serious and not happy, for example because something bad has happened or because you are at an important occasion

他们的脸突然变得严肃起来。

a solemn promise is one that is made very seriously and with no intention of breaking it

I’ll never be unfaithful again. I give you my [solemn word](bold).

我再也不会对你不忠了，我郑重向你保证。


solicitor

a type of lawyer in Britain who gives legal advice, prepares the necessary documents when property is bought or sold, and defends people, especially in the lower courts of law

事务律师〔英国的一种律师，其职责为提供咨询、办理房地产买卖手续、在下级法庭出庭替人辩护等〕

someone who goes from place to place trying to sell goods or services

A sign on the door read, ‘No Solicitors’.

门上有块牌子写着:“谢绝推销”。


solid

hard or firm, with a fixed shape, and not a liquid or gas

It was good to be back on [solid ground](bold) again.

又能踏上坚实的土地感觉真好。

Is the baby eating [solid food](bold)(=bread, meat etc) yet?

The ship’s sonar can detect the presence of [solid objects](bold) in the water.

船上的声呐能够探测出水中的固体物。

consisting completely of one type of material

continuous, without any spaces or breaks

It’s not safe to pass when the lines in the middle of the road are solid.

路中间如果是实线的话，超车就不安全。

The frame is as [solid as a rock](bold)(=extremely solid).

a solid achievement or solid work is of real, practical, and continuing value

〔成就或工作〕相当好的，经得起时间考验的

The first two years provide a [solid foundation](bold) in the basics of computing.

头两年为电脑应用的基础方面打下坚实的根基。

someone or something that is solid can be depended on or trusted

The prosecution in this case has no [solid evidence](bold).

此案的原告缺乏可靠的证据。

You can rely on Wylie for good solid advice.

你总可以从怀利那里得到可靠的建议。

a solid Labour stronghold (=where people always vote for this party)

used to emphasize that something continues for a long time without any pauses

这堂课上了整整两个小时。

On Saturday I went to bed and slept fourteen hours solid.

星期六我上床整整睡了14个小时。

if shops, trains, buses etc are packed solid, they are full of people

〔商店、火车、公共汽车等〕挤得水泄不通的

confident because you are dealing with a subject you are sure about, or because you are in a safe situation

十分有把握的，完全放心的

To make sure that he was on solid ground, he confirmed his findings with others.

为了确保有十分的把握，他把自己的研究结果向其他人作了核实。

I couldn’t do any of the maths last night – it was solid.

昨晚那些数学题我一道也做不出，太难了。

The workers are 100% solid on this issue.

工人们在这个问题上是百分之百地一致。


solid

a firm object or substance that has a fixed shape, not a gas or liquid

他仍病得很重，不能吃固体食物。

the part of a liquid which has the qualities of a solid when it is separated from the solventwatery part

a shape which has length, width, and height, such as a sphere or cylinder


solidarity

ˌsɒləˈdærəti

loyalty and general agreement between all the people in a group, or between different groups, because they all have a shared aim

[show/express/demonstrate your solidarity (with sb)](bold)

I come before you today to express my solidarity with the people of New York.

今天我来到你们大家面前，是为了表示我对纽约人民的支持。


solitary

used to emphasize that there is only one of something

The benches were empty except for a single solitary figure.

除了一个孤零零的身影，这些长凳上没有其他人了。

doing something without anyone else with you

spending a lot of time alone, usually because you like being alone

喜欢独处的，不喜与人接触的

used to emphasize that there is not even one

He followed her round without a solitary word.

他跟着她，一句话也不说。


solo

一首极其美妙的钢琴独奏曲

when someone flies or does an activity alone


solo

[solo](bold) adv. eg: When did you first fly solo? eg: Amos quit the company, determined to [go solo](bold)(=work for himself).

done alone without anyone else helping you

Ridgeway’s solo voyage across the Atlantic

里奇韦独自横渡大西洋的航行

relating to a record or piece of music that is performed by a single musician, not a group


solo

布罗考在这张专辑中的独唱非常出色。


solution

A good solution is to harvest the crop early in September.

Locking people in prison is not necessarily the ideal solution.

The government has failed to come up with an effective solution.

We will not rest until a satisfactory solution is found.

This sounded like a neat solution to the skills shortage.

The only solution is to greatly reduce our use of water.

The real solution to the waste problem is to produce much less waste.

There are three possible solutions to this problem.

We need to look for alternative solutions.

There is no easy solution to this problem.

They've had to find practical solutions to practical problems.

(=one that will be effective for a long time)

A long-term solution to the problem will not be possible until that conflict is resolved.

(=one that solves a problem for a short time only)

He has accused the government of looking for quick-fix solutions.

We will continue to work strenuously for a political solution acceptable to all parties.

We are working together to find the best solution we can.

The company is still seeking a solution to its financial problems.

I don't think that tourism will provide a long-term solution to rural employment problems.

The chairman put forward a possible solution.

a way of solving a problem or dealing with a difficult situation

〔问题或困难局面的〕解决方法

The best solution would be for them to separate.

最好的解决方法是他们分开。

There are no simple solutions to the problem of overpopulation.

人口过多问题没有简单的解决方法。

the correct answer to a problem in an exercise or competition

〔练习或竞赛的〕解答，答案

The solution to last week’s puzzle is on page 12.

上星期字谜的谜底在第12页。

a liquid in which a solid or gas has been mixed


solve

He solved the problem by moving the aggressive fish to a separate tank.

Congress had not been able to solve the financial crisis.

They have agreed to solve their disputes solely by peaceful means.

You can't solve your difficulties by running away.

Did they really think the Jerusalem question would be solved in a week?

Police have called for witnesses to help them solve the murder.

Staff at the library think they have solved the mystery.

You progress through the game by solving puzzles.

They still haven't really solved the riddle of how the pyramids were built.

At the age of six, he could solve complicated mathematical equations.

to find or provide a way of dealing with a problem

Charlie thinks money will solve all his problems.

查理认为钱能解决他所有的问题。

解决我们两难处境的最佳办法

to find the correct answer to a problem or the explanation for something that is difficult to understand

More than 70% of murder cases were solved last year.

去年有70%以上的谋杀案被侦破。

attempts to [solve](bold) a mathematical [equation](bold)


some

a number of people or things or an amount of something, but not a large number or amount

There were some children playing in the street.

‘Have we got any biscuits?’ ‘Yes, I’ve just bought some.’

a small number of people, things etc. [A few](bold) is used when there is a smaller number than [some](bold)

‘Are there any chocolates left?’ ‘Only a few.’

a fairly large amount – use this to talk about people’s feelings, abilities etc

It’s a job that requires a certain amount of skill.

a number of people or things, or an amount of something, when the exact number or amount is not stated

做这道菜我需要一些苹果。

They’re looking for someone with some experience.

The doctor gave her some medicine for her cough.

医生给她配了一些咳嗽药。

a number of people or things or an amount of something, but not all

Some people believe in life after death.

She’s been so depressed that some days she can’t get out of bed.

她非常抑郁，有几天她都起不了床。

a fairly large number of people or things or a fairly large amount of something

相当多（的），不少（的）

It was [some time](bold) before they managed to turn the alarm off.

过了很久他们总算关掉了警报器。

The donation went [some way](bold) toward paying for the damage.

这笔捐款很大一部分用于补偿损失。

used to mean a person or thing, when you do not know or say exactly which

某个，某种〔用于表示不知道确切是哪个人或事物〕

There must be some reason for her behaviour.

她的行为一定是有什么原因的。

你能告诉我大概是多少费用吗？

We can hopefully reach some kind of agreement.

used when you are talking about a person or thing that you do not know, remember, or understand, or when you think it does not matter

某个，有个〔用于谈到不认识、不记得或不明白的人或事物，或用于表示是谁、是什么无所谓〕

Some guy called for you while you were gone.

你走了以后有个人打电话找你。

used to say that something was very good or very impressive

some friend you are/some help she was etc

used, especially when you are annoyed, to mean someone or something has disappointed you by not behaving in the way you think they should

你也算朋友/她有什么帮助等〔表示失望的气话〕

You won’t lend me the money? Some friend you are!

你不肯借钱给我？你真够朋友的！


some

a number of people or things or an amount of something, when the exact number or amount is not stated

I’ve just made a pot of coffee. Would you like some?

我刚煮了一壶咖啡，你想喝点吗？

‘Do you know where the screws are?’ ‘There are some in the garage.’

“你知道螺丝钉在哪儿吗？”“车库里有一些。”

a number of people or things or an amount of something, but not all

Many local businesses are having difficulties, and some have even gone bankrupt.

许多当地的企业陷入困境，有些甚至破产了。

Some say it was an accident, but I don’t believe it.

有些人说那是一个意外，但我不相信。

Many of the exhibits were damaged in the fire, and some were totally destroyed.

许多展品在那场大火中遭到损坏，一部分则被完全焚毁了。

我可以吃一点你的蛋糕吗？

used to say that the actual amount is probably a lot more than what someone has just said

‘They say he earns $2.5 million a season.’ ‘And then some.’

“他们说他一季要赚250万美金。” “还不止呢。”


some

an additional number or amount of something

‘Are you feeling better today?’ ‘Some, I guess.’

“你今天感觉好点了吗？” “我觉得是稍好些了。”

an expression meaning about 500 people, 50%, £100 etc – used especially when this seems a large number or amount

大约500人/50%/100英镑等〔尤用于表示数量大〕

She gained some 25 pounds in weight during pregnancy.

她在怀孕期间体重差不多增加了25磅。

a fairly large number or amount of something

We travelled some little way before noticing that Bradley wasn’t with us.

我们走了相当一段路才发现布拉德利没跟我们在一起。


somebody

used to mean a person, when you do not know or do not say who the person is

Somebody’s car alarm kept me awake all night.

不知谁的汽车警报器吵得我整晚都无法入睡。

We need somebody neutral to sort this out.

我们需要个中立的人来解决这个问题。

If you can’t make it Friday, we can invite [somebody else](bold)(=a different person).

如果你星期五不行的话，我们可以邀请别人。

‘Who can we get to babysit?’ ‘I’ll call Suzie [or somebody](bold).’

“我们能请谁来看小孩呢？”“我会叫苏齐或别的什么人。”


somebody

She was the first teacher who’d made Paul feel like he was somebody.

她是第一位让保罗觉得自己还有所作为的老师。


someday

at an unknown time in the future, especially a long time in the future

He hopes, someday, to have his own business.

他希望有一天能够拥有自己的公司。


somehow

in some way, or by some means, although you do not know how

Don’t worry, we’ll get the money back somehow.

别担心，我们总会把那些钱拿回来的。

我不知怎的竟然把钥匙弄丢了。

Maybe we could glue it together [somehow or other](bold).

也许我们可以想什么办法把它粘起来。

for some reason that is not clear to you or that you do not understand

由于某种不明原因，不知为什么

不知为什么，我总觉得那样行不通。


someone

What would you do if someone tried to rob you in the street?

要是有人在街上抢劫你，你会怎么办？

Will someone please explain what’s going on?

‘When are you planning to hire someone?’ ‘As soon as we find someone suitable.’

“你打算什么时候雇个人？”“等我们找到了合适的人选时。”

Can you ask [someone else](bold)(=a different person) to help you? I’m really busy.

你能否请别人来帮你？我实在很忙。

Have Brooks [or someone](bold) fax this to New York right away.

叫布鲁克斯或谁立刻把这个发传真到纽约。


something

used to mean a particular thing when you do not know its name or do not know exactly what it is

Sarah said something about coming over later.

萨拉说她等一会儿过来什么的。

It’s a good car, but I’m looking for something newer.

这辆车不错，但我想找辆更新的。

The house was too small, so they decided to look for [something else](bold)(=a different one).

那房子太小，因此他们决定再另外找找。

I think there’s [something wrong](bold)(=a problem) with the phone.

I don’t know what he does exactly, but I know it [has something to do with](bold) computers (=is related to them in some way).

我不知道他具体是干什么的，只知道和电脑有关。

some food, a drink, a book, an activity etc

吃的/喝的/读的/做的东西等

I should take something to read on the plane.

我应该带点东西在飞机上读。

to do something in order to deal with a problem or difficult situation

动手去解决问题，做点什么

不要光站在那里——做点什么呀！

你能想想办法让那噪声消失吗？

used to say that a person, situation etc has a quality or feature that you recognize but you cannot say exactly what it is

[(there is) something different/odd/unusual about sb/sth](bold)

There was something rather odd about him.

[There’s something about](bold) her voice that I find really sexy.

她声音里有种东西让我觉得非常性感。

used when you cannot remember, or do not think it is necessary to give, another example of something you are mentioning

Her name was Judith, or Julie, or something.

她的名字叫朱迪丝或朱莉什么的。

Here’s some money. Get yourself a sandwich or something.

给你点钱，你去买个三明治什么的吃吧。

close to but not exactly a large amount such as 100, 2,000 etc

Something like 50,000 homes are without power.

used to say that someone is aged between 30 and 39, between 40 and 49 etc when you do not know exactly

used to say that something is very good and impressive

Running your own company at 21 is really something.

你21岁就经营自己的公司，真了不起。

used to admit that someone’s words are true or their ideas are successful etc

They had to concede that there was something in his teaching methods.

他们不得不承认他的教学方法确实有一套。

Do you think there’s something to the rumours about Larry and Sue?

有关拉里和休的传闻，你认为是不是真的？

to have a few of the same features or qualities that someone else has

It was clear that Jenkins had something of his father’s brilliance.

很明显，詹金斯也有些他父亲的才华。

be something of a gardener/an expert etc

to know a lot about something or to be very good at something

Charlie’s always been something of an expert on architecture.

查利一直可以算得上是建筑方面的专家。

used to say that something is a shock, surprise etc, but not completely or not in a strong or severe way

某事物有点令人吃惊/意外等

The news [came as something of](bold) a surprise.

这消息让人感到有点意外。

used when you are telling someone that you have bought them a present

I got you a little something for your birthday.

我给你买了件小小的生日礼物。

used when you cannot remember the rest of a number or name

六十多/约翰什么的等〔表示记不起尾数或某人的全名〕

‘How much did you spend on groceries?’ ‘A hundred and twenty something.’

“你买食品杂货用了多少钱？” “120多块吧。”

used to say that there is one thing that you should be glad about

那还算不错〔表示某事物可以聊以自慰〕

At least we have some money left. That’s something, isn’t it?

至少我们还剩一点钱。还算不错，是不是？


sometime

at a time in the future or in the past, although you do not know exactly when

We’ll take a vacation sometime in September.

我们将在9月份的某个时候休假。

Our house was built sometime around 1900.

我们的房子建于1900年左右。


sometime

Sir Richard Marsh, the sometime chairman of British Rail

理查德•马什爵士，英国铁路公司前董事长

used to say that someone does or has a particular job part of the time

〔做某种工作〕有时的，偶尔的

Grimm, a sometime delivery driver, lives with his elderly mother.

格里姆，有时开车送送货，和他年迈的母亲住在一起。


sometimes

[Sometimes](bold)  usually comes before a verb: I sometimes see him at the supermarket.

[Sometimes](bold)  can also come after the object of the verb: I see him sometimes at the supermarket.

[Sometimes](bold)  usually comes after the verb ‘be’:She is sometimes late.

[Sometimes](bold)  usually comes after an auxiliary verb such as ‘do’ or ‘have’: The government has sometimes tried to prevent newspapers from publishing stories.

You can also use [sometimes](bold)  at the beginning or end of a sentence: Sometimes I see him at the supermarket. I see him at the supermarket sometimes.

Sometimes, I wish I was still living in Tokyo.

He sometimes plays football with my brother.

used about something that only happens a few times. [Occasionally](bold) is used when something happens more rarely than [sometimes](bold)

I prefer trousers but I do wear skirts occasionally.

Occasionally, operations have to be cancelled.

On occasion, prisoners were allowed visits from their families.

We still call each other every now and then.

Every now and again, an invention comes along which changes people’s lives completely.

Even experienced doctors make mistakes from time to time.

He looked up from his book every so often.

if something happens at times, it happens sometimes but is not what usually happens

At times I’ve wondered whether I made the right decision in moving here.

We only see each other every once in a while.

Sometimes, Grandma would tell us stories about her childhood in Italy.

有时候，祖母会跟我们讲讲她儿时在意大利的经历。

‘Do you ever wish you were back in Japan?’ ‘Sometimes. Not very often.’

“你有没有希望过自己已回到日本？”“有时候吧，但不经常。”

The journey takes an hour, sometimes even longer.

路上需要一小时，有时甚至更长。


somewhat

The price is somewhat higher than I expected.

价格比我预料的高了一点。

Things have changed somewhat since then.

从那时候起，情况就有些不一样了。

To say that I was surprised is somewhat of an understatement.

说我感到意外有点轻描淡写了。


somewhere

in or to a place, but you do not say or know exactly where

My wallet must be around here somewhere.

我的钱包肯定是在这里的什么地方。

There must be somewhere to eat cheaply in this town.

镇上肯定有吃饭便宜的地方。

Is there somewhere safe where I can leave my bike?

这里有什么安全的地方可以放我的自行车吗？

Go and play [somewhere else](bold)(=in a different place) – I’m trying to work.

到别的地方去玩——我要工作。

We could meet for dinner at Giorgio’s [or somewhere](bold)(=or a similar place).

我们可以在乔治家或别的什么地方一起吃饭。

a little more or a little less than a particular number or amount, especially a large one

〔数字或数量〕大约 …/在 …之间等

We have [somewhere in the region of](bold) 500 firefighters in this area.

在这个地区，我们有大约500名消防队员。

我终于觉得我们有进展了。


son

[favourite son](bold) at → [favourite](->favourite) 1 sense 2

她的儿子肖恩出生于1983年。

他们有三个儿子和一个女儿。

In those days, the property went to the eldest son.

那时候，财产由长子继承。

[like father like son](bold) at → [father](->father) 1 sense 7

used by an older person as a way to address a boy or young man

孩子〔年长者对男孩或年轻男子的称呼〕

Jesus Christ, the second member of the group from the Christian religion that also includes the Father and the Holy Spirit

圣子〔指耶稣基督，基督教圣父、圣子、圣灵三位一体中的第二位〕

a man, especially a famous man, from a particular place or country

〔来自某个地方或国家的，尤指有名望的〕男士，人士

Frank Sinatra, New Jersey’s most famous son

used by a priest to address a man or boy

我的孩子〔神父对男子或男孩的称呼〕


song

a short piece of music with words that you sing

a song that forms part of a performance of several songs

The show was brilliant, from the opening number to the end.

I recognize the tune, but I can’t remember what it’s called.

the main series of notes in a piece of music that has several parts which are played together

The song has a simple melody and beautiful lyrics.

a set of sentences that make up one part of a song

She sang the first verse of ‘Amazing Grace’.

a set of sentences in a song that is repeated after each verse

Most of the kids were able to join in the chorus.

the official song of a country, which is sung or played on public occasions

Before the match, everyone stood up to sing the national anthem.

a religious song that is sung in a church

What hymns did you choose for your wedding?

At funerals people often sing the hymn ‘Abide with Me’.

We went around the houses, singing carols.

a traditional song from a particular area

a traditional ballad about a man who is dreaming of his home in Ireland

a slow quiet song sung to children to make them go to sleep

She sat by the child’s bed, softly singing a lullaby.

The band played a lot of their old songs.

He doesn’t like performing his songs live.

People always want to hear their old songs.

(=used mainly of songs written before the 1960s)

He is releasing an album of love songs for Valentine’s Day.

They were singing old protest songs from the 1960s.

The crowd spontaneously burst into song.

We used to listen to pop songs on the radio.

我们以前常常听收音机里播放的流行歌曲。

They sat round with guitars, singing songs.

他们弹着吉他围坐在一起唱歌。

The bravery of past warriors was celebrated in song.

以歌曲颂扬了昔日武士的英勇事迹。

the musical sounds made by birds and some other animals such as whales

He bought the house for a song five years ago.

他在五年前以极低的价格买下那栋房子。

if you make a song and dance about something, you behave as if it was worse, more important, more difficult etc than it really is

Suzy was there, [making a song and dance](bold) about her aching feet.

苏济在那里大呼小叫地说脚疼。

an explanation or excuse that is too long and complicated

冗长的解释；长而复杂的借口

She [gave](bold) us a long [song and dance](bold) about why she was late.

她向我们长篇大论地解释她为什么迟到。


songwriter

ˈsɒːŋˌraɪtər

someone who writes the words and usually the music of songs


soon

in a short time from now, or a short time after something else happens

It seemed difficult at first, but I soon got used to it.

in the next few weeks or months. [In the near future ](bold) is more formal than [soon](bold)

The book will be on sale in the near future.

very soon – used to talk about something good happening

You’ll be feeling better in no time at all.

In no time at all, her son was starting to speak Japanese.

used to say that you will do something or something will happen within a few minutes

used to say that something will or may happen very soon, but you do not know exactly when

used to say that something will or may happen in the next few days, but you do not know exactly when

I’m hoping to hear from her any day now.

the new laws that will shortly be coming into effect

soon – used especially when something happens which you expected to happen

They got married, and before long Anna was expecting a baby.

used when saying that something will happen soon

It won’t be long before everything is back to normal.

I knew that it wouldn’t be long before the same thing happened again.

[comparative](italic) [sooner](bold) [superlative](italic) [soonest](bold)

Paula became pregnant soon after they were married.

他们结婚后不久，葆拉就怀孕了。

‘Who?’ ‘You’ll find out [soon enough](bold)(=fairly soon).’

“谁？”“你很快就会知道的。”

[How soon](bold) can you finish the report?

Try and get the car fixed [as soon as possible](bold).

immediately after something happens, without delay

As soon as she entered the room, she knew there was something wrong.

她一踏进房间就知道有什么不对劲了。

I’ll come over to your place as soon as I can.

used to say that it is important that something should happen very soon

The sooner we get this job finished the better.

这工作我们越快完成越好。

Let’s get out of here! The sooner the better!

我们离开这里吧！越快越好！

used to say that you want something to happen soon, so that something else can then happen

The sooner I get this work done, the sooner I can go home.

我越快做完这件工作，就可以越早回家。

used to say that something happened almost immediately after something else

一 …就 …，刚 …就 …

No sooner had he sat down than the phone rang.

他刚坐下，电话铃就响了。

used to say that something is certain to happen at some time in the future, though you cannot be sure exactly when

His wife’s bound to find out sooner or later.

It’s still too soon to say whether the operation was a success.

现在说手术是否成功还为时过早。

The holidays were over [all too soon](bold)(=much earlier than you would like).

used to say that you will do something immediately

‘The doctor’s here!’ ‘And not a moment too soon!’

“医生来了！”“差点就晚了！”

if you would sooner do something, you would much prefer to do it, especially instead of something that seems unpleasant

某人宁愿做某事（也不 …）

used to say that someone would prefer to do something or would prefer something to happen

I’d just as soon you didn’t drive the car while I’m gone.

我希望我不在的时候你不要开车。


soothe

[soothing](bold) adj. eg: gentle, soothing music

to make someone feel calmer and less anxious, upset, or angry

Lucy soothed the baby by rocking it in her arms.

露西把宝宝抱在怀里摇晃着，让其安静下来。

She made a cup of tea to soothe her nerves.

她泡了杯茶让自己平静下来。

to make a pain become less severe, or slowly disappear

I bought some lozenges to soothe my sore throat.

我买了一些润喉糖来减轻喉咙痛。

Massage can gently soothe away your aches and pains.

按摩可以慢慢地缓解疼痛。


sophisticated

[sophistication](bold) /səˌfɪstɪˈkeɪʃ/  n. <U> eg: a New York nightclub that was [the height of sophistication](bold)(=very fashionable and expensive)

having a lot of experience of life, and good judgment about socially important things such as art, fashion etc

见多识广的，练达的，老练的

一个见多识广、机智风趣的美国人

Clarissa’s hair was swept up into a sophisticated style.

克拉丽莎的头发向后梳成一个很老成的式样。

a sophisticated machine, system, method etc is very well designed and very advanced, and often works in a complicated way

〔机器、系统、方法等〕复杂的，精密的，尖端的

a [highly sophisticated](bold) weapons system

having a lot of knowledge and experience of difficult or complicated subjects and therefore able to understand them well

富有经验的，老练的；精通的

→see THESAURUS at [advanced](->advanced)

British voters have become much more sophisticated.

英国的选民已经变得成熟多了。


soppy

[comparative](italic) [soppier](bold) [superlative](italic) [soppiest](bold)

expressing love or emotions in a way that seems silly

多情得傻乎乎的，多愁善感的

to be very fond of someone or something, in a way that seems silly to other people

非常喜爱某人/某物，对某人/某物很痴迷〔在旁人看来显得有点傻〕


sore

[be like a bear with a sore head](bold) at → [bear](->bear) 2 sense 3 [a sight for sore eyes](bold) at → [sight](->sight) 1 sense 14

a part of your body that is sore is painful, because of infection or because you have used a muscle too much

I had a [sore throat](bold) and aching limbs.

something that is likely to make someone upset or angry when you talk about it

容易惹某人烦恼[生气]的话题

Just don’t mention it – it’s always been a sore point with him.

千万别提那件事，那一直是他的痛处。

upset, angry, and annoyed, especially because you have not been treated fairly

〔尤指因受到不公平对待而〕恼火的，气愤的

Mac’s still sore because I didn’t invite him.

马克还在因为我没邀请他而生气呢。

Don’t be sore at me – I just forgot to tell you.

别生我的气，我只是忘记告诉你了。

used to emphasize how serious, difficult etc something is

Inner city schools are [in sore need of](bold) extra funds.

市中心内城区的学校亟须增加经费。

someone who gets angry or upset when they lose a game or competition

if someone or something sticks out like a sore thumb, they are very noticeable because they are different from everyone or everything else

You stick out like a sore thumb in that uniform.


sore

→ [cold sore](->cold sore) → [bedsore](->bedsore) [running sore](bold) at → [running](->running) 2 sense 5

a painful, often red, place on your body caused by a wound or infection

〔受伤或感染所致的〕痛处，疮

They were starving and covered with sores.

他们在挨饿，身上长满了疮。


sorrow

ˈsɑːroʊ, ˈsɔː-

[drown your sorrows](bold) at → [drown](->drown) sense 5

a feeling of great sadness, usually because someone has died or because something terrible has happened to you

He expressed his sorrow at my father’s death.

他对我父亲的去世表示悲痛。

Claudia felt a deep pang of sorrow for the woman.

克劳迪娅为这女人感到一阵深切的悲伤。

In everyday English, people usually say [sadness](bold)  rather than [sorrow](bold) :

She talked about her [sadness](bold) after his death.

an event or situation that makes you feel great sadness

in a way that shows you are sad or disappointed rather than angry about a particular situation

He said that his decision to resign was made more in sorrow than in anger.

他说他作出辞职的决定与其说是出于气愤，不如说是因为悲伤。


sorrow

Her friend was sorrowing over the loss of a child.

她的朋友在为失去孩子感到悲痛。


sorry

You are [sorry about](bold)  something bad that has happened: I’m sorry about what I said. I’m sorry about your car (=sorry that your car has been damaged).

You are [sorry for](bold)  the delay, the inconvenience, or the trouble: The next train will arrive in 12 minutes. We are sorry for the delay.

You are [sorry for doing](bold)  something bad: I’m sorry for upsetting you.

You are [sorry that ](bold)  you did something or [sorry that ](bold) something happened: I’m sorry that I can’t come.  ‘That’ can be omitted: I’m sorry you didn’t get the job.
Don’t say: [I’m sorry for I can’t come.](strike)

If you are [sorry to do](bold)  something, it makes you sad to do it: I’ll be sorry to leave this place.
Don’t say: [I’ll be sorry for leaving this place.](strike)

[comparative](italic) [sorrier](bold) [superlative](italic) [sorriest](bold)

used to tell someone that you wish you had not done something that has affected them badly, hurt them etc

对不起，很抱歉〔用于表示歉意〕

I’m really sorry. I didn’t mean to hurt your feelings.

非常抱歉，我不是有意要伤害你的感情。

“马特，别那么做！”“对不起！”

对不起，我踩到你的脚了吗？

I’m sorry I’m late – the traffic was terrible.

很抱歉我迟到了，路上堵得厉害。

Sorry about the mess – I’ll clean it up.

对不起弄得乱七八糟，我会打扫干净的。

我这样大惊小怪的，真是不好意思。

[Sorry to bother you](bold), but what was the address again?

对不起麻烦你了，再说一下那个地址好吗？

used as a polite way of introducing disappointing information or a piece of bad news

很遗憾，对不起〔用于礼貌地引出令人失望的信息或坏消息〕

I’m sorry, but all the flights to Athens are fully booked.

很遗憾，所有飞往雅典的航班都订满了。

used when you have said something that is not correct, and want to say something that is correct

对不起，应该是〔用于纠正自己说错的话〕

Turn right – sorry left – at the traffic lights.

到红绿灯向右拐——对不起，是向左拐。

used when you refuse an offer or request

不好意思，对不起〔用于拒绝别人的提议或请求〕

‘Are you coming to lunch?’ ‘Sorry, no. I’ve got to finish this work.’

“你来吃午饭吗？”“不好意思，不行，我得把这工作做完。”

‘I’ll give you $50 for it.’ ‘Sorry, no deal.’

“我出50美元买下它。” “对不起，不行。”

used when you disagree with someone, or tell someone that they have done something wrong

很遗憾，很抱歉〔用于表示不同意某人或告诉某人他们做错了某事〕

I’m sorry, but I find that very hard to believe, Miss Brannigan.

对不起，布兰尼根小姐，我觉得那令人难以置信。

feeling ashamed or unhappy about something bad you have done

〔因做了坏事而感到〕惭愧的，歉疚的，过意不去的

She was genuinely sorry for what she had done.

她为自己所做的事真诚地感到歉疚。

凯西为自己大发脾气而感到愧疚。

[say (you are) sorry](bold)(=tell someone that you feel bad about hurting them, causing problems etc)

It was probably too late to say sorry, but she would try anyway.

道歉也许太晚了，但不管怎样她还是想道个歉。

used to ask someone to repeat something that you have not heard properly

你说什么？〔用于请某人重复你没有听清楚的话〕

‘Want a drink?’ ‘Sorry?’ ‘I said, would you like a drink?’

“想喝一杯吗？”“什么？”“我是说，你想不想喝一杯？”

to feel pity or sympathy for someone because something bad has happened to them or because they are in a bad situation

为某人难过，替某人感到惋惜

I’ve got no sympathy for him, but I feel sorry for his wife.

我并不同情他，但我为他妻子感到惋惜。

Tina was sorry for her. She seemed so lonely.

蒂娜为她感到难过，她看起来是那么孤独。

[feel sorry for yourself](bold)(=feel unhappy and pity yourself)

It’s no good feeling sorry for yourself. It’s all your own fault.

你自怨自艾没有用，这都是你自己的过错。

feeling sad about a situation, and wishing it were different

Brigid was always sorry she hadn’t kept up her piano lessons.

布里吉德一直后悔没有坚持上钢琴课。

我们很遗憾没有去听你的音乐会。

我不会后悔离开这个地方。

I was sorry to hear about your accident.

听到你出了事我感到很难过。

I’m so sorry about your father (=sorry something bad has happened to him).

我真是为你父亲感到难过。

used to tell someone that they will soon wish they had not done something, especially because someone will be angry or punish them

You’ll be sorry when your dad hears about this.

等你爸知道这件事，你就要后悔了。

used to say that you are disappointed that something has happened

I wrote several times but they never replied, I’m sorry to say.

我给他们写了好几封信，可是他们从不回信，真叫人失望。

very bad, especially in a way that makes you feel pity or disapproval

the [sorry state](bold) of the environment

It’s a [sorry state of affairs](bold) when an old lady has to wait 12 hours to see a doctor.

一个老太太看病要等上12个小时，这情形很可悲。

the [sorry sight](bold) of so many dead animals

This whole [sorry episode](bold)(=bad thing that happened) shows just how incompetent the government has become.

[better safe than sorry](bold) at → [safe](->safe) 1 sense 10


sort

We must ensure that this sort of thing does not happen again.

Barbara never stopped wanting a different sort of life.

Wearing the right sort of clothing could save your life.

He collects all sorts of musical instruments.

Quite a large number of them suffered injuries of one sort or another.

a group or class of people, things etc that have similar qualities or features

[all sorts (of sth)](bold)(=a lot of different types of things)

I like all sorts of food – I’m not fussy.

各种食物我都喜欢，我不挑剔。

On expeditions of this sort, you have to be prepared for trouble.

进行这种探险，你必须做好遇上麻烦的准备。

[of some sort/some sort of sth](bold)(=used when you do not know exactly what type)

He wondered if Rosa was in some sort of trouble.

他在想罗莎是否遇到什么麻烦了。

There was a game of some sort going on inside.

Most of the victims developed psychological problems [of one sort or another](bold)(=of various different types).

大多数受害者都出现了这样那样的心理问题。

They do burgers, pizzas, [that sort of thing](bold).

他们供应汉堡包、比萨饼什么的。

used to say that something is partly true but does not describe the exact situation

I sort of like him, but I don’t know why.

我有点喜欢他，但不知道为什么。

“你知道我是什么意思吗？”“有点知道。”

used when you are trying to describe something but it is difficult to find the right word or to be exact

有点像，好像〔表示不肯定自己是不是用词恰当〕

然后他们像吟诵似的唱了起来。

The walls are a sort of greeny-blue colour.

墙面有点蓝莹莹绿兮兮的。

[sort of like](bold)(=used very informally when searching for the right words)

It was sort of like really strange and mysterious, walking round this empty building.

走在这栋空空的大楼里，怎么说呢，有点神秘怪异的感觉。

used to make what you are saying sound less strong or direct

有一点，有几分〔用于婉转语气〕

Well, I sort of thought we could go out together sometime.

噢，我觉得我们什么时候可以一起出去。

It was sort of a shock when I found out.

a price etc that is not very exact, but could be slightly more or less

大概的价格/时间/速度等

That’s the sort of price I was hoping to pay.

我希望出的差不多就是那个价格。

What sort of time were you thinking of starting?

你大概想要什么时候开始？

used when something is not a good or typical example of its kind of thing

I had a conversation of sorts with a very drunk man at the bus stop.

我在公共汽车站和一个喝得烂醉的人算是交谈了几句。

used when you are mentioning or describing something in a way that is not definite or exact

We could just stay here and pass the time, sort of thing.

我们可以就待在这里打发时间或什么的。

她用的是轮椅之类的东西。

used when you are angry about what someone has said or done

那叫什么 …？〔用于对某人的话或行为表示生气〕

What sort of time do you call this to come in?

used to say angrily that something is not true or that someone should not do something

根本不是；绝对不行〔用于气愤地否认某事或不让某人做某事〕

‘I’m going to watch TV.’ ‘You’ll do nothing of the sort!’

“我要看电视。”“不行！”

someone who has a particular type of character, and is therefore likely to behave in a particular way

Iain’s never even looked at another woman. He’s not [the sort](bold).

伊恩从来对别的女人连看也不看一眼。他不是那种人。

used to say that you think someone is behaving in a strange or crazy way

世上的人形形色色，世界上无奇不有〔用于表示认为某人行为古怪或疯狂〕

He goes climbing up cliffs without ropes or anything? Oh well, it takes all sorts.

他去攀岩不带绳子什么的？哇，真是什么人都有啊。

if a computer does a sort, it puts things in a particular order

〔计算机操作的〕分类，排序

Louise went back to work feeling rather out of sorts.

路易丝回去工作了，感觉不大舒服。


sort

to put things in a particular order or arrange them in groups according to size, type etc

这些鸡蛋是按大小分类的。

我们把所有这些衣服分类整理成几堆吧。

All the names on the list have been sorted into alphabetical order.

名单上所有的名字已按字母顺序排列好。

to deal with a situation so that all the problems are solved and everything is organized

Right, I’ll leave this for Roger and Terry to sort, then.

好吧，那么我就把这件事交给罗杰和特里去处理吧。


so-so

“聚会怎么样？”“噢，还可以。”


soul

[bare your soul](bold) at → [bare](->bare) 2 sense 2 [be the life and soul of the party](bold) at → [life](->life) sense 16 [keep body and soul together](bold) at → [body](->body) sense 11 [heart and soul](bold) at → [heart](->heart) 1 sense 2 [sell your soul (to the devil)](bold) at → [sell](->sell) 1

the part of a person that is not physical, and that contains their character, thoughts, and feelings. Many people believe that a person’s soul continues to exist after they have died.

It was as if those grey eyes could see into the very [depths of](bold) her [soul](bold).

仿佛那双灰眼睛能看到她的灵魂深处。

used in particular phrases to mean a person

[not a soul in sight/not a soul to be seen](bold)

The night was dark and still, and there was not a soul in sight.

夜又黑又静，不见一个人影。

[poor (old) soul](bold)(=used to show pity for someone)

The poor old soul had fallen and broken her hip.

这位可怜的老太太跌了一跤，摔断了髋骨。

a type of popular music that often expresses deep emotions, usually performed by black singers and musicians

the ability to be emotionally affected by art, music, literature etc

〔对艺术、音乐、文学等的〕审美能力

My brother thinks that anyone who doesn’t like poetry has no soul.

我哥哥认为，不喜欢诗的人都缺乏审美能力。

the quality that affects people emotionally, that a painting, piece of music etc can have

〔绘画、音乐作品等的〕灵魂，真情实感，内涵

Her performance was technically perfect, but it lacked soul.

她的表演在技巧上无懈可击，但缺乏真挚的情感。

the special quality or part that gives something its true character

Basho’s poems capture the true soul of old Japan.

松尾芭蕉的诗歌抓住了古代日本的精魂。

to always be extremely careful to keep secrets

利昂正是个谨守秘密的人。

if something is good for the soul, it is good for you and you should do it, even though it may seem unpleasant – often used humorously

对人有好处[有益]〔常为幽默用法〕

They say that hardship is good for the soul.

都说艰难困苦对人有好处。

used when you mention the name of someone who is dead

愿上帝保佑他/她的灵魂安息〔在提到已故者的名字时说的话〕

My father, God rest his soul, died here at Vernison Hall.

我的父亲，愿上帝保佑他的灵魂安息，就是在这里——韦尔尼森庄园去世的。

the number of souls in a place is the number of people who live there


sound

I heard the squeak of his shoes on the tiled floor.

a long high sound that something makes when someone opens it, walks on it, sits on it etc – used especially about a door, wooden floor, bed, or stairs

a loud, long, unpleasantly high sound – used especially about someone’s voice, or about brakes, tyres etc

There was a screech of tyres followed by a bang.

a high electronic sound that a machine sends out, especially in order to attract someone’s attention

You’ll hear a bleep when the photocopier’s finished printing.

a quiet low continuous sound, especially from electrical equipment, traffic, an engine, or people’s conversation

The only sound was the faint hum of the air-conditioning unit.

He could hear the hum of distant traffic.

a continuous quiet sound from papers, leaves, or clothes when they rub together

She heard the rustle of dried leaves behind her.

a quiet low continuous sound, especially from people’s voices that are far away

a series of long low sounds, especially from big guns, traffic, or

the sound that a liquid makes when something hits it, or when it hits against another thing

She jumped into the pool with a big splash.

the splash of the waves against the rocks

the low sound that water makes when it flows gently over or through something

She listened to the gurgle as the water drained out of the bath.

the sudden short sound when something is dropped into a liquid

Kate dropped the ice into her glass with a plop.

a continuous high sound when air or gas comes out of something

There was a hiss of steam from the coffee machine.

Workers reported hearing a loud hiss moments before the explosion.

a short sudden loud noise made by a gun, bomb etc

There was a loud bang as the bomb exploded.

a very loud sound from an explosion, which you can hear for several seconds after it begins

The building exploded into rubble with a loud boom.

The boom of artillery fire echoed in the distance.

a continuous very loud noise that gets louder and continues for a long time

The light was followed by the deafening roar of explosions.

a loud sound caused especially when something hard or heavy hits something else

I heard a loud bang and rushed out to see what had happened.

a very loud sound caused when something hits something else, especially when damage is caused

The tray of dishes fell to the floor with a crash.

I heard an enormous crash outside our house, and I went to see what had happened.

a quiet low sound made when a heavy object falls down onto surface

There was a dull thud as the box hit the floor.

His head hit the ground with a sickening thud.

a dull loud sound made when a heavy object hits something else

There was a loud thump as Eddie threw Luther back against the wall.

a short ringing sound made when two glass, metal, or china objects hit each other

The clink of cutlery could be heard in the restaurant.

the pleasant sound that is made by light pieces of glass or metal hitting each other repeatedly

He listened to the faint tinkle of cow bells in the distance.

the sound of small metal objects being shaken together

a short repeated sound made when things hit against each other – used especially when part of something is loose and is hitting against something

There was a strange rattle coming from the engine.

There was a loud creaking sound and the branch snapped.

The sound was so faint I wasn’t sure what it was at first.

The sound of the waterfall was deafening.

Suddenly from below came the unmistakable sound of gunfire.

I heard a strange sound coming from outside.

Suddenly she heard the familiar sound of the key being turned in the front door.

All seemed quiet, but for the distant sound of police sirens.

Now there were muffled sounds of movement.

There was an odd buzzing sound in her ears.

The machine made a strange hissing sound.

The sounds seemed to be coming from the study below.

I knew the sound of the horn would would carry for miles.

I listened until the sound had died away completely.

something that you hear, or what can be heard

There were strange sounds coming from the next room.

隔壁房间传来奇怪的声音。

the sound produced by a television or radio programme, a film etc

〔电视、广播、电影等的〕声音

We apologize for the loss of sound during that report.

我们对刚才的报道出现声音中断表示抱歉。

the loudness of a television, radio, film etc

〔电视、广播、电影等的〕音量

the particular quality that a singer’s or group’s music has

〔歌手或乐队特有的〕嗓音，音乐风格

We’re trying to develop a harder, funkier sound.

我们正尝试形成一种更硬朗的、节奏更强劲的音乐风格。

judging from what you have heard or read about something

By the sound of it, things are worse than we thought.

听起来，情况比我们原来想的还要糟。

to feel worried by something that you have heard or read

‘There’s been a slight change in our plans.’ ‘I don’t like the sound of that.’

“我们的计划有个小小的变动。”“这消息不大好啊。”

songs or music that are on a record,CD, or tape

〔唱片或录音带中的〕音乐

a narrow area of water that connects two larger areas of water


sound

[Sound](bold)  is a linking verb. This type of verb links the subject of the sentence with an adjective or noun: That sounds ridiculous. It sounds a good idea.

if something or someone sounds good, bad, strange etc, that is how they seem to you when you hear about them or read about them

伊斯坦布尔听起来真够刺激的。

$80 sounds about right for a decent hotel room.

一间像样的酒店房间80美元好像差不多了。

尼克听上去是个不错的家伙。

It sounds to me as if he needs professional help.

我觉得他似乎需要专业帮助。

It sounds like you had a good time on your trip.

I’ll come over to Richmond and take you out for dinner. [How does that sound](bold)(=used to ask someone what they think of your suggestion)?

我到里士满来，请你出去吃饭，怎么样？

faraway places with strange-sounding names

名字听起来怪怪的偏远地方

if a noise sounds like a particular thing, that is how it seems to you when you hear it

听起来〔像某个特定事物〕

To Thomas, her laugh sounded horribly like a growl.

对托马斯来说，她的笑声像吼叫，很吓人。

I heard [what sounded like](bold) fireworks.

The banging sounded as if it was coming from next door.

那砰的一声就像是从隔壁传来的。

It sounds like the dog wants to be let out.

if someone sounds tired, happy, sad etc, that is how they seem to you when you hear their voice

你没事吧？听你的声音像是累了。

Josie didn’t sound very keen when I spoke to her.

我跟乔茜说的时候她好像兴趣不大。

You sound just like my mother (=the things you say, opinions you express etc are just like the things my mother says).

你说话听起来就像我母亲。

to publicly give a warning or tell people to be careful

Several earlier studies had [sounded](bold) similar [warnings](bold).

早先的几次研究也提出过类似的警告。

I would, however, sound a note of caution.

然而，我想提醒大家小心。

Now it is an American economist who is [sounding the alarm](bold).

现在是一位美国的经济学家在提出警告。

if something such as a horn or bell sounds, or if you sound it, it makes a noise

（使）鸣响，（使）发出响声

She was unable to [sound the alarm](bold).

island中的字母s是不发音的。

[Sound](bold)  is usually passive in this meaning.

to measure the depth of the sea, a lake etc


sound

He was beginning to rely on her sound judgment.

Both these buyers have sound reasons for their choice.

The problems of industry will only be solved by sound economic policies.

Sometimes friendship is a sound basis for a good marriage.

The government encourages environmentally sound management of the countryside.

It was the ideologically sound thing to do.

sensible or good, and likely to produce the right results

这本书中有许多合理的建议。

a man of great integrity and sound judgement

一个非常正直、判断力强的人

someone who is sound can be depended on to make good decisions and give good advice

他在法律事务方面很有见地。

someone who is sound is a good person and can be trusted – used especially by young people

〔人〕好的，不错的〔尤为年轻人使用〕

My mum’s sound. She’d never throw me out.

我妈妈很讲理，她是绝不会轰我走的。

a sound understanding of money and banking systems

对货币和银行业体制的透彻理解

He has a sound grasp of European history.

他对欧洲历史有着透彻的理解。

in good condition and not damaged in any way

Is the building [structurally sound](bold)?

[sound as a bell](bold) BrE [spoken](special)(=in perfect condition)

[of sound mind](bold) [law](special)(=not mentally ill)

[sound as a bell](bold) BrE [spoken](special)(=in perfect health)

[sound sleeper](bold)(=someone who always sleeps well)


soup

They serve hot soup from mobile kitchens.

Lunch consisted of a thick vegetable soup.

A rich creamy potato soup starts the meal.

Homemade soup can be had for $2.50 a bowl.

Russell pushed his empty soup bowl away.

(=a spoon with a rounder part that you eat from than an ordinary spoon)

(=a large bowl with a lid, from which soup is served)

Ladle the soup into warm bowls and garnish with parsley.

cooked liquid food, often containing small pieces of meat, fish, or vegetables


sour

having a sharp acid taste, like the taste of a lemon or a fruit that is not ready to be eaten

雷切尔尝了尝葡萄酒，是酸的。

milk or other food that is sour is not fresh and has a bad taste

〔牛奶等〕馊的，有馊味的，酸臭的

In everyday English, people usually say milk [goes bad](bold)  or, in British English, [goes off](bold) , rather than [goes sour](bold) .

Eliza was tall and thin, with a rather sour face.

伊丽莎又高又瘦，脸上阴沉沉的。

if a relationship or plan turns or goes sour, it becomes less enjoyable, pleasant, or satisfactory

〔关系、计划等〕令人不快的

As time went by, their marriage [turned sour](bold).

随着时间流逝，他们的婚姻变了味。

The meeting ended on a [sour note](bold), with neither side able to reach agreement.

双方未能取得一致意见，会议不欢而散。

used to say that someone is pretending that they dislike something because they want it but cannot have it – used to show disapproval

酸葡萄〔指因得不到而装作不喜欢的心态，含贬义〕


sour

if a relationship or someone’s attitude sours, or if something sours it, it becomes unfriendly or unfavourable

（使）〔关系或态度〕变坏，（使）变得不友善

An unhappy childhood has soured her view of life.

不幸的童年扭曲了她的人生观。

if milk sours, or if something sours it, it begins to have an unpleasant sharp taste

（使）〔牛奶〕变酸，（使）变馊


source

(=a source that provides a lot of something)

People said television was their most useful source of local information.

The lead mines were once a major source of employment for the islanders.

In times of stress, food can be a great source of comfort.

It started as a hobby, but now it is his main source of income.

The university is exploring alternative funding sources.

We hope to see increased usage of renewable energy sources.

Slugs attack potatoes in late summer, when other food sources are disappearing.

First, you need to turn off the power source.

The statue is illuminated by a hidden light source.

a thing, place, activity etc that you get something from

They get their money from various sources.

Beans are a very good source of protein.

豆类是很好的蛋白质来源。

For me, music is a great source of enjoyment.

对我来说，音乐是快乐的重要源泉。

Is your pension taxed at source (=before it is paid to you)?

你的养老金是发放时扣税吗？

the cause of something, especially a problem, or the place where it starts

〔尤指问题的〕原因，根源，起源

The recent name change has been the source of some confusion.

最近的更名造成了一些混乱。

a person, book, or document that supplies you with information

List all your sources at the end of your essay.

在论文末尾列出你所有资料的出处。

I’ve heard from [reliable sources](bold) that the company is in trouble.

我从可靠的消息来源获知，那家公司遇上了麻烦。

the place where a stream or river starts


source

if goods are sourced from a particular place, they are obtained from that place

Fish for the restaurant is sourced daily from British ports.

这家餐馆的鱼是每天从英国的港口运来的。

to find out where something can be obtained

找出 …的来源；找 …的货源

也许我们能找出哪里可以买到这些零部件。


south

South  [n](bold) <[singular, U](bold)> written abbreviation: S

the direction that is at the bottom of a map of the world, below the Equator. It is on the right if you are facing the rising sun

By now, the army was approaching from the south.

此时，军队正从南面逼近。

Gatwick airport is a few miles to the south of London.

盖特威克机场在伦敦以南数英里处。

〔一国或地区的〕南方，南部

They lived in a small town in the south.

他们住在南方的一座小镇上。


south

South  [adj](bold) <[only before noun](bold)> written abbreviation: S

在南方的；向南的，朝南的

我目前在得克萨斯南部教书。


south

Most of the birds had already flown south.

伦敦以南99公里的一座海滨城镇

在英格兰南部；向英格兰南部

We moved down south about five years ago.

大约五年前我们迁居英格兰南部。

在美国南方（地区）；向美国南方（地区）

if a situation, organization, or set of standards goes south, it becomes very bad although it was once very good

It seems like all our moral standards have just gone south.

看来我们的道德标准都下降了。


southeast

[southeast](bold) adv. eg: We continued southeast to Kells.

Southeast  [n](bold) <[U](bold)> written abbreviation: SE

the direction that is exactly between south and east


southeast

Southeast  [adj](bold) written abbreviation: SE

a southeast wind comes from the southeast


southern

Southern  [adj](bold) written abbreviation: S

in or from the south of a country or area


southwest

[southwest](bold) adv. eg: The plane flew southwest toward Egypt.

Southwest  [n](bold) <[U](bold)> written abbreviation: SW

the direction that is exactly between south and west


southwest

Southwest  [adj](bold) written abbreviation: SW

a southwest wind comes from the southwest


souvenir

ˌsuːvəˈnɪə,ˈsuːvənɪə

an object that you buy or keep to remind yourself of a special occasion or a place you have visited

I bought a model of the Eiffel Tower [as a souvenir of](bold) Paris.

我买了一个埃菲尔铁塔模型作为去过巴黎的纪念品。

a souvenir programme from the Gala Concert


sovereign

a British gold coin used in the past that was worth £1

金镑〔英国旧时面值一英镑的金币〕


sovereign

〔国家内〕权力至高无上的

a sovereign country or state is independent and governs itself

〔国家〕主权独立的，有主权的，独立自主的


sow

[past tense](italic) [sowed](bold) [past participle](italic) [sown](bold) /səʊn/ US /soʊn/ or [past participle](italic) [sowed](bold)

to plant or scatter seeds on a piece of ground

这些地里过去种的是燕麦。

to do something that will cause a bad situation in the future

散布，激起〔会在将来产生不良影响的事物〕

repressive laws that are [sowing the seeds of](bold) future conflicts

给未来的冲突播下种子的高压法规

an attempt to sow doubt among the jury members

让陪审团成员产生怀疑的企图

if a man sows his wild oats, he has sex with many different women, especially when he is young

〔尤指男子年轻时〕生活放荡，滥交


spa

a place where the water has special minerals in it, and where people go to improve their health by drinking the water or swimming in it

一座历史上有名的矿泉城镇

a place where people go to improve their health and beauty, especially through swimming, exercise, beauty treatments etc

a bath or pool that sends currents of hot water around you


space

→ [breathing space](->breathing space) → [personal space](->personal space) [waste of space](bold) at → [waste](->waste) 1 sense 5 [watch this space](bold) at → [watch](->watch) 1 sense 11

There was only a small space between the car and the wall.

Nathan stood in the doorway, filling the narrow space.

It was difficult being together in such a confined space.

Another day we returned to find an empty space where the TV should have been.

Write your refund request in the blank space on Line 9.

Jack cleared a space for his newspaper on the table.

Decide what kind of table and chairs will fit best into the space.

The probe will continue its journey into deep space.

What will space travel be like in the future?

They are developing robots that can be used for space exploration.

The institute is a world leader in space research.

This technology was originally developed by the American space program.

Light takes time to travel across the vast reaches of space.

the amount of an area, room, container etc that is empty or available to be used

There’s space for a table and two chairs.

有放下一张桌子和两把椅子的地方。

[How much space](bold) is there on each disk?

Now that we’ve got three kids, it’d be nice to have a bit more space.

我们有三个孩子，地方能再大一点就好了。

He had [plenty of space](bold) to study.

The hedge [takes up](bold) too much [space](bold).

[sense/feeling of space](bold)(=the feeling that a place is large and empty, so you can move around easily)

In small homes, a single colour scheme can create a sense of space.

面积小的住宅采用单一色彩，可以营造宽敞的空间感。

an area, especially one used for a particular purpose

〔尤指有特定用途的〕空位，处所

a supermarket with 700 free [parking spaces](bold)

有700个免费停车位的超级市场

我们确实需要更多的储存空间。

the factory’s [floor space](bold)(=the size of the available floor area)

an empty place between two things, or between two parts of something

〔两物或某物两部分之间的〕空当，空隙，空地方

the space between the house and the garage

There was an empty space where the flowers had been.

以前种花的地方如今有一块空地。

the area beyond the Earth where the stars and planets are

第一个进入太空的美国人是谁？

creatures from [outer space](bold)(=far away in space)

Don’t say ‘the space’ in this meaning. You say: One day people will live in space.
Don’t say: [One day people will live in the space.](strike)

all of the area in which everything exists, and in which everything has a position or direction

the exact [point in space](bold) where two lines meet

两条线在空间中的确切交点

how people of other cultures think about [time and space](bold)

其他文化背景下的人对时空的概念

在一段 …的时间里，在 …期间

Mandy had four children in the space of four years.

曼迪在四年的时间里生了四个孩子。

They achieved a lot in a short space of time.

他们在短短的时间里取得了很大的成就。

land, or an area of land that has not been built on

a pleasant town centre with plenty of [open space](bold)

the [wide open spaces](bold) of the prairies

the loss of [green space](bold) in cities

the freedom to do what you want or do things on your own, especially in a relationship with someone else

〔个人的〕生活空间，个人自由〔尤指在与别人的关系里〕

We [give](bold) each other [space](bold) in our marriage.

我们在婚姻生活中给予对方自由空间。

She [needed](bold) time and [space](bold) to sort out her life.

她需要时间和私人空间来理顺自己的生活。

an empty area between written or printed words, lines etc

〔字、行等之间的〕间隔，空格

the width of a typed  letter of the alphabet

〔打字机打出的〕一个字母的宽度，格

a place provided for you to write your name or other information on a document, piece of paper etc

〔文件、纸张上等预留的〕空白处

Please write any comments in the space provided.

请把意见写在预留的空白处。

the amount of space in a newspaper, magazine, or book that is used for a particular subject

〔报纸或书刊中某一主题占用的〕篇幅

The story [got](bold) very little [space](bold) in the national newspapers.

这则报道在全国性报纸上所占的篇幅很小。

to look straight in front of you without looking at anything in particular, usually because you are thinking

〔通常因正在思考而〕凝视前方，茫然直视


space

to arrange objects or events so that they have equal spaces or periods of time between them

They used three microphones [spaced](bold) several yards [apart](bold).

他们用了三个麦克风，相互间隔几码的距离。

Try to space out your classes and study in between.

设法将上课时间排开，插空进行温习。

[be evenly spaced](bold)(=with equal spaces)

For security, use three evenly spaced bolts per post.

为了安全起见，每根杆子上要间距均匀地使用三个螺栓。

to stop paying attention and just look in front of you without thinking, especially because you are bored or have taken drugs

〔尤指因无聊或吸毒后〕变得昏昏沉沉，瞪着眼发呆

I completely spaced out during the lecture.

我听讲座时完全处于精神恍惚的状态。


spacious

a spacious house, room etc is large and has plenty of space to move around in


spade

a tool for digging that has a long handle and a broad metal blade that you push into the ground

a playing card belonging to the set of cards that have one or more black shapes that look like pointed leaves printed on them

to speak about things in a direct and honest way, even though it may be impolite to do this

Beauty, intelligence, wealth – my mother [had](bold) all of them [in spades](bold).

美貌、智慧、财富——这些在我母亲身上都有很好的体现。

a very offensive word for a black person. Do not use this word.


spaghetti

a type of pasta in very long thin pieces, that is cooked in boiling water

[spaghetti bolognaise](bold) BrE(=cooked spaghetti served with a meat and tomato sauce)


spare

a key etc that you keep in addition to the one you usually use, so that it is available if the one you usually use breaks, gets lost etc

带一条毛巾和一些备用的衣服。

not being used or not needed at the present time

你可以睡那间空着的客房。

I’ll go and see if there are any spare seats.

我去看看是否还有空余的座位。

A decline in beer sales had left the industry with [spare capacity](bold)(=the ability to produce more than can be sold).

啤酒销售量的下降使该行业出现产能闲置。

Eric spent every spare moment he had in the library.

埃里克一有空就泡在图书馆里。

coins of little value that you do not need and can give to other people

There are beggars on every corner asking for spare change.

每个拐角都有乞丐在讨零钱。

if something is going spare, it is available for you to have or use

I’ll have some of that cake if it’s going spare.

如果那蛋糕没有人要，我就吃一点。

爸爸要是知道的话会气坏的。

a spare style of writing, painting etc is plain or basic and uses nothing unnecessary

〔写作、绘画等风格〕简朴的，不加渲染的


spare

to make something such as time, money, or workers available for someone, especially when this is difficult for you to do

拨出，抽出，腾出〔时间、金钱或人手等〕

Sorry, I [can’t spare](bold) the [time](bold).

I’d like you to come over when you can spare a couple of hours.

我希望你在能空出几个钟头时过来一下。

We’re too busy to spare anyone to help you right now.

我们太忙了，现在腾不出人手来帮你。

[spare sb ten minutes/an hour etc](bold)

Could you possibly spare me a few moments in private (=used to ask someone if they have time to quickly talk to you)?

你能抽出一点时间私下和我谈几句吗？

It’s very kind of you to spare me so much of your time.

感谢你为我抽出那么多时间。

if you have money, time etc to spare, you have some left in addition to what you have used or need

Anyone who has time to spare and would like to help can contact Moira.

谁要是有时间愿意提供帮助，可以和莫伊拉联系。

They got to the airport with seconds to spare.

他们到机场时只剩一点点时间了。

spare sb the trouble/difficulty/pain etc (of doing sth)

to prevent someone from having to experience something difficult or unpleasant

免除某人（做某事）的麻烦/困难/痛苦等

I wanted to spare them the trouble of buying me a present.

我不想让他们费事给我买礼物了。

Thankfully, she had been spared the ordeal of surgery.

谢天谢地，她无须忍受手术的痛苦了。

to not damage or harm someone or something, even though other people or things are being damaged, killed, or destroyed

使免受〔损坏或伤亡〕，幸免

I could not understand why I had been spared and they had not.

我不明白为什么我得以幸免，而他们却没有。

the soldier who had [spared](bold) his [life](bold)

Today we will hear whether the school is to be spared from closure.

今天，我们将会得知这所学校是否能够得以幸免不被关闭。

to think about another person who is in a worse situation than you are

想一想某人，为某人想想〔某人的处境比你要糟〕

Spare a thought for Nick, who’s doing his exams right now.

想想尼克吧，他现在正在忙他的好几个考试呢。

to spend as much money or do everything necessary to make something really good or successful

No expense was spared in developing the necessary technology.

在开发必需的技术方面是不惜工本的。

No effort will be spared to bring the people responsible to justice.

将会尽一切努力把责任人绳之以法。

to not tell someone all the details about something, because it is unpleasant or boring

不对某人详谈（细节）〔以免使人不快或厌烦〕

He spared us the details, saying only that he had been injured in the war.

他没有告诉我们具体情况，只说他在战争中受了伤。

‘They own three houses. One in the country, one in ...’ ‘[Spare me](bold).’

to avoid doing something that would upset someone

Just tell me the truth. Don’t worry about sparing my feelings.

Before leaving the old town, spare another glance at the tower.

a bored waitress who scarcely spared them a glance

to avoid doing something that would embarrass someone


spare

an additional thing, for example a key, that you keep so that it is available

If you forget the key, Mrs Jones over the road has a spare.

如果你忘了带钥匙，路对面的琼斯太太有一把备用的。

The batteries are dead. Have you got any spares?

电池用完了。你有备用的吗？

〔车辆或机器的〕零件，备件


spark

[bright spark](bold) at → [bright](->bright) sense 11

a very small piece of burning material produced by a fire or by hitting or rubbing two hard objects together

The scrape of metal on metal sent up a [shower of sparks](bold).

金属之间互相摩擦，迸出一串火星。

a flash of light caused by electricity passing across a space

一根破损电线迸出的电火花

一点点兴趣/激动/怒气等

Rachel looked at her and felt a spark of hope.

蕾切尔看着她，感到了一线希望。

a small action or event that causes something to happen, especially trouble or violence

〔尤指骚乱或暴力的〕起因，导火线

The judge’s verdict provided the spark for the riots.

法官的裁决是这场暴乱的导火线。

Interest rate cuts were the spark the market needed.

降低利率是市场所需要的刺激。

a quality of intelligence or energy that makes someone successful or fun to be with

生气，活力；〔才智的〕焕发

She was tired, and lacked her usual spark.

她很累，没有了平时的活力。

McKellen’s performance gives the play its [spark of life](bold)(=quality of energy).

麦凯伦的表演给这出戏带来了生气。

The [sparks](bold) were really [flying](bold)(=people were arguing angrily) at the meeting!


spark

to be the cause of something, especially trouble or violence

引起，导致〔尤指骚乱或暴力〕

The police response sparked outrage in the community.

A discarded cigarette sparked a small brush fire.

一个乱扔的烟头引起了一场小小的灌木丛火灾。

to make someone feel interested, hopeful etc

激起某人的兴趣/希望/好奇心等

topics that spark children’s imaginations

to produce sparks of fire or electricity


sparkle

那水晶枝形吊灯闪闪发光。

if someone’s eyes sparkle, they seem to shine brightly, especially because the person is happy or excited

〔眼睛〕发亮，闪耀〔尤因快乐或兴奋〕

罗恩的眼睛里闪烁着激动的光芒。


sparkle

a bright shiny appearance, with small points of flashing light

a quality that makes something or someone seem interesting and full of life

the sparkle and zest of a live performance

if someone has a sparkle in their eyes, their eyes seem to shine, and you can see a feeling in them, especially happiness or excitement

There was a sparkle of fun in her brown eyes.

她那棕色的眼睛里闪烁着一丝顽皮的神情。


speak

speak for
speak of
speak out
speak to
speak up

[actions speak louder than words](bold) at → [action](->action) 1 sense 13 [the facts speak for themselves](bold) at → [fact](->fact) sense 8 [in a manner of speaking](bold) at → [manner](->manner) sense 5

to be able to talk in a foreign language

I learnt Spanish for years, but I still don’t speak it very well.

to be very good at speaking and understanding a foreign language, so that you can speak it almost as well as your own language

Applicants should be fluent in Cantonese.

to speak enough of a language to be able to buy things, ask for help etc

‘What’s your Italian like?’ ‘Not great, but I can get by.’

I’ve just bought a book called ‘Get by in Portuguese'.

to speak or learn to speak a small but useful amount of a language

While I was in Bali, I picked up a smattering of Indonesian.

Speaking personally, yes, this is a worry.

Strictly speaking, the tomato is a fruit.

Generally speaking, the results have been good.

These innovations are, roughly speaking, what this book is about.

Relatively speaking, property there is still cheap.

Speaking as a medical man, I'd advise you to take some exercise every day.

[past tense](italic) [spoke](bold) /spəʊk/ US /spoʊk/ [past participle](italic) [spoken](bold) /ˈspəʊkən/ US /ˈspoʊ-/

‘Hello, may I speak to Jim Smith?’ ‘Yes, speaking(=used on the telephone)’.

“喂，请让吉姆·史密斯听电话好吗？”“对，我就是。”

I know her by sight, but [not to speak to](bold)(=not well enough to talk to her).

我只是认得她，但没跟她说过话。

I haven’t spoken to Steve about all this.

我还没跟史蒂夫谈过这一切。

They did not want to speak with reporters.

It was the first time she had ever spoken of marriage.

to be able to talk in a particular language

I [don’t speak a word of](bold) French (=do not speak any French at all).

Several children in the class can’t speak English.

班上有几个小孩不会讲英语。

Jones spoke at the teachers’ annual convention.

She asked me to speak to her students about my work in marketing.

她请我给她的学生讲讲我的市场营销工作。

只有一位议员发言反对那项议案。

to say something that expresses your ideas or opinions

表达，表明〔观点或意见〕

[speak as a parent/teacher/democrat etc](bold)

He emphasized that he was speaking as a private citizen, not in any official capacity.

他强调，他是以公民身份，而不是以任何官方的身份在说话。

[speak well/highly/ill of sb](bold)(=say good or bad things about someone)

[strictly/generally/roughly speaking](bold)(=used when expressing an idea that you think is exactly true, generally true etc)

Strictly speaking, it’s my money, not yours. I earned it.

严格说来，这是我的钱，不是你的。是我挣来的。

used when you are saying something in words that do not have their usual meaning

可以说，就是说〔用于所说的话不是平常的意思时〕

We have to pull down the barriers, so to speak, of poverty.

可以说，我们必须摧毁贫困的障碍。

to tell people exactly what you think, even if it offends them

He was a tough politician who wasn’t afraid to speak his mind.

他是一个态度强硬、敢于直言的政治家。

be not speaking/not be on speaking terms

if two people are not speaking, they do not talk to each other, usually because they have argued

彼此不说话，互不理睬〔一般因为吵过架〕

He was not on speaking terms with his brother or sisters.

他和弟弟、姐妹互不说话。

if something speaks volumes, it clearly shows the nature of something or the feelings of a person

充分证明，清楚表明（某事）

if a group of people speak with one voice, they all express the same opinion

On this issue, the 12 organizations spoke with one voice.

在这个问题上，这十二个组织的意见完全一致。

if two people or groups speak the same language, they have similar attitudes and opinions

有共同语言〔表示两个人或团体的态度意见相近〕

to say something when you do not have the right or authority to say it


speaker

(=someone who makes speeches after formal meals)

As every after-dinner speaker knows, a joke or two is always much appreciated.

The guest speaker will be the Secretary of State for Health.

the keynote speaker at the seminar, Dr Paul Messina

someone who makes a formal speech to a group of people

the [guest speaker](bold) at the conference

The [keynote speaker](bold)(=main or most important speaker) was Robert Venturi, the architect.

主要发言人是建筑师罗伯特·文图里。

[after-dinner speaker](bold)(=someone who makes a speech after a formal meal)

someone who speaks a particular language

Some English words are difficult for speakers of other languages.

一些英语单词对讲其他语言的人来说是很难的。

the part of a radio,sound system etc where the sound comes out

〔收音机、音响系统等的〕扬声器

Pay attention to the body language of the speaker.

an official who controls discussions in a parliament

the politician who controls discussions in the House of Representatives in the US Congress


special

not ordinary or usual, but different in some way and often better or more important

a special place in the classroom for reading

The good china was used only on [special occasions](bold).

这些精美瓷器只在特殊场合使用。

Each village has its [own special](bold) charm.

每一座村子都有其独特的魅力。

Are you doing anything special for Christmas?

你过圣诞节有什么特别活动吗？

particularly important to someone and deserving attention, love etc

几个特别要好的朋友来参加的派对

a teacher who made every child [feel special](bold)

让每个孩子都感觉自己受重视的教师

Her second son [had a special place in](bold) her [heart](bold).

次子在她心里占有特别重要的位置。

a special position or job has a particular purpose or aim, and continues only until that purpose or aim is achieved

〔身份或工作〕特设的；有专门作用[目的]的

Mitchell acted as a special envoy in the Northern Ireland peace talks.

米切尔在北爱尔兰和平谈判中充当特使。

Pay special attention to how you clean the wound.

你要格外注意如何清洁伤口。


special

something that is not usual or ordinary, and is made or done for a special purpose

有关大选的一档电视特别节目

a lower price than usual for a particular product for a short period of time

Breyer’s ice cream is on special this week.

布瑞尔店的冰激凌本周特价。


specialist

someone who knows a lot about a particular subject, or is very skilled at it

an attorney who is a specialist in banking law

a doctor who knows more about one particular type of illness or treatment than other doctors


speciality

a type of food that a person, restaurant, or area is well known for

〔某人、餐馆或地方的〕特色食品

The restaurant offers a wide variety of local specialities.

这家餐厅提供各种本地的特色菜。

a subject or job that you know a lot about or have a lot of experience of

Preston’s speciality was night photography.

普雷斯顿的专长是夜间摄影。


specialize

BrE also: specialise  [v](bold) <[I](bold)>

to limit all or most of your study, business etc to a particular subject or activity

专门研究，专门从事，专攻


specialized

trained, designed, or developed for a particular purpose, type of work, place etc

为特定工作而进行的专门训练

the [highly specialized](bold) plants that live in desert areas

生长在沙漠地区的高度特化的植物


specially

for one particular purpose, and only for that purpose

The boats are specially built for the disabled.

这些船是专门为残疾人制造的。

much more than usual, or much more than other people or things


special needs

needs that someone has because they have mental or physical problems

〔智障或残障者的〕特殊需要


species

(=used about a species of which there are very few still alive, so that it may soon not exist)

The park is a sanctuary for 41 endangered species.

Elephants are a protected species in Indonesia.

The area contains many rare species of plants.

Here you will see most of the common species of African wildlife.

About a hundred species are becoming extinct every day.

(=not known about before, or not existing before )

A new species of spider has been discovered in a field in Cambridgeshire.

(=having always been in a particular country)

Desert broom is a species native to Arizona.

You can see many different bird species on the canal.

This species is found only in the Southern Hemisphere.

Many rainforest species cannot live anywhere else.

a group of animals or plants whose members are similar and can breed together to produce young animals or plants

Seven species of birds of prey have been observed.

pandas and other [endangered species](bold)(=ones that may soon no longer exist)


specific

a specific thing, person, or group is one particular thing, person, or group

a specific example of alcohol’s effect on the body

酒精对身体影响的具体例子

Mr Howarth gave us very specific instructions.

豪沃思先生给了我们很明确的指示。

Could you be more specific about what you’re looking for?

你能否更详细地说说你要找什么？

limited to or affecting only one particular thing

仅限于某事物的，只对某事物有影响的


specific

[give/go into/provide etc specifics](bold)

Thurman was reluctant to go into specifics about the deal.

瑟曼不愿详谈交易的细节。

a drug that has an effect only on one particular disease


specifically

relating to or intended for one particular type of person or thing only

advertising that specifically targets children

I specifically asked you not to do that!

我明确地要求过你不要那样做！

used when you are adding more exact information

Specifically, the department wanted answers to the following questions.

具体来说，部门里希望以下问题得到解决。


specification

a detailed instruction about how a car, building, piece of equipment etc should be made

〔汽车、建筑、设备等的〕规格说明，明细规范

[build/manufacture/produce sth to ... specifications](bold)

The airport building had been constructed to FAA specifications.

机场大楼是按联邦航空局的设计规格建造的。

The bolts [met](bold) all the engineering [specifications](bold).

这些螺栓符合所有的工程设计规格。

a clear statement of what is needed or wanted

a specification of what role each member will play

每名成员担当什么角色的具体说明

[job specification](bold)(=a detailed description of what a job involves)


specify

[past tense and past participle](italic) [specified](bold) [present participle](italic) [specifying](bold) [third person singular](italic) [specifies](bold)

to state something in an exact and detailed way

具体指明；明确说明；详述

Payments will be made for a specified number of months.

款项将在规定的几个月内支付。

Regulations specify how long maintenance crews can work.

条例明确规定了维修人员的工作时长。

The rules clearly specify that competitors must not accept payment.

规则清楚地说明参赛者不得接受报酬。


specimen

a small amount or piece that is taken from something, so that it can be tested or examined

〔用于测试或检验的〕样品，样本；标本

a single example of something, often an animal or plant

a very fine specimen of 12th-century glass

a person you are describing in a particular way – used humorously

某种类型的人， …家伙〔幽默用法〕

Her boyfriend is an impressive physical specimen.

她的男朋友是体形很健美的那种人。


spectacle

精彩的表演；壮观的场面[景象]

盛大的多媒体舞蹈歌剧表演

an unusual or interesting thing or situation that you see or notice – used especially in order to show disapproval

不同寻常的事[现象]〔尤含贬义〕

The trial was turned into a [public spectacle](bold).

审判变成了一场公开的闹剧。

the spectacle of drunken young men on the streets

to behave in an embarrassing way that is likely to make other people notice you and laugh at you


spectacular

壮观的；精彩的；令人印象深刻的

a mountainous area with spectacular scenery

The news caused a spectacular fall in the stock market.

这一消息引起了股市的暴跌。


spectacular

an event or performance that is very large and impressive

盛况，壮观的场面；盛大的演出


spectator

someone who is watching an event or game

〔活动或体育比赛的〕观看者，观众

The match attracted over 40,000 spectators.

这场比赛吸引了四万多名观众。


spectrum

a complete range of opinions, people, situations etc, going from one extreme to its opposite

〔观点、人、情况等的〕范围，幅度

The bill drew support from across the political spectrum.

这项议案得到了各个政治派别的支持。

a broad spectrum of environmental groups

The two articles here represent [opposite ends of the spectrum](bold).

这里的两篇文章代表了两个极端的观点。

the set of bands of coloured light into which a beam of light separates when it is passed through a prism

a complete range of radio, sound etc waves


speculate

to guess about the possible causes or effects of something, without knowing all the facts or details

Jones refused to speculate about what might happen.

琼斯拒绝猜测可能会发生什么事情。

Some analysts speculated that jobs will be lost.

一些分析家推测工作职位将会减少。

to buy goods, property,shares in a company etc, hoping that you will make a large profit when you sell them


speculation

A government official yesterday dismissed the reports as ‘pure speculation’.

The reason for his resignation was the subject of intense speculation.

There was widespread speculation about his political plans.

The move has prompted renewed speculation that an election will be held in April.

She appealed for an end to press speculation about her marriage.

This development led to speculation that she was about to resign.

The announcement has fueled speculation that the company will be the target of a takeover bid.

He dismissed speculation that he might run for president.

Smith has ended speculation about his future by signing a new contract.

The precise nature of the deal is a matter for speculation.

His role in the affair has been the subject of speculation in the press.

when you guess about the possible causes or effects of something without knowing all the facts, or the guesses that you make

There is speculation that the president is ill.

The witness’s statement was [pure speculation](bold)(=not based on any knowledge).

这名证人的陈述纯粹是猜测。

[wild/idle speculation](bold)(=speculation that is unlikely to be true)

when you try to make a large profit by buying goods, property,shares etc and then selling them


speech

→ [direct speech](->direct speech) → [figure of speech](->figure of speech) → [indirect speech](->indirect speech) → [part of speech](->part of speech) → [reported speech](->reported speech) [speech bubble](bold) at → [bubble](->bubble) 1 sense 4 [freedom of speech](bold) at → [freedom](->freedom) sense 1

a talk, especially a formal one about a particular subject, given to a group of people

The bridegroom usually makes a speech after the wedding.

In her speech, she proposed major changes to the welfare system.

a speech that a very important person gives to a large group of people

He was surrounded by security officers as he made his address.

an occasion when someone speaks to a group of people giving them information about a particular subject or about their experiences

I went to an interesting talk on the wildlife of Antarctica.

He’s been asked to give a talk about his trip to India.

a talk, especially on an  subject and given to students in a university

a lecture on 17th-century French literature

a talk in which you describe or explain a new product or idea, especially one you give for your company

I had to give a presentation to the board of directors.

He's making a presentation to the management of a well-known manufacturing company.

a talk given by a priest or a religious leader

The vicar preached a sermon about the need for forgiveness.

a spoken or written announcement that someone makes in public, often to

The minister issued a short statement in which he said he had no plans to resign.

She gave a speech at the party conference.

The president delivered a major speech to Congress yesterday.

The chairman opened the meeting with a brief speech.

She made impassioned speeches on civil rights.

(=showing emotions, especially by crying)

On retiring, she delivered an emotional farewell speech.

(=having a strong effect on people’s opinions)

He gave a powerful speech calling for unity.

(=making people feel excited and eager to do something)

Thousands of people were inspired by his stirring speeches.

This was her first major speech as party leader.

(=their first one in an important political job)

He said all the right things in his inaugural speech.

(=when they accept a political job, a prize, or an award)

In his acceptance speech, he paid tribute to his wife.

He gets paid a lot for making after-dinner speeches.

The prime minister will make his keynote speech at the conference today.

She began writing political speeches for local politicians.

Eisenhower was careful in his campaign speeches to use only the vaguest of phrases.

Each child had to give a short speech to the rest of the class.

每个孩子都必须在全班同学面前作一个简短的演讲。

He has to make a lot of [after-dinner speeches](bold).

关于对华关系的一次重要讲话

Collins gave the [keynote speech](bold)(=most important speech).

只有人类才具备说话能力。

spoken language rather than written language

In speech we use a smaller vocabulary than in writing.

口语使用的词汇量比书面语使用的少。

the particular way in which someone speaks

Bob’s speech was slurred, and he sounded drunk.

鲍勃说话含糊不清，听起来像是喝醉了酒。

a set of lines that an actor must say in a play


speed

[full speed/steam ahead](bold) at → [full](->full) 1 sense 18

He increased his speed until he was running flat out.

The Mercedes was gradually picking up speed.

The trains will reach speeds of 140 mph.

The aircraft is designed to maintain a steady speed.

She reduced speed as she approached the village.

The engine made a strange sound and we lost speed.

The average wind speed will be about 14 knots.

(=the speed of a plane in relation to the air around it)

Even at low speed, an accident could mean serious injury for a child.

(=running, driving etc as fast as possible)

He moved with his usual lightning speed.

New speed restrictions have been introduced.

(=designed to photograph vehicles going too fast)

Most GPS systems will warn you when there are speed cameras.

the rate at which something moves or travels

The truck was travelling [at a speed of](bold) 50 mph.

卡车正在以50英里的时速行驶。

particles that travel at the speed of light.

In everyday English, people usually talk about how [fast](bold)  something or someone is rather than using the noun [speed](bold) :

[[What speed](bold) was he going?](strike)

the rate at which something happens or is done

〔事件发生或进行的〕速度

The population was growing at great speed.

The women’s basketball team has talent, speed, and power.

这支女子篮球队天赋、速度和力量兼备。

the degree to which photographic film is sensitive to light

the time it takes for a camera shutter to open and close

an illegal drug that makes you very active

苯丙胺，脱氧麻黄碱，快速丸〔一种兴奋剂〕

having the latest information or knowledge about something

Some school officials are only now [getting up to speed](bold) regarding computers.

有些学校官员在计算机方面现在才刚刚跟上形势。

John will [bring](bold) you [up to speed](bold)(=tell you the latest information).

约翰将会为你介绍最新情况。


speed

[past tense and past participle](italic) [sped](bold) /sped/ or [past tense and past participle](italic) [speeded](bold)

汽车在尘土飞扬的公路上疾驰。

to take someone or something somewhere very quickly

一辆救护车把她快速送往医院。

to be driving faster than the legal limit

I got [caught speeding](bold) on the A40 yesterday.

昨天我在A40号干线公路上超速行驶被逮到。

这个消息应该会加快他的康复速度。


spell

[past tense and past participle](italic) [spelt](bold) /spelt/ ([especially BrE](bold)) or [past tense and past participle](italic) [spelled](bold) ([especially AmE](bold))

to form a word by writing or naming the letters in order

Pupils should know how to spell commonly used words.

小学生应该知道常用词的拼法。

if a situation or action spells trouble etc, it makes you expect trouble etc

招致[带来]麻烦/灾难/危险等

The lack of rain could spell disaster for farmers.

缺少雨水会给农民带来灾难。

to do someone else’s work for them for a short period so that they can rest

暂时代替〔某人工作，以便让他休息〕

如果你累了，我可以替你一会儿。


spell

She found an ancient book of magic spells.

The people still believe in evil spells.

Suddenly everyone froze, as if a wizard had cast a spell on them.

She wove a spell, so that he slept forever and never grew old.

The fairy put a terrible spell on the princess.

After a brief spell in a florist's shop, she became a hairdresser.

We have just had a long spell of unusually dry weather.

Keep fuchsias well watered during prolonged dry spells in summer.

There was a very cold spell in late November.

(=one when you feel unable to stand steadily and your head feels unclear)

She must have had a dizzy spell and fallen.

The team had some good spells during the match.

We've had quite a quiet spell at work recently.

a piece of magic that someone does, or the special words or ceremonies used in doing it

[put/cast a spell on sb](bold)(=do a piece of magic to change someone)

The kiss of the prince [broke](bold) the [spell](bold)(=stopped the magic from working).

The whole town seemed to be under a spell.

整个小镇都像中了魔法似的。

a period of a particular kind of activity, weather, illness etc, usually a short period

〔某种活动、天气、疾病等的〕一段时间〔通常时间较短〕

After a brief spell in the army, I returned to teaching.

我在部队里待了一阵子，又回来教书了。

Water the young plants carefully during dry spells.

干燥无雨的时候要细心地给幼苗浇水。

a day of [sunny spells](bold) and scattered showers

He began to suffer from [dizzy spells](bold).

a power that attracts, interests, and influences you very strongly

an ancient city that still [casts](bold) its [spell over](bold) travellers

对旅游者依然具有魔力的一座古城

to make someone stop paying all their attention to something, or to make a time stop feeling special

（使）停止着魔状态，（使）走出入迷状态

He lay still, not wanting to break the spell.

他静静地躺着，不想结束这魔幻般的美妙时刻。


spelling

the act of spelling words correctly, or the ability to do this

an essay full of [spelling mistakes](bold)

她很快就正确地拼了出来。


spend

I bought two skirts and a T-shirt and I only spent $50.

to spend all of an amount of money over a period of time – used especially when saying that someone spends a lot of money

I got through all my money in less than a month, and had to get my parents to send me more.

to spend a lot of money in order to do something, because you think it is important or special

The party was wonderful – they had obviously gone to great expense.

to waste money on unnecessary things, instead of saving it or using it carefully

His son had squandered the family fortune on gambling and women.

to spend a lot of money on something you really want or will enjoy

Let’s splash out on a bottle of champagne.

People often splash out for Christmas and then regret it later.

to spend a lot of money on something, especially on something that you do not really need

Her husband blew all their savings on a new sports car.

We’re trying to economize by eating at home instead of going out for meals.

[past tense and past participle](italic) [spent](bold) /spent/

to use your money to pay for goods or services

I can’t afford to [spend](bold) any more [money](bold) this week.

这星期我再也花不起钱了。

我只想花20美元左右的钱。

More money should be spent on education.

在教育上应该投入更多的钱。

妈妈从来都不在自己身上花钱。

The repairs cost a lot, but it’s [money well spent](bold)(=a sensible way of spending money).

修理费很高，但这是该花的钱。

You [spend](bold)  money [on](bold)  something: I don’t spend much on clothes.
Don’t say: [I don’t spend much for clothes.](strike)

to use time doing a particular thing or pass time in a particular place

I want to spend more time with my family.

我想花更多的时间和家人在一起。

We’ll have to spend the night in a hotel.

我们将不得不在宾馆过夜。

他的童年是在巴西度过的。

Stacey spends all her free time painting.

斯泰茜把所有的空余时间都用来绘画。

to stay for the night and have sex with someone

和某人过夜〔指发生性关系〕

if someone spends the night at someone’s house, they sleep at that person’s house for a night

She spent the night at a friend’s house.

她在一位朋友家里过了一夜。

I love to cook, but I don’t feel like spending the energy every evening.

我喜欢烹饪，但不愿意每天晚上都花精力去做。

to urinate – used when you want to avoid saying this directly


spend

the amount of money spent by a company, organization, or person on something – used especially in business

I was just totting up our advertising spend in the last four or five weeks.


spending

the amount of money that is spent, especially by a government or other organization

Company spending on staff benefits has been cut dramatically in recent years.

There has been a huge increase in government spending.

the amount of money that a government, organization, or person spends during a particular period of time – used especially in official documents or reports

British defence expenditure was consistently high during this period.

Expenditure on advertising has gone down.

the money that a person or organization has to spend on heating, rent, wages etc

Falling sales have forced companies to cut costs.

the money that you spend on things that you need, for example on food, rent, and travel

Living expenses are much higher in New York.

I kept a record of all my travel expenses so that I could claim them back.

the money that someone has to spend regularly on rent, bills, food etc for their home or business

The outgoings on a house this size are very high.

the amount of money that someone must spend when they first start a new business or activity

The initial outlay on machinery was quite high.

the money that a business spends regularly on rent, insurance, and other things that are needed to keep the business operating

In London, small businesses often have high overheads.

The government is determined to keep public spending under control.

They called for increased government spending on education.

He said his goal could be reached by slashing federal spending.

There are some signs that consumer spending is beginning to pick up.

Further cuts in defence spending are being considered.

Should there be stricter limits on campaign spending?

He has increased public spending and raised taxes.

the amount of money spent, especially by a government or organization

〔尤指政府或组织的〕支出，开销，花费


sphere

After the war, women refused to return quietly to the private sphere.

Unions became more active in the political sphere.

Will the reform programme be extended beyond the economic sphere?

More women started to be trained for tasks outside the domestic sphere.

The following chapter considers the influence of factors in the wider social sphere.

a particular area of activity, work, knowledge etc

〔活动、工作、知识等的〕范围，领域

television’s increasing role in the political sphere

电视在政治领域中越来越重要的作用

Women have often been excluded from positions of power in the public sphere.

女性常常被排除在公共领域的实权职位之外。

a person’s, country’s, organization’s etc sphere of influence is the area where they have power to change things

某人/某事物的势力范围，某人/某事物的影响所及的范围


spice

[variety is the spice of life](bold) at → [variety](->variety) sense 5

a type of powder or seed, taken from plants, that you put into food you are cooking to give it a special taste

〔从植物中提取用于烹调的〕香料

interest or excitement that is added to something

〔为某事增添的〕趣味，情趣，风味


spice

also: [spice up](bold)  [v](bold) <[T](bold)>

to add interest or excitement to something

Millions have bought the book to spice up their sex lives.

许许多多的人都买了这本书为他们的性生活增添乐趣。


spicy

food that is spicy has a pleasantly strong taste, and gives you a pleasant burning feeling in your mouth

〔食物〕加有香料的；辛辣的

a story or picture that is spicy is slightly shocking or rude because it tells about or shows something relating to sex

〔故事或图片〕色情的，粗俗的


spider

(=the network of threads a spider makes)

A spider had spun a web between the bars of the gate.

A huge spider just crawled under that chair.

The spider was scuttling towards the door.

He was bitten by a tropical spider in a bunch of bananas.

a small creature with eight legs, which catches insects using a fine network of sticky threads

a computer program that searches the Internet for the best websites with the information you want, so that you can find it quickly


spike

something long and thin with a sharp point, especially a pointed piece of metal

a sudden large increase in the number or rate of something

shoes with metal points on the bottom, worn by people who run races, play golf etc

a pair of women’s shoes with very high thin heels


spike

to secretly add strong alcohol or a drug to someone’s drink or food

在 …里偷偷掺入〔烈酒或药物〕

The orange juice had been spiked with gin.

if the number or rate of something spikes, it increases quickly and by a large amount

New telephone orders have spiked in the last two years.

新装电话订单在过去两年里激增。

to push a sharp tool or object into something

to prevent someone from saying something or printing something in a newspaper

阻止 …在报纸上发表〔言论〕

a clumsy attempt to spike rumours of a cabinet split

企图阻止在报纸上传播内阁分裂谣言的笨拙做法

to powerfully throw an American football down on the ground to celebrate a touchdown

摔球在地〔美式橄榄球中，达阵后把球用力摔在地上表示庆贺〕

to powerfully hit a volleyball down over the net


spill

[cry over spilt milk](bold) at → [cry](->cry) 1 sense 3

[past tense and past participle](italic) [spilt](bold) /spɪlt/ ([especially BrE](bold)) or [past tense and past participle](italic) [spilled](bold) ([especially AmE](bold))

if you spill a liquid, or if it spills, it accidentally flows over the edge of a container

（使）〔液体〕溢出[泼洒，溅出]

Oh no! I’ve spilt coffee all down my shirt!

糟糕，我把咖啡洒得满衬衫都是！

He slipped and the wine spilled all over the carpet.

他脚下一滑，酒洒了一地毯。

if people or things spill out of somewhere, they move or fall out in large numbers

Crowds from the theatre were spilling onto the street.

人群从戏院里出来，涌到街上。

to tell something that someone else wanted you to keep a secret

to tell someone all about your private life, or about a personal secret

把私生活[个人秘密]全部告诉某人


spill

when you spill something, or an amount of something that is spilled

the enormous oil spill off the southern tip of the Shetland Islands

设得兰群岛南端附近海域大量的溢油

〔从马、自行车等上的〕摔落

Tyson broke a rib when he [took](bold) a [spill](bold) on his motorcycle.

泰森从摩托车上摔下来，断了一根肋骨。


spin

[past tense and past participle](italic) [spun](bold) /spʌn/ [present participle](italic) [spinning](bold)

to turn around and around very quickly, or to make something do this

飞机的螺旋桨在快速旋转。

She grabbed Norm’s arm and spun him around to face her.

她抓住诺姆的胳膊将他转过来面对她。

if your head or the room is spinning, you feel as if you might faintbecome unconscious because you are shocked, excited, or drunk

〔因震惊、兴奋或醉酒〕某人头都晕了，某人感到天旋地转

I was pouring with sweat, and my head was spinning.

to describe a situation or information in a way that is intended to influence the way people think about it – used especially about what politicians or business people do

有倾向地陈述〔尤用于指政客和商人所做的事〕

Supporters attempted to spin the bill’s defeat to their advantage.

支持者试图用对自己有利的说法来解释议案被否决一事。

to tell a story, especially using a lot of imagination

She spun a story about a trip to Athens to meet one of the authors.

她编了一个故事，说是去雅典见了其中的一位作者。

to make cotton, wool etc into thread by twisting it

将〔棉花、羊毛等〕纺成〔线〕，纺〔线〕

Barbara spun past in her new sports car.

芭芭拉开着她那辆新跑车飞驰而过。

to continue trying to do something without having any success

I felt like I was just spinning my wheels trying to make him understand.

我感觉想要让他明白简直是在白费力气。

to get water out of clothes using a machine after you have washed them

〔用机器〕甩干；使脱水，旋干

if a spider or insect spins a web or cocoon, it produces thread to make it

〔蜘蛛〕吐丝结网；〔昆虫〕吐丝作茧


spin

The Russian skater finished her routine with a series of spins.

这名俄罗斯滑冰运动员以一连串的快速旋转结束了全套动作。

Let’s [go for a spin](bold) in the country.

我们开车到乡下去兜兜风吧。

Do you want to [take](bold) my car [for a spin](bold)?

你想开我的车去兜兜风吗？

if you put spin on a ball in a game such as tennis or cricket, you deliberately make the ball turn very quickly so that it is difficult for your opponent to hit

〔网球、板球等的〕旋转（球）

the way someone, especially a politician or business person, talks about information or a situation, especially in order to influence the way people think about it

〔尤指政客或商人的〕导向性陈述，带倾向性的说法

They tried to [put a](bold) positive [spin on](bold) the sales figures.

if an aircraft goes into a spin, it falls suddenly, turning around and around

if you are in a spin, you are very confused and anxious

The sudden fall on the stock market sent brokers into a spin.

股市突然下跌使经纪人惊慌失措。

to turn clothes around very fast in a machine to remove water from them

〔用机器〕给衣服脱水，把衣服甩干


spine

the row of bones down the centre of your back that supports your body and protects your spinal cord

a stiff sharp point on an animal or plant

the part of a book that the pages are fastened onto


spiral

a line in the form of a curve that winds around a central point, moving further away from the centre all the time

a process, usually a harmful one, in which something gradually but continuously gets worse or better

螺旋式过程〔持续恶化或改善〕

Unemployment rose and the city went into a spiral of decline.

失业率上升，城市持续走下坡路。

a situation in which wages and prices rise continuously because the level of inflation is high


spiral

[spiralling](bold) ([BrE,](bold)) [ spiraling](bold) ([AmE](bold)) adj. eg: the spiralling cost of legal services

[past tense and past participle](italic) [spiralled](bold) [present participle](italic) [spiralling](bold) ([BrE](bold)) [past tense and past participle](italic) [spiraled](bold) [present participle](italic) [spiraling](bold) ([AmE](bold))

to move in a continuous curve that gets nearer to or further from its central point as it goes round

The damaged plane spiralled to the ground.

if a situation spirals, it gets worse, more violent etc in a way that cannot be controlled

Crime has [spiraled out of control](bold).

犯罪活动激增，已经失控。

if debt or the cost of something spirals, it increases quickly in a way that cannot be controlled