careless

→ Do not use ‘careless’ to mean that someone has no worries. Use [carefree](bold)[They all felt happy and carefree.](italic)

not paying enough attention to what you are doing, so that you make mistakes, damage things etc

It was careless of you to leave your purse lying about.

He started getting careless about taking his medication.

often dropping or breaking things because you move around in a careless way

I’m so clumsy, I spilt milk all over the floor.

careless and lazy in the way you do your work or in your behaviour generally

As a student, he was brilliant but sloppy.

doing dangerous or stupid things without thinking about your own or other people’s safety

The driver of the car was arrested for reckless driving.

His actions showed a reckless disregard for human life.

careless in a way that might affect other people, especially when you should be taking care of them

It’s irresponsible for parents to let their children smoke.

his irresponsible attitude to keeping animals

carelessly saying something that upsets or embarrasses someone, without intending to do this

He kept making tactless remarks about her appearance.

I thought it would be tactless to ask about her divorce.

not being careful enough about something and treating it as though it is not important

He seems to have a very casual attitude towards his work.

She disliked the casual way in which he made decisions affecting other people’s lives.

careless about something that you are responsible for, so that serious mistakes are made – used especially when someone will be officially punished for this

The doctor was negligent in using the wrong type of needle.

They found him guilty of negligent conduct.

不小心的，粗心的，疏忽的

It was careless of him to leave the door unlocked.

他忘了锁门，真是粗心大意。

He’s careless with his glasses and has lost three pairs.

他用眼镜很马虎，已经丢掉三副了。

[Careless talk](bold) can be disastrous for a business.

谈话不慎有时会给企业带来灾难性的损失。

natural and not done with any deliberate effort or attention

He ran a hand through his hair with a careless gesture.

他漫不经心地理了理头发。


carer

someone who looks after an old or ill person at home

〔在家照料年老、生病等人的〕照料者


caretaker

someone whose job is to look after a building, especially a school

〔尤指学校等建筑物的〕管理员

someone who looks after a house or land while the person who owns it is not there

〔主人不在时照料其房地产的〕看管人

a manager, government etc that is in charge for a short period of time until another manager or government is chosen

代理经理/看守政府/临时老板等

someone who looks after other people, especially a teacher, parent, nurse etc

照看人，看护人，监护人〔尤指老师、父母、护士等〕


cargo

[plural](italic) cargos or [plural](italic) cargoes

the goods that are being carried in a ship or plane

〔船或飞机装载的〕（一批）货物

A ship carrying a cargo of oil has run aground.


caring

thinking about what other people need or want and trying to help them

→see THESAURUS at [kind](->kind) 2   →see THESAURUS at [sympathetic](->sympathetic)

The school aims to provide a caring environment.

学校力求提供一个充满关怀的环境。

involving the job of looking after other people

Many of [the caring professions](bold) are badly paid.

护理行业中有很多工作的报酬都很低。

More men are taking on a [caring role](bold).

更多的男性担当了照料者的角色。


carnival

a public event at which people play music, wear special clothes, and dance in the streets

里约热内卢举行狂欢节的时候

a [carnival atmosphere](bold) in the town

a noisy outdoor event at which you can ride on special machines and play games for prizes

a school event at which students play games for prizes

〔学校的〕游园会，嘉年华

莎士比亚笔下丰富生动的意象


car park

a place with spaces for people to park their cars, either outside or in a building

I parked in the car park next to the hospital.

The hotel has an underground parking lot.

a building containing a car park of several levels

The car park was a huge concrete multistorey.

a multi-storey car park or an indoor, often underground, car park

I scraped the car leaving the parking garage.

There wasn’t a single parking space available.

an indoor place for parking a car, attached to a house

an area where people can park their cars

an enclosed building in a public place where people can park their cars


carpenter

someone whose job is making and repairing wooden objects


carpet

→ [magic carpet](->magic carpet) [sweep/brush sth under the carpet](bold) at → [sweep](->sweep) 1 sense 15

(=cut to fit a room, and fixed to the floor)

Every room in the house had thick wall-to-wall carpets.

The thick carpet felt warm under her feet.

It was a dingy room with a threadbare carpet.

(=cut it to fit a room and fix it to the floor)

Will it cost extra to have the carpet fitted?

heavy woven material for covering floors or stairs, or a piece of this material

我卧室里的地毯是绿色的。

All the rooms had [fitted carpets](bold)(=carpets cut to fit the shape of the rooms).

所有的房间都铺了全室地毯。

a thick layer of something on the ground

to be criticized by someone in authority because you have done something wrong

〔因做错了事〕被上司叫去训斥

He was called on the carpet by his boss to explain his excessive spending.

他被老板叫去问责，要求解释为什么会超支。


carpet

The building has been carpeted throughout.

大楼里上上下下都铺了地毯。

to talk in an angry way to someone because they have done something wrong

Top officers were carpeted for bullying younger officers.

高级军官因欺负年轻军官而受到斥责。

if leaves, flowers etc carpet the ground, they cover it in a thick layer

〔树叶、花等〕厚厚地铺在〔地上〕

The whole garden was carpeted with daffodils.

整座花园里开满了黄水仙。


carriage

a vehicle with wheels that is pulled by a horse, used in the past

one of the parts of a train where passengers sit

the act of moving goods from one place to another or the cost of moving them

Canals were originally built for the carriage of coal.

运河原先是为运煤而修建的。

包括运费在内是45.50英镑。

a moving part of a machine that supports or moves another part

〔机器的〕滑架，溜板，拖板

used when describing the position of someone’s body as they walk, stand, or sit

something with wheels that is used to move a heavy object, especially a gun

〔有轮的〕托架；〔尤指〕炮架


carrier bag

a bag that you are given in a shop, to carry the things you have bought

〔商店提供的〕手提购物袋


carrot

a long pointed orange vegetable that grows under the ground

something that is offered to someone in order to try and persuade them to do something

〔为使某人做某事而给予的〕报酬，好处，奖品，许诺

They have refused to sign the agreement despite a carrot of £140 million.

尽管有1.4亿英镑的报酬，他们还是拒绝签署这份协议。

a way of trying to persuade someone to do something by offering them something good if they do it, and a punishment if they do not

the government’s [carrot and stick approach](bold) in getting young people to find jobs

政府为促使年轻人去找工作而采取的软硬兼施的办法


carry

carry forward
carry off
carry on
carry out
carry over
carry through

→ [card-carrying](->card-carrying) → [cash and carry](->cash and carry) [fetch and carry](bold) at → [fetch](->fetch) 1 sense 3

to have something or someone in your hands or arms when you go somewhere

Mary fainted, and had to be carried inside.

to carry something such as a bag or a gun

He came out of the office toting a black leather briefcase.

Guards toting machine guns stood inside the airport.

to carry something heavy, with difficulty

They lugged the mail in heavy canvas bags into the building.

to carry something large and heavy somewhere, especially when this is annoying or hard work

to carry something – used when talking about what someone has with them when they go somewhere. [Bear](bold) is commonly used as a participle [bearing](bold)

Anna returned, bearing a large red packet.

You’ll have to get a builder to carry out the work.

She carried out her duties very efficiently.

He was unable to carry out simple tasks.

I was in Italy carrying out research for my book.

The committee has carried out a survey of parking problems in residential areas.

Manufacturers carry out safety checks on all new cars.

Forensic experts are now carrying out DNA tests.

Many schools need better facilities for carrying out scientific experiments.

The government is carrying out a review of state pension provision.

He has carried out various studies into violent behaviour.

The police will carry out an investigation into what actually happened.

A formal inquiry into the cause of death will be carried out.

The company is carrying out an assessment of staff training needs.

Here are some more ways of carrying out information searches online.

It became clear that terrorists had carried out the attack.

[past tense and past participle](italic) [carried](bold) [present participle](italic) [carrying](bold) [third person singular](italic) [carries](bold)

to hold something in your hand or arms, or support it as you take it somewhere

Gina was carrying a small bunch of flowers.

Jack carried his grandson up the stairs.

The waiter carried our drinks to the table.

服务员把我们的饮料端到桌上来。

to take people or things from one place to another in a vehicle, ship, or plane

There are more airplanes carrying more people than ever before.

飞机数量和载客数量都是前所未有的。

if a pipe, wire etc carries something such as liquid or electricity, the liquid, electricity etc flows or travels along it

A drain carries surplus water to the river.

排水渠把多余的水排到河里。

The aim is for one wire to carry both television and telephone calls.

目的是用一根电线来传送电视和电话两种信号。

to cause something to move along or support something as it moves along

This stretch of water carries a lot of shipping.

这段水域承载了大量的船运。

The bridge carries the main road over the railway.

这座桥把主干道架起，从铁路上方跨过。

Pollution was carried inland by the wind.

to have something with you in your pocket, on your belt, in your bag etc everywhere you go

I don’t carry a handbag. I just carry money in my pocket.

我不带手提包，我就把钱放在口袋里。

He says he’s got to carry a knife to protect himself.

to have something as a particular quality

Degree qualifications carry international recognition.

Few medical procedures [carry](bold) no [risk](bold) of any kind.

几乎没有什么手术是毫无风险的。

Older managers [carry](bold) more [authority](bold) in a crisis.

处理危机时较年长的经理更有权威。

The plan is not likely to [carry](bold) much [weight](bold) with (=have much influence over) the authorities.

这一计划对当局不大可能产生多大的影响力。

If the child believes in what she is saying, she will [carry conviction](bold)(=make others believe what she says is true).

这个孩子如果相信自己所说的话，就能让别人信服。

if a newspaper, a television or radio broadcast, or a website carries a piece of news, an advertisement etc, it prints it or broadcasts it

The morning paper [carried](bold) a [story](bold) about demonstrations in New York and Washington D.C.

晨报登载了纽约和华盛顿特区举行示威的报道。

The national TV network carries religious programmes.

if something carries information, the information is written on it

All tobacco products must carry a health warning.

所有的烟草产品必须印有健康警告。

goods carrying the label ‘Made in the USA’

贴有“美国制造”标签的产品

Each team member is expected to carry a fair share of the workload.

每一位队员都应公平分担工作量。

Which minister [carries responsibility](bold) for the police?

Parents [carry the burden of](bold) ensuring that children go to school.

父母有义务确保子女上学。

if a shop carries goods, it has a supply of them for sale

The sports shop [carries](bold) a full [range of](bold) equipment.

这家体育用品商店有各类装备出售。

if a wall etc carries something, it supports the weight of that thing

这两根柱子支撑着整个屋顶。

to take something or someone to a new place, point, or position

把〔某物或某人〕带至〔新的地点或位置〕

The president wanted to carry the war to the northern states.

总统想把战争推至北方诸州。

Blair carried his party to victory in 1997.

布莱尔在1997年带领他的政党取得了胜利。

Clinton carried his campaign into Republican areas.

克林顿将他的竞选活动推进到共和党的地盘内。

if a person, animal, or insect carries a disease, they can pass it to other people or animals even if they are not ill themselves

The disease is carried by a black fly which lives in the rivers.

这种疾病由生活在河川的一种黑蝇传播。

All our products carry a 12-month guarantee.

我们所有的产品均有一年的保修期。

to be so excited, angry, interested etc that you are no longer really in control of what you do or say, or you forget everything else

〔因激动、生气、感兴趣等而〕忘乎所以，失控，忘形

It’s easy to get carried away when you can do so much with the graphics software.

这个制图软件用处之大能让你一下子就迷上它。

to become excited about something or determined to do something

The crowd were carried along on a tide of enthusiasm.

You can be carried along by the atmosphere of an auction and spend more than you planned.

你会被拍卖会的气氛带动而超出预算。

if a crime carries a particular punishment, that is the usual punishment for the crime

Drink-driving should [carry](bold) an automatic prison [sentence](bold).

酒后驾车应该自动判监禁。

Murder still [carries](bold) the death [penalty](bold).

In the winter air, sounds carry clearly.

冬天，声音在空气中传得很远。

The songs of the whales carry through the water over long distances.

鲸的叫声能在水中传得很远。

if a ball carries a particular distance when it is thrown, hit, or kicked, it travels that distance

〔球〕被扔[打，踢]出（ …的距离）

to remember information that you need, without writing it down

Alice carried a map of the London Underground in her head.

艾丽斯把伦敦地铁图装在脑子里了。

I sang solos when I was six because I could carry a tune.

我六岁时就唱独唱，因为我能够唱准音调。

to persuade a group of people to support you

He had to carry a large majority of his colleagues to get the leadership.

要获得领导地位，他必须得到大部分同事的支持。

Her appeal to common sense was what finally [carried the day](bold)(=persuaded people to support her).

她诉诸常理的做法最终赢得了支持。

if a suggestion, proposal etc is carried, most of the people at an official meeting vote for it and it is accepted

〔建议、提议等〕获得通过

The amendment was carried by 292 votes to 246.

修正案以292票支持、246票反对获得通过。

The resolution was [carried unanimously](bold)(=everyone agreed).

Those in favour of the motion raise your arm. Those against? The [motion is carried](bold)(=proposal is accepted).

支持这项动议的人请举手。反对的人呢？动议通过。

if someone carries a state or local area in a US election, they win in that state or area

在〔美国一州或地区〕的选举中获胜

Cuban Americans play an important role in whether he carries Florida in the fall campaign.

古巴裔美国人将对他在佛罗里达州秋季选举中的成败起到重要作用。

to stand and move in a particular way, or to hold part of your body in a particular way

He had a way of carrying his head on one side.

他有个习惯，总是把头偏向一边。

She carried herself straight and with confidence.

to be the person who has to take the blame for something even if it was not their fault, or not their fault alone

（为某人/某事）独自承担责任[背黑锅]

He has been left to carry the can for a decision he didn’t make.

不是他作出的决定，却让他背了黑锅。

if a group carries someone who is not doing enough work, they have to manage without the work that person should be doing

扶助，负担〔工作不力的人〕

The team can’t afford to carry any weak players.

球队养不起没有实力的球员。

if a woman is carrying a child, she is pregnant

to be completely successful in a struggle against other people

I don’t mind a joke, but this is carrying it too far.

我不介意开玩笑，但这个太过分了。

to weigh a particular amount more than you should or than you did

Joe carries only nine pounds more than when he was 20.

乔只比20岁时重了9磅。

to love someone romantically who does not love you

He’s been carrying a torch for your sister for years.

他单恋你妹妹有好多年了。

to support an important belief or tradition when other people do not

〔在别人已经放弃的时候〕继续为某事物奋斗

Leaders in the mountains carried the torch of Greek independence.

山区的领导人仍在为希腊的独立而斗争。

as fast as his/her legs could carry him/her

She ran as fast as her legs could carry her.

to put a number into the next row to the left when you are adding numbers together


carry

the distance a ball or bullet travels after it has been thrown, hit, or fired

掷[击]球距离；〔枪的〕射程


cart

[upset the apple cart](bold) at → [upset](->upset) 2 sense 5

a vehicle with no roof that is pulled by a horse and used for carrying heavy things

a large wire basket on wheels that you use in a supermarket

〔超市里的〕手推车，购物车

the place on an Internet shopping website where you put things that you wish to buy

a small table with wheels, used for moving and serving food and drinks

〔送食物和饮料的〕手推餐车


cart

to take something somewhere in a cart, truck etc

Household waste is carted away by the city’s Sanitation Department.

家庭垃圾由城市卫生部门用车运走。

to carry something somewhere, especially something that is heavy or difficult to carry

我们把所有的家具都搬上楼去。


carton

a small box made of cardboard or plastic that contains food or a drink

a large container with smaller containers of goods inside it


cartoon

a short film that is made by photographing a series of drawings

a funny drawing in a newspaper or magazine, especially about politicians or events in the news

〔尤指报刊上讽刺政客或时事的〕漫画，幽默画

a set of drawings that tell a funny story, especially in a newspaper or magazine

〔尤指报刊上的〕连环漫画

a drawing that an artist does before starting to do a painting


carve

to make an object or pattern by cutting a piece of wood or stone

a statue carved from a single block of marble

to cut a pattern or letter on the surface of something

Someone had carved their initials on the tree.

有人将自己姓名的首字母刻在树上。

to cut a large piece of cooked meat into smaller pieces using a knife

切熟肉；把〔熟肉〕切成小块，从〔熟肉〕上割下薄片

to succeed in getting the job, position, life etc that you want

成功获得〔所要的工作、职务、生活等〕

He [carved a niche](bold) for himself as a writer.

She [carved out](bold) a successful [career](bold) in the film industry.

她在电影界创出了成功的事业。

He moved to Boston to carve out a new life for himself.

他搬到波士顿去展开新的生活。

if a river, the wind etc carves land or rock, it removes some of it

The river had carved channels in the limestone rock.

河水在石灰岩上冲刷出了一条条水道。

[not be carved in stone](bold) at → [stone](->stone) 1 sense 9

to reduce the size of something by removing some of it

The company carved $1 million from its budget.

公司从预算中削减了100万美元。


case

There was a lot of publicity surrounding the court case.

(=against someone who has written a bad statement about someone else)

damages awarded by juries in libel cases

It was the longest and most expensive criminal case in US history.

He is involved with civil cases, not criminal ones.

(=one that will establish a principle for the first time)

If the dispute goes to court it could be an important test case.

(=one that established a principle for the first time)

a landmark case about copyright protection for computer software

a defense lawyer who has handled some high-profile cases

There was not enough evidence to bring a case against him.

(=listen to the evidence before making a judgment)

The case will be heard by a federal judge.

(=be successful or unsuccessful in proving someone guilty or not guilty)

Lomax was a brilliant lawyer who had never lost a case.

He paid a $15,000 fine to settle the case.

The case was adjourned until next month for further reports.

The case was thrown out by New York state’s highest court.

The case was dropped because of a lack of evidence.

When the case finally came to court, they were found not guilty.

By the time her case went to trial, her story had changed.

The case came before the federal courts.

an example of a particular situation or of something happening

There were 16 cases of damage to cars in the area.

该地区有16起汽车受损事件。

The amount of fruit in fruit juices must be 6% in the case of berries and 10% in the case of other fruits.

在许多情况中标准已经提高了。

Tom’s career is [a case in point](bold)(=a clear example of something that you are discussing or explaining).

a [classic case](bold)(=typical example) of poor design

a situation that exists, especially as it affects a particular person or group

〔尤指影响某个人或群体的〕状况，情形，场合

Like the others, he produced a written explanation, but in Scott’s case this was a 30-page printed booklet.

斯科特和其他人一样也写了份书面说明，但他的是一本打印出来30页的小册子。

Changing men’s and women’s traditional roles is not easy, but in our case it has been helpful.

转变男女的传统角色并不容易，但对于我们来说，这种转变却很有帮助。

It may be the case that the scheme will need more money.

这个计划可能会需要更多的资金。

We tend to think of these people as untrustworthy, but that is not the case.

我们往往会认为这些人不可靠，但事实并非如此。

In this case, several solutions could be tried.

遇到这种情况，可以尝试几种解决办法。

He won’t want to eat it unless he’s really hungry, in which case he’ll eat almost anything.

除非很饿，否则他不会吃这东西，一旦饿了他几乎什么都吃。

Use the simple present tense with [in case](bold)  to talk about a possible future event. Don’t use ‘will’. You say: Write it down [in case](bold) you [forget](bold).
Don’t say: [in case you will forget](strike)

Use the simple past tense with [in case](bold)  when talking about the past. Don’t use ‘would’. You say: I took my umbrella [in case](bold) it [rained](bold).
Don’t say: [in case it would rain](strike)

In more formal English, you can say [in case](bold)  something [should](bold)  happen: Here’s a contact number, in case there should be a problem.

as a way of being safe from something that might happen or might be true

He had his camera ready, just in case he saw something that would make a good picture.

他把照相机准备好，万一看到什么值得拍的就可以拍下来。

假如我来晚了，你们就别等我先开始吧。

I don’t see why I couldn’t do it. In any case, I’m going to try.

我为什么不能做呢？不管怎样我要试一试。

He’s too young to come and in any case I want him to spend the time with Mom.

他还太小，不能来。再说我总归还是想让他和妈妈待在一起。

‘He didn’t want to talk to Sally.’ ‘In that case why did he agree to meet her?’

“他不想和萨莉说话。”“既然那样，为什么他还同意和她见面？”

a set of reasons why something should happen or be done

Let me research the facts before I [put forward](bold) a [case](bold).

我先来研究一下情况，再提出我的论据。

A group of us met to [make](bold) our [case](bold) for more women in the cabinet.

我们一群人开会为在内阁中增加女性成员阐明理由。

There is a [strong case](bold)(=very good set of reasons) for getting parents more involved in the school’s activities.

有充分的理由让家长更多地参与学校的活动。

a question or problem that will be dealt with by a law court

The lawyers will only be paid if they win the case.

律师只有打赢了官司才能得到报酬。

Marshall has dropped the case against us.

马歇尔已经撤回对我们的起诉。

all the reasons that one side in a legal argument can give against the other side

〔诉讼中一方的〕理由，论据，证据，申述

The evidence does not support the prosecution’s case.

这个证据不支持控方的论据。

The court ruled that we [had](bold) a [case](bold)(=had enough evidence or good arguments).

an event or set of events that need to be dealt with by the police in order to find out if a crime has been committed and who committed it

Around 50 police officers are on the case.

约有50名警员在处理此案。

a large box or container in which things can be stored or moved

a special box used as a container for holding or protecting something

盒（子），匣（子）；橱，柜；套，罩；壳

Polly carried her cases upstairs to the bedroom.

波莉把箱子拿到楼上的卧室去。

→ [bookcase](->bookcase) → [briefcase](->briefcase) → [pillowcase](->pillowcase)

Everyone can learn, it’s just a case of practising.

每个人都学得会，这只是练不练习的问题。

It’s a case of too many people and not enough jobs.

an example of a disease or a person who has a disease

There are thousands of new cases of AIDS in Africa every year.

非洲每年都会出现许许多多艾滋病的新病例。

used to describe what you should do in a particular situation, especially on official notices

要是 …，在 …的时候〔尤用于官方告示〕

the way in which the form of a word changes, showing its relationship to other words in a sentence

Dad’s always on my case about something or other.

爸爸总是为这样那样的事数落我。

if someone says they are on the case, they know about a problem and are going to try to solve it

负责处理某问题，负责解决某事

used to tell someone to stop criticizing you or complaining about you

好了，好了，不要再说我了！

someone who is being dealt with by a doctor, a social worker, the police etc

病人，患者；社会工作者的工作对象；由警方监管的人

→ [basket case](->basket case) → [lower case](->lower case) → [nutcase](->nutcase) [I rest my case](bold) at → [rest](->rest) 2 sense 9 → [upper case](->upper case)


case

to be completely surrounded by a material or substance

反应堆将用金属围裹起来。

to look around a place that you intend to steal from in order to find out information

〔为行窃而〕预先探察，踩点


cash

She organized a series of events to raise cash for cancer charities.

Campaigners are urging the government to provide more cash for health care.

The website generates cash from advertising, and by charging for downloads.

They won’t take credit cards, so you have to pay cash.

You should put any spare cash into a savings account.

(=the amount of money coming into a business compared to money going out)

The company was having a few problems with cash flow.

(=a serious lack of money in an organization or country)

the cash crisis in some developing countries

The winner will get a cash prize of £10,000.

(=more money that is suddenly given to a project, business etc)

Conservation projects in the region are being given a cash boost of £40,000.

The organization’s cash resources are limited.

(=an amount of spare money that you have available to use)

Experts always advise people to build up a cash reserve.

(=a crop grown to sell rather than to use)

The land is used to grow cash crops like cocoa, tea, and coffee.

Many airlines are strapped for cash at the moment.

money in the form of coins or notes rather than cheques,credit cards etc

Cash was taken during a burglary of the apartment.

在一次公寓盗窃案中现金被盗。

The traffic police will accept fines in cash immediately.

交通警察会当场收取现金罚款。

The shop charges less if the customer [pays in cash](bold).

这家商店给支付现金的顾客打折。

→ [hard cash](->hard cash) → [petty cash](->petty cash)

Health and education need cash from the government.

医疗卫生和教育需要政府拨款。

A phone line to help children in trouble has been closed due to lack of cash.

由于缺少资金，一部帮助不幸儿童的热线电话被关闭了。

Charity workers must constantly [raise](bold) more [cash](bold)(=collect more money) for the needy.

慈善事业工作人员必须不断地为穷人募捐。

The company found itself [strapped for cash](bold)(=without enough money) to pay taxes.

该公司资金紧张，无力缴税。

if you pay for something cash down, you pay before you receive it

a payment system in which the customer pays the person who delivers the goods to them


cash

to exchange a cheque etc for the amount of money it is worth

兑换支票/邮政汇票/汇票等

Traveller’s cheques can be cashed at most hotels for a small charge.

大多数酒店都可以兑换旅行支票，收取少量手续费。

这个我可以到哪里兑换成现金？


cash machine

a machine in or outside a bank,supermarket, or other public building, from which you can obtain money with a special plastic card


casino

a place where people try to win money by playing card games or roulette

Doesn’t that club have a casino upstairs?

那家俱乐部楼上不是有赌场吗？


cast

cast about/around for
cast aside
cast away
cast off
cast on
cast out
cast up

[the die is cast](bold) at → [die](->die) 2 sense 3 [throw in/cast your lot with sb/sth](bold) at → [lot](->lot) 2 sense 8 [cast pearls before swine](bold) at → [pearl](->pearl) sense 4

[past tense and past participle](italic) [cast](bold)

to provide new information about something, making it easier to understand

使了解某事；阐明[论述]某事

research findings that cast new light on the origin of our universe

使我们进一步了解宇宙起源的研究发现

The numerous biographies of Baldwin cast little light on the subject.

鲍德温的众多传记都没怎么说明这个问题。

to make people feel less certain about something

使怀疑某事，使不确信某事

Her documentary casts serious doubt on Gilligan’s conviction.

她的纪录片使人对吉利根的判决产生极大的怀疑。

to make light or a shadow appear somewhere

The flames cast dancing shadows on the walls.

to make people feel less happy or hopeful about something

The allegations cast a cloud over the mayor’s visit.

这些指控给市长的访问蒙上了阴影。

Her father’s illness cast a shadow over the wedding celebrations.

她父亲的病给婚礼蒙上了阴影。

to look quickly in a particular direction

年轻的流浪汉警惕地瞅了他一眼。

She blushed, [casting her eyes down](bold).

to examine or read something quickly in order to judge whether it is correct, good etc

Mellor cast an eye over the draft for inaccuracies.

梅勒扫了一眼草稿，看有没有错误。

Tonight, Tim Goodman casts a cynical eye on TV ads.

今天晚上蒂姆·古德曼会以怀疑的眼光来审视电视广告。

Barely one in three will bother to cast a ballot on February 26th.

仅有三分之一的选民愿意在2月26日那天去投票。

To qualify, candidates must get at least 10% of the votes cast.

候选人要获得资格的话，至少要得到10%的投票。

to attract someone very strongly and to keep their attention completely

把某人迷住，深深吸引某人

Hong Kong casts a spell over the visitor almost as soon as the aircraft touches down.

飞机一着陆，游客就被香港迷住了。

to use magic words or acts to change someone or something

给某人下咒语，用咒语迷惑某人

She’s a witch, and she’ll cast a spell on you if she catches you.

她是个女巫，如果让她逮住，她就会对你下咒语。

to try to remember something that happened in the past

Cast your mind back to your first day at school.

回想一下你第一天上学的情景。

He frowned, casting his mind back over the conversation.

他皱起眉头，回想着那次谈话。

to suggest that someone is not as truthful, honest etc as they seem

批评[诋毁，中伤]某事/某人

remarks that cast aspersions on the integrity of the jury

to make an object by pouring liquid metal, plastic etc into a mouldhollow container

to choose which people will act particular parts in a play, film etc

为 …挑选演员，选派〔角色〕

cast sb alongside/opposite sb (=choose people for the two main roles)

Pfeiffer was expected to be cast alongside Douglas in ‘Basic Instinct’.

菲佛曾有望和道格拉斯一起出演《本能》。

Coppola cast him as Sodapop in ‘The Outsiders’.

科波拉让他在《局外人》中扮演索达波普。

[cast sb in a role/a part/the lead](bold)

The producer finally cast Finch in the male lead.

制片人最后让芬奇出演男主角。

to regard or describe someone as a particular type of person

把〔某人〕描写成，将〔某人〕描述为

Clinton had cast himself as the candidate of new economic opportunity.

克林顿曾把自己说成是能够创造新经济机会的候选人。

Clarke’s trying to [cast](bold) me [in the role of](bold) villain here.

克拉克现在试图把我说成恶棍。

Sparks leapt as he cast more wood on the fire.

他往火里投进更多的木柴，火星四处飞溅。

to throw a fishing line or net into the water

想把钓丝抛好是有诀窍的。

to force someone to go somewhere unpleasant

把 …送往〔令人不快之地〕

Memet should, in her opinion, be cast into prison.

她认为应该把梅梅特投进大牢。

to consider or try as many things as possible in order to find what you want

想尽方法寻找，千方百计搜罗

We cast our net wide to get the right person for the job.

我们四处网罗人才，寻找合适的人选来做这个工作。

when a snake casts its skin, the top layer of skin falls off slowly

if a horse casts a shoe, the shoe falls off by accident

to prepare and write a horoscope for someone


cast

The play has a strong cast of new young actors.

It's a fantastic production with an enormously talented cast.

an all-star/a star-studded/a stellar cast

The play had a cast of almost unknown actors.

Al Pacino heads the cast of this political thriller.

Everyone remembers the cast members of 'Friends’.

all the people who perform in a play, film etc

Films like ‘Ben Hur’ have a cast of thousands.

像《宾虚》那样的电影，演员多达数千人。

a strong [supporting cast](bold)(=everyone except the main actors)

a hard protective case that is put over your arm, leg etc because the bone is broken

〔骨折后作固定用的〕石膏

Murray [has](bold) his leg [in a cast](bold).

a mouldhollow container into which you pour liquid metal, plastic etc in order to make an object of a particular shape, or the object made in this way

模子，铸模；铸件，铸造品

[Make](bold) a [cast](bold) of the statue.

the way that a person thinks and the type of opinions or mental abilities they have

某人的思维方式；某人的智力

Mary was of a far less intellectual cast of mind.

the act of throwing a fishing line into the water

a problem with your eye which causes it to look sideways

a small pile of earth that a worm produces on the surface of the ground

〔蚯蚓钻洞时翻到地面的〕小土堆


castle

a very large strong building, built in the past as a safe place that could be easily defended against attack

one of the pieces used in a game of chess. Each player has two castles, which start the game in the corner squares, and can move only forwards or sideways.

plans or hopes that you have that are unlikely ever to become real

空中楼阁，异想天开，幻想


casual

[casually](bold) adv. eg: a [casually dressed](bold) young man eg: ‘Where do you work?’ she asked casually. eg: He walked down the road, casually swinging his bag.

relaxed and not worried, or seeming not to care about something

漫不经心的，随随便便的，不放在心上的

His eyes were angry, though he sounded casual.

虽然他的语气满不在乎，但他的眼神充满怒气。

Marsha was quite casual about appearing on TV.

玛莎对于上电视很无所谓。

她对待生活的态度很随便。

not formal or not for a formal situation

Jean felt more comfortable in [casual clothes](bold).

employed as a temporary worker or working for only a short period of time

staff employed [on a casual basis](bold)

Chris has occasional [casual work](bold) but mostly he is unemployed.

克里斯偶尔打点零工，但大部分时候都没有工作。

knowing someone or having sex with someone without wanting a close relationship with them

〔和某人的关系或性关系〕随便的，不认真的，感情不深的

She will never be more than a casual acquaintance.

They had been conducting a casual affair for years.

他们若即若离地保持了多年的暧昧关系。

without any serious interest or attention

→see THESAURUS at [careless](->careless)

He gave us a casual glance as he walked by, but didn’t stop.

他经过时不经意地看了我们一眼，但是没有停下来。

[To the casual observer](bold)(=to someone who is not looking carefully) Mary seemed quite calm.

不经意看，玛丽好像很平静。

happening by chance without being planned

He made some [casual remark](bold)(=one without thinking much about it) about her holiday.

他随口提到了她度假的事。

doing something or using something sometimes but not regularly or often

The museum is of great interest, both to experts and to casual visitors.

这座博物馆很有意思，对专家和偶尔来参观的人来说都是如此。


casualty

someone who is hurt or killed in an accident or war

〔事故或战争中的〕伤者，死者

Our aim is to reduce [road casualties](bold).

我们的目标是减少交通事故的伤亡人数。

[civilian casualties](bold)(=people who are not soldiers who are injured or killed)

The rebels have inflicted [heavy casualties](bold).

someone or something that suffers as a result of a particular event or situation

〔某事件或情况造成的〕受害者，牺牲品

The Safer City Project is the latest casualty of financial cutbacks.

城市安全工程成了财政削减的最新牺牲品。

the part of a hospital that people are taken to when they are hurt in an accident or suddenly become ill

〔医院的〕急诊室，急诊科

结果昨天晚上琼被送进了急诊室。


cat

[raining cats and dogs](bold) at → [rain](->rain) 2 sense 1 [there’s not enough room to swing a cat](bold) at → [room](->room) 1 sense 5

Lucy had a horse and a pet cat of her own.

People have kept domestic cats for thousands of years.

(=which has dark and light lines on brown or grey fur)

(=one that lives in groups with other cats but has no home)

The small fishing village was full of feral cats.

He found a stray cat and started feeding it.

(=a type of cat that does not live with people)

The African wild cat is bigger than ordinary domestic cats.

All 36 species of big cat are vulnerable or endangered.

(=makes a soft noise that shows pleasure)

(=makes a low noise that shows fear or anger)

If a cat gets angry, it may scratch you with its claws.

The cat was hiding, waiting to pounce on the bird.

She comes in while we're away to feed the cat.

(=small grains for a cat to use as a toilet inside the house)

(=a special door for a cat to go in and out of a house)

The cat was getting too fat to fit through the cat flap.

It is estimated that around 64 million Americans are cat owners.

a small animal with four legs that people often keep as a pet

[tabby/ginger/tortoiseshell etc cat](bold)(=colours of cats)

大型猫科动物〔如狮、虎〕

to tell someone a secret, especially without intending to

to do or say something that causes arguments, trouble etc

play (a game of) cat and mouse (with sb)

to pretend to allow someone to do or have what they want, and then to stop them from doing or having it

（跟某人）玩猫捉老鼠的游戏，愚弄（某人）

The police played an elaborate game of cat and mouse to trap him.

警方跟他玩了一场精心布局的猫捉老鼠游戏，诱他落网。

something or someone that is better than everything else

I really thought I looked the cat’s whiskers in that dress.

我确实认为我穿那条连衣裙看起来最漂亮。

so nervous or anxious that you cannot keep still or keep your attention on one thing

像热锅上的蚂蚁，坐立不安，心神不定

not stand/have a cat in hell’s chance (of doing sth)

（做某事）毫无成功的希望

They don’t have a cat in hell’s chance of being elected.

when the cat’s away (the mice will play)

used to say that people will not behave well when the person who has authority over them is not there

猫儿不在，老鼠作怪；上司不在，下属胡来

([like the cat that ate the canary](bold) )

very proud or pleased because of something you have achieved or got

look like sth the cat dragged/brought in


catalogue

-lɒːɡ, -lɑːɡ

AmE also: catalog  [n](bold) <[C](bold)>

a complete list of things that you can look at, buy, or use, for example in a library or at an art show

catalogue of mistakes/crimes/cruelty etc

a series of mistakes, crimes etc that happen one after the other and never seem to stop

一连串的错误/罪案/暴行等

an appalling [catalogue of errors](bold)


catalogue

AmE also: catalog  [v](bold) <[T](bold)>

to make a complete list of all the things in a group

为 …编目录，把 …列入目录中

The manuscripts have never been systematically catalogued.

一直没有系统地为这些手稿编过目录。

to list all the things that are connected with a particular person, event, plan etc

The report catalogued numerous dangerous work practices.

这份报告列出了许多危险的作业方法。


catalyst

a substance that makes a chemical reaction happen more quickly without being changed itself

something or someone that causes an important change or event to happen

导致重大变化[事件]的事物[人]；促进因素

They hope his election will [act as a catalyst](bold) for reform.

他们希望他的当选会成为改革的催化剂。


catastrophe

a terrible event in which there is a lot of destruction, suffering, or death

The Black Sea is facing ecological catastrophe as a result of pollution.

污染导致黑海面临生态灾难。

Sudan requires food immediately to avert a humanitarian catastrophe.

苏丹急需粮食应对人道主义灾难。

an event which is very bad for the people involved

If the contract is cancelled, it’ll be a catastrophe for everyone concerned.

如果合同取消，对每位相关人员都将是个灾难。


catastrophic

ˌkætəˈstrɒfɪk◂

causing a lot of destruction, suffering, or death

The failure of the talks could have [catastrophic consequences](bold).

谈判失败可能产生灾难性后果。


catch

catch at
catch on
catch out
catch up
catch up with

to stop someone who is trying to escape, especially by running after them and then holding them

He raced after her, but he couldn’t catch her.

The police caught the bank robbers after a car chase through the city.

if the police arrest someone, they take him or her to a police station because they think that person has done something illegal

Wayne was arrested for dangerous driving.

The police arrested him and charged him with murder.

if the police apprehend someone they think has done something illegal, they catch him or her

The two men were later apprehended after they robbed another store.

All of the kidnappers were apprehended and convicted.

to catch an enemy or a criminal in order to keep them as a prisoner

The French king was captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356.

The gunmen were finally captured after a shoot-out with the police.

to catch someone, especially in a war, in order to keep them as a prisoner

350 soldiers were killed and another 300 taken prisoner.

Ellison was taken prisoner by the Germans during the retreat to Dunkirk.

to make someone go to a place from which they cannot escape, especially by using your skill and intelligence

Police trapped the man inside a bar on the city’s southside.

to force someone into a place from which they cannot escape

He was cornered outside the school by three gang members.

[past tense and past participle](italic) [caught](bold) /kɔːt/ US /kɒːt/

to get hold of and stop an object such as a ball that is moving through the air

Stephen leapt up and caught the ball in one hand.

斯蒂芬跳起来单手接住了球。

‘Pass me that pen, would you?’ ‘Here you are. Catch!’

“把那支钢笔递给我，好吗？”“给你，接着！”

The kids were throwing and catching a Frisbee down on the beach.

小孩子们在海滩那边抛接飞盘。

to suddenly take hold of someone or something with your hand

他一把抓住她的肘部让她站稳。

Miss Perry [caught hold of](bold) my sleeve and pulled me back.

佩里小姐抓住我的袖子，把我拉了回来。

to stop someone after you have been chasing them and not let them get away

‘You can’t catch me!’ she yelled, running away.

“你抓不到我的！”她大声叫着跑开了。

to find a criminal or enemy and stop them from escaping

抓捕，逮住，抓住〔罪犯或敌人〕

State police have launched a massive operation to catch the murderer.

州警方展开了大规模行动抓捕凶手。

If you go back to the city, you’re bound to [get caught](bold).

如果你回到城里，肯定会被抓住。

to see someone doing something that they did not want you to know they were doing

撞见，发现，当场抓住〔某人正在干不想让你知道的事〕

I caught him reading my private letters.

我看到他在偷看我的私人信件。

Gemma turned around and caught the stranger looking at her intently.

杰玛转过身来，发现那个陌生人正紧盯着她看。

[catch sb in the act (of doing sth)](bold)(=catch someone while they are doing something illegal)

The gang was caught in the act of unloading the cigarettes.

那伙人在卸香烟时当场被抓。

He was [caught red-handed](bold)(=as he was doing something wrong) taking money from the cash register.

他从现金出纳机偷钱时被当场抓住。

We knew he’d been cheating, but we’d never caught him at it before.

我们知道他一直在做手脚，不过我们以前从未当场抓到过他。

患上〔传染病〕，感染上 …

Anton caught malaria in Mali, and nearly died.

安东在马里染上疟疾，差点丢了性命。

Many young people are still ignorant about how HIV is caught.

许多年轻人对艾滋病病毒是如何染上的仍然一无所知。

Typhoid and cholera are often caught from contaminated water supplies.

伤寒和霍乱通常是经由受污染的水源感染上的。

I caught chicken pox off my friend at school.

我从学校里的一个朋友那里传染上了水痘。

[catch your death (of cold)](bold) BrE [spoken](special)(=get a very bad cold)

Don’t stand out in the rain. You’ll catch your death.

别站在外面淋雨，你会得重感冒的。

catch sb by surprise, catch sb off guard, catch sb napping/unawares

(also: [catch sb on the hop](bold) ([BrE](bold)) )

to do something or to happen when someone is not expecting it or prepared for it

使某人吃惊，使某人措手不及

to discover that someone is doing something that they should not be doing or has not done something that they should have done

使某人猝不及防，令某人突陷窘境

He’s not the first politician to be caught with his pants down, and he won’t be the last.

他不是第一个陷入窘境的政客，也不会是最后一个。

to trap an animal or fish by using a trap, net, or hook, or by hunting it

〔用陷阱、网、钩等〕捕捉

Early settlers caught rabbits and squirrels and even rats in order to survive.

早期移民为了生存而捕食野兔、松鼠甚至老鼠。

to get on a train, plane etc in order to travel on it, or to be in time to get on a train, plane etc before it leaves

赶上火车/飞机/公共汽车

我赶上了7点15分的火车去伦敦。

There’s a train in now. If you run, you’ll just catch it.

现在有一班火车，如果你跑过去正好能赶上。

I have to hurry – I [have a](bold) bus [to catch](bold).

我得赶紧了，我要赶一班公共汽车。

to not be too late to do something, see something, talk to someone etc

I managed to catch her just as she was leaving.

我就在她正要走时赶上了她。

I just caught the last few minutes of the documentary.

我只赶上了这部纪录片的最后几分钟。

Tumours like these can be treated quite easily if they’re caught early enough.

这类肿瘤只要及早发现，就很容易治好。

[catch the post](bold) BrE(=post letters in time for them to be collected that day)

if your hand, finger, clothing etc catches or is caught in something, it gets stuck in it accidentally

（被）夹住；（被）卡住；（被）钩住

他的工作服卡在发动机里了。

Her microphone was forever [getting caught](bold) on her clothes.

她的麦克风老是被衣服钩住。

catch sb’s attention/interest/imagination etc

to make you notice something and feel interested in it

引起某人的注意/兴趣/想象等

Lucie whistled sharply to catch the other girl’s attention.

露西尖声地吹口哨以引起另一个女孩的注意。

This is a story that will catch the imagination of every child.

这是一个会激发每个孩子想象力的故事。

to not hear or understand what someone says

没听到某事，没听清某事；没听懂某事

不好意思，我没听清你的名字。

I caught the muffled thud of a car door slamming in the street.

我听到街上砰的一声汽车关门的闷响。

‘I’ll give you a call in a couple of days.’ ‘Okay. Catch you later.’

“我过几天给你电话。”“好的，再见。”

to go somewhere in order to do or see something

去做〔某事〕；去看〔某物〕

We could [catch a movie](bold)(=go to a movie).

M Records caught his act and signed him immediately.

M唱片公司看了他的表演后当即和他签约。

我搭便车一直到了哥伦布。

(also: [you won’t catch me somewhere](bold) )

used to say that you would never do something

别指望我会做某事，我不可能做某事

I love dancing but you won’t catch me being the first on the dance floor!

我很喜欢跳舞，但我决不会第一个走进舞池！

to be punished by someone such as a parent or teacher because you have done something wrong

如果给爸爸发现的话你会受罚的。

to see someone or something for a very short time

Fans waited for hours at the airport to catch a glimpse of their idol.

歌迷们在机场等候多时，想一睹偶像的风采。

to suddenly see someone or something that you have been looking for or have been hoping to see

忽然看到〔一直在寻找或希望看到的〕某人/某物

to show or describe the character or quality of something well in a picture, piece of writing etc

〔图画、文章等〕成功地展现[描述]

a novel that catches the mood of post-war Britain

成功刻画了英国战后气氛的一部小说

if something catches fire, it starts to burn accidentally

Two farm workers died when a barn caught fire.

谷仓失火，两名农场工人死亡。

For some reason the charcoal wasn’t catching.

to attract someone’s attention and make them look at something

Out on the freeway, a billboard caught his eye.

在高速公路上，一块广告牌吸引了他的注意。

to look at someone at the same moment that they are looking at you

Every time she caught his eye, she would glance away embarrassed.

每次遇到他的目光，她都会窘迫地往别处看。

to suddenly realize you are doing something

Standing there listening to the song, he caught himself smiling from ear to ear.

他站在那里听着那首歌，忽然发觉自己在咧着嘴笑。

to hit someone in or on a particular part of their body

这一拳正好打在他的脸上。

to be in a situation that you cannot easily get out of or in which you do not have something you need

We got caught in a rainstorm on the way here.

过来的路上我们遇到了暴风雨。

Here’s a useful tip if you’re caught without a mirror.

如果你没有镜子，这是个有用的方法。

to pause for a moment after a lot of physical effort in order to breathe normally again

Hang on a minute – let me catch my breath!

to stop breathing for a moment because something has surprised, frightened, or shocked you

〔因惊讶、恐惧或震惊而〕屏住呼吸

to take some time to stop and think about what you will do next after having been very busy or active

〔忙碌之后〕停歇思考一下

It was an enforced absence from work, but at least it gave me a little time to catch my breath before the final push.

我是迫不得已没去上班，但是这至少给了我一点时间，让我在作最后冲刺之前可以喘口气。

if a container catches liquid, it is in a position where the liquid falls into it

Place the baking sheet under the muffin pan to catch the drips.

把烤盘放在麦芬烤模下接住滴落物。

if the light catches something or if something catches the light, the light shines on it

照在 …上；受 …的照射

The sunlight caught her hair and turned it to gold.

阳光照在她的头发上，把它染成了金色。

if you catch the sun, your skin becomes red and sometimes sore because of the effects of sunlight

You’ve caught the sun on the back of your neck.

if something catches the wind or the wind catches something, it blows on it

截住〔风〕，受〔风〕；〔风〕吹向

Gary swung the sail round to catch the light wind.

加里把帆转过来使它迎着微风。

to end a player’s innings in cricket by catching the ball that is hit off their bat before it touches the ground

〔板球运动中〕接杀〔击球手〕


catch

an act of catching a ball that has been thrown or hit

This deal looks too good to be true – there must be a catch somewhere.

这笔交易好得难以置信——其中必有圈套。

The catch is that you can’t enter the competition unless you’ve spent $100 in the store.

圈套就在于，你得在该店消费100美元，否则就不能参加比赛。

a hook or something similar for fastening a door or lid and keeping it shut

a quantity of fish that has been caught at one time

a simple game in which two or more people throw a ball to each other

我们到外面去玩传接球游戏吧。

a short pause that you make when you are speaking, because you feel upset or are beginning to cry

There was a catch in Anne’s voice and she seemed close to tears.

安妮的声音有点哽咽，她好像快要哭了。

someone who is a good person to have a relationship with or to marry because they are rich, attractive etc – often used humorously

理想的对象，理想的配偶〔指富有、漂亮等的对象，常为幽默用法〕


categorize

[categorization](bold) /ˌkætəɡəraɪˈzeɪʃ/ US /-rə-/  n. <C,U>

BrE also: categorise  [v](bold) <[T](bold)>

to put people or things into groups according to the type of person or thing they are

对 …进行分类；把 …归类

The population is categorized according to age, sex, and social group.

人口根据年龄、性别和社会群体进行了分类。

Keene doesn’t like to be categorized as a socialist.


category

A lot of water plants belong to this category.

The data we collected fell into two categories.

Rogers doesn’t fit into either category.

People are individuals and you can’t really put them into categories.

Let’s start by grouping the books into categories.

The exhibition of 360 paintings is divided into three categories.

Our range of programmes come into three broad categories.

There are two main categories of university fees.

Theft is one of the major categories of crime.

The constitution was defined as a special category of law.

a group of people or things that are all of the same type

people in the over-45 [age category](bold)

Seats are available in eight of the ten [price categories](bold).

有10种不同票价的座位，现8种可售。

[fall into/belong in/fit into a category](bold)

Voters fall into three [main categories](bold).

Williams’ style does not fit easily into the category of jazz.

威廉斯的风格不能轻易归入爵士乐的范畴。


cater

to provide and serve food and drinks at a party, meeting etc, usually as a business

〔在聚会、会议等上〕（为 …）提供饮食；承办酒席

This is the biggest event we’ve ever catered for.

这是由我们承办宴席的规模最大的一次活动。

Joan has catered functions for up to 200 people.

琼承办过多达200人的宴会。


cathedral

the main church of a particular area under the control of a bishop

大教堂；主教座堂；教区总教堂

[cathedral city](bold) BrE(=one with a cathedral)


cattle

cows and bulls kept on a farm for their meat or milk

[20/100 etc head of cattle](bold)(=20, 100 etc cattle)


cause

Someone or something [causes](bold)  something: Investigators are trying to find out what caused the accident.

Something [causes](bold)  a person or thing [to do](bold)  something: The warmer temperatures caused the ice caps to melt. The injury caused him to lose the game.
Don’t say: [cause that someone does something](strike)

Someone or something [makes](bold)  another person or thing [do](bold)  something: The warmer temperatures made the ice caps melt. The injury made him lose the game.
Don’t say: [make someone/something to do something](strike)

to make something happen, especially something bad

Bad weather has caused a lot of problems on the roads.

The fault caused the whole computer system to shut down.

to cause someone to do something, or cause something to happen. [Make](bold) is less formal than [cause](bold), and is the usual word to use in everyday English

What made you decide to become a teacher?

I’m sorry, I didn’t mean to make you cry.

Gravity is the force which makes the planets move round the Sun.

if someone or something is responsible for something bad, they caused it to happen

The excessive heat was responsible for their deaths.

A small militant group was responsible for the bombing.

to make something happen – used especially about changes or improvements

The Internet has brought about enormous changes in society.

It’s important that we do everything we can to bring about peace.

if an action or event results in something, it makes that thing happen

The fire resulted in the deaths of two children.

The decision is likely to result in a large number of job losses.

to cause something to happen eventually after a period of time

A poor diet in childhood can lead to health problems later in life.

if one event triggers another, it suddenly makes the second event happen

The incident triggered a wave of violence.

An earthquake off Java’s southern coast triggered a tsunami.

to make a very serious event happen very suddenly, which will affect a lot of people

The withdrawal of foreign investment would precipitate an economic crisis.

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand precipitated World War I.

The heavy rain has been causing serious problems on the roads.

I decided not to complain because I didn’t want to cause trouble.

A fire had broken out and caused severe damage to the roof.

Scientists are trying to find out what causes the disease.

Rugby is one of the sports that are most likely to cause injury.

The famine caused the death of up to 400,000 people.

Bad weather caused delays at many airports.

75% of accidents are caused by speeding.

Floods caused chaos across much of the country.

Environmental issues are causing widespread concern.

Teachers say the reforms will cause confusion in schools.

How can I refuse the invitation without causing offence?

导致，引起，使发生〔尤指不幸的事〕

Heavy traffic is causing delays on the freeway.

交通拥挤正使得高速公路通行不畅。

The fire caused £15,000 worth of damage.

这场火灾造成了价值1.5万英镑的损失。

The oil spill is causing problems for coastal fisheries.

石油泄漏在给沿海渔场带来种种问题。

The policy changes have caused great uncertainty for the workforce.

政策上的改变给劳动人口带来了很多未知数。

I’m sorry if I [caused](bold) any [confusion](bold).

对不起，我可能给大家造成了混乱。

You’ve caused us all a lot of unnecessary worry.

你给我们大家带来了很多不必要的担心。

Sorry, I didn’t mean to [cause offence](bold)(=offend you).

对不起，我不是故意要冒犯你。

In everyday English, people usually use the expression [make sb do sth](bold)  rather than [cause sb to do sth](bold) :

What [made](bold) you [change](bold) your mind?


cause

[lost cause](bold) at → [lost](->lost) 2 sense 12

You say the [cause of ](bold) something: What was the cause of the problem?
Don’t say: [the cause for the problem](strike)

You say there is [cause for concern/alarm/complaint etc](bold) : The doctor said there was cause for concern.
Don’t say: [There was a cause for concern.](strike)

You say the [reason for](bold)  something: What do you think was the reason for their success?
Don’t say: [the reason of their success](strike)

You talk about the [reason why ](bold) something happens: Can you tell me the reason why you did this?

Alcohol is the most common cause of road accidents.

Smoking is the main cause of lung disease.

In this country, debt is a major cause of homelessness.

Drug abuse is the leading cause of crime and violence.

Government policies are the direct cause of the problems facing the economy.

People often deal with the symptoms rather than the root cause of a problem.

The underlying cause of insomnia is often anxiety.

The probable cause of the fire was faulty wiring.

An investigation has failed to discover the cause of the epidemic.

A team of experts is at the scene of the accident, trying to determine the cause.

Police are still investigating the cause of the fire.

(=die of illness, old age etc, not because of an accident or crime)

He died from natural causes, believed to be a heart attack.

(=the idea that one thing directly causes another)

What happened was simply a question of cause and effect.

(=one that is worth supporting, for example a charity)

The money we are raising is for a good cause.

The rebels believed that they were fighting for a just cause.

The election results were a serious blow to the Nationalist cause.

Giving money is only one way of supporting a good cause.

Young people often want to fight for a cause.

He has championed the cause of renewable energy since the 1980s.

He did much to advance the cause of freedom.

We are committed to the cause of racial justice.

(=understand an aim, and possibly support it)

They hope the new president will be sympathetic to their cause.

a person, event, or thing that makes something happen

Breast cancer is the leading cause of death for American women in their 40s.

It’s our job to establish the cause of the fire.

查明起火原因是我们的责任。

a fact that makes it right or reasonable for you to feel or behave in a particular way

The patient’s condition is [giving cause for concern](bold).

The present political climate [gives](bold) little [cause for optimism](bold).

当前的政治气候不容乐观。

His father has good cause to be proud of him.

他父亲完全有理由为他感到骄傲。

Many people are worried about the economy, and with good cause.

许多人担心经济状况，这是有充分理由的。

an aim, belief, or organization that a group of people support or fight for

My father fought for the Nationalist cause.

我父亲为民族党的事业而奋斗。

her lifelong devotion to the cause of women’s rights

He has [championed the cause](bold) of independence (=he has supported it publicly).

You can get fit, and at the same time raise money for [a worthy cause](bold).

你可以健身，同时又能为崇高的事业募捐。

Please give generously – it’s all [in a good cause](bold)(=done in order to help people).

have/make common cause (with/against sb)

to join with other people or groups in order to oppose an enemy

（和某人）协力对敌/携手（对抗某人）

U.S. officials expect other Western governments to make common cause with them over the arrests.

美国官员希望其他西方政府能和他们联手捉拿罪犯。

a case that is brought to a court of law


caution

We advise caution if you are buying a property overseas.

Scientists are urging caution in research involving genes.

Travellers are advised to exercise caution while travelling in remote areas.

You should always proceed with caution in financial matters.

The results of the survey should be treated with caution.

At the moment investors are viewing the shares with caution.

Exercise great caution when handling toxic waste.

Bears can be dangerous and walkers should proceed with extreme caution.

You are advised to take the utmost caution when buying a second-hand car.

An over-confident driver may overtake without due caution.

the quality of being very careful to avoid danger or risks

We must [proceed with](bold) extreme [caution](bold).

The physician must [exercise caution](bold) when prescribing antidepressants.

医师在开抗抑郁药处方时必须谨慎。

Many parents are tempted to intervene, but most experts counsel caution.

很多家长都很想干预，但大多数专家建议要慎重。

[treat/view sth with caution](bold)(=think carefully about something because it might not be true)

Evidence given by convicted criminals should always be treated with [the utmost caution](bold).

一定要十分谨慎地对待已被定罪的罪犯提供的证据。

[err on the side of caution](bold) at → [err](->err) sense 1

a warning or piece of advice telling you to be careful

Although pleased, Henson added a caution that the team still has a long way to go.

亨森虽然高兴，但他不忘告诫说球队以后的路还很长。

A final word of caution – never try any of this without backing up your system.

最后再提醒一句——如果没有给系统做备份，千万不能尝试这类操作。

to stop worrying about danger and to take a big risk

Throwing caution to the winds, she swung around to face him.

她不顾危险，转过身来面对着他。

a spoken official warning given to someone who has been arrested or who has done something wrong that is not a serious crime

〔向被捕或犯轻罪的人发出的〕（口头）警告，训诫

他受到口头警告后就给放了。

The defendant may make a statement under caution.


caution

to warn someone that something might be dangerous, difficult etc

Business leaders are cautioning against hasty action that would hamper flexibility.

商界领袖警告不要贸然行动，以免断了回旋余地。

Officials were quick to caution that these remarks did not mean an end to the peace process.

官员们马上提醒说这些话并不意味着和平进程终止了。

He cautioned them to avoid the forest at night.

他告诫他们晚上不要进入森林。

to warn someone officially that the next time they do something illegal they will be punished

警告，告诫〔某人如果下次再做违法的事就会受到惩罚〕

to warn someone officially that what they say to a police officer may be used as evidence in a court of law

警告，告诫〔某人对警察说的话可能在法庭上用作证据〕


cautious

The air-pollution board has reacted with [cautious optimism](bold) to the announcement.

空气污染委员会对这项通告表示谨慎乐观。

Keller is cautious about making predictions for the success of the program.

凯勒对预测该计划的成效很谨慎。


cautiously

The government [reacted cautiously](bold) to the move.

We’re [cautiously optimistic](bold)(=fairly hopeful) that some form of agreement will be reached.

我们对达成某种形式的一致保持谨慎乐观。


cave

a large natural hole in the side of a cliff or hill, or under the ground


CD

(=a piece of equipment for putting music, information etc on CDs)

By 2002, CD burners were standard hardware for home computers.

(=the place on a computer where you put in a CD-ROM)

She put on her favourite CD and lay on the sofa.

They have formed a band and have plans to record a CD later this year.

(=make a CD available for the public to buy)

(=put music, pictures, information etc on a CD)

a small circular piece of hard plastic on which high-quality recorded sound or large quantities of information can be stored

激光唱片；﹝计算机﹞光盘，光碟


cease

→ [ceasefire](->ceasefire) [wonders will never cease](bold) at → [wonder](->wonder) 2 sense 5

to stop doing something or stop happening

He ceased to be a member of the association.

The things people will do for charity [never cease to amaze me](bold)(=I am always surprised by them).

人们的慈善义举总是让我感到惊讶。

the decision to cease using CFCs in packaging

停止在包装材料中使用氯氟烃的决定

[cease trading/production/operations etc](bold)(=stop operating a business)

The company ceased production at their Norwich plant last year.

去年该公司在诺里奇的工厂停止了生产。

[cease fire!](bold)(=used to order soldiers to stop shooting)

In everyday English, people usually use [stop](bold)  rather than [cease](bold) :

They have [stopped ](bold)using CFCs in packaging.

The rain [stopped ](bold)just as the fireworks began.


ceasefire

→ [armistice](->armistice) → [truce](->truce)

an agreement to stop fighting for a period of time, especially so that a more permanent agreement can be made

They have [called](bold) a temporary [ceasefire](bold) in the region.


ceiling

the inner surface of the top part of a room

the largest number or amount of something that is officially allowed

a public spending ceiling of £240 billion

上限为2,400亿英镑的公共开支

[impose/set/put a ceiling (on sth)](bold)

The government imposed a ceiling on imports of foreign cars.

政府对外国汽车的进口量设了上限。

[raise/lower the ceiling (on sth)](bold)

the greatest height an aircraft can fly at or the level of the clouds

最大飞行高度，升限；云幕高度


celebrate

to show that an event or occasion is important by doing something special or enjoyable

It’s Dad’s birthday and we’re going out for a meal to celebrate.

今天是爸爸的生日，我们打算出去吃饭庆祝一下。

My folks are celebrating their 50th anniversary.

我父母正在庆祝他们结婚50周年纪念日。

We hope to give fans something to celebrate this season.

我们希望在本赛季能给球迷带来一些值得庆祝的事。

你们通常会怎样庆祝新年？

to perform a religious ceremony, especially the Christian Mass

主持〔宗教仪式，尤指弥撒〕


celebration

We’re having a small celebration for Dad’s birthday.

Everyone’s coming here for a family celebration.

There’s a special celebration tonight to mark the school’s 50th anniversary.

It’s a double celebration for our first wedding anniversary and my birthday.

He is planning a very special 40th birthday celebration.

It was the college’s 150th anniversary celebration last night.

Some football fans were arrested during the victory celebrations.

They invited me to join in their Christmas celebrations.

The wedding celebrations can last for a week or more.

(=celebrating 100 years after a special event)

A special committee was formed to organize the centenary celebrations.

The flag flies for a national celebration.

The villagers were having a celebration of some kind.

The company is holding a celebration for its 75th anniversary.

You’re welcome to come and join in the celebrations!

an occasion or party when you celebrate something

the lively New Year celebrations in the city centre

市中心热闹的新年庆祝活动

a reception in celebration of the Fund’s 70th Anniversary

庆祝该基金会成立70周年的招待会

The show is a celebration of new young talent.

这次演出是年轻新秀的一场盛会。

I think this is a [cause for celebration](bold)(=reason to celebrate).


celebrity

We invited a number of [minor celebrities](bold)(=people who are not very famous).

我们邀请了一些小有名气的人物。


cell

No new brain cells are produced after birth.

(=a type of blood cell that defends your body against disease)

In leukaemia there is an abnormal and excessive formation of white cells.

The test enables doctors to detect abnormal cells.

(=one that divides and repairs the body, and may be used in medical treatment)

Stem cells may make life-saving treatment possible.

Already there are many treatments which destroy cancer cells.

(=the number of cells in a particular amount of blood)

A healthy person' s red cell count is close to 1, 000.

the smallest part of a living thing that can exist independently

Embryos grow by [cell division](bold)(=the splitting of cells).

胚胎通过细胞分裂而成长。

a small room in a prison or police station where prisoners are kept

〔监狱或警察局里的〕牢房，小囚室

He spent a night in the cells at the local police station.

他在当地警察局的小囚室里过了一晚上。

a cellular phone; a telephone that you can carry around with you, that works by using a network of radio stations to pass on signals

Call me on my cell if you’re running late.

如果你要迟到的话就打我的手机。

a piece of equipment for producing electricity from chemicals, heat, or light

a small group of people who are working secretly as part of a larger political organization

〔政治组织的〕秘密活动小组，分部

a small room in a monastery or convent where someone sleeps

〔修道士或修女住的〕小房间

a small space that an insect or other small creature has made to live in or use


cellar

a room under a house or other building, often used for storing things

a store of wine belonging to a person, restaurant etc


cellphone

=cell phone  [n](bold) <[C](bold)> ([especially AmE](special))


cement

a grey powder made from lime and clay that becomes hard when it is mixed with water and allowed to dry, and that is used in building

a thick sticky substance that becomes very hard when it dries and is used for filling holes or sticking things together


cement

to make a relationship between people, countries, or organizations firm and strong

They want to cement a good working relationship between the government and trade unions.

他们希望为政府和工会建立良好的合作关系。


cemetery

a piece of land, usually not belonging to a church, in which dead people are buried

〔通常不属于某个教堂的〕公墓，墓地


censor

to examine books, films, letters etc to remove anything that is considered offensive, morally harmful, or politically dangerous etc

审查〔书籍、电影、信件等〕

The information given to the press was carefully censored by the Ministry of Defence.

发给报界的信息经过了国防部的仔细审查。


censor

someone whose job is to examine books, films, letters etc and remove anything considered to be offensive, morally harmful, or politically dangerous

〔书刊、电影、书信等的〕检查员，监察员，审查官


censorship

the practice or system of censoring something

审查（制度），检查（体制）


census

an official process of counting a country’s population and finding out about the people

an official process of counting something for government planning

〔官方进行的〕统计，调查


cent

[not one red cent](bold) at → [red](->red) 1 sense 7

1/100th of the standard unit of money in some countries. For example, there are 100 cents in one dollar or in one euro: symbol ¢

分〔一些国家的本位货币单位，符号为¢〕

to give your opinion about something, when other people do not want to hear it

〔在别人不想听的时候〕发表意见


centimetre

([BrE](special)) AmE centimeter  [n](bold) <[C](bold)> written abbreviation: cm

a unit for measuring length. There are 100 centimetres in one metre.


central

[centrally](bold) adv. eg: Our office is centrally situated. eg: All data is held centrally.

[centrality](bold) /senˈtræləti/  n. <U>

The report emphasizes the central role of science in society.

Education is a central issue for the government.

What would you say is the central theme of the book?

(=an important person with a lot of influence)

During this time he was a central figure in American politics.

Cultural diversity is a central feature of modern British society.

Loving care is of central importance to a child’s development.

Environmental problems are now a central concern.

This was a central idea in Marxist theory.

(=the main set of reasons for or against something)

Let’s consider the central argument for reducing the voting age.

The spread of ideas is a central aspect of globalization.

中心的，中部的，在中间的

The roof is supported by a central column.

屋顶由一根中心柱支撑着。

used about the part of an organization, system etc which controls the rest of it, or its work

中心的，中央的〔用于指组织、系统等中控制其他部分或工作的部分〕

more important and having more influence than anything else

→see THESAURUS at [important](->important)   →see THESAURUS at [main](->main) 1

Owen [played a central role](bold) in the negotiations.

欧文在谈判中担任了重要角色。

His ideas were [of central importance](bold) in the development of the theory.

他的观点在这一理论的发展过程中起了至关重要的作用。

Education has become a central issue in public debate.

教育成了公开辩论的中心话题。

a place that is central is easy to reach because it is near the middle of a town or area

靠近中心区的；易于到达的

It’s very central, just five minutes’ walk from the main square.

那地方正位于市中心，从主广场走过去只需五分钟。


central heating

a system of heating buildings in which water or air is heated in one place and then sent around the rest of the building through pipes etc

中央暖气系统，集中供热设备


centre

They are building a huge new shopping centre just outside the town.

For further details contact the Tourist Information Centre.

The forest has a visitor centre with information and refreshment facilities.

(=for sport and other leisure activities)

There's a leisure centre with a swimming pool, a sauna, and a gymnasium.

You could join exercise classes at your local sports centre.

The garden centre stocks a wide variety of houseplants.

Shall we go to the concert at the arts centre on Saturday?

The exhibition centre has an interesting display of contemporary art.

the new research centre at King's College Hospital

Westgate Hotel has sixty bedrooms and a conference centre.

He was a new recruit at the police training centre.

(=where there are several doctors you can see for medical treatment)

The village has a small school and a health centre.

(=where old, sick etc people can go during the day to be looked after)

A new day centre for the over 70s has recently opened.

(=where people living in an area can go for social events, classes etc)

The church has been converted into a community centre.

Many elderly people come to the education centre to learn to use computers.

(=a place in Britain where jobs are advertised)

I got the job through an advertisement at the job centre.

(=where young people can go to meet and take part in activities)

The money will be used to provide a youth centre.

The company has branches worldwide in fifteen major business centres.

Our city is the biggest commercial centre in the country.

Paris was then the cultural centre of Europe.

Our destination was Queenstown, a tourist centre set amid mountains and lakes.

The town was a trading centre for the Romans.

The region has been named as a major centre of international terrorism.

The Asian Pacific Rim is a major world centre of commerce, industry, and economic activity.

Zurich is an international centre of finance.

The gardens are a national centre for botanical research.

the middle of a space, area, or object, especially the exact middle

〔空间、地域或物体的〕（正）中间，中心（点）

There was an enormous oak table in the center of the room.

房间中央有一张巨大的橡木桌子。

The hotel is [right in the centre](bold) of the village.

这家旅馆在村子的正中心。

Draw a line through the centre of the circle.

a building which is used for a particular purpose or activity

〔供进行某种活动用的〕中心

the European Centre for Nuclear Research

an exhibition at the Community Arts Centre

在社区艺术中心举办的展览

a place where there is a lot of a particular type of business, activity etc

〔某种商业或其他活动的〕中心（地区）

It’s not exactly a cultural center like Paris.

它并不是一个像巴黎那样的文化中心。

The city became a centre for the paper industry.

a [center of](bold) academic [excellence](bold)(=a very good place for education)

the part of a town or city where most of the shops, restaurants, cinemas, theatres etc are

〔集中了大部分商店、餐厅、电影院、剧院等的〕城镇的中心

通往利兹市中心的主要路线

if a person or thing is at the centre of something that is happening, they are involved in it more than other people or things

是某事的中心人物；处于某事的中心

He always seems to be at the centre of things.

[be at the centre of a row/dispute/controversy etc](bold)

the businessman at the centre of the row over political donations

处于政治捐款风波中心的企业家

to be the person that everyone is giving attention to

成为关注的焦点，引人注目

Betty just loves being the centre of attention.

贝蒂就是喜欢成为大家关注的焦点。

if something or someone is centre stage, they have an important position and get a lot of attention

处于重要位置，成为关注的中心

After his father’s death, he was able to rise to power and take centre stage.

父亲去世后他就掌握了大权，成为举足轻重的人物。

a moderatemiddle position in politics in which you do not support extreme ideas

The party’s new policies show a swing towards the centre.

该党的新政策显示出一种向中间立场的转变。

Her political views are slightly left of centre.

她的政治观点属于中间略微偏左。

a player in sports such as American football and basketball who plays in or near the middle of the field or playing area

中场球员〔如美式橄榄球、篮球的中锋〕

[centre forward/half/back etc](bold)(=players in different parts of the middle section of the playing area)

an area where a large number of people live

Nuclear installations are built well away from the main centres of population.

核设施建在远离主要人口密集地区的地方。


centre

([BrE](special)) AmE center  [v](bold) <[T](bold)>

to move something to a position at the centre of something else

集中；使 …处于中心位置

The title isn’t quite centred on the page, is it?

标题并不在这页的正中间，是吗？


century

the industrial towns of the early 19th century

The boats were built in the last century.

The present century has seen the start of international terrorism.

Coco Chanel was born in France at the beginning of the century.

(=the time when one century ends and another begins)

The town was expanding at the turn of the century.

He was writing his books towards the end of the 19th century.

In the second half of the century, people's wages began to rise.

18th-/19th- etc century art/music/literature

Nothing compares with Florence's beautiful 15th-century architecture.

a16th-/19th- etc century house/church etc

(=it was started, built etc in the 18th etc century)

The present church dates from the 13th century.

one of the 100-year periods measured from before or after the year of Christ’s birth

The church was built in the 13th century.

the story of life on a small farm at [the turn of the century](bold)(=the beginning of the century)

讲述世纪之交一个小农场生活的故事

100runs scored by one cricket player in an innings

〔一名板球运动员在一局所得的〕一百分


ceramics

In meaning 1, [ceramics](bold)  is followed by a singular verb: [Ceramics is](bold) an ancient art.

In meaning 2, [ceramics](bold)  is followed by a plural verb: These Portuguese [ceramics are](bold) beautiful.

the art of making pots, bowls,tiles etc, by shaping pieces of clay and baking them until they are hard


cereal

a breakfast food made from grain and usually eaten with milk

〔通常与牛奶一起吃的〕谷类早餐食物，麦片

a plant grown to produce grain, for example wheat, rice etc


ceremony

[not stand on ceremony](bold) at → [stand](->stand) 1 sense 42

A ceremony was held in Berlin to mark the occasion.

I attended the ceremony at the cathedral.

The French ambassador was present at the ceremony.

The Bishop of Louisiana performed the ceremony.

The ceremony took place on 13th June at 2.30.

a ceremony marking the beginning of adulthood

Did you have a religious ceremony when you got married?

(=a wedding ceremony that is not a religious one)

They married in a registrar's office, in a civil ceremony.

The winners will receive their awards at a special ceremony in London.

He became acting president in a brief ceremony yesterday.

The gymnasium was opened in a simple ceremony on 26th May.

The inhabitants of the town organized a grand ceremony to mark the occasion.

There was a solemn ceremony in an ancient Roman church.

The tribe still practise many of their traditional ceremonies.

(=at the beginning or end of a special event)

(=to show the public something new, for example a work of art)

He attended the statue's unveiling ceremony.

(=to give people prizes for good achievements)

(=to give people prizes for good achievements at school or college)

A prize-giving ceremony will take place tomorrow night at the university.

His proud parents attended his graduation ceremony.

(=when someone becomes president, chancellor etc)

It was the nation's 53rd inauguration ceremony.

(=in which someone starting a public job  promises to do it well)

(=in which someone becomes the new king or queen)

Queen Elizabeth's coronation ceremony took place in 1953.

Funeral ceremonies have been held since ancient times.

(=in which someone officially becomes an adult, a member of a group etc)

(=to name a baby, without a religious service)

Many people opt for a naming ceremony rather than a christening.

(=a traditional ceremony in Japan for preparing and serving tea)

It is Japan's leading school for teaching the tea ceremony.

an important social or religious event, when a traditional set of actions is performed in a formal way

the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games

the special actions and formal words traditionally used on particular occasions

The queen was crowned with due ceremony.

女王按照规定的礼仪加冕。

in a very informal way, without politeness

随意地，不讲究礼节地，粗鲁无礼地

He wished me good luck in the future and left without further ceremony.

他祝我将来好运，然后就没再客套直接走了。


certain

if something is certain, you are completely sure that it will happen or is true

It is almost certain that there will be a change of government.

Nobody knows exactly who built the manor, but it is certain that an architect called John Sturges supplied the drawings.

if something is definite, it is certain because someone has officially stated that it will happen, is true etc

I hope you can give me a definite answer soon.

The wedding will be next summer but a definite date has not been arranged yet.

I’ve got a good chance of getting the job, but it’s not definite yet.

if something, especially something bad, is inevitable, it is certain to happen and you cannot do anything to prevent it

It was inevitable that he would find out her secret sooner or later.

Facial wrinkles are the inevitable result of aging.

if something is bound to happen, it is very likely to happen, especially because that is what usually happens in that kind of situation. [Be bound to](bold) is less formal than [certain](bold) and is very common in everyday spoken English

The kids are bound to be hungry when they get home – they always are.

My car broke down today. It was bound to happen sooner or later.

to be certain to get something good, or to be successful

After the success of its recent single, the band is now assured of a contract with a major record company.

He is is virtually assured of becoming the next prime minister.

Our clients are assured of comfortable accommodation and the attention of our trained staff.

if something is a foregone conclusion, its result is certain even though it has not happened yet

They were winning by such a large margin that victory seemed to be a foregone conclusion.

Party members believe it is a foregone conclusion that he will resign.

It seemed certain that the other team would win.

sb seems/looks/appears certain to do sth

For a while the whole project looked certain to fail.

Victory was by no means certain for Smith.

Opposition to the changes is fairly certain.

It is almost certain that she will be given a prison sentence.

Prices are virtually certain to increase.

If they stayed in the war zone, they faced almost certain death.

肯定的，确定的，毫无疑问的

I’m [absolutely certain](bold) that I left the keys in the kitchen.

我绝对肯定我把钥匙落在厨房里了。

I [felt certain](bold) that I’d passed the test.

我感觉自己肯定通过这次测验了。

我不确定什么时候能准备好。

They were watching him. He was certain of it.

他们在监视他，对此他很肯定。

In everyday English, people usually say [sure](bold)  rather than [certain](bold) :

if something is certain, it will definitely happen or is definitely true

肯定会发生的，必然的，确实的

[It](bold) now [seems certain that](bold) there will be an election in May.

现在看来五月份肯定会举行选举。

Many people [look certain to](bold) lose their jobs.

许多人看来肯定要失业了。

It is wise to apply early to [be certain of](bold) obtaining a place.

最好早点申请以确保被录取。

[It’s not certain where](bold) he lived.

His re-election was considered [virtually certain](bold).

他再次当选被认为几乎已成定局。

It is [by no means certain](bold) that the deal will be accepted.

还无法确定这笔交易会被接受。

If they stayed in the war zone they would face [certain death](bold).

他们如果留在战区的话，那就必死无疑。

to check that something is correct or true

We need to make certain that it’s going to fit first.

我们首先要确定这能放得下。

to do something in order to be sure that something will happen

Secure the edges firmly to make certain that no moisture can get in.

把边缘扣紧确保不让潮气进去。

I know for certain it’s in here somewhere.

我能肯定它就在这里的某个地方。

One thing’s for certain, he won’t be back.

有一点可以肯定，他是不会回来了。

used to talk about a particular person, thing, group of things etc without naming them or describing them exactly

The library’s only open at certain times of day.

这座图书馆只在一天的某些时段开放。

I promised to be in a certain place by lunchtime.

我保证到午饭时我会在这里的某个地方。

There are certain things I just can’t discuss with my mother.

有些事情我就是没法和我母亲商量。

the expectation of a certain kind of behaviour

[in certain circumstances/cases etc](bold)

Extra funding may be available in certain circumstances.

在某些情况下可能会有额外的资金。

一些，一点〔指数量不大〕

You may need to do [a certain amount of](bold) work in the evenings.

你可能需要在晚上做一点工作。

[to a certain extent/degree](bold)(=partly, but not completely)

I do agree with his ideas to a certain extent.

我的确有点同意他的观点。

enough of a particular quality to be noticed

稍微的，一些的〔指有某种品质〕

There’s a certain prestige about going to a private school.

上私立学校还是有点体面的。

used to talk about someone you do not know but whose name you have been told


certain

Certain of the payments were made on Mr Maxwell’s authority.

部分款项是经马克斯韦尔先生批准支付的。


certainly

used when saying that you are sure about something

Amy’s certainly growing, but she’s not gaining weight.

It’s certainly not the cheapest way of getting to New York.

‘Is this his signature?’ ‘Almost certainly.’

used when saying that you are completely sure about something. [Undoubtedly](bold) sounds more certain and a little more formal than [certainly](bold)

Undoubtedly it will be a huge shock for him.

The furniture, although undoubtedly fashionable, was a little too plain for my taste.

used when you are completely sure about something

There is no doubt that violence on TV influences children.

He’s definitely innocent. There’s no doubt about that.

She was without doubt one of Mexico’s finest artists.

There would be, without a doubt, some perfectly ordinary explanation for his behaviour.

I certainly never expected to become a writer.

我当然从未期望自己成为一名作家。

[it is certainly true/possible etc](bold)

It is certainly true that there are more courses on offer.

当然还有更多的课程可供选择。

The girl was [almost certainly](bold) murdered.

几乎可以肯定，这个女孩是被人谋杀的。

‘Not smoking has made a real difference.’ ‘It [most certainly](bold) has.’

“不抽烟确实大不相同。”“这当然了。”

当然〔用于表示同意或允许〕

‘I’d like a beer, please.’ ‘Certainly, sir.’

“请给我来杯啤酒。”“好的，先生。”

“我可以一起去吗？”“当然可以。”

used to disagree completely or to refuse to give permission

当然不〔用于表示不同意或不允许〕

“我可以走了吗？”“当然不行！”

In everyday English, people usually say [of course](bold)  or [sure](bold)  rather than [certainly](bold)  when agreeing or giving permission:


certainty

She knew with absolute certainty that he’d say no.

The result is impossible to predict with any [degree of certainty](bold).

这一结果完全无法确切预测。

the fact that something is certain to happen

There’s no certainty that he’ll remember.

something that is definitely true or that will definitely happen

He usually does quite well, but it’s not a certainty.

通常他都做得相当好，但也并不一定。

The only certainty is that there will need to be major changes.

唯一能够确定的事就是需要重大的变革。


certificate

You can get a medical certificate that shows which vaccinations you've had.

In order to get a passport, you'll need your birth certificate.

He found a copy of his parents' marriage certificate.

According to his death certificate, he died aged 44.

She kept official letters and share certificates in a locked case.

The certificate will be issued upon payment of the fee.

an official document that states that a fact or facts are true

[birth/death/marriage certificate](bold)(=giving details of someone’s birth, death, or marriage)

an official paper stating that you have completed a course of study or passed an examination


cf

used in writing to introduce something else that should be compared or considered


chain

It is one of Europe’s biggest clothing chains.

Many people buy all their food at one of the major supermarket chains.

(=one whose business is buying and selling goods)

Large retail chains usually want to expand and build more stores.

a department store/video store/food store etc chain

Morgan was the owner of a computer store chain.

These are two of Florida’s largest grocery chains.

He was head of a national chain of grocery stores.

The hotel is part of the MacDonald chain.

The town of Besançon lies at the end of the Jura mountain chain.

the island chain from Asia to Australasia

(=a large number of people who form a line, a circle etc to do something)

Riot police formed human chains to block demonstrators.

Most fabrics are made of long chains of molecules.

They formed a human chain passing buckets of water to the fire.

a series of metal rings which are joined together in a line and used for fastening things, supporting weights, decoration etc

the mayor’s [chain of office](bold)(=a decoration worn by some British officials at ceremonies)

[pull the chain](bold) BrE(=flush the toilet)

[a bicycle chain](bold)(=that makes the wheels turn)

a connected series of events or actions, especially which lead to a final result

一连串，一系列〔事件或行动〕

the [chain of events](bold) that led to World War I

引发第一次世界大战的一连串事件

The salesmen are just one [link in the chain](bold)(=part of a process) of distribution.

销售员只是整个经销过程中的一个环节。

→ [chain of command](->chain of command) → [food chain](->food chain)

a number of shops, hotels, cinemas etc owned or managed by the same company or person

英国几家主要的超市连锁店

people or things which are connected or next to each other forming a line

[chain of atoms/molecules etc](bold) [technical](special)

They formed a [human chain](bold)(=a line of people who pass things from one person to the next) to move the equipment.

他们排成一条长龙来搬运设备。

metal chains fastened to the legs and arms of a prisoner, to prevent them from escaping

〔锁住囚犯四肢的〕镣铐，锁链

[ball and chain](bold)(=a chain attached to someone’s ankle at one end with a heavy metal ball at the other)

a number of people buying houses, where each person must complete the sale of their own house before they can buy the next person’s house

〔一些人先卖旧房再买新房的〕链式购房法，连环购房链


chain

to fasten someone or something to something else using a chain, especially in order to prevent them from escaping or being stolen

〔尤指为防逃跑或被盗而用链条〕拴住，束缚

Four activists chained themselves to the gates.

四名活动人士把自己拴在大门上。

The elephants were chained up by their legs.

Their hands and feet were chained together.

to have your freedom restricted because of something you must do

她觉得就像被拴在灶台上一样。

I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all day.

我不想要一份整天被拴在办公桌前的工作。


chair

(=move a chair nearer someone or something)

Pull up a chair and look at these pictures.

(=sit down in one in a particular place)

He leant back in his chair and took out his pipe.

(=sit down in one in a tired or unhappy way)

(=sit down suddenly because you are very tired or upset)

Eileen collapsed into a chair and burst out crying.

He got up from his chair and walked to the window.

‘Look at the time!’ she cried, jumping up from her chair.

Everyone was outside, lounging in chairs in the sun.

The hotel had a TV room with some nice comfy chairs.

I sat on a hard chair in the corridor and waited.

She came and sat in an empty chair beside me.

In the kitchen was a table with six wooden chairs around it.

People were sitting on blankets or folding chairs, listening to the outdoor concert.

a piece of furniture for one person to sit on, which has a back, a seat, and four legs

One of the [chair legs](bold) was broken.

the position of being in charge of a meeting or committee, or the person who is in charge of it

〔会议或委员会的〕主席席位[职位]；主持人，主席

Address your questions to the chair, please.

Who will be in the chair at tomorrow’s meeting?

He was nominated as chair of the board of governors.

the position of being a university professor


chair

to be the chairperson of a meeting or committee

担任〔会议或委员会〕的主席；主持

这次调查由一名法官主持。


chairman

someone, especially a man, who is in charge of a meeting or directs the work of a committee or an organization

〔尤指男性〕主席,主持人；〔委员会或组织的〕负责人

Potts was appointed chairman of the education committee.

波茨被任命为教育委员会主席。

→ Many people use [chairperson](bold) or [chair](bold) instead, to avoid suggesting that this person must be a man.

someone who is in charge of a large company or organization

〔大公司、大组织的〕董事长，理事长，总裁

Williams has been [chairman of the board](bold) for five years.

威廉斯担任董事会主席已有五年了。


chalk

[long chalk](bold) at → [long](->long) 1 sense 21

soft white or grey rock formed a long time ago from the shells of small sea animals

(also: [chalks](bold) <[plural](bold)> )

small sticks of a white or coloured substance like soft rock, used for writing or drawing

The two brothers are [as different as chalk and cheese](bold).

They’re [like chalk and cheese](bold), those two.


chalk

to write, mark, or draw something with chalk


challenge

Here are a few tips to help you meet the challenges of university life.

The company still faces some challenges.

The new headteacher has taken on the challenge of improving the school.

These changes pose a real challenge to farmers.

It was a difficult project but we rose to the challenge.

Children enjoy a challenge so the work should not be too easy.

Building the tunnel presented a major challenge to engineers.

At the moment we are facing a serious environmental challenge.

On Monday, Sharapova faced her first real challenge of the tournament.

How to deal with waste is a daunting challenge for the west.

This could be the biggest challenge of his career.

an intellectual/physical/technical etc challenge

I love the physical challenge of climbing.

something that tests strength, skill, or ability, especially in a way that is interesting

The company is ready to meet the challenges of the next few years.

公司已准备好迎接今后几年的挑战。

I relish the challenge of rebuilding the club.

我从重建俱乐部的挑战中获得乐趣。

[face/take on/accept etc a challenge](bold)(=be ready to deal with one)

Martins now faces the biggest challenge of his career.

马丁斯现在面临他事业上最大的挑战。

[meet a challenge/rise to a challenge](bold)(=successfully deal with one)

a new and vibrant initiative to meet the challenge of the 21st century

一项迎接21世纪挑战的令人兴奋的新举措

the intellectual challenge of postgraduate research

研究生研究工作在智力上的挑战

when someone refuses to accept that someone or something is right and legal

〔对某人或某事的正确性、合法性等的〕质疑

a direct challenge to the Governor’s authority

The president faces a strong challenge from nationalists.

总统面临民族主义者的强烈质疑。

[pose/represent/present a challenge (to sb)](bold)

The strike represented a serious challenge to the government.

此次罢工是对政府的严峻挑战。

They decided to mount a [legal challenge](bold) to the decision.

他们决定对这项判决发起法律质疑。

when someone tries to win something or invites someone to try to beat them in a fight, competition etc

挑战，〔比赛等的〕提议，邀请

They are ready to mount a challenge for the championship.

他们准备发起挑战争夺冠军。

They [threw down](bold) the [challenge](bold) that he couldn’t wash 40 cars in one hour (=invited him to try to do it).

他们激将他，说他不可能在1小时内擦洗40辆汽车。

The prime minister narrowly avoided a [leadership challenge](bold) last year.

去年首相侥幸避过了一次对他领导地位的挑战。

a demand from someone such as a guard to stop and give proof of who you are, and an explanation of what you are doing

a statement made before the start of a court case that a juror is not acceptable

〔开庭前对陪审员的〕回避请求


challenge

[challenger](bold) n. <C> eg: Lewis is his main challenger for the world title.

to refuse to accept that something is right, fair, or legal

质疑〔某事物的正确性、合法性等〕，对 …表示怀疑

a boy with a reputation for [challenging](bold) the [authority](bold) of his teachers

[challenge a view/an idea/an assumption etc](bold)

Viewpoints such as these are strongly challenged by environmentalists.

类似这样的观点遭到环境保护主义者的强烈质疑。

They went to the High Court to [challenge](bold) the [decision](bold).

他们就这项判决向高等法院提出质疑。

I challenge Dr. Carver to deny his involvement!

我看卡弗医生敢不敢否认此事与他有关！

to invite someone to compete or fight against you, or to try to win something

向 …挑战；邀请〔某人〕比赛

After lunch, Carey challenged me to a game of tennis.

午饭后，凯里邀请我和他比一场网球。

Liverpool are challenging for the title (=in a position where they could win).

利物浦队在向冠军发起冲击。

to test the skills or abilities of someone or something

考验 …的技术[能力]；激发；激励

I’m really at my best when I’m challenged.

Every teacher ought to be challenging kids to think about current issues.

每一位老师都应激励学生思考当前的问题。

to stop someone and demand proof of who they are, and an explanation of what they are doing

喝停盘问〔某人的身份、意图等〕

We were challenged by the security guard at the gate.

我们在门口被保安人员拦住盘问。

to state before the start of a court case that a juror is not acceptable

〔开庭前〕申请〔陪审员〕回避


challenging

difficult in an interesting or enjoyable way

富于挑战性的；困难而有趣的

→see THESAURUS at [difficult](->difficult)

Teaching young children is a challenging and rewarding job.

幼儿教育是一项具有挑战性和有意义的工作。


chamber

an enclosed space, especially in your body or inside a machine

〔尤指人体内或某些机器中的〕室，腔

a room used for a special purpose, especially an unpleasant one

作特殊用途的房间〔尤指不好的用途〕

[gas/torture chamber](bold)(=used for killing people by gas or for hurting them)

a large room in a public building used for important meetings

〔大型的〕会议室，会议厅

one of the two parts of a parliament or of the US Congress. For example, in Britain the upper chamber is the House of Lords and the lower chamber is the House of Commons.

a word used in the past to mean a bedroom or private room

寝室，私人房间〔旧时用语〕

an office or offices used by barristers or judges

〔大律师或法官的〕办公室，事务所

the part of a gun where you put the bullets


champagne

a French white wine with a lot of bubbles, drunk on special occasions


champion

She's a top international athlete and an Olympic champion.

At 22, he was the youngest world champion in the history of the game.

Cheah defeated the defending champion in the National Grand Prix.

The former champion suffered a bad defeat.

The cycling team includes British junior champion, Andrew Wright.

At 16, Gallois is France's youngest national champion.

The show will be opened by the former world boxing champion, Chris Eubank.

a heavyweight/middleweight/featherweight etc champion

(=one in a particular class of boxers, organized according to their weight)

Graham's reign as middleweight champion ended last night.

Every sportsperson dreams of becoming a world champion.

In 2007, the Springboks were crowned the rugby champions of the world.

Lester Piggott is a former champion jockey.

someone or something that has won a competition, especially in sport

〔尤指体育比赛中的〕冠军，第一名

the [world](bold) heavyweight boxing [champion](bold)

[reigning/defending champion](bold)(=the champion at the present time)

someone who publicly fights for and defends an aim or principle, such as the rights of a group of people

某事物/某人的捍卫者[斗士]


champion

to publicly fight for and defend an aim or principle, such as the rights of a group of people

She championed the cause of religious freedom.


championship

ˈtʃæmpiənʃɪp

ˈtʃæmpiənʃɪp

29 nations competed in the world championship.

The team failed to qualify for the European Championship.

It was the final game of the international championship.

(=for a particular group of teams or players)

He won three national championships at Oklahoma.

We lost the championship on the last day.

The championships are being held next Sunday at the San Jose Arena.

The world indoor athletics championships took place in Canada.

He was playing in his first championship game of the season.

She was well ahead in the championship race.

His team lost in the European Championship Finals.

(=the position of being the champion in a sports competition)

He's trying to hold onto his world championship title.

(also: [championships](bold) <[plural](bold)> )

a competition to find which player, team etc is the best in a particular sport

the women’s figure skating championships

希腊队赢得了欧洲锦标赛冠军。

the position or period of being a champion

冠军地位，冠军称号；称冠时期

Warwickshire are the current holders of the cricket championship.

沃里克郡队是现板球冠军。

the act of championing something or someone

〔对某事或某人的〕捍卫，维护