conscience

I was able to answer his questions with a clear conscience.

(=the knowledge that you have done something wrong)

His guilty conscience kept him awake at night.

(=a moral sense of how society should be or how you can help it)

The writer’s strong social conscience is obvious in all his novels.

At what age do children develop a moral conscience?

(=people’s idea of what is right or wrong)

This scandal shocked the public conscience.

Decisions like this are a matter for the individual conscience.

The human conscience is a product of civilization.

Does he have a guilty conscience about his role in the crime?

(=struggle to decide whether it is right or wrong do something)

She wrestled with her conscience for weeks before deciding not to leave him.

Some of the things he’d done still pricked his conscience.

(=something that you must make a moral judgment about)

Whether you vote or not is a matter of conscience.

He had a crisis of conscience about whether to take on the legal case.

(=something in your mind that tells you what is right and wrong)

Other leaders urged him to listen to the voice of conscience and hold free elections.

(=someone who is in prison because they have followed their beliefs about what is right or morally good to do)

Vaclav Havel was a prisoner of conscience who later became president of Czechoslovakia.

the part of your mind that tells you whether what you are doing is morally right or wrong

It was his guilty conscience that made him offer to help.

他是因为心中有愧才提出帮忙的。

Well, at least I can face them all with a [clear conscience](bold)(=the knowledge that you have done nothing wrong).

好吧，至少我可以问心无愧地面对他们所有人。

[prisoner of conscience](bold)(=someone in prison because of their beliefs)

I can’t tell you what to do – it’s a [matter of conscience](bold)(=something you must make a moral judgement about).

我无法告诉你怎么办——这是个人道德判断问题。

a [crisis of conscience](bold) among medical staff (=a situation in which it is very difficult to decide what is the right thing to do)

→ Do not confuse with [consciousness](bold) (=the condition of being awake and aware of things).

a guilty feeling that you have about something bad you have done

Ian felt a pang of conscience at having misjudged her.

伊恩因为错看了她而感到一阵良心上的愧疚。

have no conscience (about sth) (=not feel guilty about something)

They’ve no conscience at all about cheating.

if you have something on your conscience, it makes you feel guilty

使人内疚，成为良心的负担

He didn’t want somebody’s death on his conscience.

他不愿某个人的死成为他良心上的负担。

Could you live with that on your conscience?

你能背着那样的良心包袱生活吗？

if you cannot in all conscience do something, you cannot do it because you think it is wrong

凭良心不能〔因认为某事是错的〕

I couldn’t in all conscience tell him that his job was safe.

出于良心，我不能对他说他的工作肯定保得住。


conscientious

ˌkɒnʃiˈenʃəs◂

[conscientiousness](bold) n. <U> eg: his conscientiousness and loyalty to the company

careful to do everything that it is your job or duty to do

A conscientious teacher may feel inclined to take work home.

一个认真负责的教师可能会想着把工作带回家去做。

a conscientious and hard-working student


conscious

(=conscious of social/political etc issues)

We have all become more environmentally conscious.

People are health conscious nowadays and careful about what they eat.

Young girls are always very fashion conscious.

Most airports are extremely security conscious.

Workers are encouraged to be safety conscious.

Companies keen to increase their profits have to be cost conscious.

(=concerned about what class of society people come from)

In the past, people were much more class conscious.

I became conscious of someone watching me.

I was very [conscious of the fact that](bold) I had to make a good impression.

我非常清楚，我必须给人留下一个好印象。

She was conscious that Marie was listening to every word.

她注意到玛丽在认真听每一句话。

awake and able to understand what is happening around you

清醒的，有知觉的，神志清醒的

The driver was still conscious when the ambulance arrived.

救护车赶到时，司机仍然神志清醒。

an effort etc that is deliberate and intended

有意识的努力/决定/尝试等

Vivien had made a conscious effort to be friendly.

维维恩努力表现得很友好。

thinking a lot about or concerned about something

关注的，有意识的，注重的

Many employers are becoming more safety-conscious.

许多雇主的安全意识越来越强。

conscious thoughts, memories etc are ones which you know about

〔思想、记忆等〕有意识的，意识到的，知道的

Without conscious thought, she instinctively placed a hand on his arm.

她本能地把手放在了他的手臂上，自己都没有意识到。

It affects the audience at a deeper, less conscious level.

它对观众产生了更加深刻的、潜移默化的影响。


consciously

in a way that involves you noticing or realizing something

She was probably not [consciously aware](bold) of her true feelings.

她也许没有清醒地意识到自己真实的感情。

I’m not consciously trying to flirt with people.

我并非有意识要跟人打情骂俏。


consciousness

→ [stream of consciousness](->stream of consciousness)

(=go into a type of deep sleep that is not normal)

As she fell, she hit her head and lost consciousness for several minutes.

I wanted to stay at the hospital until he regained consciousness.

When I returned to consciousness, my head was throbbing with pain.

The doctors were unable to bring her back to consciousness.

(=be awake and then not awake, and then awake again, etc)

He had a high temperature and was drifting in and out of consciousness.

the condition of being awake and able to understand what is happening around you

David [lost consciousness](bold)(=went into a deep sleep) at eight o'clock and died a few hours later.

戴维八点钟失去知觉，几小时后便去世了。

She could faintly hear voices as she began to [regain consciousness](bold)(=wake up).

她开始恢复知觉时，隐约听到有人在说话。

The painful memories eventually faded from her consciousness.

那些痛苦的回忆最终从她的意识中淡去了。

Hypnosis is an altered [state of consciousness](bold).

催眠状态是一种被改变的意识状态。

research into [human consciousness](bold)

someone’s ideas, feelings, or opinions about politics, life etc

〔政治、生活等方面的〕观念，看法

The experience helped to change her political consciousness.

这次经历使得她的政治观念发生了改变。

when you know that something exists or is true

This will increase [public consciousness](bold) of the pollution issue.

这将提高公众对污染问题的意识。


consecutive

[consecutively](bold) adv. eg: Number the pages consecutively.

consecutive numbers or periods of time follow one after the other without any interruptions

It had rained for four consecutive days.

Can they win the title for the third consecutive season?

他们能连续第三个赛季夺冠吗？


consensus

The committee found that it was unable to reach a consensus.

Will further talks achieve a consensus on the UN peace plan?

Canada worked on building a consensus among national governments.

(=is reached after talking about something)

No consensus emerged from these discussions.

There was no international consensus on how to deal with the situation.

The scientific consensus is that global warming is already occurring.

Most decisions are reached by general consensus.

There is a broad consensus that sport is good for you.

(=one that people agree on and understand)

There was no clear consensus about the future direction of the company.

The growing consensus is that we should focus on economic efficiency.

There is a strong consensus that it is time for a change of leadership.

There are still areas where no consensus of opinion has been reached.

Nothing was done because of a lack of consensus on the matter.

an opinion that everyone in a group agrees with or accepts

共同意见，一致看法，共识

a lack of consensus about the aims of the project

在该计划的目标上缺乏共识

There is a consensus among teachers that children should have a broad understanding of the world.

教师们一致认为儿童应该对世界有广泛的了解。

The EU Council of Finance Ministers failed to [reach](bold) a [consensus](bold) on the pace of integration.

欧盟财政部长理事会未能就一体化的进度达成共识。

the current [consensus of opinion](bold)

The [general consensus](bold) was that technology was a good thing.

大家都认为技术是好东西。

the [consensus politics](bold) of the fifties


consent

The child’s parents have to give their consent to the operation.

He claimed to have the consent of the car’s owner.

Your solicitor will need to obtain your signed consent.

Your consent is required before we can apply for a medical report.

The local council was prepared to grant consent to the project.

When the firm applied for consent to build on the site, it was refused.

A patient has the right to withhold consent to treatment.

If you are under 18, you need your parents’ written consent  to get married.

He gave his verbal consent to have the interview taped.

Students may not be absent from school without parental consent.

Do not take photographs of people without obtaining their prior consent.

(=based on full information about what will happen)

The men took part in this study after giving informed consent.

(=consent that is given in a verbal or written way, and not consent that you assume someone gives)

Your medical records will only be released with your express consent.

(=one that is not given verbally or in writing, but that you feel someone has given)

If you continue to live in a particular state when it is possible to leave, this implies tacit consent to that state’s political system.

(=consent to build a new building or change an old one)

You will need to apply for planning consent.

(=the age at which someone can legally marry or have sex)

She was fifteen, under the age of consent, when she became pregnant.

He took the car [without](bold) the owner’s [consent](bold).

他没有得到车主许可就把车开走了。

Her parents [gave](bold) their [consent](bold) to the marriage.

A patient can [refuse consent](bold) for a particular treatment at any time.

任何时候病人都可以拒绝同意某一治疗方法。

Most owners are happy to have their names used for publicity if this is done with their [prior consent](bold).

大多数所有者都乐意自己的名字用在宣传中，只要事先征得他们的同意就行。

[Informed consent](bold) was obtained from all participants before the study began.

此项研究开始之前获得了所有参与者的知情同意。

The chairman was elected [by common consent](bold)(=with most people agreeing).

主席是大家一致推选出来的。

divorce [by mutual consent](bold)(=by agreement between both the people involved)


consent

to give your permission for something or agree to do something

Her father reluctantly consented to the marriage.

她父亲勉强答应了这桩婚事。


consequence

Low energy may be a consequence of sleeping badly.

Taking financial risks can have serious consequences.

I’m prepared to accept the consequences of my decision.

(=accept the bad results of something you have done)

He broke the law, and he will have to face the consequences.

Once the decision has been made, consequences follow.

(=think what might happen as a result of something)

She jumped into the river without considering the consequences.

I knew I’d made a mistake and that I couldn’t escape the consequences.

What are the likely consequences of these changes?

Loss of mobility is not an inevitable consequence of old age.

Too much fishing in these seas has had serious consequences.

If temperatures continue to rise, it could have disastrous consequences for agriculture.

This discovery was an important consequence of his research.

The rise in food prices has had enormous economic and political consequences.

(=a consequence directly caused by something)

The spread of information has been a direct consequence of the Internet.

(=that naturally/logically follows something)

Obviously disappointment is a natural consequence of defeat.

the negative consequences of drinking too much alcohol

(=that affects your life, a situation etc badly)

Divorce often has unfortunate consequences for children.

Someone dropped a burning cigarette, with tragic consequences.

The new law is sure to have far-reaching consequences.

(=results that last a long time, or appear after a long time)

If you smoke it may have long-term consequences.

something that happens as a result of a particular action or set of conditions

Many believe that poverty is a direct consequence of overpopulation.

许多人认为人口过多可直接导致贫困。

Our findings have far-reaching consequences for researchers.

我们的发现对研究人员具有深远的影响。

He ate some poisonous mushrooms, with fatal consequences.

他吃了些毒蘑菇，引起了致命的后果。

as a consequence (of sth)/in consequence (of sth)

Animals have died as a consequence of coming into contact with this chemical.

已经有动物因为接触了这种化学物而死亡。

She was over the age limit and, in consequence, her application was rejected.

她已经超过了年龄限制，因此她的申请被拒绝了。

Your opinion is of little consequence to me.

你的意见对我而言不重要。

I don’t suppose it is of any consequence now.

现在我觉得这事一点都无所谓了。


consequent

[adj](bold) <[usually before noun](bold)> [formal](special)

happening as a result of a particular event or situation

the rise in inflation and consequent fall in demand

通货膨胀的加剧和随之而来的需求下降


consequently

Most computer users have never received any formal keyboard training. Consequently, their keyboard skills are inefficient.

大多数的电脑使用者都没有经过正规的键盘操作训练，因此他们的键盘技巧不够熟练。

The molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream and consequently affect the organs.

这些分子被吸收到血液里，从而影响到器官。


conservation

ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃən

a government adviser on nature conservation

More woodland is needed for wildlife conservation.

It is important to encourage environmental conservation and awareness.

(=relating to the sea and the life in it)

marine conservation in offshore Australia

(=an area where animals and plants are protected)

It is important that nature conservation issues are taken into account.

A conservation programme has been underway since 1980.

(=a group of people who support or work for conservation)

the growing number of conservation groups

The group spent four months carrying out conservation work in the rainforest.

the protection of natural things such as animals, plants, forests etc, to prevent them from being spoiled or destroyed

〔动植物、森林等的〕保护

when you prevent something from being lost or wasted

the conservation of resources through recycling


conservative

kənˈsɜːvətɪv

[conservatively](bold) adv. eg: a fortune conservatively estimated at 2 million dollars eg: He was conservatively dressed in a dark business suit.

a very conservative attitude to education

belonging to or concerned with the Conservative Party in Britain

〔式样、品味等〕不时兴的，传统的

a guess which is deliberately lower than what the real amount probably is

At a conservative estimate, the holiday will cost about £1,500.

按照保守估计，这个假期大约要花费1,500英镑。


conservative

someone who supports or is a member of the Conservative Party in Britain

英国保守党的支持者；保守党党员

someone who does not like changes in politics, ideas, or fashion

an argument between reformers and conservatives in the organization

该组织内部的改革派和保守派之争


conserve

to protect something and prevent it from changing or being damaged

We must conserve our woodlands for future generations.

我们必须为子孙后代保护林地。

to use as little water, energy etc as possible so that it is not wasted


conserve

fruit that is preserved by being cooked with sugar


consider

In meaning 1, [consider](bold)  is often used in the progressive. You say: I am considering investing some money (=I am thinking about it and may do it).

In meaning 2, [consider](bold)  is not used in the progressive. You say: I consider it a good investment (=I believe that it is) .
Don’t say: [I am considering it a good investment.](strike)

to have an opinion about someone or something after thinking carefully about them

We do not consider this film suitable for young children.

She is considered to be one of the finest pianists of her generation.

Having a child makes you see things differently.

America was seen as the land of opportunity.

The country sees itself as a bridge between East and West.

to think about someone or something in a particular way, or as being a particular kind of person or thing. [Regard/view](bold) are a little more formal than [see](bold)

She regards herself more as an entertainer than a singer.

Many people in the industry viewed him with suspicion.

Historically, nursing has been perceived as a job for women, but things have changed now.

The group were perceived to have little real talent.

Do other people perceive us as we perceive ourselves?

to think that someone or something is a particular type of person or thing

He looked on his job as a welcome relief from the problems at home.

Even though he’s 18, his parents still think of him as a child.

to think about something carefully, especially before making a choice or decision

I seriously considered resigning (=almost actually resigned).

[consider the possibility of (doing) sth](bold)

Have you considered the possibility of retraining?

你是否考虑过接受再培训的可能性？

We are considering whether to change our advice to tourists.

我们正在考虑是否修改对游客的建议。

We’re still considering where to move to.

我们仍在考虑搬到哪里去。

We will have to [consider](bold) your offer [carefully](bold).

我们得仔细考虑你的提议。

[be considering your position](bold) [formal](special)(=be deciding whether or not to leave your job)

[Consider](bold)  is followed by an [-ing](bold)  form, not an infinitive. You [consider doing](bold)  something: I considered asking for my money back.
Don’t say: [I considered to ask for my money back.](strike)

to think of someone or something in a particular way or to have a particular opinion

The local authority considered that the school did not meet requirements.

当地政府认为这所学校达不到要求。

A further increase in interest rates is now considered unlikely.

进一步上调利率现在被认为不大可能。

Liz Quinn was considered an excellent teacher.

利兹•奎因被认为是一位优秀的教师。

They consider themselves to be Europeans.

[consider it necessary/important etc to do sth](bold)

I did not consider it necessary to report the incident.

我认为没必要把这件事报告上去。

I consider it a great honour to be invited.

我觉得受到邀请是很大的荣幸。

The campaign was considered to have failed.

[consider yourself lucky/fortunate](bold)(=believe you are lucky etc)

Consider yourself lucky you weren’t in the car at the time.

你当时不在车里，你应该感到庆幸。

consider yourself (to be) sth (=think of yourself as a particular type of person)

They consider themselves to be middle class.

他们认为自己属于中产阶级。

to think about someone or their feelings, and try to avoid upsetting them

You’ve got to learn to consider other people!

to think about an important fact relating to something when making a judgment

考虑到〔相关的重要因素〕，顾及

It’s not surprising [when you consider that](bold) he only arrived six months ago.

想想他才来了六个月，这就不足为奇了。

[All things considered](bold), I’m sure we made the right decision.

通盘考虑起来，我相信我们的决定是正确的。

to discuss something such as a report or problem, so that you can make a decision about it

The committee has been considering the report.

委员会一直在讨论这份报告。

to look at someone or something carefully

Ben considered the statue with an expert eye.

本以专家的眼光审视着这座雕塑。

used to say yes very willingly when someone asks you to do something for them

‘Could you drive me to the airport tomorrow?’ ‘Consider it done.’

“明天你能否开车送我去机场？”“没问题。”


considerable

fairly large, especially large enough to have an effect or be important

相当大的〔尤指能产生影响或很重要〕

[considerable amount/number etc of sth](bold)

We’ve saved a considerable amount of money.

我们存了一笔数额相当大的钱。

Michael has already spent considerable time in Barcelona.

迈克尔在巴塞罗那已经待了相当长的时间了。

The series has aroused considerable interest.

这套系列节目引起了观众相当浓厚的兴趣。


considerably

很，非常，相当大[多]地

Conditions have improved considerably over the past few years.

过去几年里条件已经得到了很大改善。


considerate

always thinking of what other people need or want and being careful not to upset them

关切的，体贴的；替他人着想的

他总是很善良，为别人着想。

It was very considerate of you to let us know you were going to be late.

你事先告诉我们你会迟到，考虑得非常周到。

As a motorist, I try to be considerate towards cyclists.

作为一名驾车者，我尽量考虑到骑自行车的人。


consideration

kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃən

kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃən

It’s an interesting idea and I’ll give it some consideration.

He made a number of proposals that deserve consideration.

Money is usually the first issue that needs consideration.

All applications for a university place receive consideration.

After careful consideration I have decided not to accept your offer.

At the time, I didn’t give his suggestion serious consideration.

The meeting was adjourned to allow time for further consideration.

Two other major difficulties need special consideration.

Each of these matters requires detailed consideration.

(=the necessary and suitable consideration)

A lot of building took place without due consideration for the effect it would have on the area.

Our decision must be based on full consideration of the long-term consequences.

I would be grateful if you would give this matter urgent consideration.

careful thought and attention, especially before making an official or important decision

There are several amendments under consideration.

好几项修正案正在讨论中。

After due consideration, I have decided to tender my resignation.

经过认真考虑，我决定递交辞呈。

[give sth careful/full etc consideration](bold)

We would have to give serious consideration to banning it altogether.

我们将不得不认真地考虑全面禁止这种情况。

These plans definitely merit further consideration.

这些计划绝对值得进一步考虑。

to remember to think about something important when you are making a decision or judgment

考虑到某事物，把某事物考虑进去

We will take your recent illness into consideration when marking your exams.

在给你的考卷打分时，我们会考虑到你最近生病这个因素。

Don’t say: [take something in consideration](strike) [take something under consideration](strike)

a fact that you think about when you are making a decision

Political rather than economic considerations influenced the location of the new factory.

影响新工厂选址的是政治因素，而不是经济因素。

the quality of thinking about other people’s feelings and being careful not to upset them

The murdered woman’s name has not been released, out of consideration for her parents.

被害女子的姓名没有公布，这是出于对她父母的考虑。

They’ve got no [consideration for others](bold).

他们一点都不为别人着想。

a payment for something, especially a service

〔尤指为服务所付的〕报酬，酬金

I might be able to help you, [for a small consideration](bold).

我也许能够帮助你，只要一点小小的报酬。

a payment [in consideration of](bold)(=as payment for) their services


considering

used to say that you are thinking about a particular fact when you are giving your opinion

Considering the strength of the opposition, we did very well to score two goals.

考虑到对方实力强大，我们能攻进两球已经很不错了。

I think we paid too much for the house, considering that we needed to get the roof repaired.

考虑到还得修理屋顶，我觉得我们这房子买贵了。

John did quite well in his exams, considering how little he studied.

考虑到约翰学习时间那么少，他考得已经算不错了。


considering

used after you have given an opinion, to say that something is true in spite of a situation that makes it seem surprising

从各方面考虑起来，通盘考虑起来

总的看来，他显得还不算太累。


consist

to be formed from two or more things or people

Lunch consisted of sandwiches and fruit.

The audience was largely made up of families.

to consist of something – used especially when saying which natural substances something contains, or what kind of people are in a group

Every chemical element is composed of atoms.

Venus’ atmosphere is mainly composed of carbon dioxide.

The team was composed of leading scientists from around the world.

to consist of the things mentioned. [Comprise](bold) can also be used to talk about the people or things which form something

The event comprises a champagne reception, two-course lunch, and a fashion show.

Men still comprise the majority of people who have the disease.

to be the things or people that form something

Women constitute a significant part of the workforce.

Toys make up about 10% of the company’s sales.


consistency

the quality of always being the same, doing things in the same way, having the same standards etc – used to show approval

连贯性，前后一致〔含褒义〕

Consumer groups are demanding greater consistency in the labelling of food products.

消费者团体要求食品标签更加统一。

Consistency of performance depends on several factors.

表现稳定取决于好几个因素。

There are checks to ensure consistency between interviewers.

对主持面试者要进行审查，以确保他们之间的一致性。

Beat the mixture until it has the consistency of thick cream.

搅打混合物直到它像稠奶油一样浓滑。


consistent

[consistently](bold) adv. eg: consistently high performance

always behaving in the same way or having the same attitudes, standards etc – usually used to show approval

〔行为、态度、标准等〕一贯的，一致的〔一般含褒义〕

She’s the team’s most consistent player.

她是该队中表现最为稳定的选手。

We need to be consistent in our approach.

我们在方法上要前后一致。

continuing to happen or develop in the same way

a consistent improvement in the country’s economy

a consistent argument or idea does not have any parts that do not match other parts

〔论点或看法〕前后一致的

if a fact, idea etc is consistent with another one, it seems to match it

与某事物相一致，与某事物相吻合

Her injuries are consistent with having fallen from the building.

她的伤和从大楼坠落的情况是吻合的。

The results are consistent with earlier research.


consolation

ˌkɒnsəˈleɪʃən

something that makes you feel better when you are sad or disappointed

The only consolation for the team is that they get a chance to play the game again.

该队唯一的安慰是他们有机会再赛一场。

[If it’s any consolation](bold), things do get easier as the child gets older.

聊可安慰的是，随着这孩子慢慢长大，境况也好起来了。

He [had the consolation of](bold) knowing that he couldn’t have done any better.

他知道自己已经尽了最大努力，心中便有了安慰。

The fact that there has been a reduction in crime is little consolation to victims of crime.

犯罪率下降对于受害者来说也起不了多少安慰作用。


consolidate

[consolidation](bold) /kənˌsɒləˈdeɪʃ/ US /-ˌsɑː-/  n. <C,U> eg: the consolidation of political power

to strengthen the position of power or success that you have, so that it becomes more effective or continues for longer

加强，巩固〔取得的权力、成功等〕

The company has [consolidated](bold) its [position](bold) as the country’s leading gas supplier.

这家公司巩固了作为该国主要燃气供应商的地位。

The team consolidated their lead with a third goal.

球队第三个进球巩固了领先优势。

to combine things in order to make them more effective or easier to deal with

We consolidate information from a wide range of sources.

我们把来自各种渠道的信息加以汇总。

They took out a loan to consolidate their debts.

他们贷了一笔款来整合债务。

The company is planning to consolidate its business activities at a new site in Arizona.

这家公司正计划在亚利桑那州的新址整合他们的业务活动。


consonant

a speech sound made by partly or completely stopping the flow of air through your mouth

a letter that represents a consonant sound. The letters ‘a’, ‘e’, ‘i’, ‘o’, ‘u’, and sometimes ‘y’ represent vowels, and all the other letters are consonants.


consonant

to match or exist well with something else

与某事物一致，与某事物符合

This policy is scarcely consonant with the government’s declared aims.

这项政策与政府所宣称的目标基本上不符。

relating to a combination of musical notes that sounds pleasant


consortium

[plural](italic) consortia /-tiə/ or [plural](italic) consortiums

a group of companies or organizations who are working together to do something

The aircraft will be built by a European consortium.

这种飞机将由欧洲的一个财团建造。


conspicuous

显著的，显眼的；引人注目的

The notice must be displayed in a conspicuous place.

通告一定要贴在显眼的地方。

我穿着红外套，感觉自己十分显眼。

conspicuous success, courage etc is very great and impressive

〔成功、勇气等〕引人注目的，惹人注意的

He had represented Italy with conspicuous success.

他代表意大利取得了令人瞩目的成功。

The award is given for notable or conspicuous achievement in science.

这个奖项是为科学领域中的显著成就而颁发的。

used to say that someone or something is not somewhere where they were expected to be

〔本应在场却〕因缺席而引起注意

a group that were conspicuous by their absence from the awards ceremony

因缺席颁奖仪式而引人注目的一个组合


conspiracy

Hitler believed there was a worldwide conspiracy to enslave Germany.

His crimes were illegal possession of arms and criminal conspiracy.

Were the killings part of a political conspiracy?

(=that people say exists but that is not yet proved to exist)

The charges against him relate to an alleged conspiracy.

The jury found that Poindexter was part of a conspiracy to ship arms to Iran.

Apparently the commander of the army had also been involved in the conspiracy.

The women were charged with conspiracy to supply heroin.

He was convicted of conspiracy to carry out terrorist acts.

(=a belief by a number of people that something is the result of a conspiracy)

President Kennedy’s assassination inspired a lot of conspiracy theories.

(=someone who believes in a particular conspiracy)

Conspiracy theorists believe that Princess Diana’s death was not an accident.

a conspiracy charge/charge of conspiracy

Three men have been convicted on fraud and conspiracy charges.

a secret plan made by two or more people to do something that is harmful or illegal

He was charged with conspiracy to commit criminal damage.

他被指控密谋进行刑事破坏活动。

There were many [conspiracy theories](bold)(=beliefs that something is the result of a conspiracy) surrounding Princess Diana’s death.

围绕戴安娜王妃之死有许多阴谋论。

an agreement not to talk about something, even though it should not be a secret

〔对不该保密的事〕缄默不谈的密约

There’s often a conspiracy of silence surrounding bullying in schools.


conspire

to secretly plan with someone else to do something illegal

All six men admitted conspiring to steal cars.

这六个人全都承认一起密谋偷车。

There was some evidence that he had been conspiring against the government.

有证据证明他在搞反政府阴谋。

if events conspire to do something, they happen at the same time and make something bad happen

〔事件〕凑在一起，共同导致

Pollution and neglect have conspired to ruin the city.

污染加上疏于管理毁了这座城市。

Emily felt that everything was conspiring against her.

埃米莉觉得一切都在和她作对。


constant

There was a [constant stream of](bold) visitors to the house.

参观这幢房子的游客川流不息。

Amy lived in constant fear of being attacked.

埃米一直生活在害怕遭到袭击的恐惧之中。

He kept in constant contact with his family while he was in Australia.

他在澳大利亚时一直和家人保持着联系。


constant

something that stays the same even though other things change


constantly

他一直在谈论自己的工作。

The English language is [constantly changing](bold).


constituency

an area of a country that elects a representative to a parliament

He represents the Essex constituency of Epping Forest.

他代表埃塞克斯郡的埃平森林选区。

the people who live and vote in a particular area

In this meaning, [constituency](bold)  is usually followed by a singular verb: The constituency [seems](bold) happy with its MP.

In British English, you can also use a plural verb: The constituency [seem](bold) happy with their MP.

any group that supports or is likely to support a politician or a political party

〔政治家或政党的〕支持者，拥护者

The trade unions were no longer the constituency of the Labour Party alone.


constituent

one of the substances or things that combine to form something

Sodium is one of the constituents of salt.


constituent

[adj](bold) <[only before noun](bold)> [formal](special)


constitute

Failing to complete the work constitutes a breach of the employment contract.

不能完成工作被视为违反雇用合同。

The rise in crime constitutes a threat to society.

犯罪率上升对社会构成了威胁。

if several people or things constitute something, they are the parts that form it

We must redefine what constitutes a family.

我们必须对家庭的构成重新定义。

In everyday English, people usually say [make up](bold)  rather than [constitute](bold) :

His letters to his wife [make up](bold) the middle section of the book.

In meanings 1 and 2, [constitute](bold)  is not used in the progressive. You say: This constitutes a criminal offence.
Don’t say: [This is constituting a criminal offence.](strike)

However, the participle form [constituting](bold)  is often used: Fish products are significant in Japan’s imports, constituting 30% of the total.

to officially form a group or organization

[Constitute](bold)  is usually passive in this meaning.


constitution

A written constitution forms the fundamental law of the nation.

(=a constitution that is not formally written down as a separate document)

Britain's unwritten constitution allows for flexibility when circumstances change.

(=one that is not yet in its final form)

There was an amendment to Arizona’s state constitution.

(=relating to a central government, not a state)

Canada was granted a federal constitution in 1867.

Andorra voted in favour of a new democratic constitution.

The American constitution was drafted in 1787.

In 1984, the South African government adopted a new constitution.

Congress amended the constitution more than 300 times during 1992.

Such discrimination violates the constitution.

(=stop it from continuing, usually for a short time)

The army suspended the constitution and formed a military government.

The U.S. Constitution requires that a census be done every ten years.

Singapore's constitution provides for an elected president as head of state.

The Constitution allows police to seize property used in a crime.

Colombia's constitution forbids extradition.

Hungary's constitution guarantees freedom of religion.

the First Amendment to the American Constitution

(=the ideas and aims that it is based on)

the guiding legal principles of the constitution

The provision in the European constitution that limited women's roles in the military was found to be discriminatory.

a set of basic laws and principles that a country or organization is governed by

〔国家的〕宪法；〔组织的〕章程

The right to speak freely is written into the Constitution of the United States.

your health and your body’s ability to fight illness

[(have) a strong/good/weak etc constitution](bold)

She’s got a strong constitution – she’ll recover in no time.

她体质强壮，很快就会恢复。

What’s the chemical constitution of the dye?

这种染料的化学成分是什么？


constitutional

ˌkɒnstəˈtjuːʃənəl◂

[constitutionally](bold) adv. eg: a constitutionally guaranteed right eg: He was constitutionally incapable of dealing with conflict.

officially allowed or limited by the system of rules of a country or organization

宪法[章程]规定的，合乎宪法[章程]的

a [constitutional right](bold) to privacy

a [constitutional monarchy](bold)(=a country ruled by a king or queen whose power is limited by a constitution)

connected with the constitution of a country or organization

relating to someone’s health, physical ability, or character


constitutional

a walk you take because it is good for your health


constrain

to stop someone from doing what they want to do

Financial factors should not constrain doctors from prescribing the best treatment for patients.

经济因素不应该妨碍医生为病人制订最好的治疗方案。

Poor soil has constrained the level of crop production.

贫瘠的土地限制了农作物的产量。

Women’s employment opportunities are often severely constrained by family commitments.

女性的就业机会常常受到家庭责任的严重限制。


constraint

During the war, there were many physical and social constraints on citizens.

(=the limited amount of time that is available)

Exams are always done under strict time constraints.

(=the limited amount of money that is available)

With any new project, you have to be aware of the budget constraints.

In Egypt, the shortage of land and water is a major constraint on agriculture.

The country's debts put serious constraints on its economic growth.

They were operating within tight financial constraints.

Their religious beliefs were an important constraint on their behaviour.

You have to work within the constraints that the software imposes.

Lack of funding is putting severe constraints on research.

Summer vacation is a time when children are freed from the constraints of routine.

Teachers are subject to the constraints of the examination system.

No film producers are free from the constraints of censorship.

(=because there are particular constraints on something)

Given the constraints on space in the city, most people live in tiny apartments.

something that limits your freedom to do what you want

Constraints on spending have forced the company to rethink its plans.

由于开支受到限制，这家公司不得不重新考虑其计划。

There have been financial and political constraints on development.

发展受到了经济和政治上的限制。

[impose/place constraints on sb/sth](bold)

constraints imposed on teachers by large class sizes

班级人数多给教师带来的限制

control over the way people are allowed to behave, so that they cannot do what they want


construct

to build something such as a house, bridge, road etc

There are plans to construct a new road bridge across the river.

有计划要建造一条新的跨河公路桥。

skyscrapers constructed entirely of concrete and glass

全部用混凝土和玻璃构筑的摩天大楼

to form something such as a sentence, argument, or system by joining words, ideas etc together

组成，构成〔句子、论点、体系等〕

Boyce has constructed a new theory of management.

博伊斯创立了一套新的管理理论。

绘制〔几何图形〕，作〔图〕

画一个边长为5厘米的正方形。


construct

an idea formed by combining several pieces of information or knowledge


construction

The construction industry had a hard time during the recession.

It’s the largest construction company in Mexico.

Thousands of construction workers are out of work.

Construction work on the new road is expected to take two years.

(=an area where something is being built)

Safety is very important on a construction site.

There are always a lot of large construction projects in Dubai.

expensive construction materials like cement and steel

The total construction costs will reach £125 million.

A new road is currently under construction.

Developers are planning to begin construction on a new housing project.

We expect to complete construction in January.

the process of building things such as houses, bridges, roads etc

The hotel is currently under construction.

这家宾馆目前正在建造之中。

the process of making something using many parts

Work out the exact design before you start construction.

开始施工之前要准备好精确的设计方案。

the materials used to build or make something, or its design and structure

The houses were partly timber in construction.

这些房子有些部分是木结构的。

External doors should be of robust construction.

the way in which words are put together in a sentence, phrase etc

〔词在句子、短语等中的〕结构；句法关系

the process of forming something from knowledge or ideas

〔知识、想法等的〕创造，创立，建立

to think that a statement has a particular meaning or that something was done for a particular reason

The judge put an entirely different construction on his remarks.

法官对他的话作了完全不同的解释。


constructive

useful and helpful, or likely to produce good results

We welcome any [constructive criticism](bold).

我们欢迎任何有建设性的批评。


construe

to understand a remark or action in a particular way

comments that could be construed as sexist

可以理解为有性别歧视的言论

The term can be construed in two different ways.

这个用语可以有两种不同的理解。

[Construe](bold)  is usually passive in this meaning.


consult

to get advice from someone who is trained in a particular profession, for example a lawyer or a doctor

You should consult your lawyer before exchanging contracts.

to go to someone and ask them for for their advice, especially a professional person such as a lawyer or doctor. [See](bold) is the usual word to use in everyday English

to ask someone to tell you what they think you should do in a particular situation

I asked my teacher’s advice when it was time to apply for colleges.

to ask someone whether something is correct or a good idea

Check with your doctor before starting on a new exercise program.

to go to someone to ask for help, advice, or sympathy

Many people who were struggling to repay mortgages turned to the Citizens’ Advice Bureau for help.

to ask someone who knows a lot about something for their ideas about it

The conference was a great place to meet other managers and pick their brains about issues I was also facing.

to ask for information or advice from someone because it is their job to know something

If symptoms persist, consult a doctor without delay.

如果症状持续的话，马上咨询医生。

An increasing number of people are consulting their accountants about the tax laws.

越来越多的人向会计师咨询有关税法的问题。

我需要咨询一下我的律师。

In everyday English, people usually say [ask](bold)  someone, or [see](bold)  someone, rather than [consult](bold)  someone:

I think you should [go and see](bold) your doctor.

to discuss something with someone so that you can make a decision together

〔与某人〕商议，商量〔以便共同作出决定〕

I can’t believe you sold the car without consulting me!

我真不敢相信你不和我商量一下就把车给卖了！

The president consulted with European leaders before taking action.

总统在采取行动以前曾与欧洲领导人商议。

to look for information in a book, map, list etc


consultancy

a company that gives advice on a particular subject

advice that a company is paid to provide

〔咨询公司收费提供的〕（专家）咨询，咨询意见


consultant

A team of political consultants shaped his election campaign.

(=one who does not belong to your organization)

An educational programme was planned by outside consultants.

(=one who advises a company how to improve its management)

The company employed management consultants to help with their strategy for the future.

(=one who helps companies find suitable staff)

Recruitment consultants say that employers are reducing the number of new staff.

(=one who gives advice on how to advertise and sell a product)

(=one who advises an organization on how to relate well to the public)

(=one who advises people how to improve their style or appearance)

The new prime minister was advised to see an image consultant.

(=one who advises people on what to wear)

It would be great to have your own fashion consultant.

(=be a consultant on a particular project)

He acted as a historical consultant on the film.

We have 170 staff working as computer consultants to clients.

We sometimes employ consultants to help with marketing.

The company hired an outside consultant to review staffing levels.

Consultants were brought in to examine the building.

someone whose job is to give advice on a particular subject

a hospital doctor of a very high rank who has a lot of knowledge about a particular area of medicine


consultation

ˌkɒnsəlˈteɪʃən

Further consultations will be held with local residents.

French and German officials began consultations with officials from the other four nations.

Any decision on military action would require consultation.

(=asking for for ordinary people's views)

The first public consultations considered environmental and health issues.

(=including all the details of something)

No decision will be made until there has been full consultation with farmers.

New educational policies should be based on prior consultation with teachers.

Has there been proper consultation with the local communities?

It is recommended that further consultation should take place.

(=in which people, groups etc discuss something carefully together)

The changes followed close consultation with government officials.

(=involving a lot of people, groups etc)

Strong recommendations were made after wide consultation.

Committees can be used for joint consultation between employers and employees.

Better methods of formal consultation are needed.

(=a formal report on a subject that needs to be discussed)

He produced a consultation document on public transport proposals for the city.

(=an activity that involves getting people's opinions on something)

The public consultation exercise was undertaken to gauge public reaction.

a discussion in which people who are affected by or involved in something can give their opinions

The decision was reached after consultation with parents and teachers.

这个决定是和家长、老师磋商之后作出的。

He’s calling for urgent consultations between the government and the oil industry to resolve the problem.

他呼吁政府和石油界紧急磋商解决这个问题。

The plans were drawn up in consultation with engineers.

这些计划是和工程师们磋商后制订的。

There will be a public consultation exercise to ask for people’s views.

将举行公众咨询活动以听取民众意见。

a meeting with a professional person, especially a doctor, for advice or treatment

〔征询专业人士意见的〕咨询会；〔尤指〕就诊

A follow-up consultation was arranged for two weeks’ time.

the process of getting advice from a professional person

Trained parenting experts are available for consultation by telephone.

可以通过电话咨询受过专业培训的育儿专家。

the process of looking for information or help in a book

Leaflets were regularly displayed for consultation by students.

定期有散页印刷材料贴出供学生查阅参考。


consume

Only 27% of the paper we consume is recycled.

我们消耗的纸张只有27%得到回收利用。

A smaller vehicle will consume less fuel.

Alcohol may not be consumed on the premises.

if a feeling or idea consumes you, it affects you very strongly, so that you cannot think about anything else

〔某种情绪或念头〕充满 …的内心

She was scared by the depression which threatened to consume her.

这种似乎要把她吞噬的抑郁情绪让她感到害怕。

He was consumed with guilt after the accident.

这次意外事故发生后，他心里充满了内疚。

if fire consumes something, it destroys it completely


consumer

(=things that people buy for their own use)

Our demand for consumer goods increases all the time.

Consumer demand decreased as a result of the recession.

Higher taxes will reduce consumer spending.

(=an organization that protects consumers’ rights)

There have been complaints from consumer groups about the high prices charged by some companies.

Competition between businesses leads to more consumer choice.

Our advertising is aimed at teenagers because they are our main consumer market.

(=a society of people who want to buy a lot of things)

In the west, we live in a consumer society.

(=things you buy that are expected to last,  such as cars, televisions, or furniture)

Ownership of consumer durables is a reflection of standards of living.

(=money people owe because they buy too much)

(=a time when people spend a lot more money on buying things than usual)

the consumer boom of the 1980s in Britain

The US is the world’s biggest oil consumer.

The average consumer has become more price conscious.

(=one that buys in the country where something is produced)

Demand from domestic consumers is increasing.

someone who buys and uses products and services

→see THESAURUS at [customer](->customer)

Consumers will soon be paying higher airfares.

不久消费者买机票就要更贵了。

It will offer a wider choice of goods for [the consumer](bold)(=consumers in general).

它将为消费者提供更多的商品选择。

[Consumer demand](bold) led to higher imports of manufactured goods.

消费者需求促使制造商品的进口量增加了。

[Consumer spending](bold) was down by 0.1% last month.

上个月消费者支出下降了0.1%。

给予消费者建议的信息来源


consumption

People should stop using expensive cars with a high petrol consumption.

Total consumption of petrol has risen by 20%.

(=use of something in the country where it is produced)

Domestic consumption of oil has increased.

The government is encouraging us to reduce our household consumption of water.

Over a quarter of our energy consumption is in the home.

There are three possible methods of reducing oil consumption.

The system will be introduced into all stores to reduce energy consumption by up to 10%

Consumption of unleaded fuel rose by 17% in 1992.

Coal consumption has fallen dramatically.

the amount of energy, oil, electricity etc that is used

〔精力、油、电等的〕消耗量

Vigorous exercise increases oxygen consumption.

The consumption of alcohol on the premises is forbidden.

[fit/unfit for human consumption](bold)(=safe or not safe to eat)

The meat was declared unfit for human consumption.

这种肉已被宣布不适合供人食用。

the amount of a substance that people eat, drink, smoke etc

〔食物、饮料、烟草等的〕消耗量，消费量

The Government wants to reduce tobacco consumption by 40%.

政府想把烟草的消耗量减少40%。

art intended for [mass consumption](bold)(=to be bought, seen etc by lots of people)

China’s austerity program has cut [domestic consumption](bold)(=when products are bought in the country where they were produced).

中国的经济紧缩计划缩减了国内消费。

[conspicuous consumption](bold)(=when people buy expensive products to prove they are rich)

for general/public/private etc consumption

intended to be heard or read only by a particular group of people

供一般人/公众/少数人等了解

figures that are not for public consumption


contact

[eye contact](bold) at → [eye](->eye) 1 sense 5

I haven’t had any contact with her for at least two years.

He’s been in contact with his lawyer about the situation.

Where can I get in contact with you while you are away?

We’ve stayed in contact since we met on holiday.

(=no longer see someone or hear from them)

She moved to Spain and I lost contact with her.

We’d like to make contact with other schools in the area.

(=give someone the name, telephone number etc of another person)

I can put you in contact with a friend of mine in Paris.

It’s good to come into contact with people from different  cultures.

The job brought me into contact with a lot of interesting people.

The police are trying to establish contact with the kidnappers.

She doesn’t give interviews and avoids contact with the media.

(=refuse to have any contact with someone)

After the divorce, she severed all contact with her husband.

Our volunteers work in direct contact with people who need help.

I like to stay in close contact with my parents.

(=seeing and speaking to someone personally)

She never comes into personal contact with senior managers.

He lived alone and had little human contact.

All students have regular contact with their tutor.

I like my job because it involves day-to-day contact with clients.

Certain types of jobs do not need face-to-face contact.

Children with learning difficulties may need one-to-one contact.

Air traffic control had lost radio contact with the pilot.

communication with a person, organization, country etc

There is very little contact between the two tribes.

这两个部落间几乎没有什么交往。

Many of us have no direct contact with elderly people.

我们中有许多人和老人没有直接的接触。

我们用电子邮件保持联系。

The town is cut off from contact with the outside world.

城镇与外界的联系被切断了。

when two people or things touch each other

Children need [physical contact](bold) with a caring adult.

儿童需要和关爱他们的大人有身体接触。

The disease spreads by [sexual contact](bold) between infected animals.

这种疾病是通过受感染动物之间的性接触进行传播的。

For a second, his hand was in contact with mine.

那一瞬间，他的手和我的手碰到了一起。

When water [comes into contact with](bold) air, carbon dioxide is released.

水和空气接触就会释放出二氧化碳。

The bomb exploded on contact (=at the moment it touched something).

when you meet someone or experience a particular kind of thing

Everyone who [came into contact with](bold) Di felt better for knowing her.

与戴妃接触过的每一个人都庆幸认识了她。

Pat’s job [brings](bold) her [into contact with](bold) the problems people face when they retire.

帕特的工作使她接触到了人们退休后会遇到的种种问题。

a person you know who may be able to help or advise you

〔能提供帮助或建议的〕熟人

He [has](bold) a lot of [contacts](bold) in the media.

a situation in which you can communicate easily with a group, country etc

We have [good contacts](bold) with the local community.

我们和当地社区有着良好的关系。

He goes to great lengths to maintain these contacts.

他竭尽全力维持这些关系。

the establishment of diplomatic contacts

a place you go to or a person you meet when you ask an organization for help

Primary health care teams are the first point of contact for users of the service.

基础卫生保健小组是保健服务使用者的第一个联系点。

a way in which two different things are related

finding a point of contact between theory and practice

在理论与实践之间寻找一个结合点

the part of something where another thing touches it

The sting causes swelling at the point of contact.

被叮咬之后接触点会肿胀。

an electrical part that completes a circuit when it touches another part


contact

[contactable](bold) adj. <not before noun> eg: A mobile phone makes you contactable wherever you are.

In everyday English, people often say [get in touch with](bold)  someone rather than [contact](bold)  someone:

Is there a number where I can [get in touch with](bold) you?

You [contact](bold)  someone: Contact the sales department for details.
Don’t say: [Contact with the sales department for details.](strike)

You [make contact with](bold)  someone: I’ve been trying to make contact with him.
Don’t say: [make a contact with someone](strike)

You [get in contact with](bold)  someone: You can get in contact with us on this number.
Don’t say: [get in contact to someone](strike)

You can also say that two or more people [make contact](bold)  or [get in contact](bold) : They made contact as soon as they landed.

You [get in touch with](bold)  someone: I managed to get in touch with the owner.

You can also say that two or more people [get in touch](bold) : We got in touch and arranged to meet.

〔写信、打电话〕联系〔某人〕

Give the name of someone who we can contact in an emergency.

给出一名紧急联系人的名字。

Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any queries.

你如果有任何疑问，尽管和我联系。


contact

a telephone number or address where someone can be found if necessary

If you are babysitting, make sure you have a contact number for the parents.

如果你临时给人看孩子，一定要有家长的联系电话。

contact explosives or chemicals become active when they touch something

〔炸药或化学物质〕通过接触起作用的


contain

if something such as a bag, box, or place contains something, that thing is inside it

The thieves stole a purse containing banknotes.

小偷们偷到了一个里面有钞票的钱包。

The museum contains a number of original artworks.

这家博物馆藏有一些原创艺术品。

In meanings 1, 2, and 3, [contain](bold)  is not used in the progressive. You say: What does this box contain?
Don’t say: [What is this box containing?](strike)

if a document, book, speech etc contains something, that thing is included in it

The letter contained information about Boulestin’s legal affairs.

这封信里有关于布莱斯坦的法律事务的信息。

The proposed changes are contained in a policy statement.

提议的改革内容包含在一项政策声明中。

if a substance contains something, that thing is part of it

In everyday English, people often use different phrases to say that something [contains](bold)  something else:

[The box [contained](bold) books.](strike)

The box [had](bold) books [in it](bold).

[The essay[ contained](bold) a lot of mistakes.](strike)

[There were](bold) a lot of mistakes [in](bold) the essay.

[Does this dish[ contain](bold) any meat?](strike)

[Is there](bold) any meat [in](bold) this dish?

to control strong feelings of anger, excitement etc

Jane couldn’t contain her amusement any longer.

He was so excited he could hardly contain himself.

to stop something from spreading or escaping

Doctors are struggling to contain the epidemic.

医生正在努力控制这种流行病。

measures aimed at containing political opposition

How big is the angle contained by these two sides?

这两条边之间的夹角有多大？


container

A lot of food is sold in plastic containers.

Seeds are best stored in airtight containers.

(=closed, so that no air or water can get in)

Place the ingredients in a sealed container and shake well.

(=that has been opened or that does not have a lid)

Don't keep food in open containers in the fridge.

(=that can be put through a special process and used again)

Try to buy food that is packed in recyclable containers.

There are a lot of old toys in storage containers in the attic.

Two big containers were filled with water.

The food is then put in special containers.

Carrots from the garden were stored in containers of sand in the cellar.

How much liquid will this container hold?

something such as a box or bowl that you use to keep things in

a very large metal box in which goods are packed to make it easy to lift or move them onto a ship or vehicle


contaminate

[contamination](bold) /kənˌtæməˈneɪʃ/  n. <U> eg: radioactive contamination

to make a place or substance dirty or harmful by putting something such as chemicals or poison in it

Drinking water supplies are believed to have been contaminated.

to influence something in a way that has a bad effect

He claims the poster ads have ‘contaminated Berlin’s streets’.

他声称那些招贴广告“玷污了柏林的街道”。


contemplate

to think about something that you might do in the future

to accept the possibility that something is true

[too dreadful/horrifying etc to contemplate](bold)

The thought that she might be dead was too terrible to contemplate.

她可能已经死了的想法真是太可怕了，让人都不敢想下去。

to think about something seriously for a period of time

Jack went on vacation to contemplate his future.

杰克去度假，仔细思考一下他的未来。

She sat down and contemplated what she had done.

她坐下来细想自己所做的事。

[contemplate your navel](bold)(=think so much about your own life that you do not notice other important things – used humorously)

to look at someone or something for a period of time in a way that shows you are thinking


contemporary

Each year there is a contemporary music festival in November.

Paintings by contemporary artists covered the walls.

What is the role of television in contemporary society?

The environment is a major issue in the contemporary world.

The book moves from the late 19th century to contemporary America.

Science is an important part of contemporary culture.

(=subjects or problems that a lot of people are talking about)

contemporary issues such as transport and pollution

an exhibition of contemporary Japanese prints

happening or done in the same period of time

同时发生的；同时期的，同时代的

The wall hangings are thought to be roughly contemporary with the tiled floors.

壁饰和瓷砖地面被认为差不多出现在同一时代。


contemporary

someone who lived or was in a particular place at the same time as someone else

Oswald was much admired by his contemporaries at the Academy.

奥斯瓦尔德很受学院同辈的敬仰。


contempt

The opinions of the public should not be ignored or treated with contempt.

Her face showed clearly the contempt she felt for them.

(=have a low opinion of something or someone, and show it)

He was one of those men who hold in contempt those who do not share his point of view.

Sally looked at him with utter contempt.

Many people regarded the government with the utmost contempt.

Her expression was one of open contempt.

There is a deep contempt for the commercialism in the West.

I noticed the icy contempt in his voice.

She treated some of her staff with withering contempt.

He gave her a look of contempt that made her want to hit him.

The public should have nothing but contempt for bad journalism.

treat sb/sth with the contempt they deserve

She treated these accusations with the contempt they deserved.

(=used to say that if you know someone very well, you may respect them less)

a feeling that someone or something is not important and deserves no respect

The [contempt](bold) he [felt](bold) for his fellow students was obvious.

他对同学的蔑视是显而易见的。

The report [shows](bold) utter [contempt](bold) for women’s judgement.

这份报告显示出对女性判断力的极度蔑视。

She looked at him with undisguised contempt.

她用毫不掩饰的轻蔑目光看着他。

The public is [treated with contempt](bold) by broadcasters.

How could she have loved a man who so clearly [held](bold) her [in contempt](bold)?

她怎么会爱上一个明显看不起她的男人呢？

That sort of behaviour is simply beneath contempt (=does not deserve respect or attention).

那种行为简直为人所不齿。

disobedience or disrespect towards a court of law

He was jailed for seven days for [contempt of court](bold).

他因藐视法庭被关押了七天。

他被判藐视法院裁决的罪名成立。


contend

to compete against someone in order to gain something

Three armed groups are contending for power.

三个武装集团在争夺权力。

Inevitably, fights break out between the members of contending groups.

争权夺利的几个团体之间不可避免地发生了打斗。

to argue or state that something is true

Some astronomers contend that the universe may be younger than previously thought.

有些天文学家声称宇宙可能比原先认为的要年轻。


contender

someone or something that is in competition with other people or things

Her album is a strong contender for the Album of the Year award.

她的专辑是年度专辑奖的有力竞争者。


content

the things that are inside a box, bag, room etc

The customs official rummaged through the contents of his briefcase.

海关官员把他公事包里的物品翻了个遍。

Most of the gallery’s contents were damaged in the fire.

画廊里的大多数东西都被大火烧毁了。

[contents insurance](bold)(=insurance for things such as furniture that you have in your house)

the things that are written in a letter, book etc

She kept the contents of the letter a secret.

The program automatically creates a [table of contents](bold)(=a list at the beginning of a document that shows the different parts into which it is divided).

该程序会自动生成一个目录。

He cast his eye down the [contents page](bold).

the amount of a substance that is contained in something, especially food or drink

〔尤指食物或饮料中某物质的〕含量

the ideas, facts, or opinions that are contained in a speech, piece of writing, film, programme etc

〔演讲、文章、电影、计划等的〕内容

The content of the media course includes scripting, editing, and camera work.

大众传媒课程的内容包括稿件写作、剪辑和摄像操作。

the information contained in a website, considered separately from the software that makes the website work

The graphics are brilliant. It’s just a shame the content is so poor.

图像非常漂亮，只可惜内容太差劲。


content

→see THESAURUS at [satisfied](->satisfied)

Andy was a good husband, and Nicky was clearly very content.

安迪是个好丈夫，尼基显然非常满足。

We’ll be content with a respectable result in tomorrow’s match.

明天的比赛我们能够有个不失体面的结果就满意了。

willing to do or accept something, rather than doing more

乐得（让某人）做某事，满足于（让某人）做某事

She sat quietly, content to watch him working.

她安静地坐着，心满意足地看他干活。

He seemed [quite content](bold) to let Steve do the talking.

他好像乐得让史蒂夫来讲话。

Dr Belson had been [more than content](bold) for them to deal with any difficulties.

贝尔森博士一直都巴不得什么困难都让他们去解决。

used to emphasize that someone wants or does more than something

Not content with her new car, Selina now wants a bike.

塞利娜有了新汽车还不知足，现在又想要自行车了。


content

a feeling of quiet happiness and satisfaction

She took refuge in the library, where she could read to her heart’s content.

她躲在图书馆里，在那里她可以尽情地看书。


content

to do or have something that is not what you really wanted, but is still satisfactory

使自己满足[甘心]于（做）某事

Mr Lal has been asking for more responsibility, but has [had to content](bold) himself [with](bold) a minor managerial post.

拉尔先生一直在要求承担更多的责任，但只能将就着担任一个小小的管理职务。

to make someone feel happy and satisfied

I was no longer satisfied with the life that had hitherto contented me.

原来一直让我感到满足的生活，我已经不再满意了。


contention

Her main contention is that doctors should do more to encourage healthy eating.

她的主要观点是医生应该更多地鼓励健康的饮食习惯。

argument and disagreement between people

The issue of hunting is a source of contention.

狩猎问题是引起争论的一个话题。

[bone of contention](bold) at → [bone](->bone) 1 sense 5

Owen’s goal [kept](bold) England [in contention](bold).

欧文的入球保住了英格兰队的希望。

no longer having a chance of winning something

Injury has [put](bold) him [out of contention](bold) for the title.

受伤使他失去了夺冠机会。


contentious

causing a lot of argument and disagreement between people

Animal welfare did not become a contentious issue until the late 1970s.

动物福利到20世纪70年代末才成为一个引起争论的话题。

someone who is contentious often argues with people


contest

Anyone over 18 years old can enter the contest.

Twenty-five countries took part in the contest.

The band has competed in many contests over the years.

He won a public-speaking contest at his school.

Two candidates had withdrawn from the contest.

My college holds an athletics contest once a year.

(=in which two politicians compete to become leader of their party)

The party did not want the turmoil of a leadership contest.

What will be the outcome of the electoral contest?

She's singing a song in the school talent contest.

(=to decide which person people like the most)

The competition has turned into a popularity contest.

(=one which someone wins by a very small amount)

The race was a close contest between two evenly matched crews.

(=one in which everyone has the same chance of winning)

Divide the class into groups in a way that will make it a fair contest.

One of the men was much older so it was hardly an even contest.

(=one in which one of the people, groups etc has a better chance of winning)

Given their military strength, the war was a pretty unequal contest.

a competition or a situation in which two or more people or groups are competing with each other

the bitter contest for the Republican presidential nomination

对共和党总统候选人提名的激烈争夺

Stone decided to [hold a contest](bold) to see who could write the best song.

斯通决定举行一场比赛，看谁能够写出最佳歌曲。

I only [entered](bold) the [contest](bold) for fun.

我只是为了好玩才参加这次比赛的。

It is clear that the election will be a [close contest](bold).

显然这次选举将是一场难分高下的角逐。

the 1960 contest between Kennedy and Nixon

1960年肯尼迪和尼克松之间的角逐

the 1975 Liberal [leadership contest](bold)

1975年自由党的领导权之争

used to say that someone or something is the best of its kind

I think you’re the best rider here, no contest.

我认为你是这里最优秀的骑手，根本就没有对手。

if a victory is no contest, it is very easy to achieve

to state that you will not offer a defence in a court of law for something wrong you have done


contest

to say formally that you do not accept something or do not agree with it

对 …提出质疑；对 …作出抗辩

他的兄弟们对遗嘱提出质疑。

to compete for something or to try to win it

His wife is contesting a seat on the council.

他妻子在角逐市政会的一个席位。


context

the social/political/historical etc context

You often need to understand the cultural context of jokes.

(=a more general situation, set of events etc)

It’s important to look at the story in the wider context of medieval Spain.

an international/European/British etc context

We study the work of these artists in their European context.

This problem is occurring within a general context of economic difficulty.

(=consider and understand something in relation to a particular situation)

His life and work must be seen in the context of his youth.

Although this does not seem to be a good result, let’s examine it in context.

These statistics need to be put into context.

The issue must be placed within its historical context.

The study provides a context for future research.

the situation, events, or information that are related to something and that help you to understand it

场合；环境；周围情况；背景

[place/put/see etc sth in context](bold)

To appreciate what these changes will mean, it is necessary to [look at](bold) them [in context](bold).

要明白这些变化的意义，就有必要了解它们的背景。

These incidents are best understood in the [broader context](bold) of developments in rural society.

这些事件放在农村社会发展这一更大的背景中就容易理解了。

the words that come just before and after a word or sentence and that help you understand its meaning

The meaning of ‘mad’ depends on its context.

mad一词的意义要视上下文而定。

to repeat part of what someone has said or written without describing the situation in which it was said, so that it means something quite different

脱离背景地复述某事，把某事断章取义

His comments, taken out of context, seem harsh.

如果不考虑当时的情形，他的那番话似乎很严厉。


continent

Western Europe, not including the British Isles

〔不包括不列颠群岛在内的〕西欧大陆，欧洲大陆


continental

all the states of the US except Alaska and Hawaii

美国大陆〔不包括阿拉斯加和夏威夷〕，美国本土

all the countries of Europe, Asia etc that are not on islands

typical of the warmer countries in Western Europe

belonging to or in Europe, not including the British Isles

欧洲大陆〔不包括不列颠群岛〕的


contingency

an event or situation that might happen in the future, especially one that could cause problems

〔可能发生的〕意外事件，不测事件

Add up your outgoings, putting on a bit more for contingencies.

把你的经常性开支加起来，再增加些钱用于意外开支。

an amount of money that a lawyer in the US will be paid only if the person they are advising wins in court

胜诉酬金〔在美国律师所代理诉讼胜诉后才能拿到的酬劳〕


contingent

depending on something that may happen in the future

依情况而变的，视条件而定的

Further investment is contingent upon the company’s profit performance.

进一步的投资取决于公司的利润情况。


contingent

[Contingent](bold)  is usually followed by a singular verb: A large contingent of fans [is](bold) travelling to the game.

In British English, you can also use a plural verb: A large contingent of fans [are ](bold) travelling to the game.

a group of people who all have something in common, such as their nationality, beliefs etc, and who are part of a larger group

Has the Scottish contingent arrived yet?

a group of soldiers sent to help a larger group

A large [contingent of troops](bold) was dispatched.

派出了一支很大的分遣队。


continual

[continually](bold) adv. eg: We are continually reassessing the situation.

continuing for a long time without stopping, or happening many times in a way that is annoying or causes problems

There has been a continual improvement in standards.

There were continual interruptions all day.

The couple were having continual arguments and they decided that the best thing to do was to split up.

I've had six continuous hours of meetings.

The machines have remained in continuous service over the last six years without any problem.

used when saying that something does not stop or always stays the same, or that something keeps happening. [Constant](bold) is often used about things that are worrying, frightening, or difficult

There is a constant stream of water coming out of the ground.

The plane was traveling at a constant speed of 650 kilometres an hour.

The refugees live in constant fear of attack.

There is always the constant threat of war.

His illness makes life a constant struggle for him and his parents.

The photographs are a constant reminder something that makes you keep remembering something of what happened in Bosnia.

continuing for a long time without anything stopping it – used especially when it is important for something to continue

Women with small babies seldom get more than two or three hours of uninterrupted sleep.

The nation has enjoyed nine years of uninterrupted economic growth.

The system helps to maintain an uninterrupted flow of traffic.

continuing for a long time without stopping – used especially about rain, journeys, work, or entertainment

The concert will be seven hours of non-stop entertainment.

if work or a situation is on-going, it will continue into the future, though there will be pauses in it

The police said the investigation is on-going.

used when emphasizing that you do something all through a period of time, with no breaks at all

After eight solid hours of driving, I was exhausted.

It took two solid weeks of work to fix the tunnel.

the Japanese business philosophy of continual improvement

repeated many times, often in a way that is harmful or annoying

多次重复的，频繁的〔通常有害或恼人〕

She has endured house arrest and continual harassment by the police.

她被软禁起来，并且遭到警方的频繁骚扰。


continuation

something that continues or follows something else that has happened before, without a stop or change

The present economic policy is a continuation of the earlier one.

现在的经济政策是以前政策的延续。

the continuation of something is the fact that it continues to exist or happen

measures to ensure the continuation of food supplies

something that joins something else as if it were part of it

The Baltic Sea is a continuation of the North Sea.


continue

to not stop doing something that you are already doing

Despite all the warnings, many people continue to smoke.

Sometimes she just couldn’t see the point of continuing.

My teacher advised me to continue with my studies.

to continue doing something. [Go on](bold) is less formal than [continue](bold), and is the phrase that people usually use in everyday English

Dan went on talking but she was no longer listening.

Sheehan has carried on with her campaign.

to continue doing something for a long time – especially so that you feel tired or annoyed

We kept on walking until we got to the top of the hill.

to continue trying to do something in a very patient and determined way, in spite of difficulties. [Persevere](bold) sounds rather formal

He didn’t know any English, but he persevered and became a good student.

Her health was rapidly declining but she persevered with her duties.

Stevenson persevered in his efforts to discover what had really happened.

Children today seem less willing to seek out challenges and persevere in the face of adversity.

The good weather seems likely to continue.

Unless there are serious negotiations, the fighting will continue.

Some people have lost work, and this will continue to happen until the computer system is fixed.

The review process is expected to continue for several weeks.

to continue – use this to say how long something continues for

It’s not certain how long the ceasefire will last.

The training period lasted from July 2 to August 25.

Disputes between neighbours can go on for years.

to continue, especially when there are problems

The game carried on despite the injury of two players.

to continue for much longer than necessary or for longer than you want

The meeting dragged on for another hour.

The talks dragged on, with no apparent hope of achieving a peaceful solution.

if something bad persists, it continues to exist or happen

See your doctor if the symptoms persist.

If adverse weather conditions persist, the game will be cancelled.

to not stop happening, existing, or doing something

Sheila continued to work after she had her baby.

希拉生了孩子后继续工作。

He will be continuing his education in the US.

我感觉很难受，无法继续下去了。

[continue unabated/apace/unchecked](bold)(=continue at the same high speed or level)

The flood of refugees continued unabated.

He was permitted to continue with his work while in prison.

他获准在监狱中继续他的工作。

The strike continued for another four weeks.

Most elderly people want to continue living at home for as long as they can.

大部分老年人都想继续尽可能长久地住在家里。

to start again, or start doing something again, after an interruption

After a brief ceasefire, fighting continued.

Rescue teams will continue the search tomorrow.

He picked up his book and continued reading.

〔朝同一方向继续〕走，移动，延伸

We continued along the road for some time.

我们继续沿着这条路走了一段时间。

The road continues northwards to the border.

这条路往北一直延伸到边境。

Miss Silva will continue as publishing director.

席尔瓦小姐将继续担任出版经理一职。

‘And so,’ he continued, ‘we will try harder next time.’

“因此，”他接着说，“我们下一次会更加努力。”

used at the end of part of a story, a television show etc to tell people that the story has not finished yet

未完待续〔故事一章、电视节目一集等结束时的用语〕


continuity

ˌkɑːntəˈnuː-

the state of continuing for a period of time, without problems, interruptions, or changes

连续（性），持续（性），连贯（性）

We should ensure continuity of care between hospital and home.

我们应当保证医院护理和家庭护理的连续性。

the organization of a film or television programme to make it seem that the action happens without pauses or interruptions

〔电影或电视节目中〕镜头的连续，衔接


continuous

[continuously](bold) adv. eg: UMNO had ruled Malaysia continuously since independence.

continuing to happen or exist without stopping

持续的，不间断的，连续的

a [continuous flow](bold) of information

something such as a line that is continuous does not have any spaces or holes in it

〔线等〕连续的，不断开的

a way of judging a student’s ability by looking at the work they have done during the year rather than by an examination

〔对学生成绩的〕连续性评估，持续评估〔有别于只用一次考试评定〕

the continuous form of a verb shows that an action is continuing. In English, this is formed by the verb ‘be’, followed by a present participle, as in ‘I was waiting for the bus.’


continuum

[plural](italic) continuums or [plural](italic) continua /-njuə/

a scale of related things on which each one is only slightly different from the one before

The Creole language is really various dialects arranged on a continuum.

克里奥尔语其实是多种方言的一个统一体。

All the organisms in an ecosystem are part of an evolutionary continuum.

生态系统中的所有生物都是进化连续体的一个环节。


contour

the shape of the outer edges of something such as an area of land or someone’s body

a line on a map that shows points that are of equal heights above sea level


contract

The company had a contract to build a new hotel there.

He signed a contract to become vice president of the football club.

You will enter a two-year training contract with your chosen employer.

Keane was reported to have agreed a contract for a further three years.

Did he know this when he made the contract?

(=agree the conditions of a contract with someone)

Your lawyer will assist you in negotiating a contract.

(=do something that your contract does not allow)

She broke her contract and left the job after only six months.

If you have signed a contract, you have to fulfil it.

They won a contract to supply 37 passenger trains to Regional Railways.

He was given a new two-year contract in March.

The state of Kentucky has awarded the firm a $10m contract.

The buyer has three days in which to cancel the contract.

(=give someone another contract when their old one ends)

I hope they will renew my contract at the end of the year.

He signed a five-year contract worth $2 million.

The band was soon offered a recording contract with Columbia Records.

All employees should have a written contract.

Make sure you fully understand your contract of employment.

(=the conditions that are part of the contract)

(=an action that your contract does not allow)

They are suing the building company for breach of contract.

(=have done something that your contract does not allow)

an official agreement between two or more people, stating what each will do

Tyler has agreed a seven-year contract with a Hollywood studio.

泰勒与好莱坞的一家制片厂签订了七年合同。

a three-year contract to provide pay telephones at local restaurants

为当地餐厅提供付费电话的为期三年的合同

The firm operates schools under contract to state education authorities.

这家公司和州教育局签约办学。

Employees who refuse to relocate [are in breach of contract](bold)(=have done something not allowed by their contracts).

员工拒绝调动岗位是违反合约的。

if an agreement is subject to contract, it has not yet been agreed formally by a contract

〔达成协议但〕以合同为准

They [put](bold) a [contract out on](bold) him and he’s in hiding.

他们雇了杀手杀他，他现在躲了起来。


contract

The economy has contracted by 2.5% since last year.

自去年起经济已经萎缩了2.5%。

Two-thirds of the adult population there have contracted AIDS.

那里的成年人中有三分之二已染上了艾滋病。

to sign a contract in which you agree formally that you will do something or someone will do something for you

They are contracted to work 35 hours a week.

他们签下合同每周工作35小时。

the company that had been contracted to build the models

签下合同做模型的那家公司

Doctors control their budgets and contract with hospitals for services.

医生们自己控制预算，并和医院签订服务合同。

[contract a marriage/alliance etc](bold)(=agree to marry someone, form a relationship with them etc)

Most of the marriages were contracted when the brides were very young.

这些婚约大多数都是在新娘还很小的时候就订下的。


contractor

a person or company that agrees to do work or provide goods for another company


contradict

to disagree with something, especially by saying that the opposite is true

Deborah opened her mouth to contradict, but closed it again.

德博拉张口想要反驳，但又把嘴闭上了。

爸爸就是受不了有人反驳他。

The article [flatly contradicts](bold) their claims.

这篇文章断然驳斥他们的说法。

if one statement, story etc contradicts another, the facts in it are different so that both statements cannot be true

〔说法、叙述等〕与 …抵触，与 …矛盾

The witness statements [contradict each other](bold) and the facts remain unclear.

目击者的说法互相矛盾，真相依然未明。

to say something that is the opposite of what you said before

Within five minutes he had contradicted himself twice.

五分钟内他就两次自相矛盾。


contradiction

ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkʃən

a difference between two statements, beliefs, or ideas about something that means they cannot both be true

〔说法、信念、观点等的相互〕矛盾，不一致

[apparent contradictions](bold) in the defendant’s testimony

a contradiction between the government’s ideas and its actual policy

政府的想法和实际政策的不一致

the act of saying that someone else’s opinion, statement etc is wrong or not true

You can say what you like without [fear of contradiction](bold).

你可以想说什么就说什么，不用担心遭到驳斥。

a combination of words that seem to be the opposite of each other, with the result that the phrase has no clear meaning

‘Permanent revolution’ is a contradiction in terms.

“永远的革命”这种说法是自相矛盾的。

in a way that is opposite to a belief or statement

与某事相反，和某事背道而驰

Your behaviour is in direct contradiction to the principles you claim to have.

你的行为与你所宣称的原则背道而驰。


contradictory

two statements, beliefs etc that are contradictory are different and therefore cannot both be true or correct

The public is being fed contradictory messages about the economy.

民众在被灌输的是互相矛盾的经济信息。


contrary

used to add to a negative statement, to disagree with a negative statement by someone else, or to answer no to a question

It wasn’t a good thing; on the contrary it was a huge mistake.

那不是好事，恰恰相反，是个巨大的错误。

‘I suppose your wife doesn’t understand you.’ ‘On the contrary, she understands me very well.’

“我估计你妻子不会理解你的。”“正好相反，她十分理解我。”

‘Are they happy?’ ‘No, no, quite the contrary.’

“他们幸福吗？”“不，不，正好相反。”

something showing or saying the opposite

Unless there is evidence to the contrary, we ought to believe them.

除非有相反的证据，否则我们就应该相信他们。

He continued to drink despite advice to the contrary.

他不听戒酒建议，继续喝酒。

the opposite of what has been said or suggested


contrary

contrary ideas, opinions, or actions are completely different and opposed to each other

这些人大声喊叫的命令互相矛盾。

The government’s actions are contrary to the public interest.

该政府的行为是和大众的利益相悖的。

used to say that something is true even though people believe the opposite

与普遍的看法/观点相反〔用于说出事物的真实情况〕

Contrary to popular belief, a desert can be very cold.

和普遍的看法相反的是，沙漠上会非常寒冷。

a contrary wind is not blowing in the direction you want to sail


contrary

someone who is contrary deliberately does different things from other people

乖戾的，逆反的，好与人作对的

埃文斯还是那副叛逆的老样子。


contrast

A complete contrast in building style can be seen in Commercial Road.

There is a sharp contrast between the type of people who read the two newspapers.

I noticed a marked contrast in his behaviour before and after treatment.

The big modern factories make a startling contrast to the opposite side of the road.

the interesting contrast between his early and later paintings

There was a clear contrast between the father and the son.

The fruit and the meat make a delicious contrast of flavours.

It is tempting to draw sharp contrasts between religion and science.

The plant is very attractive, and provides excellent contrast to other plants.

The research will highlight the contrasts between different approaches to taxation.

stand in sharp/stark etc contrast to sth

The mountains stand in stark contrast to the area around them.

(=completely different to something or someone)

She’s fun and warm and amusing – in direct contrast to James.

We are still getting some sun, in marked contrast to last year’s everlasting grey skies.

a difference between people, ideas, situations, things etc that are being compared

While there are similarities in the two cultures, there are also great contrasts.

这两种文化虽然有许多相似之处，但也存在巨大的差异。

the economic and social contrasts between the poor and the rich

贫富之间的经济和社会差异

The marble is smooth and polished, making a strong contrast with the worn stonework around it.

大理石平滑光洁，和周围破旧的石结构形成了强烈的对比。

The birth rate for older women has declined, but, by contrast, births to teenage mothers have increased.

较大年龄女性的生育率已有下降，但相比之下少女妈妈的生育率却上升了。

The stock lost 60 cents a share, in contrast to last year, when it gained 21 cents.

该股票每股跌了60美分，和去年上涨21美分形成了对比。

[(in) stark/marked/sharp etc contrast to sth](bold)

The winter heat wave in California is a stark contrast to the below-freezing temperatures on the East Coast.

加州的冬季热浪与东海岸的零下气温形成了鲜明的对比。

The spirited mood on Friday was in sharp contrast to the tense atmosphere last week.

星期五的高涨情绪与上周的紧张气氛形成了明显的对比。

The approach to learning at this school stands in marked contrast to the traditional methods used at other schools nearby.

这所学校的学习方法和附近其他学校所用的传统方法有着明显的不同。

something that is very different from something else

The sauce is quite sweet, so add dried thyme as a contrast.

这调味汁很甜，所以要加点干百里香作为陪衬。

The red stems of this bush provide a contrast to the drab brown of the winter garden.

这种灌木红色的茎和冬天里这座花园乏味的棕色形成了对比。

the degree of difference between the light and dark parts of a television picture,X-ray,photocopy etc

〔电视画面、X光、复印件等的〕对比度，反差

the differences in colour, or between light and dark, that an artist uses in paintings or photographs to make a particular effect

〔绘画、照片中颜色、明暗的〕反差，对比

The artist has used contrast marvellously in his paintings.

画家在他的画作中出色地运用了色彩的对比。


contrast

if two things contrast, the difference between them is very easy to see and is sometimes surprising

The snow was icy and white, contrasting with the brilliant blue sky.

冰冷的白雪和明媚的蓝天交相辉映。

[contrast sharply/strikingly with sth](bold)(=be extremely different from something)

These results contrast sharply with other medical tests carried out in Australia.

这些结果与在澳大利亚进行的其他医学测试的结果截然不同。

to compare two things, ideas, people etc to show how different they are from each other

→see THESAURUS at [compare](->compare) 1

In another passage, Melville again contrasts the land with the sea.

在另一段落中，梅尔维尔再次把陆地和大海作了对比。

an essay [comparing and contrasting](bold)(=showing how two things are similar and different) Verdi and Wagner and their operas

把威尔第和瓦格纳以及他们的歌剧进行比较和对照的一篇文章


contribute

Someone or something [contributes to](bold)  something: Will you contribute to his leaving gift? Everyone contributed to the success of the project.
Don’t say: [contribute for something](strike)

to give money, help, ideas etc to something that a lot of other people are also involved in

City employees cannot contribute to political campaigns.

市政府雇员不得捐助政治宣传活动。

The volunteers contribute their own time to the project.

志愿者为工程奉献出自己的时间。

Stress is a [contributing factor](bold) in many illnesses.

压力是许多疾病的致病因素。

Alcohol contributes to 100,000 deaths a year in the US.

[contribute substantially/significantly/greatly etc to sth](bold)

His work contributed substantially to our knowledge of the disease and how to treat it.

他的工作大大增进了我们对这种病及其疗法的认知。

to write articles, stories, poems etc for a newspaper or magazine

one of several authors contributing to the book

为本书撰稿的几名作者之一


contribution

I’d like everyone to make a contribution towards the discussion.

(=say that you are grateful for what someone has done)

He acknowledged the contribution of many individuals in developing the report.

(=think that someone’s contribution is important)

They didn’t seem to value my contribution.

Tourism makes a major contribution to the local economy.

We want kids to grow up to make a positive contribution to society.

This player has made a huge contribution to our club.

All of you can make a significant contribution to the organization.

I joined the society because I felt I could make a useful contribution.

He won the award for his outstanding contribution over many years.

Volunteers make a vital contribution in this country.

something that you give or do in order to help something be successful

Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for his contribution to Quantum Theory.

爱因斯坦因对量子理论的贡献而获诺贝尔奖。

The school sees its job as preparing students to [make](bold) a [contribution](bold) to society.

这所学校以培养学生为社会做贡献为己任。

Wolko made outstanding contributions to children’s medicine.

沃尔科为儿童医学做出了杰出的贡献。

an amount of money that you give in order to help pay for something

A contribution of £25 will buy 15 books.

25英镑的捐款可以购买15本书。

Contributions to charities are tax deductible.

You can [make](bold) annual [contributions](bold) of up to $1,000 in education savings accounts.

你可以每年在教育储蓄账户里存入最多1,000美元的数额。

a regular payment that you make to your employer or to the government to pay for things that you will receive when you are no longer working, for example health care, a pension etc

〔卫生保健金、养老金等的〕定期缴款

income tax and national insurance contributions

收入税和国民保险的定期缴款

Have you been [making](bold) regular [contributions](bold) to a pension plan?

你有没有定期缴纳养老金？

a piece of writing, a song, a speech etc that forms part of a larger work such as a newspaper, book, broadcast, recording etc

〔报纸、书、广播、录音等的〕稿件，文稿，作品

a magazine with contributions from well-known travel writers

有著名旅行作家投稿的一本杂志

a Christmas album featuring contributions from Carly Simon, Amy Grant, and others

由卡莉•西蒙、埃米•格兰特等人演唱的一张圣诞专辑

All the money has been raised by voluntary contribution.

所有这些钱都是靠自愿捐献筹集的。


contributor

someone who gives money, help, ideas etc to something that a lot of other people are also involved in

捐款人；捐助人；做出贡献的人

Dr Win was a major contributor to the research.

温博士是此项研究的主要贡献者。

someone who writes a story, song, speech etc that forms part of a larger work such as a newspaper, book, broadcast, recording etc

a regular contributor to ‘Time’ magazine

《时代》杂志的定期投稿人

someone or something that helps to cause something to happen

导致某事的人[事]；起作用的人[因素]；促成者[因素]

Cars are still one of the principal contributors to air pollution.

汽车仍是空气污染的主要因素之一。


control

→ [birth control](->birth control) → [quality control](->quality control) → [remote control](->remote control)

the ability or power to make someone or something do what you want or make something happen in the way you want

这种疾病会让你丧失肌肉控制力。

Babies are born with very little control over their movements.

婴儿出生时对自己的肢体运动几乎没有控制能力。

Artists like to [have](bold) some [control over](bold) where their works are hung in a gallery.

艺术家希望对自己的作品挂在美术馆的什么地方有些发言权。

She’s a good teacher who [has control of](bold) her class.

她是个优秀的教师，能够掌握课堂纪律。

Students are encouraged to [take control of](bold) their own learning, rather than just depending on the teacher.

学生被鼓励要自己安排学习，而不只是依赖老师。

Excessive drinking can make you [lose control of](bold) your own life.

过量饮酒会让你失去对自己生活的控制。

‘Do you need any help?’ ‘No. It’s [under control](bold), thanks.’

“你需要帮忙吗？”“不用，已经搞定了。谢谢。”

Dogs are allowed on the trails if they are [kept under control](bold).

狗在受到看管的情况下可以在小径上走。

The car [spun out of control](bold) and hit a tree.

汽车失控打转，撞到了树上。

Flight delays do occur, for reasons that are [outside our control](bold).

飞机延误的确会发生，其原因不是我们可以控制的。

the power to make the decisions about how a country, place, company etc is organized or what it does

The press was freed from political control.

媒体从政治控制下被解放出来了。

Jordan asked for editorial control of the project.

乔丹要求这个项目的编辑事务由他来负责。

Anti-government forces are still in control of the area.

反政府军队仍然控制着该地区。

By the end of the year, the rebels [had control over](bold) the northern territories.

到这一年的年底，叛乱分子已经控制了北方地区。

The Johnson family [has](bold) effective [control of](bold) the company, owning almost 60% of the shares.

约翰逊家族对这家公司有实际控制权，拥有近60%的股份。

China [gained control of](bold) the island in 1683.

中国于1683年获得对该岛的控制权。

His son is being trained to [take control of](bold) the family business.

他的儿子正在被培养接管家族企业。

The Democrats [lost control of](bold) Congress in the last election.

民主党在上次选举中失去了对国会的控制权。

The college was under the control of a group of trustees.

这所学院由理事会来管理。

The whole of this area [came under](bold) Soviet [control](bold) after World War II.

第二次世界大战后，这整个地区都被苏联控制。

The Conservatives are hoping to [regain control of](bold) the city council.

保守党希望重新获得对市政会的控制权。

an action, method, or law that limits the amount or growth of something, especially something that is dangerous

〔尤指对危险事物的〕控制，管理，限制，管制

The authorities imposed strict controls on the movement of cattle.

当局对牛群的运送实行了严格的管理措施。

an agreement on [arms control](bold)(=control of the amount of weapons a country has)

Firefighters [had](bold) the blaze [under control](bold) by 9:44 p.m.

到晚上9点44分，消防队员把火势控制住了。

Shea used diet and exercise to [bring](bold) her weight [under control](bold).

谢伊通过节食和锻炼来控制自己的体重。

The Federal Reserve Bank raised interest rates to [keep](bold) inflation [under control](bold).

联邦储备银行以提高利率来控制通货膨胀。

Rent controls ensured that no one paid too much for housing.

租金管制确保没有人会付太高的房租。

the introduction of tighter controls on immigration

更严格的移民限制措施的推行

Police used fire hoses and dogs for [crowd control](bold).

警察使用了消防水龙和警犬来控制人群。

the ability to remain calm even when you feel very angry, upset, or excited

There were sudden tears in his eyes and he paused, fighting for control.

泪水突然涌上眼眶，他停了下来，竭力控制住自己。

Davidson [lost control of himself](bold) and started yelling.

戴维森情绪失控，开始怒吼起来。

Small children can’t be expected to have the same [self-control](bold)(=ability to control their emotions and behaviour) as an adult.

不能要求小孩子具备像大人一样的自控力。

Her voice is under control, but she is almost shaking with anger.

她的声音是克制的，但身体气得几乎在发抖。

the thing that you press or turn to make a machine, vehicle, television etc work

〔机器、车辆、电视等的〕控制[操纵]装置

at the controls (=controlling a vehicle or aircraft)

Belton, at the controls, made a perfect landing.

贝尔顿操纵飞机完美地降落。

the people who direct an activity or who check that something is done correctly, the place where this is done, or the process of doing it

指挥人员，操纵人员；管理处，检查站；操纵，控制

a person, group etc against which you compare another person or group that is very similar, in order to see if a particular quality is caused by something or happens by chance

〔科学实验的〕控制组；对照[参照]者；对照[参照]组

A control group of non-smoking women was compared to four groups of women smokers.

一个不抽烟妇女的对照组和四个抽烟妇女组进行了比较。

a thing that you already know the result for that is used in a scientific test, in order to show that your method is working correctly

→ [controlled experiment](->controlled experiment)

a particular button on a computer that allows you to do certain operations


control

to have power over a country, place, company etc, and decide what happens there

The Democrats controlled the US Congress.

to make the important everyday decisions concerning a company, organization, country etc, so that it can continue to operate

The parents want to run the school themselves.

The government is unfit to run the country.

The charity runs a medical clinic in one of the poorest parts of the city.

to have control over something, or responsibility for a group of people

She is in charge of training new employees.

I left him in charge of the children while I was out.

to be in charge of a company, especially one that someone else owns

In 1963, she opened a furniture store, and her son has managed it since 1985.

if a group or leader is in power, they have political control of a country

Abe resigned after less than a year in power.

It was the first time a democratically elected government had been in power.

if a leader or political group rules a country, they have political control of that country

President Assad ruled the country for almost 30 years.

The same party has ruled Japan for many years.

to be in charge of a group of workers or students and make sure that they do their work properly

Professor Braude supervised the research team.

[past tense and past participle](italic) [controlled](bold) [present participle](italic) [controlling](bold)

to have the power to make the decisions about how a country, place, company etc is organized or what it does

The Democrats continued to control the Senate until last year.

民主党继续控制参议院直到去年。

a huge company controlling half the world’s coffee trade

控制全球一半咖啡贸易的一家大公司

to limit the amount or growth of something, especially something that is dangerous

用来控制杂草的一种化学物

Development in areas of outstanding natural beauty is strictly controlled.

在景色异常优美的自然风景区的开发受到严格的限制。

Strict measures were taken to control the spread of foot and mouth disease.

采取了严格的措施来控制口蹄疫的传播。

to make someone or something do what you want, or make something happen in the way that you want

Police had to be called in to control the crowds.

a skilled rider controlling a spirited horse

驾驭烈马的一名技巧娴熟的骑手

if you control your emotions, your voice, your expression etc, you succeed in behaving calmly and sensibly, even though you feel angry, upset, or excited

Sarah took a deep breath, trying to control her anger.

萨拉深吸了一口气，试图控制住自己的愤怒情绪。

Newman controlled himself with an effort.

to make a machine, process, or system work in a particular way

A thermostat controls the temperature in the building.

恒温器控制着这幢大楼的温度。

The valves in the heart control how quickly the blood is pumped around the body.

心脏瓣膜控制着血液输送到身体各处的速度。

to make sure that something is done correctly

The company strictly controls the quality of its products.

这家公司严格控制其产品的质量。


controlled

deliberately done in a particular way, or made to have particular qualities

在限制的条件下进行的一次试验

受法律制约的，受规则限制的

Access to the site is closely controlled.

进入该地点受到严格的控制。

a police search for [controlled drugs](bold)(=a drug that is illegal to have without permission from a doctor)

警察对管制药物的一次搜查

calm and not showing emotion, even if you feel angry, afraid etc


controller

someone who is in charge of a particular system, organization, or part of an organization

someone who is in charge of the money received or paid out by a company or government department


controversial

ˌkɒntrəˈvɜːʃəl◂

ˌkɑːntrəˈvɜːr-

causing a lot of disagreement and angry argument, especially in the newspapers, on television etc

The film was highly controversial at the time.

likely to cause a lot of disagreement and argument

used when you think that something is not certain and that people have different opinions about it, especially in the phrase [it is debatable/arguable whether](bold)

It is debatable whether this book is as good as her previous novel.

It is arguable whether these measures will reduce the overall cost.

Does the treatment work? I think that’s debatable.

used when you think that something is not certain and that people have different opinions about it – a rather formal phrase

Whether this proposal will really reduce crime is a moot point.

I tried to avoid controversial topics such as politics and religion.

The court’s decision was highly controversial.

the controversial plan to build a new airport

(=a person who does controversial things)

He is a controversial figure in politics.

(=an official action that is controversial)

Banning smoking in public places was a controversial measure.

The controversial legislation has not yet been officially approved.

The report was kept secret because of its controversial nature.

The area of workers’ rights remains politically controversial.

causing a lot of disagreement, because many people have strong opinions about the subject being discussed

the controversial issue of welfare reform

福利改革这一有争议的话题

a [highly controversial](bold)(=very controversial) plan to flood the valley in order to build a dam

一个把山谷淹掉来建造水坝的极具争议的计划

He is a [controversial figure](bold)(=person who does controversial things) in the art world.

他是艺术界极具争议的人物。


controversy

The agreement attracted a lot of political controversy.

(=among the ordinary people of a country)

His book sparked off a public controversy about the issue.

That decision was the second major controversy of the prime minister's career.

This question has been at the centre of a fierce controversy.

The strike was called off, amid bitter controversy.

There's been a lot of controversy about the term 'victim'.

Locke aroused considerable controversy with his suggestion.

The new rules are likely to spark more controversy.

England's manager fuelled controversy with his criticism of the referee.

(=cause controversy in a way that is a problem)

Even before it was introduced, the system was dogged by controversy.

A film company became embroiled in a controversy over the title of one of its movies.

The circumstances of her death were surrounded by controversy.

So far, the scheme has avoided controversy.

the controversy surrounding modern farming methods

Some controversy arose over the safety of the vaccination.

The right age to vote is a matter of controversy.

Since its release, the film has met a storm of controversy.

The idea became the centre of a bitter controversy.

a serious argument about something that involves many people and continues for a long time

〔涉及很多人且历时很久的〕争论，辩论；争议

the [controversy surrounding](bold) Skinner’s theories

The judges’ decision provoked controversy.

the controversy over campaign-finance issues

[Controversy arose](bold)(=began) over the use of the chemicals on crops.

对庄稼施用化学品的做法引起了争论。


convene

if a group of people convene, or someone convenes them, they come together, especially for a formal meeting

〔尤指为正式会议〕聚集，集合

a report by experts convened by the National Institutes of Health

由（美国）国家卫生研究院召集的专家提出的一份报告