vanilla

a substance used to give a special taste to ice cream, cakes etc, made from the beans of a tropical plant


vanilla

寻常的，无特色的，乏味的

There are no plans for an inexpensive vanilla version of the software.

没有计划要生产该软件的廉价普通版本。


vanish

to disappear suddenly, especially in a way that cannot be easily explained

〔尤指莫名其妙地〕突然不见，消失

→see THESAURUS at [disappear](->disappear)

My keys were here a minute ago but now they’ve vanished.

我的钥匙刚刚还在这里，现在却不翼而飞了。

[vanish without (a) trace/vanish off the face of the earth](bold)(=disappear so that no sign remains)

The youngster vanished without a trace one day and has never been found.

有一天，那个年轻人消失得无影无踪，再也找不到了。

She seemed to have just [vanished into thin air](bold)(=suddenly disappeared in a very mysterious way).

By the 1930s, the wolf had vanished from the American West.

Public support for the prime minister has now vanished.


vanity

too much pride in yourself, so that you are always thinking about yourself and your appearance

Sabrina had none of the vanity so often associated with beautiful women.

萨布里娜没有一点漂亮女人经常会有的那种虚荣。

the lack of importance of something compared to other things that are much more important

某事物〔相比于其他事物〕的微不足道


vapour

a mass of very small drops of a liquid which float in the air, for example because the liquid has been heated


variable

[variability](bold) /ˌveəriəˈbɪləti/ US /ˌver-/  n. <U>

Expect variable cloudiness and fog tomorrow.

预计明天多云有雾，天气多变。

Interest rates can be [highly variable](bold).

[variable in size/shape/colour etc](bold)

These fish are highly variable in color and pattern.

The quality of pork is often less variable than beef.

猪肉质量往往比牛肉稳定。

The heater has variable temperature settings.


variable

something that may be different in different situations, so that you cannot be sure what will happen

There are too many variables in the experiment to predict the result accurately.

实验中可变因素太多，难以准确预测结果。

a mathematical quantity which can represent several different amounts


variant

[variant](bold) adj. eg: a variant form of the word

something that is slightly different from the usual form of something

这种运动是无挡板篮球的一种变化形式。

a slightly different form of a word or phrase

〔同一词或短语的〕异体，变体

spelling variants in British and American English

英国英语和美国英语中的不同拼法


variation

ˌveəriˈeɪʃən

a difference between similar things, or a change from the usual amount or form of something

〔相似物体之间的〕差异；〔数量或形式的〕变化，变动

White bread is really just a variation of French bread.

白面包其实只是法式长条面包的一种变化形式。

[There is](bold) a great deal of [variation](bold) among the responses.

The study concluded that the variation between the CD players was very small.

调查得出结论，认为那些激光唱机差别很小。

something that is done in a way that is different from the way it is usually done

Most of his poems are [variations on](bold) the [theme](bold) of love.

他的大部分诗作都是有关爱情主题的形式不同的作品。

one of a set of short pieces of music, each based on the same simple tune


varied

consisting of or including many different kinds of things or people, especially in a way that seems interesting

The responsibilities of government are many, and they are varied.

政府有很多职责，而且各不相同。

A good teacher is aware of the extremely varied needs of each student.

好老师能了解每位学生的不同需求。


variety

They hold debates on a wide variety of topics.

Fruit is eaten by a huge variety of animals and birds.

There is a seemingly infinite variety of beers to choose from.

There is a bewildering variety of roses to choose from.

The market has an amazing variety of fresh fish.

a lot of things of the same type that are different from each other in some way

The girls come from a variety of different backgrounds.

这些女孩出身背景各不相同。

the differences within a group, set of actions etc that make it interesting

I really like the variety the store has to offer.

我很喜欢这家商店商品的丰富多样。

[give/add/bring variety (to sth)](bold)(=make something more interesting)

Occasionally working from home adds variety to a job.

偶尔在家上班可以为工作增添一些趣味。

a type of thing, such as a plant or animal, that is different from others in the same group

The lake has more than 20 varieties of fish.

a particular type of person or thing – often used humorously

〔人或物的〕类型〔常为幽默用法〕

Lon has no patience with anything of the child variety.

朗对小孩子一概没有耐心。

used to say that doing a lot of different things, meeting different people etc is what makes life interesting


various

[adj](bold) <[usually before noun](bold)>

if there are various things, there are several different types of that thing

The jacket is available in various colours.

这种夹克有好多种颜色可选。

There are various ways to answer your question.

有多种方法可以回答你的问题。

He decided to leave school [for various reasons](bold).

The reasons why teenage girls get pregnant are many and various.


variously

[variously described as/known as/called etc sth](bold)

the phenomena variously known as ‘mass culture’, ‘popular culture’, or the ‘public arts’

被冠以不同名称如“大众文化”、“通俗文化”或“大众艺术”的现象

His fortune has been variously estimated at between $1 and $2 billion.

对他的财富有各种猜测，从10亿美元到20亿美元不等。


vary

[Vary](bold)  belongs to a group of verbs where the same noun can be the subject of the verb or its object.

You can say: Banks can vary the interest rate.  In this sentence, ‘the interest rate’ is the object of [vary](bold) .

You can say: The interest rate can vary.  In this sentence, ‘the interest rate’ is the subject of [vary](bold) .

The amount of food available varies considerably from season to season.

Farm sizes vary enormously within Europe.

The software seems similar, but performance can vary significantly.

The cooking time may vary slightly depending on your oven.

Prices varied wildly from store to store.

She was involved in a number of car accidents of varying degrees of seriousness.

Children with varying levels of ability can still be taught together.

Tap water may contain varying amounts of rust, grit and silt.

[past tense and past participle](italic) [varied](bold) [present participle](italic) [varying](bold) [third person singular](italic) [varies](bold)

if several things of the same type vary, they are all different from each other

(彼此)相异，存在不同之处

Test scores [vary from school to school](bold).

The heights of the plants [vary from](bold) 8 cm [to](bold) 20 cm.

这些植物的高度从8厘米到20厘米不等。

Medical treatment [varies greatly](bold) from state to state.

医疗制度州与州之间差异很大。

Cooking times may [vary slightly](bold), depending on your oven.

烹饪时间可能略有不同，因烤炉而异。

She has tried different diets with [varying degrees of](bold) success.

她试过各种不同的节食方式，效果各不相同。

tests of [varying levels](bold) of difficulty

if something varies, it changes depending on the situation

Quentin’s mood seems to [vary according to](bold) the weather.

昆廷的情绪似乎随天气而变化。

‘What do you wear when you go out?’ ‘Well, [it varies](bold).’

“你出门的时候通常穿什么衣服？” “噢，得看情况。”

to change something to make it different

My doctor said I should vary my diet more.

医生说我应该使日常饮食更加多样化。


vase

a container used to put flowers in or for decoration


vast

[vast amounts/numbers/quantities/sums etc (of sth)](bold)

The government will have to borrow vast amounts of money.

The refugees come across the border [in vast numbers](bold).

[vast areas/expanses/tracts etc (of sth)](bold)

In the past five years, there has been a vast improvement in graduation rates.

过去的五年内，毕业率大幅度提高。

used when you want to emphasize that something is true about almost all of a group of people or things

The vast majority of books on the subject are complete rubbish.

有关这一话题的绝大多数书籍都是一派胡言。


vastly

This book is vastly superior to his last one.

这本书远比他的上一本书优秀。


vault

a room with thick walls and a strong door where money, jewels etc are kept to prevent them from being stolen or damaged

〔贵重财物的〕保管库，保险库；金库

a room where people from the same family are buried, often under the floor of a church

〔常指教堂地下某一家族的〕墓穴，墓室

a roof or ceiling that consists of several arches that are joined together, especially in a church

〔尤指教堂的〕拱顶，穹顶


vault

to jump over something in one movement, using your hands or a pole to help you

〔用手或竿支撑〕跳跃，腾跃

The robber vaulted over the counter and took $200 in cash.

抢劫犯跃过柜台，抢走了200美元现金。

to move quickly from a lower rank or level to a higher one

On Sunday Michigan vaulted from No. 4 to the nation’s top team.

星期天密歇根队从第四位一跃成为全国头名。


vegetable

Fresh vegetables taste best immediately after they’ve been picked.

Most supermarkets sell organic fruit and vegetables.

Do canned vegetables have as many vitamins as fresh ones?

Leafy vegetables contain iron, which is good for the blood.

(=vegetables whose roots you eat, such as carrots)

Excellent soups can be made from root vegetables.

(=a vegetable that is eaten raw in a salad)

You can buy ready-prepared salad vegetables.

(=vegetables that have not grown to their full size)

Baby vegetables, especially carrots and corn, appeal to youngsters.

(=a liquid in which vegetables have been cooked)

Gently cook the mushrooms and onions in the vegetable stock.

Anna was digging in the vegetable garden.

If we had a garden, we could grow our own vegetables.

a plant that is eaten raw or cooked, such as a cabbage, a carrot, or peas

organic methods of [growing vegetables](bold)

Vitamin A is found in liver and [green vegetables](bold).

动物肝脏和绿色蔬菜中含有维生素A。

[salad vegetables](bold)(=vegetables such as )

[Vegetable](bold)  is used as a countable noun: Her son doesn’t like eating vegetables.
Don’t say: [Her son doesn’t like eating vegetable.](strike)

[Vegetable](bold)  is used before nouns, for example [vegetable soup](bold) , [vegetable oil](bold) .
Don’t say: [vegetables soup](strike)

an offensive word for someone who is alive but who cannot talk or move because their brain is damaged


vegetable

relating to plants in general, rather than animals or things that are not living


vegetarian

[vegetarian](bold) adj. eg: a vegetarian restaurant

我们的小女儿是个素食主义者。

I’m thinking about [becoming](bold) a [vegetarian](bold).

我在考虑成为一名素食主义者。


vegetation

ˌvedʒɪˈteɪʃən

ˌvedʒɪˈteɪʃən

Lefkas has an abundance of lush green vegetation.

莱夫卡斯有葱郁茂盛的植被。


vehicle

a machine with an engine that is used to take people or things from one place to another, such as a car, bus, or truck

something you use to express and spread your ideas, opinions etc

〔表达和传播思想、观点的〕媒介(物)；手段

The 1936 Olympics were used as a vehicle for Nazi propaganda.

1936年奥运会被用作纳粹的宣传工具。

‘Eastern Eye’ is an important vehicle for Black British opinion.

a film, television programme etc that is made to gain public attention for one of the people in it

〔为让某演员出名而为其〕量身打造的电影[电视节目等]

This is the perfect vehicle for Fleming to make his triumphant return to the stage.

这是弗莱明借以成功重返舞台的完美之作。

MGM made the film as a [star vehicle](bold) for Brando.

米高梅公司拍摄这部影片为的是捧红白兰度。


veil

a thin piece of material that women wear to cover their faces at formal occasions or for religious reasons

the system in Islamic countries in which women must cover their hair and faces in public

〔伊斯兰国家的妇女在公共场所〕戴面纱的习俗

to avoid talking about something that happened in the past because it is unpleasant or embarrassing

把某事掩盖起来；避而不谈某事〔指不愉快或令人难堪的事〕

I think it best to draw a veil over the whole incident.

我认为这整件事最好是避而不谈。

something that hides the truth about a situation

神秘/虚假/沉默等的面纱

Watson deserves credit for [lifting the veil](bold) of secrecy surrounding Brenda’s death.

揭开布伦达之死的神秘面纱是华生的功劳。

His pornography was covered by a veil of respectability.

他的色情作品蒙盖着体面的面纱。

a thin layer of mist, cloud etc that makes it difficult to see clearly

The moon was hidden behind a veil of clouds.

月亮躲在薄薄的云层后面。


veil

if something is veiled in mystery etc, people do not know the truth about it so it seems strange or mysterious

The details of the evacuation are veiled in secrecy.

A black kerchief modestly veiled her hair.

一条黑色头巾端庄地裹着她的头发。

to partly hide something so that it cannot be seen clearly

A fine rain was beginning to veil the hills.

蒙蒙的细雨渐渐笼罩了群山。


vein

→ [deep vein thrombosis](->deep vein thrombosis) → [varicose veins](->varicose veins)

one of the tubes which carries blood to your heart from other parts of your body

She felt the blood racing through her veins as they kissed.

他们接吻时她觉得热血沸腾。

one of the thin lines on a leaf or on an insect’s wing

〔植物的〕叶脉；〔昆虫的〕翅脉

one of the thin lines on a piece of cheese or some types of stone

〔干酪、石头等的〕纹理，纹路

a thin layer of a valuable metal or mineral which is contained in rock

in a particular style of speaking or writing about something

〔说话、写作〕以 …的风格

[in the same vein/in a similar vein](bold)

There was more humour, in much the same vein.

风格差不多，只是更幽默了。

[in a serious/light-hearted etc vein](bold)

In voicing our fear of old age, Rivers has discovered [a rich vein of](bold) comedy.

在表达我们对年老的恐惧时，里弗斯挖掘出了丰富的喜剧元素。


velocity

the speed of something that is moving in a particular direction

The speedboat [reached](bold) a [velocity](bold) of 120 mph.

快艇的时速达到了120英里。

Martinez had good velocity on his fastball.

马丁内斯的快球速度极快。


velvet

a type of expensive cloth with a soft surface on one side


vengeance

a violent or harmful action that someone does to punish someone for harming them or their family

with great force or more effort than before

The music started up again with a vengeance.

音乐再度响起，更加激昂。


venture

a new business activity that involves taking risks

风险项目，风险投资；冒险事业

[joint venture](bold)(=when two companies do something together)


venture

When darkness fell, he would venture out.

天黑以后，他就会壮着胆子出去。

She paused before venturing up the steps to the door.

她犹豫了一下，大着胆子迈上台阶，走向门口。

children who lack the confidence to venture into libraries

缺乏自信、不敢进图书馆的儿童

to say or do something in an uncertain way because you are afraid it is wrong or will seem stupid

“你在这里度假吗？”他试探地问道。

I ventured to ask him what he was writing.

我小心翼翼地问他在写些什么。

[venture an opinion/question/word etc](bold)

If we had more information, it would be easier to venture a firm opinion.

如果我们有更多资料，就更容易大胆提出确定的意见了。

I ventured that the experiment was not conclusive.

冒昧说一句，我认为实验的结果并不确定。

used to say that you cannot achieve anything unless you take risks


venue

a place where an organized meeting, concert etc takes place

举办地点，举行场所，会场

The first thing to do is [book](bold) a [venue](bold).

首先要做的是预订一个会场。

The band will [play](bold)(=perform at) as many [venues](bold) as possible.

那支乐队将在尽可能多的地方演出。


verb

→ [auxiliary verb](->auxiliary verb) → [linking verb](->linking verb) → [modal verb](->modal verb) → [phrasal verb](->phrasal verb)

(=following a regular pattern, or not following one)

Spend time learning the forms of irregular verbs.

(=having the person or thing doing the action as the subject)

Active verbs make your writing lively, personal and direct.

(=having the person or thing that the action is done to as the subject)

Passive verbs may be necessary, but use them sparingly.

(=showing whether the subject is one thing or person or more)

If a sentence does not have a main verb, it is not a full sentence.

(=a verb that is used with another verb to show its tense, person, etc. In English these are 'be', 'do', and 'have')

(=a verb that connects the subject of a sentence with a word that describes the subject, for example 'seem' in the sentence 'the house seems big')

(=a verb that is used with other verbs to express ideas such as possibility, permission, or intention. In English, these verbs are 'can', 'could', 'may', 'might', 'shall', 'should', 'will', 'would', 'must', 'ought to', 'used to', 'need', and 'had better')

(=a group of words that is used like a verb and consists of a verb with an adverb or preposition after it, for example 'set off' or 'look after')

In Arabic, all verbs agree with their subjects in gender and number.

In Old English, verbs were highly inflected.

You have to choose the appropriate verb form.

(=the end part of a verb, which changes to show tense or person)

"-ed" is a regular past tense verb ending.

(=a noun, pronoun etc that performs the action of the verb or about which something is stated)

In the sentence 'I like pizza.', "I" is the subject of the verb.

(=a noun, pronoun etc that an action is done to)

"The ball" is the object of the verb in "I hit the ball."

a word or group of words that describes an action, experience, or state, such as ‘come’, ‘see’, and ‘put on’


verbal

[verbally](bold) adv. eg: Her boss failed to stop the other workers from verbally abusing her.

与言辞有关的，用言辞的；文字上的

[verbal abuse](bold)(=cruel words) from other kids on the street


verbal

a word that has been formed from a verb, for example a gerund,infinitive, or participle

动词性单词；动词的非限定形式

relating to criticism, complaints, or an attack that you express in speech

〔批评、抱怨、攻击的〕不良言语

Maria was getting loads of verbal from her staff.


verdict

The inquest jury returned a verdict of 'unlawful killing'.

(=make it and write it in an official record)

The coroner recorded a verdict of accidental death on all four victims.

The jury retired to consider their verdict.

He was convicted of spying, but the verdict was later overturned.

The jury found him guilty by a unanimous verdict.

They were finding it difficult to reach a majority verdict.

The jury returned a unanimous guilty verdict.

(=stating that the facts about someone’s death are not known)

The inquest jury recorded an open verdict because of conflicting evidence.

The jury took only twenty minutes to return a verdict of guilty.

an official decision made in a court of law, especially about whether someone is guilty of a crime or how a death happened

〔法庭作出的〕裁决，裁定，判决

an official decision made by a person or group with authority

〔当权者作出的〕正式决定，裁决

The players anxiously awaited the verdict of the umpire.

球员焦急地等待裁判的裁决。

某人（对某事）的看法[态度]

The audience’s [final verdict](bold) was encouraging.

观众的最终意见令人鼓舞。

你对这部电影有什么意见？

Trade unionists were quick to give their verdict on the proposals.

工会会员对这些建议迅速提出了自己的看法。


verge

to be at the point where something is about to happen

Jess seemed [on the verge of tears](bold).

an event which left her [on the verge of a nervous breakdown](bold)

让她几乎精神崩溃的一件事

Mountain gorillas are on the verge of extinction.

The show was on the verge of being canceled due to low ratings.

因为收视率太低，这档节目就要被取消了。

The car skidded across the road and came to a stop on the grass verge.

汽车滑过路面，在路缘草带上停了下来。


verify

[verifiable](bold) adj. eg: a verifiable fact

[verification](bold) /ˌverɪfɪˈkeɪʃ/  n. <C,U> eg: automatic signature verification

[past tense and past participle](italic) [verified](bold) [present participle](italic) [verifying](bold) [third person singular](italic) [verifies](bold)

to discover whether something is correct or true

A computer program verifies that the system is working.

电脑程序可以核查系统是否在运行。

American forces will remain to verify compliance with the treaty.

美军将继续驻留，核查条约是否得到遵守。

In everyday English, people usually say [check](bold)  rather than [verify](bold) :

Can I just [check](bold) that I have spelt your name correctly.

His statement was verified by several witnesses.

他的说法得到了几位证人的证实。


versatile

[versatility](bold) /ˌvɜːsəˈtɪləti/ US /ˌvɜːr-/  n. <U> eg: Hegley’s outstanding versatility as an all-round entertainer

someone who is versatile has many different skills

有多种用途的，多功能的，万用的

The potato is an extremely versatile vegetable.

马铃薯是一种用途极广的蔬菜。


verse

a set of lines that forms one part of a song, poem, or a book such as the Bible or the Quran (Koran)

〔歌曲、诗歌、《圣经》等的〕一节

我们把最后一节再唱一遍吧。

Learn the first two verses of the poem by heart.

把这首诗的头两节背下来。

《创世记》第3章第13节

Written in verse, the play was set in the Middle Ages.

那个剧本用诗体形式创作，以中世纪为背景。


version

[cover version](bold) at → [cover](->cover) 2 sense 10

There has been an outcry over a new version of the world’s most popular ballet.

The two groups listened to different versions of the story.

The company will soon release the latest version of its network operating system.

The original version was in Latin but later editions were in English.

The final version of the report omitted these criticisms.

The president vetoed an earlier version of the bill.

He appeared in the film version of 'Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince'.

In a revised version of the script, this scene was cut .

The article is a modified version of a paper that first appeared in an academic journal.

an updated version of the 'Best Pub' guide

This simplified version of Shakespeare’s play is intended for younger children.

The manufacturers come up with new, improved versions each year.

(=one that is shortened from the original but not changed in any other way)

Reader’s Digest published abridged versions of many popular novels.

(=not shortened – used when this version is long)

(=used about a film that includes parts that were not in the film when it was shown in cinemas)

a copy of something that has been changed so that it is slightly different

the [original version](bold) of the text

[English/German/electronic/film etc version](bold)(=presented in a different language or form)

I think I preferred the television version.

someone’s version of an event is their description of it, when this is different from the description given by another person

〔某人对于某件事不同于其他人的〕描述，说法

according to the official [version of events](bold)

Could Donna’s version of what happened that night be correct?

唐娜对那晚发生的事情的描述是否正确呢？

a way of explaining or doing something that is typical of a particular group or period of time

〔某一群体或某一时期〕[解释做]某事的方式

马克思主义对经济学的诠释

Is the coffee break the adult version of recess?

工间喝咖啡是成人的休息方式吗？


versus

(written abbreviation: v. ([BrE](bold)) ,: vs. ([AmE](bold)) )

used to show that two people or teams are competing against each other in a game or court case

〔比赛或诉讼中〕对，诉，对抗

the New York Knicks versus the LA Lakers

纽约尼克斯队对洛杉矶湖人队

the Supreme Court decision in Roe vs. Wade

最高法院关于罗诉韦德案的判决

used when comparing the advantages of two different things, ideas etc

The finance minister must weigh up the benefits of a tax cut versus those of increased public spending.

财政部长必须权衡是减税还是增加公共开支更有利。


vertical

pointing up in a line that forms an angle of 90° with a flat surface

[vertical cliff/climb/drop etc](bold)(=one that is very high or steep)

having a structure in which there are top, middle, and bottom levels

Formal communication channels are usually vertical.

正式的沟通渠道一般都是纵向的。


vertical

the direction of something that is vertical

The tower now leans about 15 degrees from the vertical.


very

Some adjectives already mean ‘very’, for example[ terrible](bold) (= very bad) , [wonderful](bold)  (= very good) , or [hilarious](bold)  (= very funny) . Don’t use ‘very’ with these adjectives. Use [really](bold)  or [absolutely ](bold)  instead. You say: It was a really terrible experience. I feel absolutely great.
Don’t say: [It was a very terrible experience.](strike)  [I feel very great.](strike)

You use [very](bold)  with adjectives and adverbs: She is very happy. The train was moving very slowly.

You use [very much](bold)  with the comparative form of adjectives: She is very much happier now. I feel very much better.

You use [very much](bold)  with verbs: He very much regrets what happened. Thank you very much.

You use [very much](bold)  with prepositional phrases: The company’s future is very much in doubt. She was very much in demand as a speaker.

used to emphasize an adjective, adverb, or phrase

很，非常〔用于强调形容词、副词或短语〕

The fishing industry is very important to the area.

捕鱼业对于该地区非常重要。

The traffic’s moving very slowly this morning.

和我的问题非常相似的问题

I feel a lot better – thank you [very much](bold).

我感觉好多了，非常感谢。

I’m [very, very](bold)(=used for emphasis) pleased you can come.

My sister and I were married on [the very same](bold)(=exactly the same) day.

根本不好/不高兴/不远等

那个助手一点忙也帮不上。

‘Was the talk interesting?’ ‘Not very (=only slightly).’

“讲座有意思吗？” “不是很有意思。”

used to emphasize the fact that something belongs to one particular person and to no one else

完全属于某人自己的〔强调某物归某人所有〕

She was thrilled at the idea of having her very own toys to play with.

想到有完全属于自己的玩具可以玩，她非常兴奋。

At last, she had a home of her very own.

她终于有了一个完全属于她自己的家。

used with adjectives to say that the quality something has is very noticeable or typical

显著地，典型地〔和形容词连用〕

我想这是男人典型的反应。

他的电影总是很有法国特色。

used to emphasize your agreement or approval

非常 …〔用于加强赞同的语气〕

“你是认真的吗？” “非常认真。”


very

To the very end of his life he remained a controversial figure.

It is clear from the very beginning of the play that he is a weak and unpopular ruler.

The hotel is located in the very heart of the city.

The very fact that this is their second home means that they are well-off.

How can he say that it's wrong, and then go and do that very thing himself?

As a travel writer, the very nature of his job meant that he travelled a lot.

If the new project fails, it could threaten the very existence of the company.

The very idea of acting on stage scares the pants off me.

I want everyone to be able to cook my recipes, so for that very reason I chose inexperienced cooks to test them.

used to emphasize that you are talking exactly about one particular thing or person

同一的，正是的，恰好的〔用以加强语气〕

他就是在这个房间里去世的。

You’d better start doing some work this very minute (=now, not later).

你最好现在就开始干点活。

That might provoke a riot, [the very thing](bold) he was trying to avoid.

那可能会激起一场骚乱，而这正是他竭力想要避免的。

[The very fact that](bold) you are reading this book suggests you want to improve your fitness.

你在看这本书正说明了你想改善自己的健康状况。

[By its very nature](bold), capitalism involves exploitation of the worker.

资本主义最根本的本质就是要剥削劳动者。

His life’s work was being destroyed [before](bold) his [very eyes](bold)(=directly in front of him).

他毕生的成果就在他的眼前被人糟蹋。

[the very thought/idea/mention (of sth)](bold)(=just thinking about or suggesting something)

The very thought of food made me feel ill.

一想到吃的东西我就恶心。


vessel

〔盛液体用的〕容器，器皿


vest

a piece of underwear without sleeves that you wear on the top half of your body

a piece of special clothing without sleeves that you wear over your clothes to protect your body

a piece of clothing without sleeves and with buttons down the front that you wear as part of a suit


vet

(also: [veterinary surgeon](bold) ([BrE](bold)) (formal) )

someone who is trained to give medical care and treatment to sick animals


vet

[past tense and past participle](italic) [vetted](bold) [present participle](italic) [vetting](bold)

to check someone’s past activities, relationships etc in order to make sure that person is suitable for a particular job, especially an important one

审查〔某人过去的活动、亲属关系等〕

All candidates are carefully vetted by Central Office.

所有候选人都由总部仔细审查。

to check a report, speech etc carefully to make sure it is acceptable

检查，审查〔报告、演讲等〕

The author vets every script for the new TV series.

这部新电视连续剧的每一个剧本，作者都要仔细过目。


veteran

someone who has been a soldier, sailor etc in a war

someone who has had a lot of experience of a particular activity

老手，〔在某方面〕经验丰富的人

a veteran of countless political campaigns

经历过无数次政治运动的老将

the veteran leader of the socialist party


veto

[past tense and past participle](italic) [vetoed](bold) [present participle](italic) [vetoing](bold) [third person singular](italic) [vetoes](bold)

if someone in authority vetoes something, they refuse to allow it to happen, especially something that other people or organizations have agreed

否决〔尤指他人或其他组织已赞同之事〕

→see THESAURUS at [refuse](->refuse) 1   →see THESAURUS at [vote](->vote) 1

[veto legislation/a measure/a proposal etc](bold)

President Bush [vetoed](bold) the [bill](bold) on July 6.

布什总统于7月6日否决了那项议案。

to refuse to accept a particular plan or suggestion

不同意，反对〔某个计划或建议〕

Jenny wanted to invite all her friends, but I quickly [vetoed](bold) that [idea](bold).

珍妮想邀请她所有的朋友，不过我立即对此表示反对。


veto

a refusal to give official permission for something, or the right to refuse to give such permission

de Gaulle’s veto on the British application to join the EEC

戴高乐对英国加入欧洲经济共同体申请的否决

The head teacher has the [right of veto](bold) over management-board decisions.

校长有权否决管理委员会的决定。

Washington’s veto of Seoul’s nuclear ambitions

华盛顿方面对首尔追求核武器的否决

The Senate had a sufficient majority to [override](bold) the presidential [veto](bold)(=not accept his refusal).

参议院有足够的多数票可以推翻总统的否决。


via

ˈvaɪə, ˈviːə

ˈvaɪə, ˈviːə

travelling through a place on the way to another place

using a particular person, machine etc to send something

通过〔某人、某机器等〕传送〔某物〕；借助于

I sent a message to Kitty via her sister.

我通过姬蒂的妹妹给她捎了个口信。

You can access our homepage via the Internet.

你可以通过因特网进入我们的主页。


viable

[viability](bold) /ˌvaɪəˈbɪləti/  n. <U> eg: the long-term economic viability of the company

New projects must be economically viable.

We want to make public transport a viable alternative to using cars.

Moving the company was not a viable option.

Is this kind of tourism a viable proposition?

Perhaps the only viable solution is to merge the hospitals.

He turned the farm into a viable business.

a viable idea, plan, or method can work successfully

〔想法、计划或方法〕切实可行的

→see THESAURUS at [possible](->possible) 1

The committee came forward with one viable solution.

委员会提出了一个切实可行的解决方案。

Will a hotel here be financially viable?

在这里建一家酒店从资金上说可行吗？

able to continue to live or to develop into a living thing


vibrant

full of activity or energy in a way that is exciting and attractive

令人兴奋的；充满活力的，精力充沛的，活跃的

Hong Kong is a vibrant, fascinating city.

香港是座富有活力的迷人城市。

她16岁，年轻又充满活力。

a painting full of vibrant reds and blues

满是鲜亮的红色和蓝色的画作


vibrate

if something vibrates, or if you vibrate it, it shakes quickly and continuously with very small movements

(使)颤动；(使)震动；(使)振动

The floor was vibrating to the beat of the music.

地板随着音乐的节奏在颤动。

As air passes over our vocal cords, it makes them vibrate.

气流通过我们的声带，使之产生振动。


vibration

The microscope must be free from vibration.


vice versa

used to say that the opposite of a situation you have just described is also true

反过来也是如此，反之亦然

The boys may refuse to play with the girls, and vice versa.

男孩可能拒绝和女孩玩耍，反之亦然。


vicinity

The stolen car was found in the vicinity of the station.

被盗汽车在车站附近被发现。

There used to be a mill in the vicinity.

in the vicinity of £3 million/$1,500/2 billion years etc

close to a particular amount or measurement

All meteorites are of the same age, somewhere in the vicinity of 4.5 billion years old.

所有陨石年代都差不多，大概都是45亿年左右。


vicious

[viciously](bold) adv. eg: He twisted her arm viciously.

violent and cruel in a way that hurts someone physically

→see THESAURUS at [cruel](->cruel)   →see THESAURUS at [violent](->violent)

Keep away from that dog, he can be vicious.

离那只狗远点，它有时很凶猛。

very unkind in a way that is intended to hurt someone’s feelings or make their character seem bad

a vicious personal attack on the Duchess

对公爵夫人恶毒的人身攻击

She was shocked by the vicious tone in his voice.

她对他恶毒的语气感到震惊。


victim

Earthquake victims were living in tents in the city's parks.

(=someone who has had no food to eat for a long time)

He helped raise £2,000 for a dying cancer victim.

The crash victims were rushed to hospital.

Children are the innocent victims of war.

If you are the unfortunate victim of a tragic accident, this card will tell doctors that you are willing to donate your organs.

(=when someone always thinks of themselves as a victim)

Many of us fall into a victim mentality, and blame all our troubles on other people.

(=someone who suffers because of something they cannot control)

She was a victim of circumstance, as she was born at a time when women had no power.

(=to say that someone is responsible for their own bad situation )

It is blaming the victim to ask the woman what she does that makes her husband lose his temper and hit her.

(=to write or talk about someone as though they are not responsible for their bad situation)

She was portrayed as the victim of a loveless marriage.

someone who has been attacked, robbed, or murdered

〔袭击事件、抢劫事件或凶杀案的〕受害者

The victim received head injuries from which she died a week later.

受害人头部受伤，一周后死亡。

大多数凶杀案的受害者不足30岁。

a credit card fraud ring that stole millions of dollars from [unsuspecting victims](bold)

从毫无戒心的受害者手中盗取数百万美元的信用卡诈骗团伙

someone who suffers because of something bad that happens or because of an illness

〔恶劣情况的〕受害者；〔疾病的〕患者

He [was the victim of](bold) an administrative error.

a massive aid programme for the [famine victims](bold)

对饥荒灾民的大规模援助计划

[AIDS victims](bold) and other patients who are terminally ill

艾滋病患者和其他患不治之症的病人

All these people are [innocent victims](bold).

所有这些人都是无辜受害者。

He was used to being in charge, not being the [victim of circumstance](bold).

他习惯于掌控一切，而不是受制于环境。

Saying that the unemployed ‘don’t want to work’ is a classic case of [blaming the victim](bold).

说失业者“不想工作”是典型的归咎于受害人的做法。

to be attacked, killed etc by someone, or to get a particular illness, especially one that kills

被某人加害；罹患某疾病；成为某事物的牺牲品

One theory is that the hostages fell victim to bandits.

一种说法是人质落到了土匪手里。

to be badly affected or destroyed by a situation

Many small businesses have fallen victim to the recession.

许多小企业成为经济衰退的受害者。

to be badly affected by some unexpected results of being very successful

There are now so many tourists that the area has become a victim of its own success.

现在来了这么多游客，使该地区因成功而反受其害。

a person or animal that is killed and offered as a sacrificegift to a god

献祭用的人[牲畜]；牺牲

someone who always wears the most fashionable clothes even if they do not look good in them

时尚牺牲品〔指不管是否适合自己总是身着最时髦服装的人〕


victorious

having won a victory, or ending in a victory

→see THESAURUS at [successful](->successful)

We were confident that the Allies would [emerge victorious](bold)(=finally win).

我们确信盟军最终一定能获胜。


victory

The crowds celebrated Italy’s victory against England.

The party won a comfortable victory in the general election.

a victory in a sports game or in a competition

It was an important win for the Yankees.

A couple from London are celebrating a big lottery win.

an important victory, especially in war or politics

Thatcher’s greatest triumph was becoming the UK’s first female prime minister.

a situation in which one country wins a war against another country and takes control of it

Caesar is well-known for his military conquests.

an election victory in which one party or  gets far more votes than their opponents

The match was expected to be a walkover for Brazil.

a situation in which the person, team, party etc that was expected to win is defeated

Truman pulled off the greatest election upset in United States history.

He said the court’s decision was a great victory.

The battle was a decisive victory for the US.

(=a win by a very large amount in an election)

No one had anticipated such a landslide victory.

Australia won a crushing 139-run victory over the West Indies.

A general election on Oct. 5 produced a narrow victory for the People’s Progressive Party.

The Democrats were celebrating their election victory.

one of the General’s most famous military victories

(=when you show your beliefs are right, even if you lose the argument)

The victims’ families claimed the verdict as a moral victory.

She led her team to victory in the finals.

Adams scored a last-minute goal to clinch victory.

Martin pulled off a surprise victory in the semi-final.

Nixon swept to victory by 47 million votes to 29 million.

The victory celebrations went on all night.

(=when a winning runner or player runs around the playing area)

He then took a victory lap around the arena.

a situation in which you win a battle, game, election, or dispute

the Raiders’ 35–17 victory over St Louis

突袭者队对圣路易斯队35比17的胜利

The court’s decision represents a victory for all women.

法庭的判决代表了所有女性的胜利。


video

Police are currently studying video footage to identify the rioters.

Can a video recording of an interview with a child be used in a court as evidence?

Video images of the surgery are sent to a special lecture theatre, so that students can observe.

You can download video clips from the Internet.

(=a recording of events, used in a court)

Video evidence of illegal activities can later be used in court.

She had no idea that her purchase was being recorded on video.

a copy of a film or television programme, or a series of events, recorded on videotape

[hire a video](bold) BrE, [rent a video](bold) AmE

Let’s stay at home and [watch](bold) a [video](bold).

[Rewind](bold) the [video](bold) right to the beginning.

The school will be [making](bold) a [video](bold) of the play.

学校将把这出戏拍摄成录像。

The movie has not yet been [released on video](bold).

这部电影还没有录像带发行。

coming soon to a [video store](bold) near you

a plastic box containing special tape for recording programmes and films on television

Have we got a [blank video](bold)(=one with nothing recorded on it yet) anywhere?

我们哪里还有空白的录像带吗？

a machine used to record television programmes or show videos

Can you set the video to record the football match?

你能把录像机设定一下录下这场足球比赛吗？

the process of recording or showing television programmes, films, real events etc on videotape

录影，录像〔录制或播放电视节目、电影、真实事件等的过程〕

The course aims to help children learn through video.

这一课程旨在通过录像帮助儿童进行学习。

a short film that is made to go with a particular piece of popular music

〔配在流行音乐上的〕录像短片

a digital recording of an event, for example one made using a mobile phone

〔用数字设备拍摄的〕视频

a [video clip](bold) shown on the Internet


video

[past tense and past participle](italic) [videoed](bold) [present participle](italic) [videoing](bold)

to record a television programme, film, or a real event on a video

录〔影〕，制作 …的录像，录制

你能录下8点钟的电影吗？

一位朋友拍摄了婚礼录像。


video

relating to or used in the process of recording and showing pictures on television


view

the area you can see from a window or place, especially when it is beautiful

an impressive view of a very large area that stretches a long way across in front of you

a panorama of snow-covered hills and mountains

From the top, there is a breathtaking panorama across to the southern slopes of Ben Nevis, Britain’s highest mountain.

a view of a large area of beautiful scenery

The road around the island offers some spectacular vistas.

On a sparkling spring day, the vista is quite superb.

In front, a simple porch offered a spectacular vista of coconut-fringed beach, lagoon, and open sea beyond.

what you see in a place, especially when people are moving around and doing things

His paintings are mainly of local scenes.

something that you see, especially something very impressive or surprising

The mountain is a magnificent sight, soaring up from the carpet of purple heather at its base.

It was an amazing sight. I had never seen elephants in the wild before.

They were met with the sight of riot police shaking hands with the demonstrators.

The Government took the view that the law did not need to be changed.

This is a chance for you to express your views.

He did not hesitate to give his own views on the subject.

This view is not shared by his colleagues.

(=believe or help to prove that it is right)

There are many people who would support his views.

a chance to hear people’s views on a range of different subjects

Your view about these things changes as you get older.

My own personal view is that they’re being optimistic.

There is a widely-held view that young people eat too much junk food.

The general view was that he had done well.

(=strong views that someone is unwilling to change)

He is known for his strongly held views on modern art.

Different people have different views about this subject.

There are conflicting views about the best way to teach reading.

a politician who has extreme views on immigration

His views have recently become more moderate.

The chairman said that Mr McNeil’s views were outrageous.

Some of his views now sound very old-fashioned.

This view has become increasingly popular in society.

They get on well, though they are of differing views on politics.

(=when people say what they think, especially when they disagree)

There was a frank exchange of views at the meeting.

She had a clear view of the street from her window.

They sat enjoying the view down the valley.

Why don’t you walk along the coastline, taking in the breathtaking views?

Some local residents think the wind turbines spoil the view.

(=if a place commands or affords a view, you can see that view from there)

The room commanded an excellent view of the river.

There are breathtaking views from the top of the hill.

From here we get a good view of the fortress.

Everyone who made it to the summit was rewarded with a magnificent panoramic view.

The top of the bell tower in the square gives a bird’s-eye view of Venice.

From the window the car was clearly in view.

He took the money in full view of everyone.

She disappeared from view around the corner.

The inside of the house was hidden from view by curtains.

what you think or believe about something

Their view is that competition is good for business.

他们认为竞争对商业有利。

[In my view](bold), the country needs a change of government.

→ [point of view](->point of view) sense 2

In everyday English, people usually say [I think ...](bold)  rather than [In my view ...](bold) , and [What do you think?](bold)  rather than [What is your view?](bold) :

[What do you think](bold) about her new boyfriend?

a way of thinking about or understanding something

思考[理解]的方式[方法]，考虑

Mum’s view of the situation was different to mine.

妈妈对此情况的看法和我不同。

You need to [have](bold) a [clear view](bold)(=a definite idea) of the kind of book you want to write.

你应该对自己想写什么类型的书有一个明确的想法。

[take a dim/poor view of sth](bold)(=disapprove)

She took a pretty dim view of his behaviour.

what you are able to see or whether you can see it

We’d like a room with a view of the sea.

我们想要一间可以看到大海的房间。

The house has wonderful views over the valley.

从这幢房子能够极清晰地俯瞰山谷。

[disappear/vanish/be hidden from view](bold)

The gun was hidden from view behind the door.

Fran hit him [in full view of](bold) all the guests (=where they could see it clearly).

弗兰当着所有宾客的面打了他。

During an eclipse, the Moon [blocks](bold) our [view](bold) of the Sun (=stops us from seeing it).

日食的时候，月亮遮挡住了太阳。

the whole area that you can see from somewhere, especially when it is very beautiful or impressive

From the top you get a [panoramic view](bold) of the city.

从顶部你可以一览该市的全貌。

A huge nuclear reactor now [spoils the view](bold).

现在有个庞大的核反应堆破坏了景致。

a photograph or picture showing a beautiful or interesting place

The book contains over fifty scenic views of Cambridge.

书中有五十多幅剑桥的风景照。

an occasion or time when it is possible for people to see something such as an art show

〔一次〕观看，一睹，一览

A [private view](bold) of the Summer Exhibition will be held.

夏季展览会将进行一次内部预展。

The painting is currently on view at the Tate.

那幅画目前正在泰特美术馆展出。

used to introduce the reason for a decision or action

鉴于 …，考虑到 …，由于 …

In view of his conduct, the club has decided to suspend him.

鉴于他的行为，俱乐部决定让他停赛。

because you are planning to do something in the future

We bought the house with a view to retiring there.

我们买这房子是打算退休后在那里度晚年的。

[with this end/object/aim etc in view](bold)

Defence was all-important, and castles were designed with this end in view.

防御最为重要，城堡的设计都考虑到了这一目的。

What sort of job did you [have in view](bold)?

你当时打算做什么样的工作？

to think about the effect that something will have in the future rather than what happens now

从长远考虑，从长计议（某事）


view

to think about something or someone in a particular way

〔以某种方式〕看，把 …视为

The law should be viewed as a way of meeting certain social goals.

这项法规应被视为实现某些社会目标的一种途径。

[view sth from a ... perspective/standpoint](bold)

It’s an issue that can be viewed from several perspectives.

这是一个可从多个角度来看待的问题。

[view sth with caution/suspicion/scepticism etc](bold)

The local people viewed newcomers with suspicion.

当地人以戒备的心理来看待新来的人。

to look at something, especially because it is beautiful or you are interested in it

The mountain is best viewed from the north side.

Thousands of tourists come to view the gardens every year.

每年都有数以千计的游客前来观赏这些花园。

[view a house/an apartment/a property](bold)(=go to see a house etc that you are interested in buying)

to watch a television programme, film etc

an opportunity to view the film before it goes on general release

在影片公映之前观影的机会


viewer

The new series has gone down well with viewers.

这个新的电视系列片很受观众欢迎。

In the painting, the woman has her back to the viewer.

画中的这名女子背对观看者。

a small box with a light in it used to look at slides colour photographs on special film

看片器〔里面有灯、用于看幻灯片的小箱子〕


viewpoint

a particular way of thinking about a problem or subject

from sb’s viewpoint/from the viewpoint of sb/sth

Try and think of it from the child’s viewpoint.

尽量从孩子的角度来考虑这件事。

The islands were important from the viewpoint of American security.

从美国国土安全的角度考虑，这些岛屿很重要。

From an ecological viewpoint, the motorway has been a disaster.

从生态角度看，这条公路是个灾难。

a place from which you can see something

Different viewpoints produce different images.

角度不同，产生的画面也不同。


vigorous

using a lot of energy and strength or determination

Your dog needs at least 20 minutes of [vigorous exercise](bold) every day.

你的狗每天需要进行至少20分钟的高强度运动。

Environmentalists have begun a vigorous campaign to oppose nuclear dumping in the area.

环保人士已经发动了一场积极的运动，反对在该地区倾倒核废物。

Vigorous efforts are being made to find a solution to the problem.

正积极地寻找办法解决这个问题。

The measures provoked vigorous opposition in right-wing circles.

这些举措激起了右翼群体的强烈反对。


vigorously

in a way that uses a lot of energy and strength or determination

She [campaigned vigorously](bold) for women’s rights.

Bailey [vigorously denied](bold) the accusations.


village

(=one that is far away from larger towns)

We need to get food aid to the more remote villages.

(=one where there is not a lot of activity)

Downham was a sleepy little village, with a road barely wide enough for one car.

Once a fishing village, this is now a friendly, lively international resort.

The paths lead to picturesque mountain villages.

A meeting will be held at the village hall on Tuesday.

She had always taken an active part in village life.


villain

the main bad character in a film, play, or story

〔电影、戏剧或小说中的〕主要反面人物，反派角色

the person or thing that has caused all the trouble in a particular situation

首犯，主要肇事者；为害的事物


vine

a plant with long thin stems that attach themselves to other plants, trees, buildings etc


vinegar

a sour-tasting liquid made from malt or wine that is used to improve the taste of food or to preserve it


vineyard

a piece of land where grapevines are grown in order to produce wine


vintage

vintage wine is good quality wine made in a particular year

〔某特定年份酿制的葡萄酒〕佳酿的，上等的，优质的

旧式的，老式的〔但品质优良〕

showing all the best or most typical qualities of something

a vintage performance from Bruce Springsteen

一场最具布鲁斯·斯普林斯汀风格的演出

a year when a good quality wine was produced

佳酿年份，美酒酿成的年份

a year when something of very good quality was produced

2001年不是电影的旺年。


vintage

a particular year or place in which a wine is made, or the wine itself

〔葡萄酒的〕特定酿造年份[地区]；〔特定年份或地区〕酿制的酒

having happened or started not very long ago

There are some classic songs on the album, but most are of more recent vintage.

专辑中有几首经典的歌曲，不过大多数是近年的作品。


violate

to disobey or do something against an official agreement, law, principle etc

Thirty-four protesters were arrested for violating criminal law.

34名抗议者因违反刑法而被捕。

to do something that makes someone feel that they have been attacked or have suffered a great loss of respect

Victims of burglaries often feel personally violated.

入室盗窃的受害人往往觉得自己受到了人身侵犯。

The media regularly [violates](bold) people’s [privacy](bold).

媒体经常侵犯人们的隐私。

to break open a grave, or force your way into a holy place without showing any respect

〔强行〕打开〔坟墓〕；强行进入，亵渎〔圣地〕


violation

ˌvaɪəˈleɪʃən

ˌvaɪəˈleɪʃən

The committee said there had been serious violations of Senate rules.

They had committed gross violations of the law.

This is a clear violation of privacy rights.

The act of shooting down a civilian aircraft was a flagrant violation of international law.

(=violations of every person's right to be treated fairly and without cruelty)

There have been protests about human rights violations at the prison.

Speeding is one of the most common traffic violations.

Each side accused the other of ceasefire violations.

One oil rig worker blew the whistle on safety violations by his drilling company.

Several soldiers were suspected of committing human rights violations.

The actions may constitute a violation of the treaty.

an action that breaks a law, agreement, principle etc

〔对法律、协议、原则等的〕违背，违反

Troops crossed the border in violation of the agreement.

部队违反协议，越过了边界。

an action that causes harm or damage by treating someone or their possessions without respect


violence

They were threatened with physical violence.

(=violence between a couple in their home)

Police said she was a victim of domestic violence.

(=between people of different racial/ethnic groups)

There were outbreaks of racial violence in some cities.

The nation has suffered terrorist violence for many years.

These films are full of gratuitous violence.

Many have been victims of mindless violence.

There have been reports of escalating violence in the region.

They were willing to resort to violence to achieve their ends.

(=do or say something that makes people become violent)

The opposition leader was accused of inciting violence against the president.

The National Guard was brought in to quell the violence.

Violence erupted during the demonstration.

The violence escalated as youths turned over a bus and began smashing shop windows.

Police warned that acts of violence would not be tolerated.

There was a fresh outbreak of violence on March 24.

A police spokesman said that the use of violence, while regrettable, was necessary.

behaviour that is intended to hurt other people physically

〔指伤害他人身体的〕暴力行为，暴力

There is too much sex and violence on TV these days.

破坏某事物，对某事物造成损害

〔言语或反应的〕愤怒，激烈

She spoke with a violence that surprised them both.

她言辞激烈，令他们俩都很惊讶。


violent

using force to hurt or kill people – used about people, crimes etc. Also used about films or books that contain a lot of violence

a violent man who couldn’t control his temper

The film is too violent to be shown to children.

violent and dangerous, and seeming to enjoy hurting people for no reason

We were surrounded by a gang of vicious thugs, armed with knives.

using force or violence, but not causing serious injury

Some of the boys were being a bit rough with the younger kids.

There were complaints about rough treatment by the police.

behaving in a way that is very cruel and violent, and showing no pity

The prison guards were brutal and corrupt.

attacking people in a particularly cruel way – used about people and fighting, especially in news reports

There was savage fighting in the capital Mogadishu.

a bloody battle or war is very violent and a lot of people are killed or injured

The Russians were engaged in a bloody battle against the German army.

a ferocious attack or battle is extremely violent. Also used about animals that are likely to attack in a very violent way

The two armies fought a ferocious battle.

It was the most ferocious attack I have ever seen.

a fierce animal or person looks frightening and likely to attack people

A fierce dog stood growling at the gate.

Bears are always fierce when they have young.

a bloodthirsty person enjoys watching violence. A bloodthirsty story contains a lot of violent scenes

In Mexico, humans were sacrificed to bloodthirsty gods.

showing or describing injuries, blood, death etc clearly and in detail

He has a number of convictions for violent crime.

Blacks were more often victims of violent attacks than other ethnic groups.

No French king died a violent death during this period.

There were violent clashes between police and protesters.

Violent incidents such as kidnapping dropped sharply last year.

His dad terrified them all with his violent behaviour.

This incident sparked violent demonstrations outside the airbase.

Over the past year, his behavior has become increasingly violent.

involving actions that are intended to injure or kill people, by hitting them, shooting them etc

violent clashes between the police and demonstrators

警方与示威者之间发生的暴力冲突

Thirty-one people have been injured in violent incidents throughout the day.

今天一天有31人在暴力事件中受伤。

The riots ended in the violent deaths of three teenagers.

动乱以三名少年的惨死而告终。

someone who is violent is likely to attack, hurt, or kill other people

My father was a violent and dangerous man.

我父亲脾气暴躁，是个危险人物。

He had a reputation for [turning violent](bold)(=suddenly attacking people).

大家都知道他会突然动粗。

showing very strong angry emotions or opinions

〔情绪、意见等〕愤怒的，激烈的

They had a violent quarrel and John stormed out.

他们吵得很激烈，约翰气呼呼地冲了出去。

violent feelings are strong and very difficult to control

They took a violent dislike to each other.

a physical feeling or reaction that is very painful or difficult to control

a film etc that contains a lot of violence

a violent storm/earthquake/explosion etc

a storm etc that happens with a lot of force

强烈的风暴/地震/爆炸等


violently

with a lot of force in a way that is very difficult to control

He rushed to the bathroom, where he was violently sick.

他冲到卫生间，猛吐了一番。

Several people have been violently attacked in the subway.

有几个人在地铁里受到了暴力袭击。

with a lot of energy or emotion, especially anger

〔尤指愤怒〕激烈地，强烈地


violin

a small wooden musical instrument that you hold under your chin and play by pulling a bowspecial stick across the strings


viral

病毒(性)的，病毒引起的

passed on to other people on the Internet or using mobile phones

〔在网络上或用手机〕广为传播的

It is one of the most viewed viral videos on the web.

这是网络上被观看次数最多的疯传视频之一。

if a picture, video, joke etc goes viral, it spreads widely, especially on the Internet or mobile phones

〔图片、视频、笑话等〕迅速传播〔尤指在因特网或手机上〕


viral

病毒视频，病毒广告〔在网络上广泛传播的视频、广告等〕

They use humorous virals to promote their products.

他们利用滑稽的“病毒视频”来推广产品。


virtual

Car ownership is a virtual necessity when you live in the country.

住在乡下，拥有汽车几乎是必需的。

Finding a cheap place to rent is a virtual impossibility in this area.

要在这个地区租到便宜的房子几乎不可能。

made, done, seen etc on the Internet or on a computer, rather than in the real world

虚拟的，模拟的〔指通过计算机或网络〕

→see THESAURUS at [artificial](->artificial)

The website allows you to take a virtual tour of the art gallery.

这个网站可让你对美术馆作一番虚拟参观。


virtually

Virtually all the children come to school by bus.

几乎所有的孩子都乘公交车上学。

He was virtually unknown before running for office.

他在参加竞选之前几乎不为人知。

on a computer, rather than in the real world

Professors can help students virtually by communicating over the Internet.

教授可通过网上交流的方式帮助学生。


virtue

moral goodness of character and behaviour

Women have often been used as symbols of virtue.

女性常被用作美德的象征。

a particular good quality in someone’s character

〔某人的〕美德，优秀品质

Among her many virtues are loyalty, courage, and truthfulness.

她有许多美德，诸如忠诚、勇敢和诚实。

an advantage that makes something better or more useful than something else

→see THESAURUS at [advantage](->advantage)

Adam Smith believed in the virtues of free trade.

亚当·斯密相信自由贸易的好处。

Wilkins is now [extolling](bold)(=praising very much)[the virtues of](bold) organic farming.

威尔金斯如今盛赞有机耕作的好处。

by means of, or as a result of something

She became a British resident by virtue of her marriage.

她借着婚姻成了英国居民。

to get an advantage from a situation that you cannot change, usually a bad one

利用某事物，将某事物化为优势〔常指无法改变的不利条件〕

She made a virtue of her acting limitations by joking about them.

她拿表演上的不足自嘲，化不利为有利。

to get an advantage from doing something that you have to do, or to pretend that you are doing it willingly

(假装)把必须要做的事情当作好事来做；不得已而力争有所得

the state of not having with someone, or not having sex with anyone except your husband


virus

They are trying to stop the spread of the flu virus.

a killer virus which has already been responsible for the deaths of hundreds of people

Why was this particular strain of the virus so virulent?

(=have a virus, which you may then give to other people)

A nurse at the clinic was found to be carrying the virus.

He does not know when he contracted the virus.

Thousands of people may already be infected with the virus.

Four workers at the facility, though exposed to the virus, never became ill.

(=pass it from one person or animal to another)

The rabies virus is transmitted in saliva when one animal bites another.

The virus spread throughout the population.

Doctors fear that a new strain of the virus will appear.

The fever was caused by a virus infection.

a very small living thing that causes infectious illnesses

children [infected with](bold) the Aids virus

a set of instructions secretly put onto a computer or computer program, which can destroy information. When a computer that has a virus makes a connection with another computer, for example by email, the virus can make copies of itself and move to the other computer.

a program that sends a large number of annoying messages to many people’s mobile phones in an uncontrolled way


visa

He was having difficulties getting a visa.

The Lebanese embassy refused him a visa.

I had 14 days to leave the country because my visa had expired.

(=allow a visa to apply to a longer time)

He hoped that his visa might be extended.

Two women in the group had overstayed their visas.

They'd sent their daughter abroad on a student visa.

(=a visa that allows you to pass through a particular country)

Transit visas will be issued at the airport.

Special 10-day visas were issued to cover the time of the conference.

U.S. immigration authorities have turned down their visa application.

Check the visa requirements with your travel agent.

an official mark put on your passport that gives you permission to temporarily enter or leave a foreign country

I was still in New York, trying to get a visa to visit Russia.

我仍在纽约，正在办理去俄罗斯的签证。

She applied for a three-month tourist visa.

她申请了三个月的旅游签证。


visibility

ˌvɪzəˈbɪləti

ˌvɪzəˈbɪləti

the distance it is possible to see, especially when this is affected by weather conditions

〔尤指受天气状况影响时的〕能见度，能见距离

Visibility on the roads is down to 20 metres due to heavy fog.

道路能见度因浓雾降至20米。

The search for survivors was abandoned because of poor visibility.

由于能见度低，放弃了对幸存者的搜寻。

the situation of being noticed by people in general

The exhibition helped increase the visibility of women artists.

这个展览帮助提高了女性艺术家的知名度。


visible

The fracture was clearly visible on the X-ray.

Cyclists should wear highly visible colours.

By July 26, Mercury should be easily visible in the evening sky.

The parked car was barely visible in the darkness.

(=able to be seen without using special equipment)

The comet is now visible to the naked eye.

He considered the expensive car a visible sign of his achievement.

The outline of the mountains was clearly visible.

The sign was clearly visible to passing motorists.

这一标志过路司机可清楚地看见。

The comet is [visible to the naked eye](bold)(=can be seen without using special equipment).

Check the plant for any [visible signs](bold) of disease.

检查一下植物是否有患病的迹象。

an effect that is visible is great enough to be noticed

〔影响〕明显的，显然的，可察觉的

There has been a [visible change](bold) in his attitude.

someone who is visible is in a situation in which a lot of people notice them


vision

Short-sighted children may be unaware of what people with normal vision can see.

Her vision was quite poor and she always wore glasses.

He complained of headaches and blurred vision.

Cats have good night vision but can’t see colour very well.

(=your ability to see things to the side of you when you are looking ahead)

She could read easily, but her peripheral vision was poor.

(=when you see two of everything around you)

One of the symptoms of the illness is double vision.

(=when you can only see what you are directly looking at)

A pupil with tunnel vision may have difficulty finding the words written on the blackboard.

Tears of fury blurred her vision, and she blinked them away.

She suffered temporary loss of vision after being struck on the head.

她头部受撞击以后出现暂时性失明。

Tears [blurred](bold) her [vision](bold)(=made it difficult for her to see).

[twenty-twenty/20–20 vision](bold)(=the ability to see perfectly)

[night vision](bold)(=the ability to see when it is dark)

a figure [at the edge of](bold) her [vision](bold)

[sb’s field/line of vision](bold)(=the area someone is able to see without turning their head)

As the cars overtake you, they are temporarily outside your field of vision.

后面汽车超车的时候，会暂时脱离你的视野范围。

an idea of what you think something should be like

He had a [clear vision](bold) of how he hoped the company would develop.

他对自己希望公司如何发展有清晰的设想。

The president outlined his vision for the future.

总统勾画了他对未来的设想。

if you have visions of something happening, especially something bad, you imagine it happening

想象某事发生〔尤指不好的事〕

I had visions of the kids getting lost and getting abducted by some weirdo.

我想象孩子们走丢了，被什么怪人拐走了。

something that you seem to see as part of a powerful religious experience

〔作为宗教经历的〕幻象，异象

She [had](bold) a [vision](bold) in which Jesus appeared before her.

她见到了耶稣现身自己面前的异象。

He became a monk after seeing Saint Apollinaris in a vision.

在异象中看见圣阿波利那里斯后，他便当了修道士。

the knowledge and imagination that are needed in planning for the future with a clear purpose

We need a leader with vision and strong principles.

我们需要一位有远见、坚守原则的领导。

his enthusiasm and [breadth of vision](bold)

the quality of a picture that you can see on a television


visit

to go and spend time in a place, for interest or pleasure

to visit a place. [Go to ](bold) is very commonly used in everyday English instead of [visit](bold)

They went to the Eiffel Tower and the Flea Market.

to visit places of interest in a country

We went sightseeing in the old part of the city.

How often do you visit your grandparents?

to visit someone informally in their home, especially when you live near them

to visit someone in their home, especially on your way to another place

Kate said she’d drop by later to give you the forms.

to visit someone who you do not see very often, when you are spending time in the area where they live

to go and spend time in a place or with someone, especially for pleasure or interest

参观，游览；拜访，访问，看望

Eric went to Seattle to visit his cousins.

埃里克到西雅图去看望他的表兄弟们。

I was really pleased that they [came to visit](bold) me.

他们来看我，我真是高兴。

你在西班牙去了哪些城市？

A recent trip to London gave me the opportunity to visit the Science Museum.

最近的一次伦敦之行让我有机会参观了科学博物馆。

In everyday English, people often say that they [come/go to see](bold)  someone, rather than [visit](bold)  them:

He’s gone to Scotland to [see](bold) his family.

to go to a place as part of your official job, especially to examine it

The building inspector is visiting the new housing project.

建筑监察员正在视察这个新的住房项目。

The president’s first trip abroad will be to visit with troops in Bosnia.

总统首次海外之行将视察驻扎在波斯尼亚的部队。

to go to see a doctor, lawyer etc in order to get treatment or advice

去〔医生、律师等〕处就诊[咨询]

访问，浏览〔因特网上的网站〕

Over 1,000 people visit our site every week.

每星期有一千多人访问我们的网站。

Why don’t you kids play outside while we visit with each other?

你们这些孩子到外面去玩吧，让我们聊聊天。


visit

Perhaps she'll come up to town then and pay me a visit.

The king made an official visit to Poland last year.

Miss Russell was only able to pay a brief visit.

Timpson was due to pay a flying visit to London.

(=one that the person being visited does not know is going to happen)

Naomi paid a surprise visit to an old school friend.

(=one that someone makes without first telling the person that they are going to visit)

The social worker made an unannounced visit.

The president made an official visit to France this week.

(=when you visit a place again, or when someone you visited visits you)

George was already planning a return visit.

Las Palmas, the lively capital, is well worth a visit.

an occasion when someone goes to spend time in a place or goes to see a person

游览，参观；拜访，访问，看望

We’re just here [on a](bold) short [visit](bold).

我们只在这儿作短暂停留。

Why don’t you come [for a visit](bold) this summer?

你们何不今年夏天来这里做客呢？

I decided to [pay](bold) him [a visit](bold) at his office.

我决定去他的办公室拜访他。

I’ve just [had](bold) a [visit from](bold) the police.

I’m only here for the weekend – just a [flying visit](bold) this time.

我只在这里过个周末，这次停留时间很短。

his first [official visit](bold) to Britain as Russian president

他当选俄罗斯总统后的首次正式访问英国

an occasion when you see a doctor, lawyer etc for treatment or advice

an occasion when you talk socially with someone

芭芭拉和我进行了一次愉快的长谈。


visitor

someone who comes to visit a place or a person

观光者，参观者；访问者，探望者

Times Square attracts more than 30 million visitors annually.


visual

Artists translate their ideas into visual images.

画家把自己的思想转换成视觉图像。

The tall tower adds to the visual impact of the building.

高高的塔楼增强了这幢大楼的视觉效果。


visual

something such as a picture or the part of a film, video etc that you can see, as opposed to the parts that you hear

视觉资料；〔电影、录像等的〕画面


visualize

[visualization](bold) /ˌvɪʒuəlaɪˈzeɪʃ/ US /-lə-/  n. <U>

BrE also: visualise  [v](bold) <[T](bold)>

to form a picture of someone or something in your mind

I tried to visualize the house while he was describing it.

我一边听他描述，一边想象那房子的样子。

Somehow I can’t visualize myself staying with this company for much longer.

不知为什么，我想象不出自己还会在这家公司待很久。

It’s hard to visualize how these tiles will look in our bathroom.

很难想象这些瓷砖铺在我们浴室里会是什么样子。


visually

Chairs should be visually attractive as well as comfortable.

unable to see normally – used especially when you want to be polite about this condition

The process is easy to understand when it is demonstrated visually.

通过演示，这个过程就容易理解了。


vital

Vitamins are absolutely vital for good health.

Nurses play a vital role in hospitals and surgeries.

Learning to play with other children is a vital part of growing up.

Involving teachers in making decisions is a vital ingredient in raising morale.

The radio was a source of vital information on sea and weather conditions.

The vital evidence contained in the file had disappeared.

The forest was a vital source of timber.

Reading is of vital importance in language learning.

extremely important and necessary for something to succeed or exist

→see THESAURUS at [important](->important)   →see THESAURUS at [necessary](->necessary) 1

The work she does is [absolutely vital](bold).

These measures are vital to national security.

这些措施对国家安全极其重要。

Regular exercise is vital for your health.

经常锻炼对健康非常重要。

It is vital that you keep accurate records.

做好准确的记录极为重要。

做好准确的记录非常重要。

It is vital to be honest with your children.

对自己的孩子坦诚十分重要。

The tourist industry is of [vital importance](bold) to the national economy.

旅游业对国家的经济至关重要。

Richardson played a [vital role](bold) in the team’s success.

理查森对球队的成功起了极重要的作用。

The samples could give scientists [vital information](bold) about long-term changes in the Earth’s atmosphere.

这些样本可以给科学家提供关于地球大气长期变化的极其重要的资料。

full of energy in a way that is exciting and attractive

Rodgers and Hart’s music sounds as fresh and vital as the day it was written.

罗杰斯与哈特的音乐现在听来还有刚写成时的那份清新和活力。

the signs that show someone is alive, for example breathing and body temperature

生命体征〔如呼吸、体温等〕


vitality

Despite her eighty years, Elsie was full of vitality.

尽管已80岁了，埃尔茜依然充满活力。

the strength and ability of an organization, country etc to continue

〔机构、国家等的〕生机，生命力

The process of restructuring has injected some much-needed vitality into the company.

重组为公司注入了一些迫切需要的活力。

The senator promised to restore the economic vitality of the region.

参议员承诺要恢复该地区的经济活力。


vitamin

a chemical substance in food that is necessary for good health

Try to eat foods that are rich in vitamins and minerals.

尽量吃富含维生素和矿物质的食物。

[vitamin A/B/C etc](bold)(=a particular type of vitamin)

Lack of vitamin E can cause skin diseases and tiredness.

缺乏维生素E可导致皮肤疾病和疲劳。

(also: [vitamin pill](bold) [vitamin supplement](bold) )

Perhaps I ought to [take vitamins](bold).


vivid

[vividly](bold) adv. eg: I can [vividly remember](bold) the day we met.

vivid memories, dreams, descriptions etc are so clear that they seem real

〔记忆、梦境、描述等〕生动的，逼真的，清晰的

He had a vivid picture of her in his mind.

他的脑海中清晰地留着她的形象。

an ability to imagine unlikely situations very clearly

vivid colours or patterns are very bright

〔色彩、图案〕鲜艳的，鲜明的


vocabulary

He had just started learning English and his vocabulary was fairly limited.

The book teaches you the basic vocabulary that you need to know when you're on holiday.

The instructions were full of technical vocabulary.

Children of this age have an active vocabulary of about 1,000 words.

(=the words they can understand but do not use)

Your passive vocabulary is much larger than your active vocabulary.

By eighteen months of age, the girl had a vocabulary of around 300 words.

Reading helps to expand your vocabulary.

What's the best way of learning new vocabulary?

(=a word, especially in a coursebook or a language class)

The difficult vocabulary items are explained at the bottom of the page.

all the words that someone knows or uses

〔一个人学会或使用的〕词汇量，语汇

Teachers were impressed by his vocabulary.

他的词汇量给老师们留下了深刻的印象。

〔某种语言的〕词汇，词汇量

English has the largest vocabulary of any language.

the words that are typically used when talking about a particular subject

Most technical jobs use a specialized vocabulary.

许多技术性工作使用专业词汇。

the range of possible features, effects, actions etc, especially in a type of music or art

〔某种艺术形式所有可能的〕表达手段

Charlie Parker expanded the vocabulary of jazz.

查理·帕克拓展了爵士乐的表达形式。

(the word) failure/guilt/compromise etc is not in sb’s vocabulary

used to say that someone never thinks of accepting failure etc

某人从不接受失败、内疚、妥协等

a list of words with explanations of their meanings, especially in a book for learning a foreign language

〔尤指外语教科书中有释义的〕词汇表


vocal

expressing strong opinions publicly, especially about things that you disagree with

激烈地表达意见的，敢于直言的，直言不讳的

Foley has been particularly vocal in his criticism of the government.

福利批评政府时尤其直言不讳。

她是这个计划的强烈反对者。

声音的，使用嗓音的；唱歌的

Allison’s vocal style is influenced by country and blues music.

艾莉森的演唱风格受到乡村音乐和布鲁斯音乐的影响。


vocal

the part of a piece of music that is sung rather than played on an instrument

〔音乐的〕歌唱部分，声乐部分

The album features Jim Boquist on vocals.

这个专辑的歌曲由吉姆·伯奎斯特演唱。


vocational

vəʊˈkeɪʃənəl

teaching or relating to the skills you need to do a particular job


voice

When he spoke, his voice was soft and gentle.

(=near the bottom of the range of sounds)

She heard the deep voice of her father downstairs.

They used to repeat her words in silly high voices.

She answered in a small voice, ‘I think I was afraid.’

(=a voice that shakes because someone is very nervous or frightened)

He stood up and began to speak in a trembling voice.

The mouse talks in a little squeaky voice.

(=low and slightly rough but in an attractive way)

She spoke in a husky voice, as though her throat was sore.

He sang to her in his famous gravelly voice.

(=a voice that goes high and low in a pleasant musical way)

She began to recite the poem in a sing-song voice.

She did not raise her voice, or express any anger.

(=lose the ability to speak, for example when you have a cold)

I'll have to whisper because I've lost my voice.

Lockhart’s voice dropped so that it could only just be heard.

(=becomes higher or unsteady because they are upset)

Her voice broke and she was unable to continue.

(=becomes quieter until you cannot hear it)

‘It's just that … ’, his voice trailed away uncertainly.

‘Where is she?’, Kate demanded in a shrill voice.

She shouted ‘Help!’ at the top of her voice.

the sounds that you make when you speak, or the ability to make these sounds

the quality of sound you produce when you sing

a piece written for six voices and piano

为钢琴伴奏六重唱谱写的曲子

the right or ability to express an opinion, to vote, or to influence decisions

Parents should [have a voice](bold) in deciding how their children are educated.

在决定他们的孩子应接受怎样的教育时，家长应该也有发言权。

The government needs to listen to the voice of middle-class Americans.

a fair, democratic society, in which individuals are able to [make](bold) their [voice heard](bold)(=express their opinion so that people notice it)

Since the new program was introduced, there have been some [dissenting voices](bold)(=people expressing disagreement).

自从这个新方案出台以来，一直都有反对的声音。

Senator Prior spoke out, [adding](bold) her [voice to](bold) the call for new laws to protect the environment.

普赖尔参议员公开发表意见，对要求立法保护环境的呼声给予支持。

if a group of people speak with one voice, they all express the same opinion

a person, organization, newspaper etc that expresses the opinions or wishes of a group of people

The senator is [the voice of](bold) the religious right.

这位参议员是宗教权利的代言人。

opinions or ideas that are reasonable, based on experience etc, or someone who has these ideas

Ben, as ever, has been the voice of reason throughout the whole crisis.

本一如既往，在这场危机中始终代表着理性的声音。

表达对某物的感觉[想法]

Participants are encouraged to give voice to their personal hopes, fears and dreams.

参加者被鼓励要将自己的愿望、担忧以及梦想表达出来。

thoughts or feelings that you do not express but seem to warn, criticize, or advise you

我的内心有个声音告诉我要小心谨慎。

the form of a verb that shows whether the subject of a sentence does an action or has an action done to it


voice

to tell people your opinions or feelings about a particular subject

The senator [voiced concern](bold) at how minorities and immigrants are treated in California.

参议员对加利福尼亚少数族裔和外来移民所受的待遇表示担忧。

to produce a sound with a movement of the vocal cords as well as the breath


voicemail

a system which lets people leave recorded messages for you on your telephone when you are unable to answer it


void

a feeling of great sadness that you have when someone you love dies or when something is taken from you

Running the business helped to [fill the void](bold) after his wife died.

打理生意帮助他填补妻子死后的孤寂。

a situation in which something important or interesting is needed or wanted, but does not exist

The amusement park will [fill](bold) a [void](bold) in this town, which has little entertainment for children.

这个游乐场将填补这座小城儿童娱乐设施匮乏的空白。

an empty area of space where nothing exists

She looked over the cliff into the void.

她从悬崖顶上望向茫茫的远方。


void

a contract or official agreement that is void is not legal and has no effect

〔合同或正式协议〕无效的，没有法律效力的


void

to make a contract or agreement void so that it has no legal effect

使〔契约或协议〕无效，使作废


volatile

[volatility](bold) /ˌvɒləˈtɪləti/ US /ˌvɑː-/  n. <U>

a volatile situation is likely to change suddenly and without warning

an increasingly volatile political situation

the [highly volatile](bold) stock and bond markets

剧烈波动的股票和债券市场

someone who is volatile can suddenly become angry or violent

易激动的；易发作的；易怒的

a volatile liquid or substance changes easily into a gas


volcano

(=it sends smoke, fire, and rock into the sky)

Volcanoes can remain dormant for hundreds of years.

The lake is at the foot of an extinct volcano.

[plural](italic) volcanoes or [plural](italic) volcanos

a mountain with a large hole at the top, through which lavavery hot liquid rock is sometimes forced out

Pompei was destroyed when the [volcano erupted](bold) in 79 AD.

[active volcano](bold)(=one that may explode at any time)

[dormant volcano](bold)(=one that is not active at the moment)

[extinct volcano](bold)(=one that is no longer active at all)


volleyball

a game in which two teams use their hands to hit a ball over a high net


volt

[n](bold) <[C](bold)> written abbreviation: V or: v

a unit for measuring the force of an electric current


volume

[speak volumes](bold) at → [speak](->speak) sense 9

the amount of sound produced by a television, radio etc

In everyday English, people usually say [turn ](bold)  something [up](bold)  or [turn](bold)  something [down](bold)  rather than use the noun [volume](bold) :

Can you [turn](bold) the TV [up](bold) a bit?

She’s always yelling at us to [turn](bold) our music [down](bold).

the total amount of something, especially when it is large or increasing

〔尤指巨大的或正在增加的〕量，总量

The volume of traffic on the roads has increased dramatically in recent years.

近年来道路交通量急剧增加。

a measurement of the amount of space that a substance or object fills, or the amount of space in a container

an instrument for measuring the volume of a gas

The volume of the container measures 10,000 cubic metres.

这个容器的容量是1万立方米。

a book that is part of a set, or one into which a very long book is divided

1940年至1945年这段时间在第9卷。

all the copies of a particular magazine printed in one particular year

〔一本杂志全年的〕合集，合订本


voluntarily

if you do something voluntarily, you do it willingly, without anyone telling you to do it

She wasn’t fired – she left voluntarily.

她不是被解雇的——她是自愿离职的。

if you do work voluntarily, you do it because you want to, and are not paid for it

Susan worked in the studios voluntarily, to gain experience.

苏珊在工作室里义务工作，以获取经验。


voluntary

The day care scheme was run by a voluntary organization.

(=voluntary work and the people involved in it)

What is the role of the voluntary sector in sport?

He does voluntary work with young offenders.

Guide and Scout leaders work on a voluntary basis.

an organization etc that is organized or supported by people who give their money, services etc because they want to and who do not intend to make a profit

a voluntary organization providing help for the elderly

为老年人提供帮助的志愿组织

environmental work carried out by [the voluntary sector](bold)

由志愿部门开展的环境保护工作

work etc that is done by people who do it because they want to, and who are not paid

She [does](bold) a lot of [voluntary work](bold) for the Red Cross.

她为红十字会做大量的志愿工作。

a drop-in centre for homeless people, run [on a voluntary basis](bold)

志愿组织开办的无家可归者援助中心

Workers are being encouraged to take voluntary redundancy.

voluntary movements of your body are controlled by your conscious mind

〔身体活动〕自主的，随意的，自由的


voluntary

a piece of music played in church, usually by the organ

〔教堂中的〕(管风琴)演奏曲


volunteer

someone who does a job willingly without being paid

志愿者，义务工作者，自愿参加者

Most of the relief work was done by volunteers.

大部分救援工作都由志愿人员完成。

主动提供帮助的人，自告奋勇者

I need some volunteers to help with the washing-up.

我需要几个自告奋勇者帮我洗餐具。

someone who joins the army, navy, or air force without being forced to


volunteer

to offer to do something without expecting any reward, often something that other people do not want to do

自愿〔做某事〕；自告奋勇，自愿效劳

Helen volunteered to have Thanksgiving at her house this year.

海伦主动提出今年的感恩节在她家过。

西德卡普自告奋勇去站岗。

I [volunteered](bold) my [services](bold) as a driver.

to tell someone something without being asked

Michael volunteered the information before I had a chance to ask.

我还没来得及问，迈克尔就主动提供了信息。

to offer to join the army, navy, or air force

When war broke out, my father volunteered immediately.

战争一爆发，我父亲立即志愿从军。

to say that someone else will do a job even though they may not want to do it

Mum volunteered Dave for washing-up duties.

妈妈替戴夫应下了洗碗的差使。


vomit

to bring food or drink up from your stomach out through your mouth, because you are ill

He had swallowed so much sea water he wanted to vomit.

他呛了这么多海水，所以想吐。

I knew I was really in trouble when I began vomiting blood.

我开始吐血的时候才知道我的麻烦大了。

我吃的饭大部分都吐掉了。

In everyday English, people usually say that someone [throws up](bold) , [is sick](bold) , or in American English [gets sick](bold) :


vomit

food or other substances that come up from your stomach and through your mouth when you vomit


vote

You [vote for ](bold) someone or something: Who are you going to vote for at the next election? Most MPs voted for the bill.

You [vote against ](bold) someone or something: The committee voted against the decision.

You [vote to](bold)  do something: Congress voted to change the law.

Parliament, Congress etc [passes](bold)  a bill or law: Parliament passed a law against drug smuggling.

[Pass](bold)  is often used in the passive in this meaning: The law was passed by a big majority.

[Elect ](bold) is often used in the passive.

You [elect](bold)  someone [as](bold)  something: She was elected as MP for Corby.

You [elect](bold)  someone something: Obama was elected president in 2008.

You [elect](bold)  someone [to](bold)  Parliament, Congress etc: She was elected to the Senate.

to show which person or party you want, or whether you support a plan, by marking a piece of paper, raising your hand etc

A majority of the people voted for independence.

In tomorrow’s election, many young people will be voting for the first time.

to choose a leader, representative, or government by voting, so that they become the new leader, representative etc

I think we should start by electing a new chairman.

if a country or voters go to the polls, they vote in an election – used especially in news reports

The economic crisis could well be a decisive factor when voters go to the polls this autumn.

if a group of people at a meeting take a vote, they vote about something

We should take a vote on whether or not to accept their offer.

to mark a piece of paper, call a telephone number etc in order to vote

The first votes have been cast in the country’s general election.

to ask the members of an organization to vote on something in order to decide what to do

The union will ballot its members on whether to go ahead with the strike action.

to vote against something that other people have agreed on, so that it cannot happen

The president has the right to veto any piece of legislation.

How many people voted Yes in the referendum?

(=vote for someone who is Conservative etc)

Cubans in the city of Miami have traditionally voted Republican.

(=with everyone voting a particular way)

The committee voted unanimously in favour of the proposition.

On Dec. 7 delegates voted overwhelmingly to strike.

The Senate voted narrowly to continue funding the controversial project.

(=not for the party you support, but to get an acceptable result)

People appear to have voted tactically in order to prevent the Conservative candidate from gaining a seat.

All those aged 18 or over are eligible to vote.

We must encourage people to register to vote.

In 1918 British women got the right to vote.

1918年，英国妇女获得了选举权。

I voted for the Labour candidate in the last election.

我在上次选举中投了工党候选人的票。

53% of Danes voted in favour of the Maastricht treaty.

The people of Ulster had finally been given a chance to vote on the issue.

阿尔斯特(即北爱尔兰)人民在这个问题上终于获得了一个投票的机会。

Congress voted to increase foreign aid by 10%.

国会表决通过增加10%的对外援助。

股东投票否决了这个提议。

[block voting](bold) at → [block](->block) 1 sense 5

vote sb into/out of power/office/parliament etc

投票把某人选上台/选下台/选进议会/使某人失去议会席位等

The chances are that the government will be voted out of office.

to choose someone or something for a particular prize by voting for them

In 1981 Henry Fonda was voted Best Actor for ‘On Golden Pond’.

if a parliament, committee etc votes a sum of money for something, they decide by voting to provide money for that particular purpose

〔议会、委员会等通过投票〕同意提供〔款项〕

Parliament has voted £20 million extra funding for road improvements.

议会投票通过增拨2,000万英镑用于改善道路。

if people vote something a success etc, they all agree that it is a success

一致认为某事物是成功/最好的等

大家都认为晚会办得很成功。

used to say that you prefer one particular choice or possible action

‘What do you want to eat?’ ‘I vote for Mexican.’

“你想吃什么？” “我想吃墨西哥菜。”

(also: [vote with your pocketbook](bold) ([AmE](bold)) )

to vote for someone or something that you think will help you have the most money

投票给能为自己带来最大经济利益的人[事物]

People generally vote with their pocketbooks against new taxes.

人们考虑到自己的钱包，通常都投票反对新税项。

(AmE also: [vote with your dollars](bold) )

to show you like something by choosing to buy it

用购买的方式表示喜欢某物

Readers vote with their wallets every day when they choose a newspaper.

读者每天在选择报纸时，就是在用钱包表达他们的喜好。

to show that you do not support a decision or action by leaving a place or organization

以退席[退出组织]表示不支持〔某决定、行动等〕


vote

an act of voting in an election or meeting, or the choice that you make when you vote

投我们的票是不会白投的。

The proposal was rejected [by](bold) 19 [votes to](bold) 7.

那项提案以19票对7票被否决。

The House of Representatives approved the budget, with 52 votes in favor, 16 against and 12 abstentions.

众议院以52票赞成、16票反对、12票弃权批准了这项预算。

[cast your vote](bold)(=vote in a political election)

Harkin won 74 percent of the votes cast.

哈金获得了投票总数74%的选票。

policies designed to [win votes](bold) in the South

旨在赢取南方选票的各项政策

It’s the club secretary that [counts](bold) the [votes](bold).

俱乐部干事负责清点选票。

an occasion when a group of people vote in order to decide something or choose a representative

The results of the vote were surprising – 80% of workers favoured strike action.

投票结果令人意外——80%的工人赞成罢工行动。

There will be a citywide vote (=all the voters in a particular city) on the matter.

将就此事进行一次全市范围的投票表决。

Unless anyone has anything to add, we’ll take a vote.

如果没人要补充什么，我们就投票表决吧。

[put sth to the/a vote](bold)(=decide something by voting)

Let’s put it to the vote. All those in favor raise your hands.

让我们来表决吧，所有赞成的人请举手。

the total number of votes made in an election

〔选举的〕投票总数，选票总数

Davis won the election with 57% of the vote.

戴维斯以57%的选票当选。

The Greens increased their [share of the vote](bold) from 2.9% to 4.9%.

绿党选票从2.9%上升到了4.9%。

the right to vote in political elections

〔政治选举中的〕投票权，选举权

In France women didn’t [get the vote](bold) until 1945.

在法国，妇女直到1945年才获得选举权。

At that time black people did not yet [have the vote](bold).

black, Jewish etc voters, or their votes

黑人/犹太人/中产阶级等选民[选票]

The black vote is astonishingly loyal to the Democratic Party.

the total number of votes the Labour Party, Conservative Party etc win in an election

工党/保守党/绿党等获得的选票

The Green vote looks likely to increase again.

绿党选票看来有可能再次增加。

The motion was passed [by a vote of](bold) 215 [to](bold) 84.

这个动议以215票对84票获通过。

used to say that you are ready to support someone or something, or that you think that someone or something is the best of their kind

Anything that will mean a better deal for our children gets my vote.

凡对我们孩子有好处的事我都赞成。


voter

someone who has the right to vote in a political election, or who votes in a particular election

选举人，投票人，选民；有投票权的人

Voters overwhelmingly rejected the Far Right in the May elections.

在5月的选举中，选民普遍排斥极右政党。

In Ireland 83% of voters favoured EC membership in 1972.

1972年，83%的爱尔兰选民赞成加入欧洲共同体。

a situation in which a lot of people who have the right to vote do not vote

选民的冷漠〔指许多有选举权的人不参加选举的情况〕

Voter apathy is especially high among young people.

青年人中选民冷漠的情况特别突出。


voucher

a ticket that can be used instead of money for a particular purpose

The voucher can be used at most major supermarkets.

这种购物券可以在大多数大型超市使用。

头等奖是价值1,000英镑的旅行券。

[gift voucher](bold) at → [gift token](->gift token) → [luncheon voucher](->luncheon voucher)

an official statement or receipt that is given to someone to prove that their accounts are correct or that money has been paid


vow

I made a vow never to go near the place again.

Priests have to take a vow of obedience to the Catholic Church.

She kept her vow not to tell anyone about their affair.

She accused him of breaking his marriage vows.

(=make promises to each other as part of a wedding ceremony)

They wanted to exchange vows before their family and friends.

(=have a second wedding ceremony to repeat your promises)

Fifty couples celebrated their golden weddings and renewed their vows at a cathedral service in Chicago.

(=a very serious vow, which you must keep)

He made a solemn vow that he would do everything he could to help her.

When we get married in church we are making sacred vows.

People close to him have finally broken their vow of silence.

(=to have promised seriously to do something)

She told him she was bound by a vow not to tell any other person.

Jim made a vow that he would find his wife’s killer.

吉姆发誓要找到杀害他妻子的凶手。

a religious promise that you will do something for God, the church etc

the promises you make during your wedding

the promises you make when you become a Catholic priest or nun

〔当神父或修女时立下的〕誓言


vow

to make a serious promise to yourself or someone else

→see THESAURUS at [promise](->promise) 1

Supporters have vowed to continue the protest until Adams is released.

支持者立誓一直抗议到亚当斯获释。

to make a religious promise that you will do something for God, the church etc

〔宗教中向上帝、教会等〕立誓奉献


vowel

one of the human speech sounds that you make by letting your breath flow out without closing any part of your mouth or throat

a letter of the alphabet used to represent a vowel. In English the vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y.

元音字母〔英语的元音字母为a、e、i、o、u，有时也包括y〕


voyage

〔乘船或宇宙飞船的长途〕航行

→see THESAURUS at [journey](->journey) 1

The voyage from England to India used to take six months.

过去从英格兰到印度要航行六个月。

the Titanic’s [maiden voyage](bold)(=first journey)

I don’t want to [make](bold) the [voyage](bold) single-handed.

These are the voyages of the starship Enterprise.

这些就是“企业”号星舰几次航行的经历。

a situation in which you learn a lot of new things about something or someone

〔对某事或某人有大量新发现的〕发现之旅

Writing a biography is an absorbing voyage of discovery.

撰写传记是极为有趣的发现之旅。

a voyage of self-discovery (=when you learn more about yourself)


voyage

[v](bold) <[I always + adv/prep](bold)> [literary](special)

to travel to a place, especially by ship


vulgar

remarks, jokes etc that are vulgar deal with sex in a very rude and offensive way

〔言语、玩笑等〕低俗的，粗俗的

not behaving politely in social situations

〔行为〕无礼的，粗俗的，粗野的

not showing good judgment about what is beautiful or suitable


vulnerable

someone who is vulnerable can be easily harmed or hurt

He took advantage of me when I was at my most vulnerable.

他在我最脆弱的时候利用了我。

We work mainly with the elderly and other vulnerable groups.

我们主要和老年人以及其他弱势群体打交道。

Children are most vulnerable to abuse within their own home.

儿童在自己家里最易受到虐待。

a place, thing, or idea that is vulnerable is easy to attack or criticize

The fort was vulnerable to attack from the north.

这个堡垒的北面易受进攻。

Their theories were badly thought out and very vulnerable to ridicule.

他们的理论不够缜密，非常容易遭人取笑。


wade

[v](bold) <[I always + adv/prep, T](bold)>


wag

[it’s (a case of) the tail wagging the dog](bold) at → [tail](->tail) 1 sense 11 [set tongues wagging](bold) at → [tongue](->tongue) 1 sense 14

[past tense and past participle](italic) [wagged](bold) [present participle](italic) [wagging](bold)

if a dog wags its tail, or if its tail wags, the dog moves its tail many times from one side to the other

to move your finger or head from side to side, especially to show disapproval

摇，摆动〔手指或头，尤指表示不赞同〕

‘You naughty girl!’ Mom said, [wagging](bold) her [finger](bold) at me.

“你这个调皮的丫头！”妈妈对我摇了摇手指说道。


wag

someone who says or does something clever and amusing

某个爱搞笑的家伙在墙上画了张人脸。


wage

The factory workers are demanding higher wages.

There are high numbers of people on low wages.

Wages are good compared to other occupations.

(=one that is reasonable and allows you to buy what you need)

Jobs in the factories used to pay a decent wage, but those jobs are gone now.

(=the lowest amount of money that an employer can legally pay to a worker)

(=what someone earns before overtime pay, tips, or bonuses are added)

The basic wage paid at the factory is the lowest in the auto industry, but with bonuses, the total compensation is the highest.

(=a calculation of how much your wages will buy, usually compared to how much you were able to buy in the past)

Average real wages rose by 26% between 1919 and 1929.

The rail workers demanded a 20% wage increase.

Those who kept their jobs had to take large wage cuts.

Wage levels remained low during the 1930s.

Both parents were earning a wage, yet money was still tight.

Some firms still paid lower wages to female workers.

He was able to raise the wages of some key staff.

money you earn that is paid according to the number of hours, days, or weeks that you work

〔按小时、日或周计算的〕工资，薪金

[wage increase](bold) [also](special) [wage rise](bold) BrE

The wage increases will come into effect in June.

此次加薪将于6月份施行。

[wage levels/rates](bold)(=fixed amounts of money paid for particular jobs)

money you earn for work that is enough to pay for the basic things that you need to live

The church no longer [paid a living wage](bold).

教会不再支付可以维持生计的薪俸了。

an action taken by a company, government etc to stop wages increasing

the amount of money asked for by workers as an increase in wages

增加工资的要求，加薪要求


wage

to be involved in a war against someone, or a fight against something

发动，进行〔战争或斗争〕

The police are waging war on drug pushers in the city.

警方正在市内开展一场打击毒贩的斗争。

[wage a campaign/struggle/battle etc](bold)

The council has waged a vigorous campaign against the proposal.

市政会发起了一场激烈的运动反对这项提议。


wagon

a strong vehicle with four wheels, used for carrying heavy loads and usually pulled by horses

〔一般由马拉的〕四轮运货车

a large open container pulled by a train, used for carrying goods

〔无顶的〕铁路货车车厢，车皮

to start drinking alcohol again after you have stopped


waist

→ Do not confuse with [waste](bold), which is used as a verb and a noun to talk about using too much of something, or not using it in a sensible way.

the narrow part in the middle of the human body

[from the waist up/down](bold)(=in the top or bottom half of your body)

[stripped to the waist](bold)(=not wearing any clothes on the top half of your body)

[slim-waisted/narrow-waisted/thick-waisted](bold)(=having a thin, thick etc waist)

the part of a piece of clothing that goes around this part of your body


wait

wait around
wait behind
wait in
wait on
wait out
wait up

to stay somewhere or not do something until something else happens, someone arrives etc

to wait in a place not doing anything, especially so that you are wasting time

They kept us hanging around for hours at the hospital.

to wait because you are hoping that something will happen

The captain decided it was best to hold on and wait for the other ship to arrive.

Can you hang on a minute? I just want to finish this email.

to wait and be ready to do something if needed – used especially about soldiers, police, medical teams etc

Emergency services were on standby after someone called to say there was a bomb in the city centre.

to wait for something – used about something that you know will happen or arrive

I will await your replyin a formal letter.

In February, nearly 200,000 prisoners were awaiting trial.

The soldiers awaited the order to advance.

William waited an hour for his sister to arrive.

(=wait a long time – used especially in questions or negative sentences)

She did not have to wait long for a train.

They patiently waited for the rain to stop.

All his friends were waiting anxiously for their exam results.

(=hoping that something good or exciting will happen soon)

He took out his camera and waited expectantly.

(=while feeling very anxious or excited)

She waited with bated breath to see what he would say.

(=wait for something that never happens)

They waited in vain for their son to come home.

She paused, waiting for Myles to say something.

她停下来，等着迈尔斯说些什么。

I sat waiting patiently for the wedding to end.

我耐心地坐着等待婚礼结束。

[wait (for) three hours/two weeks etc](bold)

我们已经等了很长时间了。

[keep sb waiting](bold)(=make someone wait, especially by arriving late)

You [wait for ](bold) something or someone: I waited for the next bus.
Don’t say: [I waited the next bus.](strike)

You [wait for](bold)  someone to do something, or for something to happen: She waited for him to finish speaking.
Don’t say: [She waited him to finish speaking.](strike)

if you are waiting for something that you expect or hope will happen or arrive, it has not happened or arrived yet

‘Have you heard about the job?’ ‘No, I’m [still waiting](bold).’

“那份工作有消息了吗？”“没有，我还在等呢。”

I’m waiting for him to realize how stupid he’s been.

我在等着他意识到自己有多么笨。

used to ask someone not to leave or start doing something immediately

等一下，慢着〔用于叫某人别离开或不要立刻做某事〕

Wait a second, I’ll get my coat and come with you.

等一等，我拿上大衣和你一起去。

used to interrupt someone, especially because you do not agree with what they are saying

等等，且慢〔用于打断别人的话，尤因有不同意见〕

Wait a minute! That’s not what we agreed!

等等！我们原先说好的不是这样！

used when you suddenly think of, remember, or notice something

等等〔用于突然想到、记起或注意到某事物〕

等等，我有个更好的主意。

used to emphasize that someone is very excited about something and is eager for it to happen

某人急着/等不及〔用于强调对即将发生的事感到兴奋和迫不及待〕

We’re going to Australia on Saturday – I can’t wait!

我们星期六去澳大利亚——我都等不及了！

I can’t wait to tell Gloria the good news.

我迫不及待地要告诉格洛丽亚这个好消息。

Laura could hardly wait to see the twins again.

劳拉迫不及待地想要再见到那对双胞胎。

我急切地等待夏天的到来。

used humorously to say that something seems likely to be very boring

我等不及了〔幽默说法，用于表示某事物实际上可能十分乏味〕

A lecture on transformational grammar? I can hardly wait!

有关转换语法的讲座？我可等不及了！

if something can wait, it is not very urgent. If something can’t wait, it is very urgent

某事可以等[不急]/刻不容缓[不能等]

Go home. The report [can wait till](bold) tomorrow.

回家吧。报告可以等到明天再说。

used to say that someone should be patient because they will find out about something later

等等看〔用于叫某人耐心等待事情的结果〕

“晚餐吃什么？”“等一下就知道了。”

We [will just have to wait and see](bold) how things develop.

我们只能耐心等着看事情怎样发展。

used when you are excited about telling or showing someone something

等到 …〔用于兴奋地向某人诉说某事或展示某物〕

if something is waiting for you, it is ready for you to use, collect etc

〔某物已准备好〕可供(某人)使用[提取等]

There’ll be a rental car waiting for you at the airport.

会有一辆租来的车在机场等你。

Come round at eight and I’ll [have](bold) dinner [waiting](bold).

8点钟过来，我会准备好晚餐等你。

to stay calm until it is your turn to do something, instead of trying to move ahead of other people

I’ve got two hands and there are three of you. So you’ll [have to wait your turn](bold)!

我只有两只手，而你们有三个人，所以你们得等着一个个来！

used to say that something is very good, even though it takes a long time to come

某事物值得等〔表示某事物很好，值得久等〕

你等着〔用于警告或威胁某人〕

I’ll get you back for what you’ve done, just you wait.

你干的好事我会跟你算账的，你等着。

used to tell someone you are sure something will happen

你就等着吧〔用于告诉某人某事肯定会发生〕

会大获成功的，你就等着吧。

used to tell someone to do something immediately

你还在等什么？〔用于叫某人马上做某事〕

Well, what are you waiting for? Go and apologize.

好了，你还在等什么？去道歉呀。

used to say in a cheerful way that you think everyone should start doing something immediately

我们还等什么？〔用于高兴地建议大家立即做某事〕

used just before you tell someone something that is funny or surprising

听好了〔用于表示要说的话有趣或使人吃惊〕

他以前的名字叫——听好了——“培根”先生。

used to tell someone not to do something until the correct time because they seem very impatient to do it now

等等再说〔用于告诉某人要等时机合适再做某事〕

to be ready to do something if it is necessary or if a suitable time comes

Other firms are waiting in the wings, ready to step in and make an offer should the current deal fall through.

其他公司都在伺机而动，一旦目前的这笔交易谈不成，他们随时准备介入进来出价。

to work in a restaurant serving food and drink to people at their tables

〔在餐馆〕端盘子，招待顾客

if you play a waiting game, you try to gain an advantage for yourself in a particular situation by deliberately doing nothing until you have seen what other people do


wait

[lie in wait](bold) at → [lie](->lie) 1 sense 8

a period of time in which you wait for something to happen, someone to arrive etc

The average wait for an appointment at the clinic was eight weeks.

该诊所预约等候的平均时间是八个星期。

There was an hour wait before the next train departed.

下一班火车要等上一个小时才开出。

They’ll [have a](bold) long [wait](bold).


waiter

a man who serves food and drink at the tables in a restaurant

〔餐馆的〕男服务员，男侍者


waitress

a woman who serves food and drink at the tables in a restaurant

〔餐馆的〕女服务员，女侍者