erosion

Acid rain has caused serious erosion, and now the entire hillside could slide down.

Poor farming practices have led to erosion of the soil.

Many areas of farmland have suffered severe erosion.

new measures designed to stop flooding and reduce erosion

The highest rates of erosion occur where soil is exposed to drought.

Some areas of the coast have suffered severe erosion.

This system of cultivation leads to significant erosion of the subsoil.

Soil erosion is worse in areas where trees have been cut down.

Coastal erosion is worrying the local residents.

Hedgerows and trees help to reduce the effect of wind erosion.

The maps show that the average rate of coastal erosion is about four metres per year.

The demonstrators were protesting about the serious erosion of individual freedoms.

There has been a steady erosion of the court's powers over the last ten years.

the process by which rock or soil is gradually destroyed by wind, rain, or the sea

〔风、雨或海水的〕侵蚀，腐蚀

the process by which something is gradually reduced or destroyed

the gradual erosion of our civil liberties


error

[trial and error](bold) at → [trial](->trial) 1 sense 4

We made too many errors, and that cost us the game.

(=make an error, especially a serious one)

He knew he had committed a grave error of judgement.

If the data contains errors, the results will be wrong.

His accountant spotted several errors in his tax return.

By the time she realized her error, it was too late.

We will rectify the error as soon as possible.

He resolved to learn from his mistakes and avoid similar errors in the future.

He refused to listen to our advice, which compounded the error.

If an error occurs, you will have two more chances to re-enter your password.

a common error which students often make when writing essays

The police made a serious error, which resulted in a young man’s death.

The letter contained some minor spelling errors.

There is a glaring error on page 10, where his date of death is given as 2053, not 1003.

It was a monumental error to attack from the north.

(=extremely serious, with serious results)

(=extremely serious, so that you are certain to fail)

Telling your staff they are not important is a fatal error.

An unfortunate error resulted in confidential information being released to the press.

You lose marks if your paper contains spelling errors.

The applications forms were sent to the wrong addresses due to a clerical error.

The article contains many factual errors.

Both parties have made tactical errors in the run-up to the election.

(=one that is not like others or part of a pattern)

This may seem like a random error, but in fact it is repeated once in every 5,000 samples.

Automatic checks reduce the danger of human error.

An on-board computer error meant that the plane’s systems shut down for a few vital seconds.

Investigators believe the crash was caused by pilot error.

If we fail to learn from our past errors, we are doomed to repeat them.

(=the degree to which a calculation might be wrong)

We have to allow for a small margin of error in the calculations.

→see THESAURUS at [mistake](->mistake) 1

There must be an error in our calculations.

[Error](bold)  is rather formal and is mainly used when talking about computers or in some fixed expressions such as [human error](bold) . In everyday English, people usually use [mistake](bold) :

There must be a [mistake](bold) somewhere.

a mistake when you are working on a computer, which means that the computer program cannot do what you want it to do

a mistake in the way that you examine a situation and decide what to do

The decision to expand the company was an error of judgment.

扩展公司业务的决定是判断失误。

to have made a mistake, especially when making an official decision

〔尤指在作正式决定时〕犯错，失误

The doctor has admitted that he was in error.

if you do something in error, you do it by mistake

to realize that you have been behaving badly and decide to stop

意识到自己的过失并准备改正，知错即改


erupt

[eruption](bold) /ɪˈrʌpʃ/  n. <C,U> eg: a volcanic eruption eg: the eruption of violence

if fighting, violence, noise etc erupts, it starts suddenly

〔搏斗、暴力事件、噪声等〕突然发生，爆发

Violence erupted after police shot a student during the demonstration.

A political row erupted over the MP’s comments.

这名下院议员的评论引发了一场政治论战。

if a volcano erupts, it explodes and sends smoke, fire, and rock into the sky

if a place or situation erupts, there is a sudden increase in activity or emotion

〔活动〕爆发；〔情绪〕迸发

They were angry to the point of erupting into riot.

Their conversations often erupted into squabbles.

他们谈话时经常会突然争吵起来。

to suddenly start laughing, shouting etc

他突然拼命地大声抽泣起来。

if spots erupt on your body, they suddenly appear on your skin

〔丘疹等在皮肤上〕突然出现，冒出


escalate

[escalation](bold) /ˌeskəˈleɪʃ/  n. <C,U> eg: the escalation of fighting in June eg: a rapid escalation in value

if fighting, violence, or a bad situation escalates, or if someone escalates it, it becomes much worse

(使)〔战斗、暴力事件或不好的情况〕升级；(使)恶化

她越来越害怕，最后变得惊慌失措。

The fighting on the border is escalating.

边境地区的战事在不断升级。

to become higher or increase, or to make something do this

→see THESAURUS at [increase](->increase) 1

成本在以惊人的速度增长。

促使其自身成本增加的政策


escalator

a set of moving stairs that take people to different levels in a building


escape

to leave a place when someone is trying to catch you or stop you, or when there is a dangerous situation

The thief escaped through an upstairs window.

She managed to escape from her attacker and call the police.

to escape from someone who is chasing you, especially when there is no chance that you will be caught. [Get away](bold) is more informal than [escape](bold)

The robbers got away but left plenty of clues at the scene.

to escape from someone who is holding you

to leave somewhere very quickly in order to escape from danger

Many people were forced to flee the country.

I was locked in the room and couldn’t get out.

The jail is so secure that no one has ever broken out of it.

to escape from a prison or institution where you are supposed to stay

Three prisoners who absconded have still not been found.

He absconded from a psychiatric hospital.

Some prisoners tried to escape, but most were recaptured or shot.

Both drivers were lucky to escape serious injury.

These terrorists must not be allowed to escape justice.

Some insects manage to escape detection by merging with the background.

He managed to escape the men’s clutches and run off.

(=only just avoid having something bad happen to you)

The firemen narrowly escaped being killed by the explosion.

When the tunnel collapsed, the men were lucky to escape with their lives.

Two policemen were killed, but the president escaped unharmed.

The crew of the sinking vessel were lucky to escape alive.

He broke down the locked door and escaped.

他砸开上锁的门，逃走了。

他在10月份越狱逃跑了。

她于1938年逃到了英国。

to get away from a dangerous or bad situation

他逃了出来，受了点轻伤。

A boy escaped unhurt when the fire in his room exploded.

一名男孩在其房间失火引发爆炸时安然逃脱。

They went to the hills to escape the summer heat.

[escape sb’s clutches](bold)(=escape from someone)

The youth was trying to escape the clutches of two drunken female companions.

那个小伙子试图摆脱两名醉酒女伴的纠缠。

to avoid something bad or that you do not want to happen

He [narrowly escaped](bold) death in an avalanche.

他在一次雪崩中死里逃生。

The two passengers [escaped](bold) serious [injury](bold).

那两名乘客逃过一劫，未受重伤。

They must not be allowed to [escape justice](bold).

决不能让他们逃脱法律的制裁。

It seemed impossible he would [escape detection](bold).

if gas, liquid, light, heat etc escapes from somewhere, it comes out

〔气体、液体、光、热等〕泄漏，逸出

Vents allow any steam to escape if the system overheats.

如果系统过热，排放口可使蒸汽逸出。

if a sound escapes from someone, they accidentally make that sound

Holman let a weary sigh escape from his lips.

霍尔曼不由得疲惫地叹了口气。

if something escapes your attention or notice, you do not see it or realize that it is there

逃过某人的注意；被某人忽视

used to say that someone cannot remember something

某人记不起某个名字/日期/名称等

For some reason which escapes me, we had to take a taxi.

忘记是为什么了，我们只好坐了出租车。

used to emphasize that something is definitely important or will definitely happen

There’s no escaping the fact that work has profound effects on emotions and health.

毫无疑问，工作会对情绪和健康产生极大的影响。


escape

We planned our escape carefully and waited for just the right moment.

Walker grabbed her firmly by the wrist, preventing any chance of escape.

I had to make my escape before the guards returned.

She made several unsuccessful escape attempts before finally getting away.

You should have an escape plan in the event of a fire.

All their escape routes had been blocked.

(=to only just avoid danger or difficulties)

The team had a narrow escape from relegation last season.

We had a lucky escape when a tree crashed through the ceiling.

Ellie had miraculous escape after a firework exploded in her hand.

She searched in vain for a means of escape.

The river offered our only hope of escape.

Dillinger handcuffed the deputy to the desk and made good his escape.

(=a way of forgetting about a bad situation)

Drugs and alcohol are their only means of escape.

(=someone’s only chance of getting away from a bad situation)

Bankruptcy offered his only escape route from mounting debt.

the act of getting away from a place, or a dangerous or bad situation

Christina hoped it wouldn’t be too long before she could [make](bold) her [escape](bold).

克里斯蒂娜希望她很快就能逃脱。

the firm’s [narrow escape](bold) from bankruptcy

They [had](bold) a [lucky escape](bold)(=were lucky not to be hurt or killed) when a car crashed into the front of their house.

一辆汽车迎面撞上了他们的房子，他们没有受伤真是幸运。

a way of forgetting about a bad or boring situation for a short time

Travel can be an escape from the routine drudgery of life.

旅行可让人暂时从乏味的日常生活中解脱出来。

an amount of gas, liquid etc that accidentally comes out of the place where it is being kept, or an occasion when this happens

The lid prevents the escape of poisonous gases.

这盖子可以防止毒气泄漏。


escort

to take someone somewhere, especially when you are protecting or guarding them

→see THESAURUS at [lead](->lead) 1   →see THESAURUS at [take](->take) 1

两名美国海军陆战队士兵护送本尼进去。

to go with someone and show them a place

陪同〔某人〕游览，给〔某人〕当导游

The company escorts prospective buyers around the property.

公司派人陪同有购买意向的买家参观房产。

陪同〔某人〕参加社交活动


escort

a person or a group of people or vehicles that go with someone in order to protect or guard them

He was driven away to prison under armed escort (=protected or guarded by an escort).

他被武装人员用车押送到监狱。

someone who goes with someone to a formal social event

陪同参加正式社交活动的人

someone who is paid to go out with someone socially

受雇陪同参加社交活动的人

a prostitute, especially one who goes to social events or on trips with the person who pays them

有偿社交伴侣〔尤指受雇陪同出席社交活动或出游的妓女〕


especially

[Especially](bold)  is not used at the start of a sentence before the subject.

You say: I like Thai food especially. I especially like Thai food.
Don’t say: [Especially I like Thai food.](strike)

You say:Young people especially are being affected by the economic crisis.
Don’t say: [Especially young people are being affected.](strike)

used when you want to emphasize that something concerns or affects one person or thing more than others, or is true about a particular situation more than others

This disease mostly affects women, particularly older women.

Paris is always full of tourists, especially in the summer.

It’s not easy to receive compliments, especially if you’re not used to them.

The surface is very slippery, particularly when it has been raining.

I like parks, specially when they’ve got lakes.

You have to be careful what you say, specially if there are children listening.

especially – used before or after a noun. Often used in the phrases [anyone/anything/anywhere in particular](bold) and [someone/something/somewhere in particular](bold)

Mary loves most classical music, in particular Bach and Vivaldi.

Is there anything in particular you would like to eat?

Was there someone in particular you were hoping to meet?

used for saying someone or something is an important example of what you are talking about

The use of illegal drugs – notably marijuana – has increased in recent years.

A number of respected philosophers, most notably Leibniz, criticized Newton’s theories.

used for emphasizing that something is more important than all the other things you have mentioned

Get plenty of sleep, eat lots of good food, and above all try to relax.

Swimming and soccer are fun, but I like dancing most of all.

Out of everybody at school she was the person who helped me most of all.

used to emphasize that something is more important or happens more with one particular thing than with others

I never liked long walks, especially in winter.

我向来不喜欢长距离散步，尤其在冬天。

Art books are expensive to produce, especially if they contain colour illustrations.

美术类书籍制作成本很高，尤其是那些带彩色插图的。

to a particularly high degree or much more than usual

I was especially fond of chocolate biscuits.

Feedback is especially important in learning skills.

反馈意见在学习技能的过程中特别重要。

A depreciation of the dollar would make US exports cheaper and [especially so](bold) in Japan.

美元贬值会使美国出口商品价格降低，这一影响在日本特别明显。

Graphics are especially well handled in the book.

书中对图表的处理尤为恰到好处。

She bought a new pair of trainers especially for the trip.

她特地为那次旅行买了一双新的运动鞋。

Accidents aren’t especially common, but you never know.

事故不是特别频繁，不过也说不准。

He didn’t especially want to learn to dance.


essay

a piece of writing written by a student as part of a course of study

We had to write an essay about the environment.

an essay written by a someone who has studied a subject as part of their research. [Paper](bold) is also used about an essay that you have to write for a class at school, especially in American English

The professor has published over forty scientific papers on diseases of tropical crops

At the beginning of the school year we had to write a paper about our interests.

a long essay written as part of a university degree

In the third year of their course, students have to write  a 10,000 word dissertation on a topic that has been approved by their tutor.

a very long essay that is part of an advanced university degree such as a master’s degree or a doctorate

He wrote his doctoral thesis on  the literature of the English romantic movement.

I’ve got a 3,000 word essay to write before Friday.

Half the class failed to hand in their essay on time.

I went home knowing that I still had a pile of essays to mark.

Did you read her essay on ‘The Waste Land’?

He got a good grade for his English essay.

(=one that judges how good a book, writer etc is)

The anthology contains critical essays by Kael, Graham Greene and others.

Mature students often need practice writing academic essays.

In a literary essay, you should explore the meaning and construction of the text.

We practised essay questions from previous exam papers.

You will find a list of essay titles on the notice board.

Students will be given six essay topics, from which they must choose two.

She published a collection of essays on philosophy.

a short piece of writing about a particular subject by a student as part of a course of study

〔学生为某门课程所写的〕短文，论说文

a short piece of writing giving someone’s ideas about politics, society etc

〔关于政治、社会等的〕小品文，散文

Rousseau’s ‘Essay on the Origin of Languages’


essence

the most basic and important quality of something

The essence of Arsenal’s style of football was speed.

阿森纳队足球风格的精髓是强调速度。

She seems [the very essence of](bold) kindness (=she seems very kind).

used when talking about the most basic and important part of something, especially an idea, belief, or argument

实质上他想表达的意思很简单。

a liquid obtained from a plant, flower etc that has a very strong smell or taste and is used especially in cooking

〔尤指烹饪用的〕香精，精油

used to say that something is very important

Good communications are of the essence to remain competitive.

良好的沟通对于保持竞争力是极为重要的。

[time/speed is of the essence](bold)(=it is very important to do something quickly)


essential

The right to protest is an essential part of any democracy.

They learn skills that are essential for success in later life.

extremely important and necessary. [Vital](bold) sounds stronger than [essential](bold)

His evidence was vital to the defence case.

Nurses and police officers provide vital services.

It is vital that leaking gas pipes are fixed immediately.

extremely important and making the difference between success and failure

Advertising is crucial to successful book selling.

The headteacher has played a crucial role in transforming this school.

if someone or something is indispensable, you cannot do something without them and they are extremely useful

She soon made herself indispensable in the office.

Mobile phones have become an indispensable part of our daily lives.

used when recommending something to someone and saying that they should definitely have it, do it, visit it etc

Virus checkers are a must for computer users concerned with security.

If you’re in Austria, a visit to Salzburg is a must.

You can get essential travel information from the website.

The journal is essential reading for doctors.

(=organizations such as the police or the fire or health service)

The law prohibits workers in essential services from striking.

It is absolutely essential to keep this information secret.

These measures are seen as essential for national security.

During the summer, air conditioning is considered essential.

Antibiotics play an essential role in controlling infection.

Hard work is the essential element of his success.

Most people believe that love is an essential ingredient in a marriage.

The essential difference between the two boats lies in the design of the hull.

The essential point is that all children should have an equal opportunity to study.

A free press is an essential feature of a democracy.

Controlling inflation is an essential component of the government’s economic strategy.

The essential nature of stem cells is that they are the source of all other cells in the body.

→see THESAURUS at [important](->important)   →see THESAURUS at [necessary](->necessary) 1

良好的饮食对于每个人都极为重要。

It is essential that our pilots be given the best possible training.

我们的飞行员应该受到最好的培训，这是非常必要的。

Window locks are fairly cheap and [absolutely essential](bold).

窗锁相当便宜，绝对有必要安装。

Even in small companies, computers are an essential tool.

即使在小公司里，计算机也是不可或缺的工具。

the essential part, quality, or feature of something is the most basic one

The [essential difference](bold) between Sam and me was the fact that I took life seriously.

我和萨姆的根本区别在于我是认真对待生活的。

The [essential point](bold) of relay racing is that it is a team effort.

接力赛跑的基本要点是讲究团队配合。


essential

something that is necessary to do something or in a particular situation

她把几件生活必需品装进箱子。

We only had the [bare essentials](bold)(=the most necessary things).

我们只有几样最要紧的东西。

the basic and most important information or facts about a particular subject

We have no reason to doubt the essentials of the girl’s story.

我们没有理由怀疑这个女孩描述中的要点。


essentially

used when stating the most basic facts about something

Ballet is essentially a middle-class interest.

芭蕾舞基本上是中产阶级感兴趣的东西。

Suicide rates have remained essentially unchanged.

Essentially, we are talking about the cold war period.

我们基本上是在谈论冷战时期。


establish

to start a company or organization, especially one that exists for a long time

He established a new research centre in Dublin.

Most of the money will be used to establish local industries and mobilize the work-force.

to start a new company or organization. [Set up](bold) is less formal than [establish](bold), and is the usual phrase to use in everyday English

Kate and her partner are setting up their own printing business.

Dad set up as a builder in 1990 and now he employs over twenty men.

to start a business that provides services to the public, such as a shop, restaurant, or hotel

They just opened a new supermarket on Van Nuys Boulevard.

to start a company or an organization such as a school or a hospital, especially by providing the money for it – used about something that was started a long time ago

The bank was founded 60 years ago in Munich.

to start an organization with an official ceremony

Twenty years after the airport was inaugurated, it introduced its first transatlantic flights.

to start a company, organization, system, etc that is intended to exist or continue for a long time

The city of Boerne was established by German settlers in the 1840s.

伯尼市是德国移民于19世纪40年代建立的。

Our goal is to establish a new research centre in the North.

我们的目标是在北方建立一个新的研究中心。

In everyday English, people usually say [set up](bold)  or [start](bold)  a company or organization, rather than use [establish](bold) :

to begin a relationship with someone or a situation that will continue

[establish relations/links/contact etc (with sb)](bold)

Hungary established diplomatic relations with Chile in 1990.

匈牙利于1990年与智利建立了外交关系。

I wondered why he should bother to try and establish contact with me.

我想知道他为何要费心设法和我取得联系。

to find out facts that will prove that something is true

The police must establish the facts of the case before proceeding.

警方必须在采取进一步行动前确定案件事实。

The autopsy established that he had been murdered.

尸体剖检证实他是被谋杀的。

I was never able to establish whether she was telling the truth.

我从来都无法确定她是否在说实话。

to make people accept that you can do something, or that you have a particular quality

He had three years in which to establish himself as prime minister.

他有三年时间来确立自己首相的地位。

He’d already begun to establish quite a reputation as a journalist.

身为记者，他已经声名鹊起。


established

(=existing for a long time and respected or trusted by people)

McCarthy is a well-established and successful author.

He is a partner in the newly established company.

(=a piece of information that has been tested and shown to be true)

It is an established fact that 1 in 10 undergraduates leave university in their first year.

(=an official organization that has existed for a long time)

The incoming prime minister was critical of many established government institutions.

(=a particular way of doing something, that is accepted as the best way)

Not allowing patients to eat before surgery is established practice.

(=the people and organizations that have power)

The revolutionaries posed a serious threat to the established order.

already in use or existing for a long period of time

早已确立的；早已投入使用的

Competition from established businesses can be formidable.

来自老牌企业的竞争可能会异常激烈。

By 1969 the civil rights movement was already an [established fact](bold).

时至1969年，民权运动早已成为既定事实。

Every once in a while, the [established order](bold)(=people who rule) is overthrown.

known to do a particular job well, because you have done it for a long time

an established professor of French literature

the official church or religion in a particular country


establishment

It’s a large educational establishment with over 2,000 pupils.

New employees must undergo an examination at a medical establishment nominated by the Company.

(=a place where electricity is produced from nuclear fuel)

Local people are against having a nuclear establishment on their doorstep.

She runs a successful catering establishment in Leeds.

Mineo’s Pizza House is a modest but busy establishment just off the High Street.

the British/American/Spanish etc establishment

(=the people who have power in a particular country)

The affair caused acute embarrassment to the British establishment.

His resignation stunned the political establishment.

The committee has many political figures who are close to the military establishment.

Professor Walker’s views are not shared by the scientific establishment.

The measures were introduced despite protests from the medical establishment.

His teachings were unacceptable to the religious establishment of the time.

Prominent members of the legal establishment have opposed the bill.

The proposals sent shock waves throughout the educational establishment.

an organization or institution, especially a business, shop etc

机构，单位〔尤指企业、商店等〕

the group of people in a society or profession who have a lot of power and influence and are often opposed to any kind of change or new ideas

Young people are supposed to rebel against the Establishment.

[the medical/legal/military etc establishment](bold)

The public is treated with contempt by the art establishment.

公众被艺术界的当权派轻视。

the act of starting an organization, relationship, or system


estate

→ [fourth estate](->fourth estate) → [real estate](->real estate)

all of someone’s property and money, especially everything that is left after they die

个人全部财产，〔尤指〕遗产

The property is part of the deceased’s estate.

该房产是死者遗产的一部分。

a large area of land in the country, usually with one large house on it and one owner

〔乡村里带有宅邸的〕大片私有土地，庄园

an area where houses or buildings of a similar type have all been built together in a planned way


estate agent

someone whose business is to buy and sell houses or land for people


estimate

Insurers have to make an estimate of the risk involved.

The builder gave me an estimate of £10,000.

Could you ask him if he can provide us with an estimate?

(=say the amount that you think something is)

It is impossible to put an estimate on the value of the manuscript.

Independent estimates put the number of refugees at 50,000.

(=use something as information to give an estimate)

The government based its estimate on data from the 2008 census.

Can you give me a rough estimate of how much the repairs will cost?

It’s hard to put an accurate estimate on the number of people affected.

By conservative estimates, 2.5 million people die each year from smoking cigarettes.

According to official army estimates, more than 500 rebels had been killed.

According to current estimates, the country can expect 200,000 visitors in the next three years.

The latest estimates are that sea levels could rise by about 20 cm by 2050.

These amounts are much higher than those given in previous estimates.

(=the one given at the beginning of a process)

The final cost was nearly three times the original estimate.

According to some estimates, an acre of forest is cleared every minute.

Estimates of the number of homeless people in the city range from 6,000 to 10,000.

a calculation of the value, size, amount etc of something made using the information that you have, which may not be complete

We just need an estimate of the number of people who will come.

我们只需估算一下有多少人会来。

a statement of how much it will probably cost to build or repair something

〔对建造或修理费用的〕估价，报价

The garage said they’d send me an estimate for the work.

汽车修理厂说他们会给我寄来维修报价。


estimate

[estimated](bold) adj. eg: heroin with an estimated street value of £50,000

to try to judge the value, size, speed, cost etc of something, without calculating it exactly

[be estimated to be/have/cost etc](bold)

The tree is estimated to be at least 700 years old.

这棵树估计至少有700年树龄。

Organizers estimated the crowd at 50,000.

组织者估计聚集人数有50,000。

Scientists estimate that smoking reduces life expectancy by around 12 years on average.

It is not easy to estimate how many people have the disease.

很难估计有多少人患有这种病。

In everyday English, people often say [put sth at](bold)  an amount rather than [estimate sth at](bold) :

The damage [was put at](bold) thousands of dollars.

In more formal English, you say[ it is estimated that](bold)  something is true: It is estimated that the statue weighs 60 tons.


estimation

ˌestəˈmeɪʃən

ˌestəˈmeɪʃən

a judgment or opinion about someone or something

[go up/come down in sb’s estimation](bold)(=be respected or admired more or less by someone)

a calculation of the value, size, amount etc of something

〔对价值、大小、数量等的〕估计

Estimations of total world sales are around the 50 million mark.

全球的总销售额估计在5,000万左右。


etc.

used when you want to say that there are many other examples of things of the same kind. The full form is [et cetera](bold), but this is rarely used. Don’t use [etc.](bold) in essays or formal writing

They asked me about my past experience, qualifications etc.

Precise details of times, dates etc. should be recorded.

used before one or more nouns to say that there are many other examples of the same kind. It is better to use [such as](bold) rather than [etc.](bold) in essays and formal writing

It is best to avoid drinks such as tea, coffee or alcohol.

a distressing event such as the break-up of a marriage

used after examples of something when saying that there are many more you could have mentioned

Our daily activities include tennis, swimming, darts, snooker to name but a few.

used in spoken English when you want to say that there are other examples of things of the same kind. Don’t use [and so on](bold) in essays or formal writing – it sounds too vague

You can do things to look after yourself in the way of diet, exercise, not smoking and so on.

The book includes poems by Christina Rossetti, William Blake and many others.

The college offers courses in maths, physics, computer science and many others.

used in writing after a list to show that there are many other similar things or people that you could have added

等等，以及类似的事物[人]

a shop which sells cards, calendars, wrapping paper etc

出售贺卡、日历、包装纸等物品的商店

[etc. etc.](bold)(=used when you are rather bored or annoyed by the list you are giving)

The letter says pay at once, they’ve reminded us before etc. etc.

信中说要立刻付款，他们以前已提醒过我们了，等等等等。

When writing essays, articles, or business letters, people usually avoid using [etc.](bold)  or [etcetera](bold) , and write the sentence another way using [such as](bold) :

[feelings of jealousy, anger, hatred, [etc.](bold)](strike)

feelings [such as](bold) jealousy, anger, or hatred


eternal

→see THESAURUS at [permanent](->permanent) 1

She’s an [eternal optimist](bold)(=she always expects that good things will happen).

seeming to continue for ever, especially because of being boring or annoying

似乎无休止的；没完没了的

the eternal arguments between mother and son


ethic

a general idea or belief that influences people’s behaviour and attitudes

The old ethic of hard work has given way to a new ethic of instant gratification.

旧有的崇尚勤勉的道德观已被及时行乐的新观念所取代。

moral rules or principles of behaviour for deciding what is right and wrong

关于基因疗法的伦理学问题的报告

[professional/business/medical ethics](bold)(=the moral rules relating to a particular profession)


ethical

relating to principles of what is right and wrong

The use of animals in scientific tests raises difficult ethical questions.

用动物做科学试验引发了棘手的伦理问题。

The president must have the highest [ethical standards](bold).

总统必须具备最高的道德水准。

合乎道德的；道德上正确的

I don’t think it’s ethical for you to accept a job you know you can’t do.

我觉得接受一份自知无法胜任的工作是不道德的。

[ethical investment](bold) policies (=investing only in businesses that are considered morally acceptable)


ethnic

[ethnically](bold) /-kli/  adv. eg: Surinam is culturally and ethnically diverse.

People of Ukrainian descent are Canada’s fifth largest ethnic group.

(=a small ethnic group living within a much larger group)

Ethnic minorities have tended to live together in the same areas of the city.

(=the race or country that someone originally came from)

Schools are increasingly composed of pupils of different religions and different ethnic origins.

(=someone whose family is Russian etc, but who is living in another country)

Romania’s 1.6 million ethnic Hungarians make up about 7 percent of the country’s population.

(=a mixture of people from different ethnic groups who live in the same place)

(=the fact of including people from many different ethnic groups)

Chicago prides itself on its ethnic diversity.

(=fighting or trouble between different ethnic groups)

Hundreds were killed and injured in the country’s worst outbreak of ethnic violence.

(=disagreements between members of different ethnic groups)

Ethnic divisions continue to plague parts of America.

(=a feeling of tension and lack of trust between members of different ethnic groups)

It is feared that the growing ethnic tension could lead to civil war.

(=the feeling of belonging to one race or national group)

These small tribal communities share a common ethnic identity.

relating to a particular race, nation, or tribe and their customs and traditions

种族[民族，部落]的；具有种族[民族，部落]特色的

The school teaches pupils from different [ethnic groups](bold).

该校教授不同种族的小学生。

居住在爱沙尼亚的俄罗斯人

[ethnic violence/divisions/strife etc](bold)(=violence etc between people from different races or cultures)

The students are from a variety of ethnic backgrounds.

学生的种族背景各不相同。

plans to partition the republic [along ethnic lines](bold)(=in a way that keeps different ethnic groups apart)

按种族分割该共和国的计划

cooking, fashion etc from countries that are far away, which seems very different and unusual

具有异国风情的烹调/时尚/设计等


ethnic

someone who comes from a group of people who are a different race, religion etc or who have a different background from most other people in that country

In that neighborhood of New York, we were all ethnics.

在纽约的那个街区，我们都是少数族裔。


euro

a unit of money that can be used in most countries of the European Union

欧元〔欧盟大部分国家使用的货币单位〕

the value of the euro against the dollar


evacuate

[evacuation](bold) /ɪˌvækjuˈeɪʃ/  n. <C,U> eg: the evacuation of British troops from the area eg: Police ordered the evacuation of the building.

to send people away from a dangerous place to a safe place

Several families were evacuated from their homes.

During the war he was evacuated to Scotland.

战争期间他被撤离到苏格兰。

to empty a place by making all the people leave

警方将该地区人员全部疏散。


evade

to avoid talking about something, especially because you are trying to hide something

回避谈论〔某事物，尤因试图隐瞒〕

I could tell that he was trying to [evade](bold) the [issue](bold).

我看得出他在极力回避这个问题。

The minister [evaded](bold) the [question](bold).

to not do or deal with something that you should do

You can’t go on [evading](bold) your [responsibilities](bold) in this way.

你不能这样继续逃避责任。

You’re simply trying to [evade the problem](bold).

你根本是在设法逃避问题。

to avoid paying money that you ought to pay, for example tax

Employers will always try to find ways to evade tax.

雇主总是会想方设法逃税。

to escape from someone who is trying to catch you

她设法逃脱了警察的追捕。

if something evades you, you cannot do it or understand it

The subtleties of his argument evaded me.

他论点中的一些微妙之处我无法理解。


evaluate

to judge how good, useful, or successful something is

You should be able to evaluate your own work.

你应该能够评估自己的工作。

We need to evaluate the success of the campaign.

我们要评估一下这次运动是否成功。

It can be difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments.

要对各种治疗方法的效果作出评估会很难。


evaluation

ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃən

ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃən

a judgment about how good, useful, or successful something is

We need to [carry out](bold) a proper [evaluation](bold) of the new system.

我们要对新系统进行合理的评估。

They took some samples of products for evaluation.

他们抽取了一些产品样本以作评估。


evaporate

[evaporation](bold) /ɪˌvæpəˈreɪʃ/  n. <U>

if a liquid evaporates, or if heat evaporates it, it changes into a gas

(使)〔液体〕汽化，(使)蒸发

The sun evaporates moisture on the leaves.

太阳会蒸发叶子上的水分。

if a feeling evaporates, it slowly disappears

Hopes of achieving peace are beginning to evaporate.

实现和平的希望开始消逝。


even

You use [even](bold)  before a person, thing, or phrase, when you want to emphasize what you are saying: [Even young children](bold) know the difference between right and wrong. Poverty exists [even in rich countries](bold).

You use [even](bold)  before a verb: He [even offered](bold) to buy me a drink.

You use [even](bold)  after an auxiliary verb: He [has even](bold) offered to buy me a drink. You [can even](bold) see tigers.

You use [even though](bold)  and [even if](bold)  when saying that something happens or is true in spite of another thing: Even though she was tired, she carried on walking. We’re still going to the concert, even if it rains.
Don’t say: [even she was tired](strike)  [even it rains](strike)

You can use [even though](bold)  and [even if](bold)  with [still](bold) : [Even though](bold) we’re completely different, we’re [still ](bold)friends.
Don’t say: [Even though we’re completely different, yet we’re friends.](strike)  [Even though we’re completely different, but we’re friends.](strike)

used to emphasize something that is unexpected or surprising in what you are saying

Most companies have suffered a drop in their profits, even very large companies.

大多数公司的利润都出现下滑，甚至连很大的公司也不例外。

It was quite difficult to see, even with the light on.

这很难看得见，即使开着灯也没有用。

He became quite successful and even appeared on a television show once.

他相当成功，甚至还上了一次电视节目。

她甚至连电话都没打给我们。

他收到我的信甚至从不会告知一声。

used to emphasize that someone or something is bigger, better etc

甚至更大/更好/更明亮等

This will make our job even more difficult.

这会使我们的工作难上加难。

The news was even worse than we expected.

那消息甚至比我们所预料的还要糟。

The new version is even better than the old one.

新版本甚至比旧版本还要好。

used to add a stronger, more exact word to what you are saying

Some patients become depressed, even suicidal.

有些患者情绪抑郁，甚至想自杀。

used to introduce something that is true although it is different from something that you have just said

I know he’s only a child, but even so he should have known that what he was doing was wrong.

我知道他只是个孩子，但即便如此，他也应该知道自己做错了。

used to emphasize that something will still be true if another thing happens

She’s going to have problems finding a job even if she gets her A levels.

即使通过了高级程度考试，她以后找工作也还是成问题。

used to emphasize that something is true although something else has happened or is true

Even though he’s 24 now, he’s still like a little child.

虽然他现在24岁了，但还是像个小孩子。

I can still remember, even though it was so long ago.

虽然是很久以前的事，但我还记得。

即使到现在/那时；即使这样/那样

Even now I find it hard to believe that he lied.

即使到现在我还是难以相信他撒了谎。

They invested in new machinery and equipment, but even then the business was still losing money.

即使购置了新的机械设备，他们在生意上也还是赔钱。

used to emphasize that something happens at the same moment as something else

He realized, even as he spoke, that no one would ever believe him.

他刚一开口就意识到没有人会再相信他了。


even

flat and level, with no parts that are higher than other parts

The floor must be completely even before we lay the tiles.

地面必须完全平整后才能铺地砖。

You need a flat, [even surface](bold) to work on.

你需要在一个平整的台面上干活。

他有一副洁白整齐的牙齿。

an even rate, speed, or temperature is steady and does not change

〔比率、速度或温度〕平稳的，均匀的

The room is kept at an even temperature.

divided equally, so that there is the same amount of something in each place, for each person etc

Divide the dough into three even amounts.

an even number can be divided exactly by two

having teams or competitors that are equally good so that everyone has a chance of winning

The first half was very even, and neither side scored.

上半场势均力敌，双方都没有得分。

if the score in a game is even, two teams or players have the same number of points

At the end of the first half the score is even.

to no longer owe someone something, especially money

你给我5美元，我们就互不相欠了。

He read most of the speech in an even tone.

他以平稳的语气念了大部分台词。

a situation in which it is just as likely that something will happen as not happen

I think we [have an even chance](bold) of winning.

我觉得我们有一半的取胜可能。

We knew there was an even chance that the operation would fail.

我们知道手术有一半的可能会失败。

to do something unpleasant to someone to punish them for something that they did to you

(向某人)报复；(跟某人)算账

We’re hoping that we’ll at least break even, and perhaps make a small profit.

我们希望至少收支平衡，或许还能略有盈利。


evening

You do something [in the evening](bold) : I watched TV in the evening.
Don’t say: [I watched TV on the evening.](strike)

You do something [on Monday/Tuesday etc evening](bold) : We had a barbecue on Sunday evening.
Don’t say: [We had a barbecue in Sunday evening.](strike)

Something happens [ on the evening of ](bold) a particular date or event: The accident happened on the evening of January 23. On the evening of my birthday we planned to go out for dinner.

They were due to leave on Sunday evening.

Would you like to come over tomorrow evening?

The robbery took place yesterday evening around nine o'clock.

We met for a drink in the early evening.

By the time we arrived, it was late evening.

On a summer evening, the streets are full of people.

It was a fine evening, so we decide to eat outside.

I used to get so bored in the evenings, I just ended up watching TV.

Later, during the evening, fighting broke out near the palace.

Her parents had gone out for the evening.

We usually meet up for a drink on Friday evenings.

(=use an evening doing a particular thing)

He spent many evenings alone in his room.

I was just preparing the evening meal when the phone rang.

(=the main radio or television news programme in the evening)

There was a report about the fire on the evening news.

I bought an evening newspaper to read on my way home.

(=the busy time in the evening when a lot of people are travelling home from work)

There's always congestion on the motorways during the evening rush hour.

The college is holding an open evening on May 6th for year 9 to 11 pupils.

(=an event at which a group of people meet and spend time with each other)

We should organize a social evening to welcome the new members of staff.

The gala evening featured a performance by the Kirov Ballet.

(=an evening when an institution invites the public to come in and see the work that is done there)

We went to the open evening to find out more about the course.

(=an event at a school, at which parents meet and talk to their children's teachers)

It was parents' evening at her son's school.

(=formal clothes that people wear to social events in the evening)

a shop specializing in glamorous evening wear

(=a formal suit that men wear to social events in the evening)

the early part of the night between the end of the day and the time you go to bed

I do most of my studying [in the evening](bold).

I’m usually out [on Friday evenings](bold).

周五晚上我通常都不在家。

What are you doing [tomorrow evening](bold)?

It was [early evening](bold) by the time we got home.

我们到家时已经是傍晚了。

We had just finished our [evening meal](bold) when the doorbell rang.

我们刚吃完晚饭门铃就响了。

a social event that takes place in the evening

used to greet someone when you meet them in the evening


evening

晚上好，乔，一切都好吗？


evenly

covering or affecting all parts of something equally

Make sure the surface is evenly covered with paint.

要确保表面的油漆涂刷均匀。

[Spread](bold) the butter [evenly](bold) over the toast.

把黄油均匀地涂在烤面包上。

Support for the Liberals is fairly evenly spread across the country.

自由党的支持者在全国分布相当均匀。

Make sure the weight is evenly distributed.

The profits will be split evenly between the three of us.

Government ministers are fairly evenly divided on this issue.

政府部长们在这个问题上争执不下。

The prospects for the country are fairly [evenly balanced](bold) between peaceful reform and revolution.

该国是要和平改革还是进行革命，这两种意见不相上下。

现在他的呼吸比较平稳了。

if two competitors are evenly matched, they are as good as each other and so have an equal chance of winning

两支球队的实力非常接近。

if you say something evenly, you say it in a calm way without getting angry or upset


event

something that happens, especially something important, interesting, or unusual

He spoke of the tragic event in which more than 100 people died.

something that happens – used especially when saying how often something happens

Divorce is a common occurrence these days.

Storms like this one are fortunately a rare occurrence.

Accidents are almost a daily occurrence on this road.

something that happens, especially something that is unusual or unpleasant, or something that is one of several events

He died after a violent incident outside a nightclub.

This latest incident could put an end to his career.

an important social event or celebration

She only wore the dress for special occasions.

It was his 100th birthday, and friends and family gathered to mark the occasion.

something that happens, especially something shocking in political or public life which involves several people and events

The affair has caused people to lose confidence in their government.

something that happens or exists in society, science, or nature, especially something that is studied because it is difficult to understand

Getting married is a major event in anyone’s life.

It’s natural to be nervous before such an important event.

(=very important in a country’s history)

The signing of the peace treaty was a historic event.

The dramatic events will be brought to you live on BBC.

Let’s not talk about the tragic events of the past.

He was forced to relive the traumatic events of his kidnap.

The death of a child was a common event in those days.

A sighting of a white deer is a rare event.

Recent events in the country have caused great concern.

We will be bringing you news of all the latest events.

There are some similarities between what happened in the 1920s and current events in the US.

(=happen, usually in an exciting or unexpected way)

I watched the dramatic events unfold from my window.

His assassination was one of the events that led to the First World War.

(=the events that are closely related to a situation)

The events surrounding her death remain a mystery.

(=do something to show that you remember it)

Fans observed a minute’s silence to commemorate the tragic event.

Luckily, a film crew were on the spot to witness the event.

(=write down or photograph what happened)

(=related events that happen one after the other)

The incident was the first in a series of events that finally led to his arrest.

(=a series of events where each one causes the next)

He set in motion a chain of events that he couldn’t control.

(=the way in which a series of events happens)

Nothing you could have done would have changed the course of events.

(=an event at which a group of people meet and spend time together for pleasure)

I don’t go to many social events since my husband’s death.

Many of the weekend’s major sporting events were cancelled due to bad weather.

a monthly guide to the cultural events in London

Forthcoming fund-raising events include a sponsored five-mile walk.

The charity plans to stage several fund-raising events this year.

Unfortunately, the prime minister will not be able to attend the event.

(=pay to attend a charity event in order to encourage it )

I’d like to thank everyone who came tonight for supporting the event.

(=refuse to go to an event as a protest)

The games went ahead despite threats to boycott the event.

(=give money to an event, especially in exchange for the right to advertise)

The event is sponsored by the Royal Bank of Scotland.

something that happens, especially something important, interesting or unusual

〔尤指重要、有意思或不寻常的〕事件

one of the most important events in the history of mankind

人类历史上最重大的事件之一

a performance, sports competition, party etc at which people gather together to watch or take part in something

活动〔指演出、体育比赛、聚会等〕

The conference was an important [social event](bold)(=an event at which people can meet each other).

那次会议是一次重要的社交活动。

one of the major [sporting events](bold) of the year

The school raises money by organizing fundraising events.

学校举办捐款活动来筹集资金。

one of the races or competitions that are part of a large sports competition

〔大型体育比赛中的〕比赛项目

下一个项目为100米赛跑。

800米赛跑不是他的强项。

→ [field event](->field event) → [three-day event](->three-day event)

used to say that something will definitely happen or be true in spite of anything else that may happen

不管是哪种情况，无论如何

I might see you tomorrow, but I’ll phone in any event.

我明天或许会与你见面，但不管怎样我都会给你打电话。

used to emphasize what actually happened in a situation as opposed to what you thought might happen

Extra police officers were brought in, although in the event the demonstration passed off peacefully.

又增派了警察，但结果示威以和平的方式进行。

(also: [in the event that sth happens](bold) )

used to tell people what they should do if something happens

如果某事发生；万一 …，假若 …

He left a letter for me to read in the event of his death.

他留了一封信给我，万一他去世，我可以看。

In the normal course of events, the money is released within about three months.

如果一切正常，大约在三个月之内即可放款。


eventual

happening at the end of a long period of time or after a lot of other things have happened

Sweden were the eventual winners of the tournament.

瑞典队是锦标赛的最后赢家。

Both sides were happy with the eventual outcome of the talks.

双方对会谈的最终结果都感到满意。


eventually

after a long time, or after a lot of things have happened

He eventually escaped and made his way back to England.

他终于逃脱并返回英格兰。

Eventually, she got a job and moved to London.

最终，她找到了工作并移居伦敦。


ever

a word meaning at any time; used mostly in questions, negatives, comparisons, or sentences with ‘if’

在任何时候〔一般用于疑问句、否定句、比较结构或带if的句子中〕

似乎从来没有什么事情会使他烦恼。

I don’t think I’ve ever been here before.

我觉得我以前从未到过这里。

If you’re ever in Seattle, come and see me.

如果你什么时候到了西雅图，就来看我吧。

Ever optimistic, I decided to take the exam again.

我一向乐观，所以决定再考一次。

同往常一样，乔又迟到了。

My back has been bad ever since I fell and hurt it two years ago.

自从我两年前摔伤后，后背就一直疼。

I suppose they’ll get married and live happily ever after.

我想他们会结婚，然后过上幸福的生活。

比以前任何时候都热/冷/好等

昨晚的演出比以前任何一场都好看。

as friendly/cheerful/miserable etc as ever

as friendly etc as someone or something usually is

与往常一样友好/快活/痛苦等

used to emphasize what someone or something is like

她是一个如此可爱的姑娘。

不断增加的/始终存在的等

the ever-increasing problem of drugs in the inner cities

旧城区不断加剧的毒品问题

used at the end of a letter above the signature

你永远的〔书信末尾签名前的套语〕

used to say that someone or something is a typical example of something

确实〔用于表示某人或某物是个典型的例子〕

He’s a natural comedian if ever there was one.

他确实是个天生的喜剧演员。


every

[every inch](bold) at → [inch](->inch) 1 sense 3

You use [every](bold)  with a singular noun and a singular verb: Every person has the right to a fair trial.

Don’t use[ every](bold)  with a plural noun.
Don’t say: [every people](strike)

You usually use ‘his’, ‘her’, ‘himself’, or ‘herself’ after [every](bold) : Every player did his best. Every woman can speak for herself.

However, you can use ‘their’, ‘they’, ‘them’ etc when you do not want to say whether the people are male or female: Every child has their own room.

[determiner](bold) <[always followed by a singular countable noun](bold)>

used to refer to all the people or things in a particular group or all the parts of something

〔整体中的〕每一个；所有的

We looked carefully at every car that drove past.

我们仔细地看着驶过的每一辆汽车。

Every child will receive a certificate at the end of the course.

课程结束时，每一个孩子都可以获得证书。

那部电影我从头到尾都看得很过瘾。

I listened carefully to every word he said.

他说的每一个字我都听得很仔细。

[every single](bold)(=used to emphasize that you mean 'all')

He seems to know every single person in the school.

他好像认识学校里的每一个人。

[every last drop/bit/scrap etc](bold)(=all of something, including even the smallest amount of it)

They made us pick up every last scrap of paper.

他们让我们把所有的小纸片都捡起来。

每，每逢，每隔〔用于表示某事发生的频率〕

[every day/week/month etc](bold)(=at least once on each day, in each week etc)

理查德每周都去看望他母亲。

Re-apply your sunscreen every two hours.

每隔两小时重抹一次防晒霜。

Freda had to stop to rest every hundred metres or so (=each time she had gone 100 metres).

弗蕾达每走一百米左右就得停下来休息。

used to say how much distance there is between the things in a line

每隔〔用于表示间隔距离〕

There were traffic lights every ten yards.

the first, third, fifth etc or the second, fourth, sixth etc

You only need to water plants every other day.

你只需要隔天给植物浇浇水。

我每隔一个周末去看望父母。

one in every three/two in every hundred etc

每三个中的一个/每一百个中的两个等

In Britain, one in every three marriages now ends in divorce.

如今在英国，每三桩婚姻中就有一桩以离婚告终。

可能最强[最大]的〔表示可能达到的最大程度〕

We wish you every happiness in your new home.

我们祝你在新居生活幸福美满。

There is [every chance](bold) that he will recover.

We have [every reason](bold) to believe that the operation will be a success.

我们有充分理由相信手术会成功。

We have [every intention](bold) of winning this competition.

我们一心想赢下这场比赛。

The school’s much better now in every way.

学校目前在各个方面都大有改善。

used to emphasize that something is equally as good, important etc as something else

〔与 …〕完全一样好/重要等

Taking regular exercise is every bit as important as having a healthy diet.

经常锻炼和健康饮食一样重要。

I loved him [every bit as much as](bold) she did.

她爱他多少，我也爱他多少。

used to mean ‘everyone’ or ‘anyone’, especially when you disapprove because there is no limit on who can be included

所有人，任何人〔尤用以表达说话者因谁都可以包括在内而产生的不满〕

I didn’t want every Tom, Dick and Harry knowing about my private life.

我不想让张三李四都知道我的私生活。


everyday

Describe it in ordinary [everyday language](bold).

用一般的日常语言把它描述一下。

→ Do not confuse with [every day](bold) (=each day)[I see him every day.](italic)


everyone

Use a singular verb after [everyone](bold) : Everyone likes her.
Don’t say: [Everyone like her.](strike)

You use [everyone](bold)  when you mean 'all of the people in a group'. You write it as one word: Everyone enjoyed the concert.

You use[ every one](bold)  when you mean 'every person or thing in a group, considered as separate people or things'. You write it as two words: There are no chocolates left − someone has eaten every one.

You say [every one of ](bold) a group of people or things: I wish to thank every one of you.
Don't write: [everyone of](strike)

如果大家都准备好了，我就开始。

Send my best wishes to everyone in the family.

请向全家人致以最美好的祝愿。

Of course [everyone else](bold) thought it was hilarious!

当然其他所有人都觉得好笑极了！

并不是谁都喜欢体育运动的。


everything

You use a singular verb after [everything](bold) : Everything was the same.
Don’t say: [Everything were the same.](strike)

Everything was covered in a thick layer of dust.

所有东西上面都蒙着厚厚一层灰。

Apart from the bus arriving late, [everything else](bold) seemed to be going according to plan.

除了公共汽车晚点之外，其他一切似乎都在按计划进行。

to be the most important thing in someone’s life

(对某人来说)是/意味着一切

孩子对他来说意味着一切。

to have all the things that people want in their lives

What do you buy for the man who has everything?

对那个样样都有的人来说，你能买些什么呢？

Tina’s worried about her work and everything.

蒂娜担心她的工作以及其他事情。

to have all the qualities that are likely to make you succeed

You shouldn’t worry so much – you’ve got everything going for you.

你不该这么担心，一切都对你有利。

all the equipment that you need and also a lot of things that you do not need – used humorously

需要的一切物品和许多不需要的东西〔幽默用法〕

I think we’ve packed everything but the kitchen sink!

我想我们把有用的没用的都装上了！


everywhere

in or to every country or area of the world, or in or to every part of a place

I've been looking everywhere for my keys.

There you are. I've been looking for you everyplace.

Teams from all over the world will be taking part.

Fry the potatoes until they are brown all over.

The Olympic Games are watched by people worldwide.

The show has a worldwide audience of 50 million viewers.

The company has over 200 stores nationwide.

also: [everyplace](bold) ([AmE](bold)) (spoken)  [adv](bold)

在各个地方；到各个地方；处处

I’ve looked everywhere but I can’t find the map.

我到处都找过了，但就是找不到地图。

The south should remain dry, but [everywhere else](bold) will have heavy rain.

南部持续干旱，但其他地区会下暴雨。

You must have seen the posters, they’re everywhere.

你肯定看到海报了，贴得到处都是。


evidence

→ [king's evidence](->king's evidence) → [Queen's evidence](->Queen's evidence) → [State's evidence](->State's evidence)

[Evidence](bold)  is an uncountable noun and is not used in the plural. You say: The judge listened to all the evidence.
Don’t say: [The judge listened to all the evidences.](strike)

[Evidence](bold)  is always followed by a singular verb: The evidence [is ](bold) very clear.

When talking about one fact or sign, you say a [piece of evidence](bold) : The police found a vital piece of evidence.

Do the police have any evidence against him?

The authorities failed to obtain enough evidence to convict him.

Police experts are still collecting evidence at the scene of the crime.

The investigation will look for evidence of financial mismanagement.

The killer may have tried to burn the bodies in an attempt to hide the evidence.

(=deliberately put evidence somewhere to make someone look guilty)

He claims the evidence was planted there by the police.

(=find evidence and prepare it for a court case)

The case was adjourned to allow the police time to produce further evidence.

(=tell a court about what you have seen or know to be true)

Ms White has agreed to give evidence at their trial.

Having considered all the evidence, the court found him not guilty.

There is clear evidence that smoking causes heart disease.

(=very clear evidence which proves that something is true)

They have no hard evidence to support their claim.

The police say they may have found fresh evidence which proves Tilly was at the scene of the crime.

There isn’t any medical evidence to support the claim.

Do you think their evidence is reliable?

(=not good enough to make you believe something)

Their conclusions are drawn from some very flimsy evidence.

(=making you feel sure that something is true)

The data provides compelling evidence that the climate is changing.

(=when there is so much evidence that you are sure that something is true)

The evidence against him was overwhelming.

(=very strong evidence which cannot be disproved)

We need irrefutable evidence before making an arrest.

The government claims it has conclusive evidence of the country’s nuclear weapons programme.

(=pieces of evidence that support different conclusions)

With so much conflicting evidence, it’s almost impossible to make a decision.

(=making someone seem guilty of a crime)

The robbers were careful not to leave any incriminating evidence behind.

(=proving that someone has done something wrong)

Her testimony proved to be the most damning evidence against him.

(=evidence which makes something seem likely, but does not prove it)

His barrister claims the case against him is based on circumstantial evidence.

(=based on what people believe, rather than on facts)

Anecdotal evidence suggests that gang-related violence is on the increase.

(=based on scientific testing or practical experience)

Where is the empirical evidence to back up these claims?

Her lawyer advised that the tape would not be admissible evidence in court.

The study produced one interesting piece of evidence.

There is not one scrap of evidence against our client.

facts or signs that show clearly that something exists or is true

At present we have no evidence of life on other planets.

目前我们还没有其他行星上存在生命的证据。

Do you have evidence that this treatment works?

你有没有证据证明这种治疗有效？

information that is given in a court of law in order to prove that someone is guilty or not guilty

Murrow’s evidence was enough to convict Hayes of murder.

默罗的证词足以证明海斯犯了谋杀罪。

He refused to give evidence at the trial.

There was very little evidence against the two men.

几乎没有证据可以证明这两名男子有罪。

The documents may be used in evidence at the trial.

这些文件可以在庭审时用作证据。

to be present and easily seen or noticed

The police are always in evidence at football matches.

警察在足球比赛中总是很显眼。


evidence

to show that something exists or is true

The volcano is still active, as evidenced by the recent eruption.

最近的喷发证明，这座火山依然活跃。


evident

It soon [became evident](bold) that she was seriously ill.

大家很快就明白她病得很重。

It was [clearly evident](bold) that the company was in financial difficulties.

很明显，公司陷入了财务困境。

It was evident to me that he was not telling the truth.

The growing popularity of the subject is evident in the numbers of students wanting to study it.

这门课程越来越受欢迎，从想修读此课程的学生人数上即可明显看出这一点。

Bob ate his lunch with evident enjoyment.

显然，鲍勃午饭吃得很舒心。


evidently

used to say that something is true because you can see that it is true

She was evidently upset by what she saw.

她显然对所见到的事情感到不快。

Evidently, the builders had finished and gone home early.

很明显，建筑工人干完活后早早回家了。

used to say that you have been told that something is true

He was evidently a rude, unpleasant child.

据说他是个粗鲁而讨厌的孩子。

Evidently, the local authority are planning to close the school.

据说地方当局打算关闭该学校。


evil

[evilly](bold) adv. eg: Jeff grinned evilly as he picked up the phone.

someone who is evil deliberately does very cruel things to harm other people

an evil dictator responsible for the deaths of millions

something that is evil is morally wrong because it harms people

他们谴责奴隶制是不道德的。

令人不快的，讨厌的；恶劣的

connected with the Devil and having special powers to harm people

the power, which some people believe exists, to harm people by looking at them

〔据说可以伤害人的〕邪毒眼光

He claimed to have the power of the evil eye.

他声称自己能用邪恶眼光伤人。

a time when you expect something unpleasant or difficult to happen

Don’t delay, you’re only putting off the evil hour.

别耽误时间了，你不过是在把倒霉的时候往后拖一拖而已。


evil

[the lesser of two evils](bold) at → [lesser](->lesser) sense 2 [necessary evil](bold) at → [necessary](->necessary) 1 sense 3

He saw fascism as the greatest evil of his times.

(=a bad thing, but not as bad as something else)

She knew that she couldn't leave the children, so she opted for the lesser evil and stayed.

Most businesses see government regulation as a necessary evil.

(=something bad that happens in human society)

The community is being torn apart by poverty, drug abuse and other social evils.

(=a bad thing in relation to principles of what is right and wrong)

Mental or physical torture is a moral evil, and it can never be justified.

Joan swore to fight evil in all its forms.

You have to teach your kids about right and wrong, good and evil.

(=the people or things that increase the amount of evil in the world)

The king knew he must fight the forces of evil or his homeland would perish.

(=something is the main cause of bad things)

She wanted to protect her children from the evils of the outside world.

她想保护她的孩子不受外界的不良影响。

Poverty is one of the greatest social evils of our time.

贫困是当代最大的社会弊端之一。

cruel or morally bad behaviour in general

the eternal struggle between good and evil


evoke

[evocation](bold) /ˌevəˈkeɪʃ/ US /ˌevə-, ˌiːvoʊ-/  n. <C,U> eg: The poem is an evocation of lost love.

to produce a strong feeling or memory in someone

引起，唤起〔某人强烈的感情或回忆〕

The photographs evoked strong memories of our holidays in France.

看到那些照片，我们到法国度假的日子又历历在目。

His appearance is bound to evoke sympathy.

他的外表肯定会引起人们的同情。

她的讲话引起了敌对的反应。


evolution

ˌiːvəˈluːʃən, ˌevə-

We can see signs of evolution taking place in the world around us.

(=find the origins of when an animal, plant etc began or where it came from)

Anthropologists can trace the evolution of plants and animals by examining fossils.

Our ancestors reached a key stage in human evolution when they began to stand up straight.

Every living creature has been formed by the slow process of biological evolution.

The environment plays a large part in the physical evolution of the species.

He expounded the theory that language is the product of Darwinian evolution.

Many Christians find it impossible to accept Darwin's theory of evolution.

The social system is undergoing continuous evolution to adapt to these rapid changes.

Neither cultural or social evolution is any guarantee that we are moving towards a better world.

Prime Minister Nehru played a significant role in the political evolution of India.

The pace of technological evolution is getting faster all the time.

A similar evolution was taking place in other great American cities.

(=find the origins of when something began or where it came from)

The show traced the evolution of black American music from gospel through soul to hip-hop

the scientific idea that plants and animals develop and change gradually over a long period of time

the gradual change and development of an idea, situation, or object


evolutionary

ˌiːvəˈluːʃənəri◂, ˌevə-

relating to the way in which plants and animals develop and change gradually over a long period of time

Some scientists have rejected evolutionary theory.

有些科学家拒绝接受进化论。

relating to the way in which ideas or situations gradually change and develop over a long period of time

He is in favour of gradual, evolutionary social change.


evolve

if an animal or plant evolves, it changes gradually over a long period of time

Fish evolved from prehistoric sea creatures.

鱼是从史前的海洋生物进化而来的。

Animals have evolved camouflage to protect themselves from predators.

动物进化形成了伪装，以保护自身不被捕食性动物所捕食。

to develop and change gradually over a long period of time

The school has evolved its own style of teaching.

学校逐步形成了自己的教学风格。

The idea evolved out of work done by British scientists.

The group gradually evolved into a political party.

该团体逐步发展成了一个政党。


exacerbate

[exacerbation](bold) /ɪɡˌzæsəˈbeɪʃ/ US /-sər-/  n. <U>

The recession has exacerbated this problem.

经济衰退使这个问题更加严重。

I don’t want to exacerbate the situation.


exact

an exact  number, amount, or time is completely correct and is no more and no less than it should be

The exact weight of the baby at birth was 3.2 kg.

precise  information is based on clear and exact figures or measurements, especially when it is important that no mistakes are made

It’s difficult to be precise about the number of deaths caused by smoking.

completely correct because all the details are true

The witness tried to give an accurate description of what she had seen.

I don’t know the exact amount, but it was a lot.

First, cut a piece of wood about 1cm x 10cm – the exact size doesn’t matter.

He plans to retire soon, but the exact date is not fixed.

The satellite pictures showed the enemy’s exact location.

(=something which has been made, that is exactly like another thing)

The vessel is an exact replica of a Viking longboat.

(=something that has exactly the same meaning, purpose, value etc as something else)

There is no exact equivalent in English for the phrase.

(=something that is exactly the same as something else)

The two DNA samples were an exact match.

(=details that are correct in every way)

Nobody knows the exact details of what happened.

Try to remember his exact words – it’s very important.

(=the words that were used in a letter, speech, etc, with nothing changed)

What was the exact wording of the message?

If you’d been there, you’d have done the exact same thing.

Police are still investigating the exact cause of the accident.

警方还在调查这起事故的确切原因。

The exact location of the hostages is unknown.

人质所处的确切位置并不清楚。

I know her birthday’s in July, but I can’t remember the exact date.

我知道她的生日是在7月，但想不起确切的日子。

It’s not an exact copy, but most people wouldn’t notice the difference.

它不是一模一样的复制品，但大多数人不会察觉到不同之处。

Some concepts in Chinese medicine have no exact equivalent in Western medicine.

中医的一些概念在西医中没有完全一样的对应观念。

used to emphasize that what you are saying is exact

She has worked at the bank for many years, nine to be exact.

她已在银行工作多年，确切地说是九年。

used to emphasize that the same thing is involved

一样的颜色/时刻/类型等

He came into the room at the exact moment I mentioned his name.

我提到他名字时他恰好进了房间。

That’s the [exact same](bold) thing my dad said.

那跟我爸爸说的一模一样。

someone or something that is as different as possible from another person or thing

（与某人/某事物）正好相反

Gina’s the exact opposite of her little sister.

吉娜和她的小妹妹截然不同。

if you say that an activity is not an exact science, you mean that it involves opinions, guessing etc

某事物不是一门精密的科学

Predicting the weather is not an exact science.

天气预报不是一门精准的科学。

someone who is exact is very careful and thorough in what they do


exact

to demand and get something from someone by using threats, force etc

I exacted a promise from Ros that she wouldn’t say a word.

我要求罗斯保证一个字不提。

if someone exacts revenge, they punish a person who has harmed them

Leonard was determined to exact revenge on his wife’s killer.

伦纳德决心报复杀害他妻子的凶手。

if something exacts a high or a heavy price, it has a very bad effect on a person or on a situation

迫使付出昂贵/沉重的代价

The years of conflict have exacted a heavy price.

多年的冲突造成了惨重的损失。


exactly

used when emphasizing that something is no more and no less than a number or amount, or is completely correct in every detail

Police are still trying to find out exactly how the accident happened.

exactly – used when it is important to be sure that something is completely correct in every detail

We need to know precisely how much this is going to cost.

What precisely do you mean by ‘relativity’?

exactly – used especially when saying that things are exactly right, exactly the same, or exactly in a particular position

The frame is just the right size for the picture.

A new handbag! That’s just what I wanted.

There’s the house, right in front of you.

I got a mosquito bite right on the end of my nose.

exactly in a particular position or direction [Directly](bold) is more formal than [right](bold)

at exactly a particular time, and no earlier or later than that time

She always leaves the office at 5.30 p.m. on the dot.

exactly – used especially in the following very informal expressions

Cockatoo Island is right bang in the middle of Sydney harbour.

The figures may not be exactly right, but they’re close enough.

那些数字可能不是非常精确，但也相当接近。

她确切说了些什么，我想不起来了。

It’s a tragic situation and no one will ever know exactly what happened.

场面很悲惨，没有人会知道究竟发生了什么。

你在葡萄牙究竟待在什么地方？

used to emphasize that something is the same or different

That’s exactly what we’ve been trying to tell you.

那正是我们一直想告诉你的。

It’s exactly the kind of work I’ve been looking for.

这正是我一直在找的那种工作。

She tries to be [exactly like](bold) her older sister.

她想使自己和姐姐一模一样。

Kevin’s teachers saw him as quiet and serious, but with his friends he was [exactly the opposite](bold).

凯文在老师眼中既文静又严肃，但他和朋友在一起时却截然相反。

The two candidates responded to the question in [exactly the same](bold) way.

两位候选人对那个问题的回答一模一样。

used as a reply to show that what someone has said is not completely correct or true

‘You hate Lee, don’t you?’ ‘Not exactly. I just think he’s a bit annoying, that’s all.’

“你恨李，是不是？” “不完全是这样。我只是觉得他有一点讨厌，仅此而已。”

used to show that you mean the complete opposite, either humorously, or when you are annoyed

并不是，可不是〔表示幽默或厌烦〕

I wouldn’t bother asking Dave – he’s not exactly Einstein (=he is stupid).

我才懒得去问戴夫——他又不是爱因斯坦。

used as a reply to show that you think what someone has said is completely correct or true

‘So you think we should sell the house?’ ‘Exactly.’

“这么说你认为我们应该卖掉房子？” “正是。”


exaggerate

ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt

ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt

to say that something is much bigger, better, worse, more important etc than it really is

The grass in the garden was about three feet high – I’m not exaggerating.

to say a situation or event is a lot worse or much more serious than it really is

The problem really has been blown up out of all proportion.

to treat something that has happened as though it were more important or serious than it really is – used especially when saying that you should not do this

She loved the fact that he’d sent her flowers, but she didn’t want to make too much of it in case it meant nothing.

It's probably nothing – children often get these strange ideas. You shouldn’t make too much of them

to say that a part of something is more important and has a bigger effect than is really true, especially in relation to other things

The importance of cleanliness in the preparation of food cannot be overemphasized.

Historians have tended to overemphasize the role of the monarchy in British history.

to describe something in a way that makes it sound more important or serious than it really is

The importance of advertising can hardly be overstated.

to make something seem more important than it is, in the way that you talk about it or treat it

The media has greatly overplayed this issue.

to make someone or something seem much better, less harmful etc than they really are – used when you think it is wrong to do this

These images were produced in order to glorify the empire.

to talk about something in a way that makes it appear more important, interesting, or successful than it really is, especially to get someone’s support or interest

At the interview, he talked up his experience of working in sales.

The government tried to talk up the threat posed by these countries, in order to justify an increase in military spending.

if you think someone or something is overrated, you think they are not nearly as good as people claim

an idealized image, view, picture etc of someone or something shows them as being much better than they really are

His books give an idealized picture of English rural life.

it is difficult/hard/impossible to exaggerate sth

(=used to say that something cannot be made to seem more important etc than it already is)

It is difficult to exaggerate the strength of people’s feelings on this matter.

It’s all too easy to exaggerate the importance of these rather minor factors.

exaggerate the importance/significance (of sth)

Personally, I think society exaggerates the importance of marriage.

(=say that the size or degree of something is greater than it really is)

The army exaggerated the extent to which the operation was a success.

(=say the effect or influence of something is worse than it really is)

We believe the Chancellor is exaggerating the impact these proposals will have.

I’m sure Tommy is exaggerating the size of the problem.

He yawned widely, exaggerating the effect by stretching his arms wide.

to make something seem better, larger, worse etc than it really is

I couldn’t sleep for three days – I’m not exaggerating.

我三天没睡觉了——一点不夸张。

[it’s easy/difficult/impossible to exaggerate sth](bold)

It’s difficult to exaggerate the importance of sleep.

睡眠的重要性怎么说也不为过。


exaggeration

ɪɡˌzædʒəˈreɪʃən

ɪɡˌzædʒəˈreɪʃən

To suggest that the company is facing bankruptcy is a great exaggeration.

The figures in this report are a gross exaggeration.

(=an extreme exaggeration that is not at all realistic)

He claims to be 120 years old, but that's is clearly a wild exaggeration.

I think that saying the animals are almost extinct is a slight exaggeration.

It's a bit of an exaggeration to say he's handsome.

(=used to emphasize that something is really true)

It's no exaggeration to say that residents live in fear of the local gangs.

(=telling the truth and not exaggerating)

The men spoke without exaggeration about their ordeal.

At that age, children are prone to exaggeration.

a statement or way of saying something that makes something seem better, larger etc than it really is

It would be an exaggeration to say that we were close friends.

说我们是密友不免言过其实了。

It is [no exaggeration](bold) to say that everyone will be affected by the new policy.

说人人都会受到新政策的影响一点也不夸张。

The situation can be described, without exaggeration, as disastrous.

可以毫不夸张地说，这是灾难性的局面。


exam

We have to take exams at the end of each year.

If you fail the exam, you can retake it.

Maria always did well in her exams at school.

Don’t worry - I’m sure you’ll sail through all your exams.

He managed to scrape through the exam and stay on the course.

(=take it again because you did not do well the first time)

If you don’t do well, you’ll have to resit the exam in January.

There is a written exam at the end of the course.

(=in which you answer questions by speaking)

(=one that you do to practise for the real exams)

(=in which you have to make or do things)

There’s a practical exam as well as a written one.

The students take their final exams in June.

I knew I had to do well in the end of year exams.

Greg got good grades in all of his high school exams.

(=in order to enter a school or university)

Jane passed the entrance exam but decided not to go.

(=to qualify in a profession, for example to be an accountant)

Once you’ve passed your professional exams, you can start to build up your experience.

He failed his board exams in psychiatry.

The school achieves consistently good exam results.

I’ve still got dozens of exam papers to mark.

Read the exam questions carefully before writing your answers.

I have to do my exam revision this weekend.

Schools say they have to spend too much time doing exam practice.

(=that someone has written during an exam)

I’ve brought in some old exam scripts for us to look at.

Mr Frasier gave us some useful tips on exam technique.

Pupils were divided into classes with a similar range of ability, based on their previous exam marks.

a spoken or written test of knowledge, especially an important one

At the end of each level, there’s an exam.

在每一级别结束时都有一次考试。

the paper on which the questions for an exam are written

Do not open your exams until I tell you.

听到指令前不要打开试卷。


examination

ɪɡˌzæməˈneɪʃən

ɪɡˌzæməˈneɪʃən

Do you have to take an examination in every subject?

I really hope that Suzie passes the examination.

Michael had never yet failed an examination.

I have been studying all week for the examination.

He did well in his examinations, and went on to study at MIT.

Any student caught cheating in an examination will be suspended.

My final examinations take place in June.

For French, there is an oral and a written examination.

Most of the pupils passed their science examination with flying colours.

He had now failed the college entrance examination twice.

(=a practice examination to prepare for the real one)

Mock examinations help you to prepare for the real thing.

The school usually achieves good results in GCSE examinations.

You will receive your examination results in the post.

There will be a choice of questions on the examination paper.

Read the examination questions carefully before writing your answers.

I need to find somewhere quiet to do some examination revision.

(=everything that someone writes in an examination)

I've just finished marking 200 examination scripts.

On average, girls achieved higher examination marks that boys.

To apply, you need at least two A-level examination passes.

The police are carrying out an examination of the crime scene.

After a very careful examination of the evidence, we have ruled against the defendant.

Scientists have carried out a detailed examination of the house.

There needs to be a thorough examination of these claims.

A close examination of the figures revealed many discrepancies.

In chapter one, there is a brief examination of the economic situation in the country at the time.

(=very quick and not careful or detailed )

Even a cursory examination of the documents would reveal some serious problems.

(=looking only at things that are obvious and easy to see)

The police carried out a fairly superficial examination of the room.

The inland revenue began a preliminary examination of his tax returns in August.

(=a more detailed or careful examination)

The results of the experiment merit further examination.

(=the scientific methods used for finding out about a crime)

The clothing was sent to the lab for forensic examination.

On closer examination, I could see a slight crack in the window.

The handling of the matter is under examination by congressional investigators.

He was examined by Dr Bower yesterday and will have another examination today.

All new employees are required to undergo a medical examination.

The doctor will perform an examination in order to assess the problem.

A second examination showed a small growth in his stomach.

We need to do a further medical examination.

The clinical examination may not reveal anything abnormal.

(=an examination of a dead body to discover why the person died)

The post-mortem examination showed that he died from a blood clot in the brain.

I made an appointment at the dentist's for a routine examination.

a spoken or written test of knowledge, especially an important one

The examination results will be announced in September.

He’s already taken the [entrance examination](bold).

the process of looking at something carefully in order to see what it is like

a [detailed examination](bold) of population statistics

对人口统计数据的细致审查

The proposals are still under examination.

The issues need [further examination](bold).

这些问题需要进一步审查。

[On closer examination](bold) the vases were seen to be cracked.

经进一步检查发现，那些花瓶上有裂纹。

All patients had a complete physical examination.

所有患者都接受了全面的体检。

A [post-mortem examination](bold)(=an examination on a dead body) showed that he died from head injuries.

验尸结果显示他死于头部受伤。

the process of asking questions to get specific information, especially in a court of law


examine

to look at something carefully and thoroughly because you want to find out more about it

Experts who examined the painting believe it is genuine.

Her new book examines the causes of social discontent.

A team of divers was sent down to examine the wreckage.

The police will examine the weapon for fingerprints.

to quickly examine something to find out what is wrong with it or to find out more about it. [Have a look at](bold) is less formal than [examine](bold), and is the usual phrase to use in everyday English

I’ll have a look at your car if you like.

to examine something carefully to make sure that it is correct, safe, or working properly, especially when it is your job to do this

The building is regularly inspected by a fire-safety officer.

Some insurance people have already been here to inspect the damage caused by the storm.

Russian and American teams will have the right to inspect each other’s missile sites.

to examine something carefully, especially detailed information about something, so that you can understand it

Researchers analyzed the results of the survey.

One of the problems in analyzing the situation is that we do not have all the information yet.

to spend a lot of time examining something very carefully, for example a problem or situation

I won’t comment till I’ve had time to study the proposals.

A team of scientists has been studying the effects of global warming on Antarctica.

to examine something such as a situation or process to see if any changes are necessary

The bank will review its security procedures after last week’s attack.

to examine something very carefully to find out if there is anything wrong with it

Congress is currently scrutinizing the deal.

A team of divers was sent down to examine the wreck.

一组潜水员被送到水下检查沉船。

Hegel’s philosophy will be examined in detail in Chapter 4.

黑格尔的哲学将在第4章作详细探讨。

In the course, we will examine how and why Spain became a democracy in 1931.

本课程将探讨西班牙于1931年成为民主国家的方式和原因。

The police will have to examine the weapon for fingerprints.

警察得检查凶器，看有没有指纹。

In everyday English, people usually say [have](bold)  or [take a look at](bold)  something or someone rather than [examine](bold)  something or someone:

I [had a look at](bold) the car but I couldn’t see anything wrong with it.

if a doctor examines you, they look at your body to check that you are healthy

to ask someone questions to test their knowledge of a subject

You will be examined on American history.

你要参加美国历史的考试。

to officially ask someone questions in a court of law


example

something that you mention because it is typical of the kind of thing that you are talking about

The hall is a perfect example of medieval architecture.

There are many ways in which technology has changed our lives. The car is an obvious example.

This painting is a typical example of Picasso’s work in his Blue Period.

an example of something that happens, especially something bad

There have been some cases of women employees being fired because they are pregnant.

In one case a man was charged $2,000 for a simple medical check-up.

Recent government spending on schools is a classic case of too little, too late.

an example of a particular kind of situation or event, especially something bad. [Instance](bold) is more formal than [case](bold)

Some users of Ecstasy have actually died, but such instances are very rare.

The report describes instances of discrimination.

In a few rare instances, the disease can cause death.

something, especially a story or situation, that you use as an example

As an illustration of this, consider the following example.

He mentioned the recent events in the Middle East by way of illustrationas an example.

Prices have risen sharply. The price of gasoline, for example, has risen by over 50%.

Nepal has many attractions for visitors. For example, you can go trekking in the Himalayas, or see tigers in Chitwan National Park.

used when giving an example. [For instance](bold) is slightly less formal than [for example](bold) and is used more in spoken English

There were many unanswered questions. For instance, where was the money going to come from?

Some people are really good at languages. Take Katie, for instance.

used when giving an example or a list of examples. Don’t use [eg](bold) in formal writing – use the full phrase [for example](bold)

Make sure you eat foods that contain protein, e.g. meat, fish, eggs, milk, or cheese.

used when giving one or two typical examples when there are many others

It is difficult to get even basic foods such as bread and sugar.

used when giving a particular example as a way of proving that what you are saying is correct

Take John – he has a good job but he didn’t go to university.

It is possible to recover from some types of cancer. Take skin cancer, for example.

used when emphasizing that someone or something is a good or typical example of what you have just mentioned

Some birds have returned to Britain after once being extinct here. The return of the osprey is a case in point.

This painting is a good example of his early work.

The house is a fine example of a medieval building.

The garden is one of the most outstanding examples of traditional Japanese garden design.

This is a classic example of how not to run a business.

The pot is a perfect example of the Marine Style.

This is a prime example of government incompetence.

Our climate is changing at an alarming rate. The melting of the polar ice caps is an obvious example of this.

His case is a blatant example of the unfairness of the current system.

To give you an extreme example, one lady called the police fifteen times in a single evening.

Some places contain a huge variety of animal and plant life. The two most notable examples are tropical forests and coral reefs.

(=very clear and full of unpleasant details)

The film is full of graphic examples of what can go wrong if the proper safety procedures are not followed.

Let me give you an example of how this might happen.

Our brochure provides examples of the different villas on offer.

Let’s take the example of a family with two school-age children.

He used several examples to illustrate his point.

The report cites the example of Sweden, where there is a complete ban on advertising on children's television.

We found examples of people being overcharged by as much as 50%.

The exhibition also contains some examples of his book illustrations.

These examples show how the disease can be passed on to humans.

(=show by your own behaviour how other people should behave)

You should be setting an example for your little brother.

I tried to follow my parent’s example with my own kids.

(=show people what they should do by doing it yourself)

The captain of the team should lead by example.

(=use someone as a good example of something)

He was held up as an example to the younger athletes.

The older boys should set a positive example for the rest of the school.

Professor Squires was a shining example of what a good teacher should be.

(=someone who makes other people want to do something great or good)

Jenny’s story is an inspiring example of courage in the face of adversity.

a specific fact, idea, person, or thing that is used to explain or support a general idea, or to show what is typical of a larger group

Can anyone give me an example of a transitive verb?

谁能给我举个及物动词的例子吗？

used before mentioning a specific thing, person, place etc in order to explain what you mean or to support an argument

Many countries, for example Mexico and Japan, have a lot of earthquakes.

许多国家，例如墨西哥和日本，经常发生地震。

Car prices can vary a lot. For example, in Belgium the VW Golf costs $1,000 less than in Britain.

汽车的价格会大不相同，例如，在比利时大众高尔夫的价钱比在英国要低1,000美元。

someone whose behaviour is very good and should be copied by others, or this type of behaviour

她的勇气是我们大家的榜样。

Parents should [set an example](bold) for their children.

父母应该为孩子树立榜样。

I suggest you [follow](bold) Rosie’s [example](bold)(=copy her behaviour) and start doing regular exercise.

我建议你学学罗西，开始经常锻炼。

The team captain [leads by example](bold).

She’s a [shining example](bold)(=a very good example) of what a mother should be.

她是为人母者的光辉榜样。

to punish someone so that other people are afraid to do the same thing

惩罚某人以警诫他人，杀鸡儆猴


exasperated

ɪɡˈzɑːspəreɪtɪd

He was becoming exasperated with the child.

他开始对那孩子感到恼火。


exasperating

ɪɡˈzɑːspəreɪtɪŋ

令人极其厌烦的，使人恼怒的

You have this exasperating habit of never looking at me!

你从来都不看我一眼，真叫人恼火！


exceed

to be more than a particular number or amount

Working hours must not exceed 42 hours a week.

工作时间每周不得超过42小时。

His performance [exceeded](bold) our [expectations](bold).

他的表现出乎我们的预料。

to go beyond what rules or laws say you are allowed to do

超越〔规则或法律的规定〕

He was fined for exceeding the speed limit.

The riot police had [exceeded](bold) their [authority](bold).

防暴警察超越了他们的权限。


excellence

the university’s reputation for excellence


excellent

[Excellent](bold)  is not used with ‘very’. You say:It’s an excellent idea. It’s a really excellent idea.
Don’t say: [It’s a very excellent idea.](strike)

extremely good. [ Great](bold) is less formal than [excellent](bold), and is the usual word to use in everyday spoken English

‘Did you have a good holiday?’ ‘It was great!’

extremely good. These words sound even more excited than [great](bold) or [excellent](bold)

Last year Jess had a terrific season, averaging eleven points a game.

The trip will be a wonderful opportunity for the children.

extremely good in a surprising and exciting way

extremely good – used especially when you are very impressed by something

of a high quality and much better than most others

extremely good – used when saying how well someone does something

It was an outstanding performance by a talented young actor.

unusually good – used when saying that someone or something is much better than any others

He writes good essays, but I wouldn’t say that his work is particularly exceptional.

Merits are given as an honour for exceptional achievement.

used when saying that something is so good that it is better than anything you could have imagined

Second-hand computers can be excellent value.

二手计算机买得好会非常合算。

‘I’ll bring the books over tonight.’ ‘Excellent.’

“我今晚就把书带来。” “太好了。”


except

You use [except](bold)  before a noun: The shop is open every day except Sunday. She invited everyone except Tom.

You can also say[ except for](bold)  someone or something: The shop is open every day except for Sunday. She invited everyone except for Tom.
Don’t say: [except of](strike)

You say[ except (that)](bold) : The twins look very similar, except one is taller than the other.  [ That](bold)  is often omitted in spoken English.

You say [except when/where/if](bold) : I cycle to work, except when it rains. You have to attend, except if you’re ill.

[When/where/if ](bold) are not omitted.
Don’t say: [I cycle to work, except it rains.](strike)  [You have to attend, except you’re ill.](strike)

used when saying that a statement does not include a particular person or thing. At the beginning of a sentence, you must use [except for](bold), not just [except](bold), before a noun

The office is open every day except  Sundays.

Except for a man walking his dog, the park was empty.

Most of the critics liked the play, except for one critic on the ‘Los Angeles Times’.

Except for a few years in the early sixties and seventies, inflation has been a continuing feature of American life since World War II.

The area looks very much like the state of Iowa, except that  it is surrounded by beautiful snow-covered mountains.

Except in an emergency, these doors must remain closed.

used when mentioning one or two things that do not fit the main thing that you are saying

Aside from one or two minor errors, this is an excellent piece of research.

The films were all made in Hollywood, apart from one, which was made in the UK.

The weather was not very good in the first week. Apart from that, it was a good holiday.

used when saying that something, especially a total number or amount, does not include a particular thing or person. [Excluding](bold) is more formal than [not including](bold)

The software costs $49.95, not including tax.

Excluding  students, the total number of unemployed rose from 2 million to 2.3 million.

except for one particular person or thing

Denmark has more wind turbines than any other place in the world, with the exception of California.

With the exception of skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women.

used especially after words such as [nothing, all, any, anyone, everything](bold) or [everyone](bold) when saying that something is the only thing, or someone is the only person

There is nothing but trees, for mile after mile.

The garment covers everything but the eyes.

All but a few of her family died of the disease.

used for mentioning the only person or thing which is not included in what you are saying

Every man she had ever loved, save her father, was now dead.

used to introduce the only person, thing, action, fact, or situation about which a statement is not true

办事处除星期天之外天天开门。

You can have any of the cakes except this one.

你可以拿任何一块蛋糕，但这块除外。

除了斯科特和丹之外，大家都去了。

She felt fine except for being a little tired.

她感觉很好，只是有点累。

Clarissa could think of nothing to say except that she was so sorry.

除了表示很抱歉之外，克拉丽莎想不出有什么话好说。

Staff are not permitted to make personal phone calls except in an emergency.

除了有急事，员工是不允许打私人电话的。

Benson kept the studio locked except when he was working there.

本森总是把工作室上锁，除非是他在里面工作的时候。

She had nothing to do except spend money.

He wouldn’t talk about work, except to say that he was busy.

他并不想谈论工作，只是说自己很忙。

used to give the reason why something was not done or did not happen

要不是由于〔用于说明某事没做成或没发生的原因〕

Liz would have run, except that she didn’t want to appear to be in a hurry.

要不是因为不想显得很匆忙，利兹就会跑起来。

used to mention a fact that makes what you have just said seem less true

I have earrings just like those, except they’re blue.

我有一对耳环跟那一对很像，只是我的是蓝色的。

A date book would make a great gift, except that a lot of people already have one.

赠送记事簿本来是很不错的，只是许多人都已经有一本了。


except

不包括，不计算，把 …排除在外

High technology equipment would be excepted from any trade agreement.


exception

The treaty was ratified by all the EU member countries, with one significant exception, Britain.

The major exception to the general downturn, the tourism sector, has actually seen an increase in profits.

(=one that is very interesting, excellent or unusual)

The houses along the river are all relatively modern, with the notable exception of the old forge.

The earliest historical records, with the obvious exception of Chinese, are written in Indo-European languages.

With one conspicuous exception, Ayers Rock, the desert landscape is completely flat.

Everyone was in agreement, with a few minor exceptions.

All the men were killed, with the sole exception of Captain Jones.

Books on philosophy can be quite dull, but this is a rare exception.

The journey was fairly straightforward, with the exception of driving through London.

Without exception, all the children were well behaved and polite.

The river floods every winter, and this year was no exception.

also: be the exception that proves the rule

(=be different to most other people or things)

Most of the boys were quite shy, but Larry was the exception to the rule.

Staying married for life seems to be the exception, not the rule these days.

(=deal with someone or something in a different way from usual on a particular occasion)

We usually require a 10% deposit, but I'll make an exception in this case.

something or someone that is not included in a general statement or does not follow a rule or pattern

It’s been cold, but today’s an exception.

天气一直寒冷，但今天是个例外。

We all laughed, with the exception of Maggie.

Each plant, without exception, contains some kind of salt.

每一种植物都含有某种盐分，无一例外。

With one or two [notable exceptions](bold), there are few women conductors.

很少有女性指挥，除了一两位是明显的例外。

With a few minor exceptions, the new edition is much like the previous one.

除了有几处细小的改动之外，新版本与前一版没有什么两样。

The law applies to all EU countries; Britain is [no exception](bold).

We don’t usually accept checks, but for you we’ll [make an exception](bold)(=not include you in this rule).

我们一般不接受支票，但对你我们就破个例。

The spelling of this word is an interesting [exception to the rule](bold).

这个单词的拼法是该规则一个有趣的例外。

Successful two-career couples are still [the exception, not the rule](bold)(=used to emphasize that something is unusual).

夫妇俩都事业有成的仍不常见。

sb/sth is the exception that proves the rule

used to say that the fact that something is not true or does not exist in one situation emphasizes the fact that it is true or exists in general

某人/某事物是证明普遍性的例外

Most people here are very dedicated; I’m afraid Rhea’s the exception that proves the rule.

这里的大多数人都很敬业，恐怕雷亚是其中的例外。

to be angry or upset because of something

Tom took great exception to my remark about Americans.

汤姆对我有关美国人的评论极为不满。


exceptional

He showed exceptional talent even as a youngster.

The level of effort involved is really quite exceptional.

The film features a truly exceptional cast, including Oscar winner Denzel Washington.

George Best was one of the most exceptional footballers of all time.

In the 1950s, some working class students went on to university, but these were exceptional cases.

If an exceptional event occurs, such as the death of a family member, you can ask for the court case to be postponed.

(=the very unusual qualities or features that something has)

In view of the exceptional nature of your crime, this court sentences you to a minimum of twenty years.

A child will only be removed from the parental home in the most exceptional of cases.

A loan of this size is highly exceptional.

(=when a situation is extremely unusual)

The U.S. will only issue a visitor visa at short notice in exceptional circumstances.

(=give someone special permission to do something)

Two of the asylum seekers were given exceptional leave to stay in Britain.

This is an exceptional case; I’ve never seen anything like it before.

这是个不寻常的案例，我以前从没见过这样的事。

Promotion in the first year is only given [in exceptional circumstances](bold).

入职第一年就升职的事只有在特殊情况下才会发生。


exceptionally

She defended her position exceptionally well.

她出色地捍卫了自己的立场。


excerpt

a short piece taken from a book, poem, piece of music etc

〔书籍、诗歌、音乐等的〕摘录，节录

An excerpt of the speech appeared in the Sunday paper.

演讲的节录刊登在周日报纸上了。