interrupt

[interruption](bold) /-ˈrʌpʃ/  n. <C,U> eg: We can talk here without interruption.

→ Do not use [interruption](bold) to mean a short period when students or workers can stop working and relax. Use [break](bold)[Between the two classes there is a 15-minute break.](italic)

to stop someone from continuing speaking

She interrupted him to ask exactly how he had broken his ankle.

Oliver began his story but was soon interrupted by the arrival of Mr Gosling.

I wish you wouldn’t interrupt all the time.

to rudely start speaking when someone is already speaking

Steve kept butting in with silly comments.

to prevent someone from finishing what they are saying

He slammed down the phone and cut her off in mid-sentence.

Bob began to speak but Donna cut him short.

to deliberately interrupt a speaker or performer by shouting, especially to show that you do not agree with what they are saying

Comedians are used to dealing with members of the audience who heckle.

The speaker was heckled by a group of protesters.

to interrupt a conversation or discussion by adding comments, especially helpful or useful ones

Feel free to chip in if you have any comments to make.

to stop someone from continuing to do something

Miss Danziger apologised for interrupting their enjoyment of their meal.

My thoughts were interrupted by the sound of the doorbell.

His interview was interrupted by a call from the president.

to interrupt someone when they are trying to work, sleep etc

The sign on the door said ‘Do not disturb. Meeting in progress’.

I hope I’m not disturbing you. Do you want me to come back later?

Her sleep was disturbed by a violent hammering on the door.

to interrupt someone, especially by asking questions when they are trying to do something else

‘I’m very sorry to bother you,’ Jackson said smoothly, ‘but I’d like a few minutes of your time.’

You mustn’t bother him - he’s working on his essay.

to stop someone from continuing what they are saying or doing by suddenly speaking to them, making a noise etc

打断（ …的）讲话；中断（ …的）行动；打扰

Sorry to interrupt, but I need to ask you to come downstairs.

很抱歉打扰了，我得请你下楼来。

to make a process or activity stop temporarily

使〔过程或活动〕暂时停止

我的学业由于战争而中断。

if something interrupts a line, surface, view etc, it stops it from being continuous

中断，阻碍〔线条、平面、风景等〕


intersection

a place where roads, lines etc cross each other, especially where two roads meet

〔尤指两条道路的〕交叉口，十字路口；〔线的〕交叉点


interval

the period of time between two events, activities etc

〔两件事情、两项活动等之间的〕间隔，间歇

He left the room, returning after a short interval with a message.

他离开房间，过了一会儿就带回来一条消息。

The interval between arrest and trial can be up to six months.

从拘捕到审判之间的间隔时间可达六个月。

short periods of fine weather between cloudy weather, rainy weather etc

The trains run at half-hourly intervals.

something that happens at regular intervals happens often

The phone rang at regular intervals all afternoon.

整个下午每隔一定时间电话铃就响一次。

objects that are placed at regular intervals have all been placed at the same distance from each other

〔物件〕按相同间距〔摆放〕

Trees had been planted at regular intervals.

a short period of time between the parts of a play, concert etc

〔戏剧、音乐会等的〕幕间休息

我们可以在幕间休息时喝点什么。

the amount of difference in pitch between two musical notes


intervene

to become involved in an argument, fight, or other difficult situation in order to change what happens

The police don’t usually like to intervene in disputes between husbands and wives.

警方通常不愿意介入夫妻之间的争吵。

The army will have to intervene to prevent further fighting.

军队将不得不干预以阻止进一步的战斗。

to interrupt someone when they are speaking

‘Stop shouting, Emily,’ John intervened.

“别再喊了，埃米莉。”约翰打断道。

if an event intervenes, it delays or interrupts something else

He was just establishing his career when the war intervened.

他刚刚开始创建自己的事业，却因战争爆发受阻。

if a period of time intervenes, it comes between two events

In the six years that intervened, I saw them once.

在这中间的六年，我见过他们一次。


intervention

ˌɪntəˈvenʃən

the act of becoming involved in an argument, fight, or other difficult situation in order to change what happens

government intervention to regulate prices


interview

a meeting in which someone is asked questions, to find out if they are suitable for a job, or to help the police find out about a crime. Also used about someone being asked questions on TV, in a newspaper, in a magazine etc

I’ve got another job interview tomorrow.

Since the police interview, she had changed her statement.

an occasion when someone is asked a lot of questions for a long time in order to get information, sometimes using threats, usually by the police or the army

He claims he was tortured during his interrogation.

Police interrogation methods have been questioned.

an occasion when someone is asked questions about what they have just said, in order to see if they are telling the truth, especially in a court of law

Under cross-examination, the only witness said she could not be sure about what she saw.

a meeting with a doctor or an expert to discuss treatment or to get advice

The therapist charges $100 for a half hour consultation.

Would you like to come back for another consultation?

a formal meeting with a very important person

He was granted an audience with the Pope.

She has an interview next week for a teaching job in Paris.

I went for an interview at a software company yesterday.

He was one of only five people to get an interview out of more than 100 people who applied.

Applicants who are called for interview may be asked to have a medical exam.

We gave her an interview, but decided not to offer her the job.

Try to predict the questions you might get in your job interview.

Applicants will normally have an informal interview with the manager.

One out of every six candidates reached the formal interview.

also: the preliminary interview (formal)

He felt the first interview had gone well.

(=a  more detailed interview after you have been successful in a previous interview)

She was asked back for a second interview.

(=one that you do for practice, rather than a real interview)

Mock interviews are one way in which students can improve their job-seeking skills.

I had to do a face-to-face interview followed by an entry test.

The first stage is a telephone interview.

The book gives some useful advice on interview technique.

Some of the interview questions were quite difficult to answer.

(=the group of people interviewing someone)

The interview panel were very impressed with her enthusiasm.

a formal meeting at which someone is asked questions in order to find out whether they are suitable for a job, course of study etc

〔求职、入学等的〕面试，面谈

an interview for a job on the ‘Los Angeles Times’

《洛杉矶时报》的一次求职面试

a portfolio of work presented [at interview](bold)

在面试时呈递的工作成果样本

an occasion when a famous person is asked questions about their life, experiences, or opinions for a newspaper, magazine, television programme etc

Elton John [gave](bold) an [interview to](bold) Barbara Walters (=he answered her questions).

埃尔顿·约翰接受了芭芭拉·沃尔特斯的采访。

an [exclusive interview](bold)(=one that is given to only one newspaper, programme etc)

an official meeting with someone who asks you questions

〔与提问者的〕正式会谈，面谈，会见


interview

[interviewing](bold) n. <U> eg: interviewing skills

to ask someone questions during an interview

对〔某人〕进行面试；采访，访问；提问

We’re interviewing six candidates for the job.

这份工作我们要面试六名申请人。

The police want to interview you about the accident.

警方想就这起事故向你问话。


interviewer

the person who asks the questions in an interview

主持面试者；采访者；提问者


intimate

[intimately](bold) adv. eg: The two aspects are intimately connected. eg: I am intimately acquainted with the state of my bank account.

private and friendly so that you feel comfortable

the intimate atmosphere of a country pub

The collection has been moved from its [intimate setting](bold) to the British Museum.

这些收藏品已从私人藏处移到了大英博物馆。

She’s [on intimate terms with](bold) people in government.

very detailed knowledge of something as a result of careful study or a lot of experience

〔因细心研究或经验丰富而〕精通某事

his intimate knowledge of the coal industry

relating to very private or personal matters

→see THESAURUS at [private](->private) 1

the publication of [intimate details](bold) of their affair

他们暧昧关系中隐秘细节的公开

The virus can only be transmitted through intimate contact.

这种病毒只能通过性接触来传播。

a very close connection between two things

the intimate connection between physical and mental health

生理健康和精神健康的密切联系


intimate

to make people understand what you mean without saying it directly

He intimated, politely but firmly, that we were not welcome.

他有礼貌但很坚决地暗示，我们是不受欢迎的。

She had already intimated to me her wish to leave.

她已向我暗示过她想离开。


intimidate

[intimidation](bold) /ɪnˌtɪməˈdeɪʃ/  n. <U> eg: She had endured years of intimidation and violence. eg: the intimidation of voters

to frighten or threaten someone into making them do what you want

恐吓，恫吓，威胁〔某人做某事〕

They tried to intimidate the young people into voting for them.

他们试图胁迫年轻人投票给他们。

to make someone feel worried and not confident

The whole idea of going to Oxford intimidated me.

一想到要去牛津大学，我就信心全无。


into

to the inside or inner part of a container, place, area etc

He thrust his hand into his coat pocket.

There must be another way into the cave.

一定有其他的路可以进入洞穴。

Sue got back into bed and pulled the quilt over her head.

休回到床上，拉过被子蒙住头。

used to say that someone becomes involved in a situation or activity, or becomes part of a group

At the age of 16, I went into the printing trade as an apprentice.

我16岁进入印刷业当学徒。

They tried to drag me into their quarrel.

他们试图把我卷入他们的争吵中。

a player who deserves to get back into the England team

一名应该重返英格兰队的运动员

used to say that someone or something starts being in a different state or form

The whole banking system was thrown into confusion.

整个银行系统陷入一片混乱。

I screwed my wet handkerchief into a ball.

我把我的湿手帕拧成一团。

Neruda’s poems have been translated into English.

聂鲁达的诗已被翻译成英语。

used to say that a person or vehicle hits someone or something after moving towards them

He almost bumped into me as he rushed past.

他飞奔而过，差点撞到我。

The car swerved and crashed into the wall.

汽车突然转向，撞在墙上。

Make sure you’re speaking directly into the microphone.

John was well into his forties before he got married.

used to say what someone is trying to find out information about

〔表示找出有关某事的资料〕

an investigation into the events leading up to his death

对导致他死亡的事件的调查

I’ve been doing some research into this.

used when you are dividing one number by another

对某事物感兴趣；喜欢某事物


intolerable

ɪnˈtɒlərəbəl

too difficult, bad, annoying etc for you to accept or deal with

‘This is intolerable!’ exclaimed Sir Rufus.

“这真令人难以忍受！”鲁弗斯爵士喊道。

Caring for an elderly relative can become an intolerable burden.

照看年迈的亲戚可能成为无法承受的重负。


intolerance

unwillingness to accept ways of thinking and behaving that are different from your own

→see THESAURUS at [prejudice](->prejudice) 1

an inability to take particular medicines or eat particular foods without suffering bad effects

〔对某种药物或食物的〕不耐受


intricate

[intricately](bold) adv. eg: intricately woven fabric

containing many small parts or details that all work or fit together

→see THESAURUS at [complicated](->complicated)


intrigue

if something intrigues you, it interests you a lot because it seems strange or mysterious

〔因奇特或神秘而〕激起 …的兴趣，引起 …的好奇心，迷住

Other people’s houses always intrigued her.

to make secret plans to harm someone or make them lose their position of power

密谋，施诡计〔以伤害某人或夺去其权位〕

While King Richard was abroad, the barons had been intriguing against him.

理查王在国外时，贵族们一直在密谋推翻他。


intrigue

the making of secret plans to harm someone or make them lose their position of power, or a plan of this kind

It’s an exciting story of [political intrigue](bold) and murder.

那是一个关于政治阴谋和谋杀的精彩故事。

a [web of intrigue](bold)(=complicated set of secret plans)


intrinsic

[intrinsically](bold) /-kli/  adv. eg: Science is seen as intrinsically good.

being part of the nature or character of someone or something

the [intrinsic interest](bold) of the subject

[intrinsic nature/quality/value/property of sth](bold)

There is nothing in the intrinsic nature of the work that makes it more suitable for women.

这项工作本质上并没有什么使得它更适合女性来做。

Flexibility is intrinsic to creative management.

灵活变通是创新管理的基本特质。


introduce

if you introduce someone to another person, you tell them each other’s names for the first time

Have you two been introduced? Tom, this is Greg.

有人给你们俩互相介绍了吗？汤姆，这位是格雷格。

琼，我来把你介绍给鲍勃。

introduce yourself (=formally tell someone who you are)

May I introduce myself? My name is Meg Johnson.

我来自我介绍一下吧。我的名字叫梅格·约翰逊。

to bring a plan, system, or product into use for the first time

They want to introduce a system of identity cards.

The store have introduced a new range of food for children.

In everyday British English, people often say [bring in](bold)  a plan, law, system etc rather than [introduce](bold)  it:

They want to [bring in](bold) a system of identity cards.

to bring a type of thing somewhere for the first time

首次引入〔某物〕，使传入

The grey squirrel was introduced into Britain from North America.

灰松鼠是由北美引入英国的。

to show someone something or tell them about it for the first time

使〔某人〕初次接触〔某事物〕；向〔某人〕介绍〔某事物〕

Malcolm introduced me to the joys of wine-tasting.

马尔科姆让我初次尝到品酒的乐趣。

to speak at the beginning of and sometimes during a television or radio programme, or at the beginning of a public event

介绍〔电视或广播节目、公众活动等〕；为 …作开场白

Jim Adams will introduce tonight’s programme.

吉姆·亚当斯将为今晚的节目作开场介绍。

to make something new start to happen or exist in a situation

The peace agreement has introduced a feeling of optimism here.

和平协议给这里带来了乐观的气氛。

to formally present a possible new law to be discussed

Several senators introduced legislation aimed at sexual harassment.

几位参议员提交了针对性骚扰的立法议案。

to put something carefully into something else

〔小心地〕把〔某物〕放入〔另一物〕


introduction

ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃən

ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃən

a written or spoken statement at the beginning of a book, speech, or meeting, giving a general idea of what it is about

After a brief introduction by the chairman, the meeting began.

The author outlines his methods of research in the introduction.

a short piece of writing at the beginning of a book that says what the book is about or the reason for writing it

In the preface, he explains his motives for returning to the subject of Middle Eastern politics.

a short introduction to a book or report, usually written by someone who is not the author

Greene wrote the foreword to Suzmann’s book.

an introduction to a piece of writing, especially a play or a long poem

a statement at the beginning of something, especially an official document, which explains what it is about

the act of bringing something into use for the first time

the introduction of a range of new products

With the introduction of independent taxation, a married woman’s position is much clearer.

独立税收制度的推行使已婚妇女的地位更为明晰。

the act of bringing something somewhere for the first time

the introduction of Buddhism to China nearly 2,000 years ago

约2,000年前佛教传入中国

a type of thing that is brought somewhere for the first time

The potato was a 16th-century introduction.

马铃薯是16世纪传入的。

the act of formally telling two people each other’s names when they first meet

Pete, are you going to [make the introductions](bold)?

皮特，你来作一下介绍怎么样？

Our first contestant [needs no introduction](bold)(=everyone already knows the person).

我们的第一位参赛者就不用介绍了。

a written or spoken explanation at the beginning of a book, speech etc

引言，序言，导言；开场白

In the introduction, he explains why he wrote the book.

在引言里，他解释了写这本书的原因。

Mr Brown gave a brief introduction to the course.

布朗先生简单介绍了这门课程。

a short part at the beginning of a song or piece of music

something that explains the basic facts of a subject

The book is a useful introduction to British geology.

本书是英国地质概况的实用入门读物。

a letter by someone else that explains who you are, which you can give to a person you have not met before


introductory

said or written at the beginning of a book, speech etc in order to explain what it is about

序言的，引言的；开场白的

the objectives described in the introductory chapter

该书序篇里所描述的写作目的

as the chairman said in his [introductory remarks](bold)

正如主席在开场白中所说的

intended for people who have never done a particular activity before

an [introductory course](bold) in data processing

a special low price that is charged for a new product for a limited period of time

不要错过我们的试销优惠！


introvert

someone who is quiet and shy, and does not enjoy being with other people

性格内向的人，不爱交际者


intrude

to interrupt someone or become involved in their private affairs, in an annoying and unwanted way

打扰，干涉〔令对方不快〕

Would I be intruding if I came with you?

我要是和你一起去，会不会打扰你？

Employers should not intrude into the private lives of their employees.

雇主不应干涉雇员的私生活。

to come into a place or situation, and have an unwanted effect

It is to be hoped that TV cameras never intrude on this peaceful place.

希望电视摄像机永远不要打扰这一宁静祥和之地。


intruder

someone who illegally enters a building or area, usually in order to steal something

非法闯入者〔通常指小偷〕

The police think the intruder got in through an unlocked window.

警察认为闯入者是从一扇没上锁的窗子进入的。

someone who is in a place where they are not wanted

At first I felt like an intruder in their family.

起初我觉得自己是他们家的不速之客。


intrusion

when someone does something, or something happens, that affects your private life or activities in an unwanted way

〔讨厌的事或人的〕干扰，侵扰

I resented this intrusion into my domestic affairs.

我讨厌这种干涉我家事的行为。

when something comes into a place or situation and has an unwanted effect

〔对某种情况或地区的〕闯入，侵入

the intrusion of badly designed new buildings in the historic high street

设计拙劣的新楼群建在古老的大街上显得不伦不类


intuition

the ability to understand or know something because of a feeling rather than by considering the facts

Intuition told her it was unwise to argue.

直觉告诉她争吵是不理智的。

an idea about what is true in a particular situation based on a feeling rather than facts

He had an intuition there was trouble brewing.

他凭直觉感到要有麻烦了。

我们应该相信自己的直觉。


invade

to enter a country, town, or area using military force, in order to take control of it

The Romans invaded Britain 2,000 years ago.

2,000年前古罗马人入侵了英国。

to go into a place in large numbers, especially when you are not wanted

〔尤指不受欢迎地〕大量涌入，蜂拥而入

Every summer, the town is invaded by tourists.

每年夏天，大量游客涌入这个小镇。

球迷在中场休息时冲入球场。

to get involved in something in an unwanted and annoying way

What right does he have to invade my privacy?

他有什么权利侵犯我的隐私？

Patients are given the feeling that they mustn’t try to invade medical territory (=try to deal with things that are not their responsibility).

给病人的感觉是，他们绝不可以插手医疗事务。


invalid

a contract, ticket, claim etc that is invalid is not legally or officially acceptable

〔合约、票、所有权等〕无效的，作废的

Without the right date stamped on it, your ticket will be invalid.

票上若没有加盖正确日期就是废票。

an argument, reason etc that is invalid is not based on true facts or clear ideas, and lacks good judgment

〔论据、理由等〕站不住脚的

if something you type into a computer is invalid, the computer does not recognize or accept it

〔计算机〕不能识别的，不接受的


invalid

someone who cannot look after themselves because of illness, old age, or injury

我讨厌别人把我当病人看待。


invalidate

to make a document, ticket, claim etc no longer legally or officially acceptable

Failure to disclose all relevant changes may invalidate your policy.

未能披露所有的相关变化会令保单无效。

to show that something such as a belief or explanation is wrong

证明〔信念、解释等〕错误

后来的发现推翻了这一理论。


invaluable

你的建议对我们非常宝贵。

This help was invaluable in focussing my ideas.

这一帮助对于整理我的思绪很有益处。

The internet is an invaluable source of information.

因特网是十分有价值的信息来源。


invariably

if something invariably happens or is invariably true, it always happens or is true

The security guards were invariably ex-servicemen.

保安人员毫无例外地都是退伍军人。


invasion

when the army of one country enters another country by force, in order to take control of it

the arrival in a place of a lot of people or things, often where they are not wanted

〔不受欢迎的人或物的〕涌入，蜂拥而来

the annual invasion of teenagers for the Glastonbury Festival

每年前来参加格拉斯顿伯里音乐节的青少年的涌入

a situation in which someone tries to find out details about another person’s private affairs in a way that is upsetting and often illegal


invent

to think of an idea for a new product, machine etc, and design it or make it

The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.

to make or design something new and original

We decided to create the software ourselves.

For her latest book, she has created a whole new group of characters.

to produce a new idea, plan, method, excuse etc by thinking

They’re always trying to think up new ways to improve efficiency.

to produce a new idea, a way of dealing with something etc, especially a good one

Ellis came up with the solution to the problem immediately.

to invent a story, song, game, excuse etc

My mother used to make up bedtime stories for us.

I didn’t want to go to the class, so I decided to make up an excuse.

to think of an idea or plan, especially one that seems unusual or even crazy

It can’t be easy dreaming up new advertisements all the time.

to invent a way of doing something, especially one that is clever or complicated

This system was devised as a way of measuring students’ progress.

to think of a new idea, plan etc and develop it in your mind

The project was originally conceived by a Dutch businessman two years ago.

to make, design, or think of a new type of thing

Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.

→ Do not confuse with [discover](bold) (=to be the first person to find something or to know that it exists)[Scientists have discovered a new type of bacteria.](italic)

to think of an idea, story etc that is not true, usually in order to deceive people

捏造，虚构〔观点、故事等，通常为了欺骗别人〕

他们编造了很有说服力的不在犯罪现场的证据。


invention

a useful machine, tool, instrument etc that has been invented

发明（物）〔如机器、工具、仪器等〕

The dishwasher is a wonderful invention.

洗碗机是一项奇妙的发明。

The invention of the computer has revolutionized the business world.

电脑的发明使商界发生了根本变化。

a story, explanation etc that is not true

虚构的故事；编造的解释；假话

They subsequently admitted that the story was pure invention.

他们后来承认这个故事完全是编造的。

the ability to think of new and clever ideas

With such powers of invention, he should get a job easily.

他创造力这么强，应该很容易找到工作。


inventory

〔一个地方所有东西的〕详细目录，清单

We made an inventory of everything in the apartment.

我们把这公寓里的所有东西开列了一份清单。


inverted comma

[n](bold) <[C usually plural](bold)> ([BrE](special))

one of a pair of marks (‘) or (’) that are put at the beginning and end of a written word, sentence etc to show that someone said it or wrote it, or when writing the title of a book, song etc

→ [punctuation mark](->punctuation mark)

used to show that a word you are using to describe something is only what it is usually called, and not what you think it really is

所谓的〔表示用来描述某物的词只是它通常的名称，而不是你所认为的意思〕

Her friends, in inverted commas, all disappeared when she was in trouble.

当她陷入困境时，她那些所谓的“朋友”全都消失了。


invest

to buy shares or property, in order to make a profit

Why don’t you invest the money on the stock market?

He invested £50,000 in his brother’s business.

Investing in property is probably not a good idea right now.

to give money to a business, organization, activity etc, in order to help it develop and be successful

We’re looking for an investor who will put money into our business.

Every year the charity puts millions of dollars into research to find ways to treat cancer.

to invest in a project or business, especially when the fact that you do this shows you support it

The scheme has been backed by several major companies.

The movie is backed by a powerful state-owned bank.

if you have an interest in a particular company, you own shares in it

In 1986 GM acquired a controlling interestenough shares to control what decisions are taken in the sports car maker Lotus.

He has business interests throughout Europe.

to buy shares, property, or goods because you hope that the value will increase and you can make a profit

I’ve got a few thousand dollars I’m looking to invest.

Oliver made a fortune by investing in antique furniture.

奥利弗投资古董家具发了财。

Williams invested a large sum of money in Swiss stocks.

威廉斯投资了一大笔钱购买瑞士股票。

He had [invested heavily](bold)(=invested a lot of money) in the bond market.

他往债券市场投了大笔钱。

if a government, business, or organization invests in something, they spend a large amount of money to improve it or help it succeed

〔政府、企业或机构〕把〔资金〕投入，投资

The city has invested millions of dollars in the museum.

这座城市对该博物馆已投入了数百万美元。

The factory plans to invest in new computers.

该工厂计划投资购买新电脑。

In everyday English, people often say [put money in/into](bold)  something rather than [invest in](bold)  something:

He [put money into](bold) his brother’s business.

The government [put in](bold) millions of pounds.

to use a lot of time, effort etc or spend money in order to make something succeed

投入〔大量时间、精力、金钱等以成就某事〕

It was very difficult to leave a home we had invested so much in.

那个家我们投入得太多，要离开真的很难。


investigate

to try to find out the truth about something such as a crime, accident, or scientific problem

Police are investigating an explosion in the city centre.

The aim of the study is to investigate how climate change is affecting animal behaviour.

There were fears he may have drowned in the lake, so divers were sent down to investigate.

to find out more about a problem, especially after someone has asked you to do this

The manager promised to look into my complaint.

Please could you look into the matter for me?

to consider or discuss something, in order to help you decide what you should do

Military leaders are exploring new ways of defending the United States from terrorism.

I’m going to explore the possibility of a part-time job.

to try to find secret or hidden information, especially by asking questions

The press began probing into the actor’s private life.

We have been probing the reasons why the government has been so slow to react to the problem of climate change.

to look somewhere in order to try to find more information about something, especially something that is difficult to find out about

Over the past year Ms Deen has been delving into the national archives, in order to discover information on the early Muslim settlers.

I think we need to delve a little deeper.

if someone or their activities are under investigation, the police are trying to find out if they have done something illegal

Several public figures are under investigation for corruption.

查明，调查，侦查〔犯罪、事故、科学问题等的真相〕

The state police are investigating the incident.

The study investigates the impact of violent TV programming on children.

该研究调查暴力电视节目对儿童的影响。

I heard a noise and went downstairs to investigate.

我听见响声，就下楼去看个究竟。

In everyday English, people often say [look into ](bold) something rather than [investigate](bold)  something:

I’ll ask my colleague to [look into](bold) it.

to try to find out more about someone’s character, actions etc, because you think they may have been involved in a crime

调查〔某人，因认为某人可能卷入了罪案〕

Penney was already being investigated by the police on suspicion of murder.

彭尼因涉嫌谋杀已在接受警方调查。


investigation

ɪnˌvestɪˈɡeɪʃən

ɪnˌvestɪˈɡeɪʃən

a process in which the police or another organization try to find out the truth about a crime or accident

Following a major police investigation, two men were arrested.

The investigation into the causes of the air crash are continuing.

an official process to find out why something happened, which usually takes several months or years

Local people are calling for an inquiry into the accident.

An independent inquiry found serious shortcomings at the children’s home.

a matter that police or officials are trying to find out information about, especially so that it can be dealt with in a court of law

The police say it is one of the most puzzling cases they have had to deal with.

an investigation in which many questions are asked to find out the truth about something – used especially in journalism

The TV show featured a probe into charges charged by high street banks.

a legal investigation to find out why someone died

The inquest heard that Mr Swan was poisoned.

a process in which people are asked questions in order to find out about their opinions or about their behaviour

They did a survey to find out the most popular pop star.

Based on a survey of 250 companies, the report says that ‘ over two thirds of companies expect operating costs to increase as a result of addressing environmental issues.

a medical examination of a dead person’s body, to find out why that person died

If she died of a drug overdose, it would show up in the autopsy.

an official attempt to find out the truth about or the cause of something such as a crime, accident, or scientific problem

〔对犯罪、事故、科学问题等进行的正式的〕调查，侦查

The investigation continued for nearly three years.

The authorities are planning to launch a full-scale investigation into the crash.

当局计划对这桩坠机事件展开全面调查。

Baker demanded an investigation of the district attorney’s office.

贝克要求对地方检察官的办公室进行搜查。

A private detective was hired to [conduct](bold) the [investigation](bold).

雇了一名私人侦探进行调查。

under investigation (=being investigated)

The whole issue is still under investigation.


investigator

→ [private investigator](->private investigator)

someone who investigates things, especially crimes

〔尤指针对犯罪的〕调查员，调查者


investment

We have made a huge investment in our website.

The company is trying to attract investment from overseas.

The government has cut taxes in order to stimulate investment.

It's best to invest in several funds, in order to protect your investment.

(=get back the money that you have invested)

Investors will have to take legal action to recoup their investment.

The shares turned out to be a poor investment.

Developing a new computer system is always a big investment for any organisation.

(=in which you are unlikely to lose money)

Electricity shares are still a safe investment.

(=in which you are likely to lose money)

Risky investments usually have higher yields.

The government is eager to attract foreign investment to fund building projects.

(=one that will give you profit after a long time)

Buying a house is a long-term investment.

(=one that will give you profit in a short time)

Interest rates will be cut on short-term investments.

Public expenditure in declining areas will attract future private investment.

(=investment by the government or state)

There have been drastic cuts in public investment in housing.

(=investment in machines, equipment etc)

A huge capital investment will have to be made to maintain the buildings.

Most investment schemes are subject to tax.

She took advantage of a unique investment opportunity.

He has served as an investment adviser for several major banks.

He is an investment banker at a prestigious Wall Street firm.

(=money that you earn from your investments)

The rate of taxation on investment income is set to increase.

The city is in a good position to attract new investment funds.

We expect a high return on our investment.

the use of money to get a profit or to make a business activity successful, or the money that is used

We plan to buy some property as an investment.

我们打算买些房地产作为投资。

That year, Japanese investment in American real estate totaled $13.06 billion.

那年，日本投资美国房地产的总额达到了130.6亿美元。

Each of us was required to put up a minimum investment of £5,000.

要求我们每个人至少投资5,000英镑。

something that you buy or do because it will be useful later

The lessons cost me over £500, but I consider them a good investment.

这些课程花了我五百多英镑，但我认为这是一笔很好的投资。

when you spend a large amount of time, energy, emotion etc on something

〔大量时间、精力、情感等的〕投入


investor

someone who gives money to a company, business, or bank in order to get a profit


invisible

[invisibility](bold) /ɪnˌvɪzəˈbɪləti/  n. <U>

something that is invisible cannot be seen

The house was surrounded by trees, and invisible from the road.

这所房子树木环绕，从路上是看不见的。

The plane is meant to be invisible to radar.

这飞机在雷达上应该监测不到。

Using a telescope, Galileo discovered stars that were [invisible to the naked eye](bold).

伽利略用望远镜发现了肉眼看不到的恒星。

未意识到的；避而不谈的；无形的

There’s an invisible barrier that keeps women out of top jobs.

女性想进入职场高层存在着无形的障碍。

money that is made from services and tourism rather than from products


invitation

ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃən

ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃən

Did you get an invitation to Janet's party?

The following week, I had an invitation to give a talk in Cambridge.

take up sb's invitation/take sb up on their invitation

I decided to take them up on their invitation to dinner.

She turned down an invitation to take part in a televised debate.

also: issue/extend an invitation (formal)

He has issued an invitation to the Chinese president to come to Washington.

I'll have to write a letter thanking Martha for the invitation to her wedding.

He had a wedding invitation from Rob and Jen.

Fred's wife has accepted the dinner invitation.

The president received a formal invitation to visit Nigeria.

Each parent was sent a personal invitation for the school's open day.

It gives me great pleasure to accept your kind invitation.

We received a special invitation to attend a reception at the embassy.

(=an invitation to do something at any time you like)

Phillip kindly gave me an open invitation to stay at his villa in Tuscany.

(=an invitation which someone has had for a long time)

He had accepted a long-standing invitation to address the conference.

(=a card with an invitation printed on it)

Everyone entering will have to show an invitation card.

He got a flood of invitations to appear on TV and radio shows.

a written or spoken request to someone, inviting them to go somewhere or do something

an invitation to speak at a scientific conference

Roger never turns down an invitation to dinner.

有人请吃饭罗杰从不拒绝。

the act of being invited or of inviting someone to go somewhere or do something

Attendance at the seminars is [by invitation only](bold)(=only those people who have been invited can attend).

研讨会凭邀请函方可参加。

They were always dropping by, usually without invitation.

他们常常来串门，通常是不请自来。

at sb’s invitation/at the invitation of sb

Kegl traveled to Nicaragua at the invitation of the Education Minister.

凯格尔应教育部长的邀请前往尼加拉瓜。

a card inviting someone to attend a party, wedding etc

We sent out more than 300 wedding invitations.

我们发出了300多份婚礼请柬。

Did you get an invitation to Jason’s party?

你有没有收到贾森的聚会请柬？

〔对做某事的〕鼓动[激励]

[take sth as an invitation to do sth](bold)

He seemed to take my silence as an invitation to talk.

他似乎把我的沉默理解为鼓励他讲话。

to make it very easy for someone to rob you or harm you

让某人易于〔抢劫或伤害〕

Leaving the car unlocked is just an open invitation to thieves.

不锁汽车就离开是摆明了让窃贼来偷。


invite

invite along
invite back
invite in
invite out
invite over

to ask someone to come to a party, wedding, meal etc

我们该邀请谁来参加聚会？

Gail invited me to stay with her while her husband was out of town.

盖尔邀请我在她丈夫出城时住在她家。

Why don’t you [invite](bold) her [for a drink](bold) at the club one evening?

你何不找个晚上请她到俱乐部去喝一杯？

You [invite](bold)  someone [to](bold)  an event or a place: Did they invite you to the wedding? She invited me to her house.

You [invite](bold)  someone [for](bold)  a meal or a period of time: He invited us for brunch. I’ll invite them for the weekend.

〔礼貌地〕请求〔某人做某事〕

Anyone interested in contributing articles is invited to contact the editor.

凡是有兴趣投稿的人请和编辑联系。

to encourage something bad to happen, especially without intending to

〔尤指无意地〕招致〔不好的事〕

Any government that sells arms to dictators is inviting trouble.


invoice

a list of goods that have been supplied or work that has been done, showing how much you owe for them

发票；〔发货或服务的〕费用清单


involve

if an activity or situation involves something, that thing is part of it or a result of it

I didn’t realize putting on a play involved so much work.

我没想到上演一出戏剧需要做这么多的工作。

Running your own business usually involves working long hours.

自己经营企业往往要经常加班。

to include or affect someone or something

These changes will involve everyone on the staff.

这些变化将影响每一位职员。

There have been four accidents involving Forest Service planes.

已有四次事故涉及（美国）林务局的飞机。

to ask or allow someone to take part in something

Try to involve as many children as possible in the game.

尽量让多一些孩子参与游戏。

We want to involve the workforce at all stages of the decision-making process.

我们希望让职员全程参与决策。

to take part actively in a particular activity

Reilly involves himself in every aspect of his company’s business.

赖利积极参与公司经营的各项业务。


involved

to take part in an activity or event, or be connected with it in some way

参与；卷入；与 …有关联

More than 30 software firms were involved in the project.

三十多家软件公司参与了这项工程。

I don’t want to get involved in some lengthy argument about who is to blame.

我不想卷入谁该承担责任的冗长争论。

I’m afraid your son’s been [involved in an accident](bold)(=he is one of the people in an accident).

恐怕你的儿子卷入了一起事故。

Landel has been involved with the Hercules project for years.

朗代尔参加海格立斯计划已有好几年了。

[actively/deeply/heavily involved](bold)(=involved very much)

Mrs. Cummings has been actively involved with the church for years.

卡明斯太太积极参与教会事务有好几年了。

Someone is [involved in](bold)  something: He is involved in the family business. Don’t get involved in their problems.
Don’t say: [ involved into something](strike)

Someone is [involved with](bold)  a project, person, or group: She got involved with the youth club.

the amount of work, effort etc that is needed in order to make something succeed

为成就某事必须做的工作/付出的努力等

Most people don’t realize the amount of effort involved in writing a novel.

大多数人都不明白写一本小说要花多少心血。

to be having a romantic relationship with someone, especially a sexual one

和某人恋爱〔尤指有性关系〕

The senator denied that he was [romantically involved](bold) with a member of his staff.

参议员否认和他的某位员工有染。

to spend time with someone that you have a relationship with

与〔有亲属关系的人〕在一起

Fathers are encouraged to be more involved with their families.

鼓励父亲们要多和家人待在一起。

having so many different parts that it is difficult to understand

The plot was so involved that very few people knew what was going on.

情节太复杂，几乎没人知道是怎么回事。


involvement

the act of taking part in an activity or event, or the way in which you take part in it

School officials say they welcome parental involvement.

校方说他们欢迎家长参与。

His new book examines the United States’ involvement in World War II.

他的新书探讨美国参与第二次世界大战的始末。

Carey’s possible involvement with a series of robberies

凯里可能参与了一连串抢劫案

something that you take part in or spend time doing

参与的事物；投入时间的事物

the feeling of excitement and satisfaction that you get from an activity

Weaver admitted a strong [emotional involvement](bold) in her client’s case.

韦弗承认她从委托人的案件中获得了极大的情感满足。

a romantic relationship between two people, especially when they are not married to each other

Donna knew nothing of her husband’s involvement with another woman.

唐娜根本不知道丈夫和另一个女人有染。


inward

[inwardly](bold) adv. eg: I managed to smile, but inwardly I was furious.

felt or experienced in your own mind but not expressed to other people

towards the inside or centre of something


iron

[a will of iron/an iron will](bold) at → [will](->will) 2 sense 1 [pump iron](bold) at → [pump](->pump) 2 sense 8 [rule sb/sth with a rod of iron](bold) at → [rule](->rule) 2 sense 5 [strike while the iron’s hot](bold) at → [strike](->strike) 1 sense 28

a common hard metal that is used to make steel, is magnetic, and is found in very small quantities in food and blood. It is a chemical element: symbol Fe

铁〔一种化学元素，符号为Fe〕

[iron ore](bold)(=rock that contains iron)

→ [wrought iron](->wrought iron) → [cast iron](->cast iron)

a thing used for making clothes smooth, which has a heated flat metal base

to be involved in several different activities or have several plans all happening at the same time

同时从事数种不同活动；同时有数项计划

He has several economic irons in the fire, including gold and diamond mines.

他同时经营数个赚钱的项目，包括金矿和钻石矿。

a golf club made of metal rather than wood

a chain used to prevent a prisoner from moving


iron

He runs the company with an [iron fist](bold).


ironic

also: [i‧ron‧i‧cal](bold) /-ɪkəl/  [adj](bold)

an ironic situation is one that is unusual or amusing because something strange happens, or the opposite of what is expected happens or is true

〔情况〕有讽刺意味的，出乎意料的，令人啼笑皆非的

Your car was stolen at the police station! How ironic!

你的车在警察局被偷！真让人哭笑不得！

[It’s ironic that](bold) her husband smoked for thirty years, and yet she’s the one who died of lung cancer.

具有讽刺意味的是，她丈夫吸烟30年，而死于肺癌的却是她。

In [an ironic twist](bold), the most trustworthy character in the film turned out to be the thief.

影片中故事情节来了一个出乎意料的反转，最可信赖的人原来是小偷。

using words that are the opposite of what you really mean, often in a joking way

〔遣词用字〕讽刺的，用反语的〔常以开玩笑方式〕

When I told Lucy I loved her book, she thought I was being ironic.

当我告诉露西我喜欢她的书时，她以为我在讥讽她。


ironically

used when talking about a situation in which the opposite of what you expected happens or is true

具有讽刺意味的是；出乎意料的是；让人哭笑不得的是

Ironically, his cold got better on the last day of his holiday.

具有讽刺意味的是，还有一天假期就结束了，他的感冒也好转了。

in a way that shows you really mean the opposite of what you are saying

‘Oh, no problem!’ said Terry, ironically.

“哦，没问题！”特里挖苦道。


irony

a situation that is unusual or amusing because something strange happens, or the opposite of what is expected happens or is true

具有讽刺意味[出乎意料，令人啼笑皆非]的情况

生活中充满了小小的讽刺。

[The](bold) tragic [irony is that](bold) the drug was supposed to save lives.

可悲的讽刺在于，这药本来是用来挽救生命的。

when you use words that are the opposite of what you really mean, often in order to be amusing

→see THESAURUS at [language](->language)

Wagner calls his program ‘the worst talk show in America,’ without a hint of irony.

瓦格纳称他的节目是“美国最糟糕的访谈节目”，话里不带一丝讽刺意味。

[heavy irony](bold) BrE(=a lot of irony)

‘Of course Michael won’t be late; you know how punctual he always is,’ she said with heavy irony.

“当然，迈克尔不会迟到，你知道他一贯是多么守时。”她用强烈的讽刺口吻说道。


irrational

[irrationality](bold) /ɪˌræʃəˈnæləti/  n. <U>

非理性的，不合理的，荒谬的

他变得越来越不可理喻了。


irregular

[irregularity](bold) /ɪˌreɡjəˈlærəti/  n. <C,U> eg: The club were found guilty of financial irregularities.

having a shape, surface, pattern etc that is not even, smooth, or balanced

〔形状〕不规则的；〔表面〕不平整的；〔图案〕不对称的

It has a highly irregular shape, covered in bumps and indentations.

它的外形极不规则，满是凸起和凹陷的地方。

not happening at times that are an equal distance from each other

He’s receiving medication for an irregular heartbeat.

他因心律不齐正在接受药物治疗。

Beamish only returned to Britain [at irregular intervals](bold).

比米什只是不定期地回到英国。

not happening or done at the normal time for doing something

Funeral directors often work long, [irregular hours](bold).

殡仪业人员的工作时间经常很长，而且不定时。

not obeying the usually accepted legal or moral rules

不合法的；不合道德规范的

It would be [highly irregular](bold)(=extremely irregular) for a minister to accept payments of this kind.

身为部长接受这类报酬是极不恰当的。

a verb or a form of a word that does not follow the usual pattern of grammar, such as the verb ‘catch’ or the plural ‘fish’

a word meaning constipatedunable to easily pass food waste from your body, used in order to be polite


irregular

a soldier who is not an official member of a country’s army


irrelevant

not useful or not relating to a particular situation, and therefore not important

We’re focussing too much on irrelevant details.

我们过于关注不相干的细节。

Students viewed Latin as boring and irrelevant.

学生认为拉丁语无聊且无关紧要。

His age is completely irrelevant if he can do the job.

如果他能胜任这份工作，年龄完全不重要。

The defendant’s lawyer argued that his past offenses were irrelevant to this case.

被告律师辩称他的前科和本案无关。


irresistible

ˌɪrɪˈzɪstəbəl◂

ˌɪrɪˈzɪstəbəl◂

so attractive, desirable etc that you cannot prevent yourself from wanting it

Tax-cutting proposals could [prove irresistible](bold) to lawmakers.

减税议案可能最终会让立法者无法拒绝通过。

Men [find](bold) Natalie [irresistible](bold).

男人们觉得无法抗拒纳塔莉的魅力。

too strong or powerful to be stopped or prevented

〔力量太强大而〕不可遏止的，不可避免的

I was overcome by an [irresistible urge](bold) to cry.


irresponsible

ˌɪrɪˈspɒnsəbəl◂

[irresponsibly](bold) adv. eg: He was acting totally irresponsibly.

[irresponsibility](bold) /ˌɪrɪspɒnsəˈbɪləti/ US /-spɑːn-/  n. <U>

doing careless things without thinking or worrying about the possible bad results

→see THESAURUS at [careless](->careless)

When it comes to money, Dan is completely irresponsible.

一到钱的事上，丹完全不负责任。

It would be irresponsible not to turn up for work without calling.

不打电话说一声就不去上班是不负责任的。

It was highly irresponsible of him to leave the children on their own in the pool.

他把孩子们独自留在游泳池里，真是太不负责任了。


irritate

to make someone feel annoyed or impatient, especially by doing something many times or for a long period of time

使烦躁〔尤因重复或长时间做某事〕；激怒

[It](bold) really [irritates](bold) me when he doesn’t help around the house.

家里的事情他一点都不帮忙，真让我恼火。

to make a part of your body painful and sore

使〔身体的某一部位〕疼痛

This cream may [irritate](bold) sensitive [skin](bold).

这种润肤霜对敏感性皮肤可能有刺激性。


irritated

feeling annoyed and impatient about something

John was getting irritated by all her questions.

约翰对她提的那些问题越来越恼火了。


irritating

an irritating habit, situation etc keeps annoying you

〔习惯、情况等〕烦人的，使人恼火的

He’s the most irritating man I’ve ever met.

他是我遇到过的最烦人的人。

He was smiling in a way I [found](bold) very [irritating](bold).

She has an irritating habit of interrupting.

她有个烦人的习惯，就是老打断别人的话。


island

a piece of land completely surrounded by water

In the centre of a lake is a small island.

an island – used in poetry or in names of islands

The horse carried him to the windswept isle of Bujan.

It is the most southerly point in the British Isles.

a piece of land almost completely surrounded by water but joined to a large area of land

There is a coastal path around the peninsula.

a group of small islands that are in a line

He lives on an island at the eastern end of the Indonesian archipelago.

Novaya Zemlja is a large island in the Russian Arctic.

It’s a small island, barely twenty miles long.

There are over a thousand uninhabited islands in the seas around Greece.

I remember visiting a remote island off the west coast of Ireland.

The islands were so remote that they could only be reached at certain times of the year.

More than 3,500 years ago, the volcanic island of Thera erupted.

The island is volcanic and has very little vegetation.

(=a tropical island that is far away and where nobody lives)

What could be more romantic than a wedding on a tropical island?

Chris told me he was sailing to the Greek islands.

The turtles lay their eggs on the beaches of offshore islands.

He had become used to the slow pace of island life.

She had booked a beach house on the island paradise of Phuket.

He had invited her back to his island home on Grand Cayman.

Our destination was a chain of islands, sixty miles east of Taiwan.

We live on the northernmost tip of the island of Barbados.


isolate

to separate one person, group, or thing from other people or things

The US has sought to isolate Cuba both economically and politically.

美国一直想在经济和政治上孤立古巴。

Presley’s phenomenal early success isolated him from his friends.

普雷斯利年纪轻轻就成就非凡，这使他在朋友中陷于孤立。

Newborn babies must be isolated from possible contamination.

新生儿必须与潜在的感染源隔离开来。

if you isolate an idea, problem etc, you consider it separately from other things that are connected with it

分隔，区别看待〔观点、问题等〕

It is impossible to isolate political responsibility from moral responsibility.

不可能把政治责任和道德责任分离开来。

to separate a substance, disease etc from other substances so that it can be studied

分离〔物质、疾病等以进行研究〕

The hepatitis B virus has been isolated from breast milk.

乙型肝炎病毒已从母乳中分离出来。


isolated

an isolated building, village etc is far away from any others

〔建筑物、村庄等〕孤零零的，偏僻的

Not many people visit this isolated spot.

没有多少人到这个偏僻的地方来。

feeling alone and unable to meet or speak to other people

年轻的妈妈常常感到孤独。

an isolated action, event, example etc happens only once, and is not likely to happen again

〔行动、事件、例子等〕单独的，个别的

Police say that last week’s protest was an isolated incident.

警方说上周的抗议只是个别事件。


isolation

ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən

ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən

when one group, person, or thing is separate from others

Because of its geographical isolation, the area developed its own unique culture.

由于地理上的隔绝，该地区形成了自己独特的文化。

the country’s continuing political isolation

这个国家政治上的持续孤立

The political prisoner had been held in [complete isolation](bold).

这名政治犯被完全隔离，单独监禁。

The mansion sits in [splendid isolation](bold) on top of the hill (=it is far from everything and looks impressive).

宅邸位于山顶，远离尘嚣。

Scarlet fever victims had to go to the isolation hospital.

猩红热患者必须进隔离医院。

when someone feels alone and unable to meet or speak to other people

Retirement can often cause feelings of isolation.

退休生活常让人感到孤独。

elderly people living in social isolation

生活在与社会隔绝状态中的老人

if something exists or is considered in isolation, it exists or is considered separately from other things that are connected with it

The future of health care cannot be considered in isolation from economic factors.

不能脱离经济因素而孤立地看待卫生保健服务的未来。


issue

ˈɪʃuː, ˈɪsjuː

They met to discuss the issue of working conditions at the factory.

Some important issues were raised at the meeting.

The government must deal with the issue of gun crime.

The company said that it will address the issue at the next scheduled board meeting.

The issue was settled after some tough negotiations.

No deadline has been set to resolve the issue.

(=accept that an issue exists and deal with it)

Politicians seem to be reluctant to face the issue.

There is no point in evading the issue any longer.

(=make an issue more difficult to understand or deal with than it needs to be)

You must not let your feelings cloud the issue.

The minister used his speech to highlight the issue of global warming.

The issue arose during a meeting of the Budget Committee.

This chapter discusses the ethical issues surrounding genetically modified foods.

They discussed a number of political issues.

The committee met several times to discuss this important issue.

He was able to grasp complex issues quickly.

(=an issue that causes strong feelings and arguments)

(=a difficult one that causes disagreement)

Illegal immigration is always a thorny issue.

For country-dwellers, transport is a burning issue.

(=more general issues, that affect more people or things)

This is a question that raises much wider issues.

(=an issue that is important at the present time)

The magazine discusses topical issues in science.

(=the cause, or a more important problem that is related to something)

This research explores some of the underlying issues related to high unemployment.

Decisions still need to be made about some fundamental issues.

A number of unresolved issues remain before the treaty can be signed.

A range of issues were debated at the meeting.

(=something is not the most important problem or part)

a subject or problem that is often discussed or argued about, especially a social or political matter that affects the interests of a lot of people

〔尤指社会或政治方面的〕议题，争论的问题

Abortion is a highly controversial issue.

We should raise the issue of discrimination with the council.

我们应提请市政会讨论歧视的问题。

The key issue is whether workers should be classified as ‘employees’.

关键问题是工人是否应该界定为“雇员”。

a magazine or newspaper printed for a particular day, week, or month

The article appeared in the January issue of ‘Nature’.

这篇文字刊登在《自然》杂志一月号上。

to disagree or argue with someone about something

不同意某人/某事；与某人争论

It is difficult to take issue with his analysis.

对他的分析很难有不同看法。

I must take issue with you over what you said yesterday.

我必须对你昨天所说的提出异议。

to argue about something, especially in a way that annoys other people because they do not think it is important

就某事挑起争端〔尤指小题大做〕

I was upset by Eleanor’s remarks, but didn’t make an issue of it.

我对埃莉诺的话很恼火，但我没把事情闹大。

to have problems dealing with something because of something that happened in the past

There’s a self-help group for people who have issues with money.

为有经济困难的人设立了一个自助小组。

if you have issues with someone or something, you do not agree with or approve of them

the problem or subject at issue is the most important part of what you are discussing or considering

At issue here is the extent to which exam results reflect a student’s ability.

考试成绩能在多大程度上反映学生的能力是问题的焦点。

the act of officially giving people something to use

the issue of identity cards to all non-residents

给所有非本国居民发放身份证

a new set of something such as shares or stamps, made available for people to buy

新发行的一套〔股票、邮票等〕

We launched the [share issue](bold) on March 1.

3月1日我们发行了股票。


issue

to officially make a statement, give an order, warning etc

发表〔声明〕；颁布，发出〔命令、警告等〕

Silva [issued](bold) a [statement](bold) denying all knowledge of the affair.

西尔瓦发表声明，宣称对此事一无所知。

（美国）卫生局局长发出的警告

if an organization or someone in an official position issues something such as documents or equipment, they give these things to people who need them

〔组织或官员〕发给，分发〔文件、设备等所需之物〕

[issue a passport/permit/visa etc](bold)

The US State Department issues millions of passports each year.

每年美国国务院都签发数百万份护照。

All the workers were issued with protective clothing.

所有工人都配发了防护服。

The policy document will be issued to all employees.

政策文件会发给所有的雇员。

to officially produce something such as new stamps, coins, or shares and make them available to buy

正式发行〔新邮票、硬币、股票等〕


it

[pron](bold) <[used as subject or object](bold)>

used to refer to a thing, animal, situation, idea etc that has already been mentioned or is already known about

它，这，那〔指已经提及或已为对方所知晓的事物、动物、情况、想法等〕

‘Where’s your office?’ ‘It’s on the third floor.’

“你的办公室在哪儿？”“在三楼。”

I love the spring – it’s a wonderful time of the year.

我喜欢春季——这是一年里最美妙的时节。

There were people crying, buildings on fire. It was terrible!

有人在哭喊，楼房在燃烧——太可怕了！

不要责备我，这不是我的主意。

This little beast is a lemur and it lives in Madagascar.

这小动物是狐猴，生活在马达加斯加。

used to refer to the situation that someone is in now, or what is happening now

〔指某人目前所处的境况或正在发生的事〕

I can’t stand it any longer. I’m resigning.

我再也忍受不了啦，我要辞职。

How’s it going, Bob? I haven’t seen you for ages.

鲍勃，近况如何？我们好久不见了。

And the worst of it is the car isn’t even paid for yet.

最糟糕的是这辆车子还没有付款。

Stop it, you two. You’re just being silly.

别闹了，你们俩。蠢死了。

used as the subject or object of a verb when the real subject or object is later in the sentence

〔用作动词的主语或宾语，而真正的主语或宾语在句子的后部〕

It worries me the way he keeps changing his mind.

他老是改变主意，这让我很厌烦。

Apparently it’s cheaper to fly than to go by train.

显然，乘飞机比坐火车便宜。

看来我们在这里不受欢迎。

used as the subject of a sentence when you are talking about the weather, the time, a distance etc

〔谈论天气、时间、距离等时作为句子的主语〕

It was 4 o'clock and the mail still hadn’t come.

It’s over 200 miles from London to Manchester.

从伦敦到曼彻斯特有两百多英里。

我上次见到她至今已有三年了。

used with the verb ‘be’ to emphasize that you are talking about one particular thing, person, group etc and not any other

〔与be动词连用，强调你所讲的是某物、某人或某团体等，而不是任何其他的人或事物〕

你应该和劳伦斯谈谈，而不是其他人。

It was in New Zealand that Elizabeth first met Mr Cronje.

伊丽莎白是在新西兰初识克龙涅先生的。

used to refer to a baby when you do not know what sex the baby is

〔指婴儿，用于不知道其性别时〕

要是男孩的话，你想给他取个什么名字？

‘Who’s that over there?’ ‘It’s Robert Morley.’

“那边的人是谁？” “是罗伯特·莫利。”

used to say who is speaking, especially on the telephone

〔用于指说话的人，尤指打电话或接电话的人〕

(also: [if it hadn’t been for sb/sth](bold) )

used to say who or what prevents or prevented something from happening

We would have arrived much earlier if it hadn’t been for the snow.

要不是下雪，我们早就到了。

a particular ability or quality that is needed in order to do something

〔做某事所需的〕特殊能力[品质]

In a job like advertising, you’ve either got it or you haven’t!

像广告这种职业，你要么有这份才能，要么没有！

used to say that something you expected to happen is actually going to happen

就是它〔表示预计发生的事真要发生了〕

This is it, boys – the moment we’ve been waiting for.

时候到了，男孩们，我们一直等的就是这一刻。

used to say that something is completely finished or that a situation cannot be changed

完了，就这样了〔表示某事已结束或情况不可改变〕

That’s it, then. There’s nothing more we can do.

那就这样吧，我们再没有别的办法。

used to tell someone that they are doing something correctly

做得对，就是这样〔用于告诉某人做得对〕

慢点，慢点。对，就是这样。

used when you are angry about a situation and you do not want it to continue

够了〔表示愤怒，不想某事继续〕

to think you are more important than you are

Just because he got a higher mark, he really thinks he’s it.

只因为分数比别人高他就自以为很了不起。


it

a bag, dress etc that is very fashionable and desirable

时髦而抢手的包/连衣裙/鞋等

I’ve managed to get my hands on this season’s it bag.

我好不容易买到了本季度很流行的一个包。


IT

the study or use of electronic processes and equipment for storing information and making it available


itch

if part of your body or your clothes itch, you have an unpleasant feeling on your skin that makes you want to rub it with your nails

这件衬衫上的标签刺得我痒痒的。

to want to do something very much and as soon as possible


itch

an uncomfortable feeling on your skin that makes you want to rub it with your nails

Scratch my back – I [have](bold) an [itch](bold).

给我挠挠背——我觉得痒。


itchy

[comparative](italic) [itchier](bold) [superlative](italic) [itchiest](bold)

if part of your body is itchy, it feels slightly unpleasant and you want to rub it with your nails

My eyes sometimes get red and itchy in the summer.

到夏天我的眼睛有时会发红发痒。

if clothes are itchy, they make your skin feel slightly unpleasant, so that you want to rub your skin with your nails

wanting to go somewhere new or do something different

渴望〔去新的地方或做不同的事情〕的

He’s had that job now for about eight years, and he’s starting to [get itchy](bold).

他做那份工作快八年了，现在开始感到腻烦。

I’ve only been back home for a few months and I’ve already got [itchy feet](bold)(=the desire to go somewhere new).

我回家才几个月，脚又痒痒地想出门了。

someone with itchy fingers is likely to steal things

I tucked the bills deep into my pocket, away from itchy fingers.

我把钞票塞进口袋深处，以防扒手偷走。


item

A local authority can decide whether a particular item of expenditure should be cut.

This is the largest amount ever paid for a single item of jewellery.

Salt was an important item in the Roman economy.

The shop stocks a wide variety of household items.

Import controls have been lifted on hundreds of consumer items.

Tea and coffee, once luxury items, became standard drinks for every social class.

(=something a collector would want to own because it is interesting or valuable)

This record is so rare that it has become a collector’s item.

The police have recovered most of the stolen items.

(=something that is causing a problem – often used humorously)

Replacement of the offending item should solve the problem.

The cardboard box contained a number of miscellaneous items.

She’d bought a few items of clothing for her trip.

Expensive items of jewellery should be insured.

A few items of furniture had not yet been delivered.

Ice cream was probably her favourite item of food.

Students are encouraged to write down useful vocabulary items in their notebooks.

The next item on the agenda is next month’s sales conference.

Clay was used to make an impressive range of items.

a single thing, especially one thing in a list, group, or set of things

〔尤指清单上、一群或一组事物中的〕一项，一件，一条

He opened the cardboard box and took out each item.

他打开纸板箱把里面的物品一一拿出来。

The store is having a sale on furniture and household items.

这家商店正在减价出售家具和家居用品。

We went on to the next item on the agenda.

[item of clothing/furniture/jewellery etc](bold)(=a single piece of clothing, furniture, jewellery etc)

[luxury items](bold) such as exotic spices and perfumes

异国香料和香水之类的奢侈品

The original 1965 bottle is now a [collector’s item](bold)(=one of a set of objects people like to collect because they are interesting or valuable).

这瓶1965年生产的原装酒现在是收藏品。

a single, usually short, piece of news in a newspaper or magazine, or on television

〔报纸、杂志或电视上的〕一条（短）消息

I also saw that [news item](bold) in the Sunday Times.

我在《星期日泰晤士报》上也看到了那条新闻。

if two people are an item, they are having a romantic or sexual relationship


its

[determiner](bold) <[possessive form of ‘it’](bold)>

used to refer to something that belongs to or is connected with a thing, animal, baby etc that has already been mentioned

它的，他的，她的〔指东西、动物、婴儿等〕

Salzburg is famous for its beautiful buildings.

萨尔茨堡以其美丽的建筑闻名。

→ Do not confuse with [it's](bold) (=‘it is’ or ‘it has’).


itself

[pron](bold) <[reflexive form of ‘it’](bold)>

used to show that a thing, organization, animal, or baby that does something is affected by its own action

自己，自身〔用于表示施动者受本身动作影响〕

The cat lay on the sofa, washing itself.

猫躺在沙发上把自己舔干净。

The machine switches itself off when the process is complete.

工作程序结束，机器会自动关闭。

a small local enterprise that has transformed itself into a highly successful company

已发展为非常成功的公司的一家地方小企业

used to emphasize that you are talking about one particular thing, organization etc

自身，本身〔用以强调某一事物、组织等〕

We’ve checked the wiring, so the problem may be the television itself.

我们已检查过线路，所以问题也许出在电视机本身。

considered separately from any other facts

There is a slight infection in the lung, which in itself is not serious.

肺部有轻微的感染，这本身并不严重。

Will the dog be safe left in the car by itself?

把狗独自留在车里安全吗？

without help or without a person making it work

那扇门好像是自己打开的。

（全部）为自己所有；非共用

这个观点值得单独写一章。

be patience/kindness/simplicity etc itself

Loading the software is simplicity itself.


ivory

the hard smooth yellowish-white substance from the tuskslong teeth of an elephant

something made of ivory, especially a small figure of a person or animal

象牙制品〔尤指小型人像或动物像〕


jacket

[a leather/denim/linen etc jacket](bold)

→ [bomber jacket](->bomber jacket) → [dinner jacket](->dinner jacket) → [life jacket](->life jacket) → [straitjacket](->straitjacket) sense 1

the part of a suit that covers the top part of your body

Gene has to wear a jacket and tie to work.

吉恩上班得穿西装打领带。

a stiff piece of folded paper that fits over the cover of a book to protect it

a stiff paper cover that protects a record

a cover that surrounds and protects some types of machines

〔某些机器的〕外罩，保护罩


jail

The judge sent Meyer to jail for six years.

The government would put him in jail if he stayed in the country.

Drunks were thrown in jail for a few days.

spend time/three months/six years etc in jail

Griffiths spent three days in jail after pushing a policeman.

He was finally released after serving 27 years in jail.

He got out of jail after five years for armed robbery.

More than 30 of those arrested were released from jail for lack of evidence.

The suspects were taken to the local jail.

He was held without bail for thirty days in the county jail.

Some inmates at the high-security jail had been wrongfully imprisoned.

He served only half of his three-month jail term.

The suspect was found dead in his jail cell.

a place where criminals are kept as part of their punishment, or where people who have been charged with a crime are kept before they are judged in a law court

He’s been [in jail](bold) for three months already.


jail

[jail sb for two months/six years/life etc](bold)

他们应判杀她的凶手终身监禁。


jam

a thick sweet substance made from boiled fruit and sugar, eaten especially on bread

a situation in which it is difficult or impossible to move because there are so many cars or people

Sorry we’re late. We got stuck in a [traffic jam](bold).

对不起，我们来晚了，路上堵车。

a situation in which a machine does not work because something is stopping a part from moving

We became friends after he helped me out of a jam.

他帮助我摆脱过一次困境，之后我们就成了朋友。

爵士乐[摇滚乐]即兴演奏会

a song or piece of music, especially one by a rap or rock group

〔尤指说唱音乐或摇滚乐的〕一首歌曲，一首乐曲

to play rock music loudly and with a lot of energy or emotion

Make no mistake – these guys know how to kick out the jams.

错不了，这些家伙知道如何充满激情地演奏摇滚乐。

good things someone promises you, which never happen

空头许诺，许而不予的好东西

There is an element of ‘jam tomorrow’ about some of the government’s policies.


jam

[past tense and past participle](italic) [jammed](bold) [present participle](italic) [jamming](bold)

to push something somewhere using a lot of force, until it can move no further

He jammed his foot on the accelerator and the car sped off.

他使劲踩下油门，汽车飞驰而去。

A chair had been jammed up against the door.

门被一把椅子牢牢顶住了。

if a moving part of something jams, or if you jam it, it no longer works properly because something is preventing it from moving

(使)卡住；(使)不能运转

The front roller has jammed on the photocopier.

if a lot of people or vehicles jam a place, they fill it so that it is difficult to move

Crowds jammed the entrance to the stadium.

to play music in an informal way with other people

to slow down a car suddenly by putting your foot down hard on the brake

if telephone calls jam the switchboard of an organization, so many people are phoning the organization that it cannot deal with them all

使(某人的)电话总机应接不暇

Viewers jammed the switchboard with complaints.

观众打来的投诉电话令总机应接不暇。

to deliberately prevent broadcasts or other electronic signals from being received, by broadcasting signals on the same wavelength

干扰〔无线电广播或其他电子信号〕

used to say that someone is doing something very quickly or well


January

[n](bold) <[C,U](bold)> written abbreviation: Jan.

the first month of the year, between December and February

I haven’t heard from him since last January.

从去年1月以来，我就没有得到过他的音讯。

她1月份开始在那里工作。

他于1999年1月6日上任。


jar

a glass container with a wide top and a lid, used for storing food such as jam or honey, or the amount it contains

〔玻璃〕罐子，广口瓶；一罐[一瓶]之量

a container made of clay, stone etc, used especially in the past for keeping food or drink in

〔尤指过去盛食物或饮品的〕罐，坛，缸

我们已经在小酒馆喝了几杯啤酒。


jar

[past tense and past participle](italic) [jarred](bold) [present participle](italic) [jarring](bold)

(使)感到不快；(使)吃惊

他的话让哈丽雅特很生气。

The screaming was starting to [jar on](bold) my [nerves](bold).

尖叫声让我心烦意乱起来。

to shake or hit something in a way that damages it or makes it loose

艾丽斯着地时姿势不当，伤了脚踝。

to be different in style or appearance from something else and therefore look strange

There was a modern lamp that jarred with the rest of the room.

房间里有一盏现代风格的灯，和其他东西不协调。


jargon

ˈdʒɑːrɡən, -ɡɑːn

words and expressions used in a particular profession or by a particular group of people, which are difficult for other people to understand – often used to show disapproval

〔难懂的〕行话，术语〔常含贬义〕

Keep it simple and avoid the use of jargon.


jaw

one of the two bones that your teeth are in

an animal with two rows of teeth in its lower jaw

the lower part of your face. Its shape is sometimes thought to show your character

下巴，下颌〔下巴的形状有时被认为能够显示一个人的性格〕

a rugged physique and a strong square jaw

强健的体格以及结实的方下巴

used to say that someone looked surprised or shocked

某人张口结舌〔形容惊讶或震惊〕

‘You’re not serious, are you?’ Ellen’s jaw dropped.

“你不是认真的，对吧？”埃伦惊讶地张大了嘴。

the mouth of a person or animal, especially a dangerous animal

〔人或动物，尤指猛兽的〕嘴

the two parts of a machine or tool that move together to hold something tightly

a situation in which something unpleasant almost happens

死亡边缘/胜负关头/绝望边缘等

She had saved him from the jaws of death.

她把他从鬼门关里救了出来。


jaw

Stop jawing and let me get on with the work!

别说废话了，让我继续干活！


jazz

a type of music that has a strong beat and parts for performers to play alone

I’m fed up with work, meetings, and all that jazz.

我已经厌倦了工作、开会等等这些事情。


jealous

Someone is [jealous of](bold)  someone or something: She was jealous of her sister.
Don’t say: [jealous about](strike)

feeling unhappy because someone has something that you want and cannot have

Maybe he's jealous because I got the job and he didn't.

Sharon had always been jealous of her sister's long blonde hair.

wishing that you had something nice or special that someone else has

When I saw the garden, I was really envious.

She knew she was beautiful and enjoyed the envious looks of other women.

You'll be green with envy when you see their new house.

having a very strong desire to have something that someone else has

The King was a covetous and grasping man.

feeling unhappy because someone has something that you wish you had

你为什么这么嫉妒他的成功？

feeling angry and unhappy because someone you like or love is showing interest in another person, or another person is showing interest in them

She gets jealous if I even look at another woman.

即使我只是看一眼别的女人，她也会吃醋。

He was talking to Nina to [make](bold) me [jealous](bold).

他在和尼娜说话，就是为了让我吃醋。

wanting to keep or protect something that you have, because you are proud of it

〔因引以为豪而〕珍惜某事物的，小心守护某事物的


jealousy

How do I deal with my feelings of jealousy regarding my girlfriend?

Polly felt a sharp pang of jealousy when she saw Paul with Suzanne.

(=because a sudden feeling of jealousy makes you do something)

In a fit of jealousy, Ben broke off their engagement.

Their remarks were motivated by pure jealousy.

He quickly discovered the petty jealousies and gossip of village life.

Sexual jealousy is a common motive for murder.

(=between people who do the same kind of work)

Feelings of professional jealousy can upset the workings of an office.

He felt a lot of jealousy at the thought of her with Tony.

A partner's involvement with friends, family, or work colleagues can cause jealousy.

[a pang/stab/twinge of jealousy](bold)(=a sudden feeling of jealousy)

波莉看到保罗和苏珊娜在一起时，一阵强烈的妒意涌上心头。

[Sexual jealousy](bold) is a common motive for murder.

feelings of [professional jealousy](bold)

He quickly discovered the [petty jealousies](bold) and gossip of village life.


jeans

trousers made of denima strong, usually blue, cotton cloth


jelly

a soft sweet food made from fruit juice and gelatin

a thick sweet substance made from boiled fruit and sugar with no pieces of fruit in it, eaten especially on bread

〔常用于涂抹面包的〕果酱

a soft solid substance made from meat juices and gelatin

a substance that is solid but very soft, and moves easily when you touch it

frogs’ eggs floating in a protective jelly

if your legs or knees feel like jelly, they start to shake because you are frightened or nervous

〔腿或膝盖由于恐惧或紧张而〕开始发软

drugs that make you feel relaxed and sleepy, which some people use illegally


jerk

to move with a quick sudden movement, or to make part of your body move in this way

(使)猝然一动，(使)猛然一动

Wilcox [jerked](bold) his [head](bold) to indicate that they should move on.

威尔科克斯扭扭头，示意他们该走了。

‘Is that the only way out of here?’ he asked, [jerking](bold) a [thumb](bold) at the door.

“那是这里唯一的出口吗？”他用拇指指了指门口问道。

The sound of the phone [jerked](bold) me [awake](bold).

电话铃声突然把我吵醒了。

Doyle jerked at the girl’s hair to make her sit down.

多伊尔猛扯那姑娘的头发，让她坐下。

She [jerked open](bold) the car door and got out.


jerk

He gave a sudden [jerk of](bold) his [head](bold).

She started the car with a jerk and hit the bumper of the car in front.

她猛地开动汽车，撞到了前面那辆车的保险杠上。

someone, especially a man, who is stupid or who does things that annoy or hurt other people


jerk

meat that has been left in spices or covered with spices before being cooked

〔烹饪前〕预先腌制的鸡肉/猪肉等


jet

他拥有一架私人喷气式飞机。

a narrow stream of liquid or gas that comes quickly out of a small hole, or the hole itself

〔液体或气体的〕喷射流；喷射孔[口]

She soaped herself beneath the refreshing jets of water.

她在令人舒爽的喷射水流下往身上擦肥皂。

a hard black stone that is used for making jewellery


jet

[past tense and past participle](italic) [jetted](bold) [present participle](italic) [jetting](bold)

to travel by plane, especially to many different places

坐飞机旅行〔尤指去很多不同的地方〕

We’re jetting off for a sunshine holiday in the Caribbean.

我们要乘飞机去加勒比海，过一个阳光明媚的假期。

business executives jetting around the world

乘飞机满世界跑的企业高管

if a liquid or gas jets out from somewhere, it comes quickly out of a small hole

〔液体或气体〕喷射，喷出


jewel

He had a large fortune in gold and jewels.

the crown jewelsthe crown and other valuable objects worn by the king or queen on important royal occasions

a rare and valuable jewel such as a diamond or an

The handle of the sword was decorated with precious stones.

a jewel that has been cut into a special shape

The cross had large red gems set into it.

a valuable stone, but one that is not as rare or valuable as a diamond, ruby, emerald etc

Lapis lazuli is a semi-precious stone that was often used by the ancient Egyptians.

a single jewel, especially a large diamond

jewellery or other objects made with valuable stones and used for decoration

She loved dressing up and wearing priceless jewels.

她喜欢穿上盛装，戴上极为昂贵的珠宝首饰。

a very small stone used in the machinery of a watch

〔钟表内的〕宝石轴承，钻

something or someone that is very valuable, attractive, or important

He introduced her to Budapest, a jewel of a city.

他让她认识了布达佩斯——一座明珠般的城市。

the best or most valuable part of something

王冠上的珠宝〔指某物最好或最有价值的部分〕

Puddings are the jewel in the crown of British cookery.

布丁是英国烹饪中的精华。


jewellery

[Jewellery](bold)  is an uncountable noun and is not used in the plural. You say: The thieves stole all my jewellery.
Don’t say: [The thieves stole all my jewelleries.](strike)

[Jewellery](bold)  is always followed by a singular verb: Their jewellery [is ](bold) very fashionable.

When talking about one ring, necklace etc, you say a [piece of jewellery](bold)  or an [item of jewellery](bold) : She bought an expensive piece of jewellery.

([BrE](special)) AmE jewelry  [n](bold) <[U](bold)>

small things that you wear for decoration, such as rings or necklaces

→ [costume jewellery](->costume jewellery)


jigsaw

a picture cut up into many pieces that you try to fit together

a very complicated situation, especially one that you are trying to understand

复杂的情况；〔尤指〕谜团

As he explained, another [piece of the jigsaw](bold) fell into place.

经他解释，这个谜团又有一部分被解开了。

a tool for cutting out shapes in thin pieces of wood


job

→ [hatchet job](->hatchet job) [(it’s a) good job](bold) at → [good](->good) 1 sense 50 [make the best of a bad job](bold) at → [best](->best) 3 sense 9

the regular paid work that you do for an employer

activities that you are paid for doing – used either when you work for an employer or when you work in your own business

He graduated from college last year and is still looking for work.

a job for which you need special education and training

There are now a lot more women in the legal profession.

Many teachers are leaving the profession.

a job, or a type of job – often used on official documents

Please give your name, age, and occupation.

the work you do or plan to do for most of your life

I’m interested in a career in journalism.

I am writing to apply for the position of technical assistant.

We regret that the position has already been filled.

Please state the position which you are applying for.

a job, especially an important one in a large organization

She has held the post of managing director for two years.

He applied for the post of Senior Manager.

a job that is available for someone to do

The hospital has been unable to fill the vacancy.

There are very few openings in scientific research.

an important job which someone is asked to do

He took an appointment as US trade ambassador in Geneva.

a situation in which someone is sent somewhere to do a job for a period of time by the organization they work for

This was his first posting outside the UK.

His next posting took him to the Ministry of Defence.

a job that involves using your hands, and for which you need special training

Most of the men had worked in skilled trades such as carpentry and printing.

The factory will provide employment for local people.

She was offered employment in the sales office.

I’ve applied for a job at the university.

Well, Miss Taylor, we’d like to offer you the job.

Eventually, Mary got a job as a waitress.

My husband finally landed a job in marketing.

I was so desperate that I took the first job that came along.

He had never been able to hold down a job.

At least there’s no danger of you losing your job.

Oh, Rick, you didn’t quit your job, did you?

If the project fails, we’re all out of a job.

The job is only temporary, but I’m hoping it will be made permanent.

I haven’t had a steady job since last March.

(=a job with low wages and no chance of progress)

Levels of job satisfaction vary between departments.

(=how permanent your job is likely to be)

As an actor, he has very little job security.

The factory is closing, with 600 job losses.

这是我第一份拿工资的工作。

Your pension can be affected if you change jobs.

换工作的话，会影响到你的退休金。

In everyday English, people usually ask [What do you do?](bold)  or [What does she/he do?](bold)  when asking what someone’s job is.

something that you are responsible for doing

[It’s my job to](bold) make sure that the work is finished on time.

我的任务是确保工作按时完成。

The job of the jury is to assess the credibility of the witness.

陪审团的职责是判断证人是否可信。

I was given the job of making sure that everyone had enough to drink.

给我的任务是确保每个人都有足够喝的。

All too often councils [fall down on the job](bold)(=not do what they should) of keeping the streets clean.

市政服务机构屡屡未能尽到保持街道清洁的职责。

In written English, people often prefer to use [task](bold)  or [duty](bold)  rather than [job](bold) , as they sound more formal:

Our first [task](bold) was to prepare the agenda for the meeting.

a particular thing you have to do, considered as work

My parents were always finding little jobs for me to do.

父母老是找些小事情给我做。

Filleting fish can be quite a fiddly job.

Tiling the bathroom is going to be a [big job](bold).

给浴室贴瓷砖将是个大工程。

Sam does [odd jobs](bold)(=small jobs in the house or garden) for friends and neighbours.

萨姆为朋友和邻居打打零工。

The job of choosing the right computer for you is made easy by this magazine.

有了这本杂志，挑选一台合适的电脑就变得容易了。

We need to [get on with the job of](bold) finding someone to replace him.

我们要继续找人来替代他。

[do a good/great/marvellous etc job](bold)

Whoever did the plastering did a brilliant job.

抹泥灰的那个人干得真不错。

[make a good/bad etc job of (doing) sth](bold)

She hates doing the cleaning, but she always makes a good job of it.

她不喜欢做清洁工作，但一直做得很出色。

Most clerical training is done on the job.

大部分文书培训都是在职进行的。

We’ve got some of our best people on the job.

我们有一些最优秀的人才在做这项工作。

used to say that it is not your fault if you have to do something in your work that other people do not like

我只是在做分内的事〔用来表示所做的事情属于职责范围，即使别人不喜欢，也非自己的过错〕

used to tell someone that you cannot do what they want because you would lose your job if you did – often used humorously

那会让我丢饭碗的〔常为幽默用法〕

to have the effect or produce the result that you want

used to say that someone has done something that was necessary, especially quickly and easily

When we scored three times in the first half, we thought, ‘Job done.’

我们上半场进了三个球，心想:“大功告成。”

have a job doing sth/have a job to do sth

难以做到某事，做某事有困难

I think we might have a job parking in town.

我觉得我们可能很难在商业区找到停车位。

to have a damaging effect on someone or something

对某人/某事造成破坏性结果

The sun does quite a job on people’s skin.

太阳光对人的皮肤相当有害。

〔计算机完成的〕(一件)作业，工作

a crime in which money is stolen from a bank, company etc

〔从银行、公司等的〕盗窃

Police believe it was an [inside job](bold)(=done by someone who works for the company where the crime happens).

警方认为这是一起内部盗窃案。

an operation to improve the appearance of your nose or breasts

She looks completely different in this photo – she must have had a nose job.

这张照片上的她看起来完全不一样——她肯定整过鼻子了。

exactly what is needed for a particular purpose or situation

This bag is just the job for carrying your sports gear.

这个包正好可以用来装你的运动装备。

used to say that something is of a particular type

〔用于说明某物属于某一类型〕

Jack’s got a new car – a red two-seater job.

杰克买了辆新车，是红色、双人座的那种。

when someone in an important position gives work to their friends, especially when this gives the friends an unfair advantage

为亲信安排的工作，任人唯亲

The council chief was suspended over allegations of jobs for the boys.

市政会主席因被指控任人唯亲而被停职。

something that you have to do even if you do not enjoy it

a mixed group of things that are sold together

混杂在一起成批出售的家具


jog

[past tense and past participle](italic) [jogged](bold) [present participle](italic) [jogging](bold)

to run slowly and steadily, especially as a way of exercising

to knock or push something lightly by mistake

Perhaps this photo will help to jog your memory.

也许这张照片能唤起你的回忆。


jog

a slow steady run, especially done as a way of exercising

〔尤指为锻炼身体而进行的〕慢跑

He set off along the riverbank at a jog.

Mike [goes for a](bold) two-mile [jog](bold) every morning.

迈克每天早上慢跑两英里。


jogging

the activity of running slowly and steadily as a way of exercising


join

[join/combine forces](bold) at → [force](->force) 1 sense 9 [if you can't beat 'em, join 'em](bold) at → [beat](->beat) 1 sense 23

to make two things come together and stay in that position. [Join](bold) is used about fixing two things together permanently, so that they form a single thing

Doctors used a metal rod to join the two pieces of bone together.

to join one thing to another, so that it stays in position. [Attach ](bold) is often used when you can separate the two things later

She attached the photo to the letter with a paper clip.

On the wall, attached with adhesive tape, was a New York City subway map.

to join pieces of equipment together, especially with a wire or pipe, so that electricity, gas, water etc can pass from one to another

Have you connected up the speakers to the stereo?

The hoses that connect the radiator to the engine are leaking.

to connect machines, systems, computers etc, so that electronic signals can pass from one to another

All the office PCs are linked to the main server.

to become a member of an organization, society, or group

成为 …的一员，加入，加盟

You can enjoy a sport without joining a club or belonging to a team.

不加盟俱乐部和球队也可以享受体育运动的乐趣。

to begin to take part in an activity that other people are involved in

Many sacrificed their weekend to join the hunt for the missing girl.

许多人牺牲周末时间，加入了寻找失踪女孩的行动。

the benefits of joining our pension scheme

参加我们的退休金计划的好处

Church leaders have joined the campaign to end foxhunting.

to go somewhere in order to be with someone or do something with them

She joined her aunt in the sitting room.

The immigrants were soon joined by their wives and children.

这些移民的妻子和子女很快就来与他们团聚了。

→ Don’t say ‘join with’ someone. [Join](bold) is always followed by an object in this sense[I’ll join you later.](italic)

to do something together with someone else, or as a group

I invited them to join us for a glass of wine.

我邀请他们和我们一起喝杯酒。

I’m sure you’ll all join me in thanking today’s speaker.

我相信大家会和我一起来感谢今天的演讲者。

Parents have joined with health experts to produce a video for bereaved families.

家长们和医疗卫生专家一起为痛失亲人的家庭制作录像。

Three police forces have joined together to buy a helicopter.

三支警察部队共同出资购买一架直升机。

Join the two pieces of wood with strong glue.

用强力胶水把两块木头黏合起来。

The island is joined to the mainland by a causeway.

一条堤道将这座岛屿与大陆相连。

if two roads, rivers etc join, they come together and become connected at a particular point

〔道路、河流等〕结合，相交

Finally, we arrived at Dartmouth, where the River Dart joins the sea.

最后我们到达达特茅斯，达特河就在那里汇入大海。

to go and stand at the end of a line of people

He went in and joined the queue for the toilets.

if people join hands, they hold each other’s hands

They joined hands and danced round and round.

used to say that you and a lot of other people are in the same situation

彼此彼此〔指你和其他许多人的境况一样〕

‘I’m having difficulty knowing what today’s debate is about.’ ‘Join the club, Geoffrey.’

“我听不懂今天的辩论在讲些什么。” “彼此彼此，乔弗里。”

if two people are joined at the hip, they are always together and are very friendly – often used to show disapproval

〔两个人要好得〕形影不离〔常含贬义〕


join

a place where two parts of an object are connected or fastened together

It’s been glued back together so well you can hardly see the join.

重新粘得很好，几乎看不出接缝。


joint

[jointly](bold) adv. eg: tenants who are jointly responsible for their rent

involving two or more people or groups, or owned or shared by them

The two ministers have issued a [joint statement](bold).

两位部长发布了一项联合声明。

Both companies are involved in the [joint development](bold) of a new medium-sized car.

两家公司联合开发一款新的中型汽车。

The meal was a [joint effort](bold)(=two or more people worked on it together).

Manchester United and Arsenal are [joint favourites](bold) to win the title(=are thought to have the same chance of winning).

曼联和阿森纳均为夺冠的热门球队。

Both parties must sign the form if the account is to be [in joint names](bold)(=belong to two named people).

如果这是联名账户的话，双方都必须在表格上签名。

a business activity begun by two or more people or companies working together

a decision or law agreed by both houses of the US Congress and signed by the president

〔由美国参众两院通过并经总统签署的〕共同决议


joint

[case the joint](bold) at → [case](->case) 2 sense 2

a part of your body that can bend because two bones meet there

a large piece of meat, usually containing a bone

〔一般带有骨头的〕一大块肉

a place where two things or parts of an object are joined together

〔两个物体或部分的〕接合处，接缝，接头

What should I use to seal the joint between the carport roof and the house wall?

我应该用什么材料填补车棚顶和房屋墙面的接缝？

if a bone in your body is out of joint, it has been pushed out of its correct position

if a system, group etc is out of joint, it is not working properly

〔系统、组织等〕混乱，不正常

Something is out of joint in our society.

我们的社会有些方面不正常。

[put sb’s nose out of joint](bold) at → [nose](->nose) 1 sense 15

廉价酒吧[俱乐部，餐厅]


joke

→ [in-joke](->in-joke) → [practical joke](->practical joke) [standing joke](bold) at → [standing](->standing) 1 sense 3

a funny story that you tell people to make them laugh

Have you heard the joke about the man who found a frog in his soup?

a short story that someone tells to make people laugh

He was one of those guys who are good at telling funny stories at dinner parties.

a short joke, especially one told by a professional entertainer

He’s a great comedian, with plenty of good gags.

There are some memorable one-liners in the film.

a funny remark or reply, especially one that is said in a very quick and clever way

It’s a comic masterpiece, packed with classic wisecracks.

a joke made by mixing up two different meanings of the same word, or two words with the same sound

The title of the book is a witty play on words.

Shakespeare used a lot of puns for comic effect.

something funny and clever that someone says

He made some friendly quip about hair loss, and everyone laughed.

He was always telling jokes and making people laugh.

He was cracking jokes and seemed relaxed and happy.

A few people laughed at his jokes, but some didn’t find them funny.

John’s always playing jokes on his brothers.

I heard a really good joke the other day.

When I heard he had cancer, at first I thought it was some kind of sick joke.

It reminded me of the old joke about the chicken crossing the road.

A bunch of boys were telling dirty jokes.

What the workers think is a practical joke, management might regard as sabotage.

(=that only a few people who are involved in something will understand)

After I’d worked there a while, I started to understand some of the inside jokes.

(=in which people always laugh when the same situation happens, or when someone says something)

It’s a running joke in our house that my husband can never find his keys.

(=be the person a joke is made about, so that people laugh at you)

Somehow he’d become the butt of all his classmates’ jokes.

something that you say or do to make people laugh, especially a funny story or trick

I couldn’t go out with someone [for a joke](bold), could you?

我可不能拿谈恋爱当儿戏，对不对？

to be completely useless, stupid, or unreasonable

简直是在开玩笑；完全是一场闹剧

整个会议完全是一场闹剧。

a situation that has got beyond a joke has become serious and worrying

〔情况〕超出开玩笑的限度

This rain’s getting beyond a joke – let’s go inside.

这雨越下越大了，我们进去吧。

used to emphasize that a situation is serious or that someone really means what they say

某事并非开玩笑〔用来强调情况严重或某人说的话是认真的〕

It’s no joke bringing up a child on your own.

独自抚养小孩可不是好玩的事情。

used to say that someone is able to laugh at jokes about themselves

Your problem is you just can’t take a joke.

你的问题就是开不起玩笑。

to treat something serious as if it was intended to be funny

He could not bring himself to apologise. Instead, he tried to make a joke of it.

他没法开口道歉，就想拿这件事情开个玩笑蒙混过去。

a situation that someone else thinks is funny but you do not

某人觉得好玩的事〔但你本人却并不这么认为〕

Look, if this is your idea of a joke, I don’t find it at all funny.

喂，虽然你认为这很好笑，我却一点都不觉得。

used to say that something has happened to make someone seem stupid, especially when they were trying to make other people seem stupid

开玩笑反而开到自己身上了，作弄别人反而作弄到自己身上


joke

to say things that are intended to be funny and that you do not really mean

As we left the hospital, he joked with the staff.

我们离开医院时，他和医务人员开着玩笑。

His father joked that his son was trying to put him out of business.

他父亲开玩笑说他儿子想要他破产。

Calm down, Jo, I was [only joking](bold).

乔，别生气，我不过是开玩笑。

(also: [you’ve got to be joking](bold) )

used to tell someone that what they are suggesting is so strange or silly that you cannot believe that they are serious

你(一定)是在开玩笑吧〔用来表示某人的话很奇怪或愚蠢，你无法相信他们是认真的〕

‘Tell him.’ ‘You must be joking – he’d never believe me.’

“告诉他。” “你一定是在开玩笑吧，他绝不会相信我的。”

used before you say something serious after you have been joking

言归正传，说正经的〔用来表示停止开玩笑，开始说严肃的事〕


journal

a serious magazine produced for professional people or those with a particular interest

〔供专业人士或具有某种兴趣的人读的〕期刊，杂志

a written record that you make of the things that happen to you each day

He decided to [keep](bold) a [journal](bold).


journalism

ˈdʒɜːnəl-ɪzəm

the job or activity of writing news reports for newspapers, magazines, television, or radio

The hospital has been the target of [investigative journalism](bold)(=journalism that examines an event or situation in order to find out the truth).

这家医院成了调查报道的目标。


journalist

ˈdʒɜːnəl-ɪst

[journalistic](bold) /ˌdʒɜːn/ US /-ɜːr-/  adj. <only before noun> eg: journalistic skills

someone who writes for a newspaper or magazine

She worked as a journalist on the New York Times.

someone whose job is to find out about news stories and ask questions for a newspaper, television or radio company etc

A crowd of reporters were waiting outside the house all night.

He told reporters that he had no intention of resigning.

someone who writes news articles or does reports about a particular subject, especially a serious one, for a newspaper or news organization

He was the BBC's correspondent in Moscow.

someone who writes articles, especially about a particular subject, that appear regularly in a newspaper or magazine

a disapproving word for a journalist, especially one whose work is of low quality

The editor sent one of his hacks to interview the murderer’s girlfriend.

a general word for someone who works for a newspaper, especially a reporter or editor

The press always like a good story about the royal family.

the British press. This phrase comes from the street in London, where many newspapers used to have their offices

Relations between the government and Fleet Street aren't as cosy as they once were.

someone who writes news reports for newspapers, magazines, television, or radio

一位著名的新闻记者兼播音员


journey

an occasion when you travel from one place to another – used especially about travelling a long distance, or travelling somewhere regularly

My journey to work normally takes around 30 minutes.

How about a trip to the seaside on Saturday?

a journey for pleasure, during which you visit several different towns, areas etc

Last summer we went on a tour of Europe.

a short journey by a group of people to visit a place, especially while they are on holiday

The cost of the holiday includes excursions to nearby places of interest.

a long and carefully organized journey, especially to a dangerous or unfamiliar place

the journey to and from work that someone does every day

People are fed up with the daily commute on overcrowded trains.

a journey to a holy place for religious reasons

a long journey, for example over mountains or through forests, especially one that people do on foot for pleasure

a two-week trek across the Atlas Mountains

the general activity of moving from one place to another

someone’s journeys to or in places that are far away

I’m longing to hear all about your travels in China.

You should check in at the airport two hours before your flight.

a short journey by boat from one piece of land to another

A 30-minute ferry crossing takes you to the island.

The drive through the mountains was absolutely beautiful.

a short journey in a car, or on a bicycle or horse

It’s a twenty-minute taxi ride to the station.

I still use my car, but now I make fewer journeys.

We are going on a journey to a strange country.

He began the journey home across London.

Before setting off on a journey, look at maps and guidebooks.

We stopped for breakfast, then continued our journey.

They arrived tired from their long journey.

It was a difficult journey, especially in the winter months.

(=used especially to wish someone a good journey)

Lewis and Clark made their epic journey across the continental United States in the early 1800s.

(=one that did not achieve the result you wanted)

To avoid a wasted journey, ring first to check that the event is still on.

They set off on the dangerous journey down the river.

(=to a place that is difficult to reach)

The outward journey seemed long and slow.

In the car on their homeward journey, they discussed the wedding.

We set off on the final leg of our journey.

an occasion when you travel from one place to another, especially over a long distance

〔尤指长途的〕旅行，旅程

the friends they made [on the journey](bold)

a long and often difficult process by which someone or something changes and develops

The novel is an account of his spiritual journey.

这本小说讲述了他的心路历程。


journey

他们离开小镇，去南方旅行。


joy

I was full of joy at the thought of seeing her again.

She began to cry again, but they were tears of joy.

I’ll never forget the sense of joy that day.

They greeted each other with cries of joy.

To her great joy, she became the mother of two beautiful baby girls.

(=a lot of joy, not mixed with other feelings)

She experienced a feeling of overwhelming joy.

Her children have brought her great joy.

His music has given people a lot of joy over the years.

He had never felt the joy of watching the seasons come and go.

She tried to stay calm, but she was secretly jumping for joy.

They expressed their joy by jumping up and down and hugging each other.

→see THESAURUS at [pleasure](->pleasure)

I didn’t exactly [jump for joy](bold)(=I was not very pleased) when I heard the news.

我听到这个消息时并没有特别高兴。

[Joy](bold)  is used especially in literature. In everyday English, rather than say they did something [with joy](bold) , people usually say that they were [(really) pleased/happy/glad](bold)  to do it:

Thank you for your letter. I was [really pleased](bold) to get it.

something or someone that gives you happiness and pleasure

使人高兴的事物[人]，乐趣

The garden was his [pride and joy](bold).

这座花园是他的骄傲和乐趣所在。

The children’s singing was a joy to listen to.

听孩子们唱歌是一桩乐事。

if you have no joy, you do not succeed in getting something

I phoned the pub, but no joy. The landlord didn’t know where she was.

我给酒馆打了电话，但没有结果。老板不知道她在哪里。


joy

〔因某事而〕感到高兴，感到欣喜


judge

the official in control of a court, who decides how criminals should be punished

The trial judge specifies the number of years to be spent in prison.

[federal judge/high court judge etc](bold)(=a judge in a particular court)

someone who decides on the result of a competition

The panel of judges included several well-known writers.

评审团包括几位著名作家。

someone whose opinion on something is usually right or wrong

对某事物判断力很好/很差的人

Sandra’s a very good judge of character.

桑德拉很善于判断人的性格。

to be the person whose opinion on something matters or is accepted

No one else can say what its value to you is – only you can be the judge of that.

其他人谁也无法说明它对于你的意义，唯有你自己才能作出评判。

used to tell someone angrily that you do not need their advice

我自己会判断〔用于生气地向某人表示你不需要其劝告〕

to make or have the power to make an important decision affecting someone by yourself – used showing disapproval

有权决定〔影响他人的事〕，说了算〔用作贬义〕

someone who is as sober as a judge is not drunk at all