grace

to bring honour to an occasion or group of people by coming to something – said humorously when someone comes late or does not often come to meetings etc

赏光出席 …〔幽默说法，意指某人迟到或不常出席会议等〕

Ah, so you’ve decided to grace us with your presence!

啊，这么说你决定赏光了！

to make a place or an object look more attractive

为 …增色，美化，使优美

His portrait graces the wall of the drawing room.

他的画像给客厅的墙壁增添了光彩。


graceful

[gracefully](bold) adv. eg: She rose gracefully to her feet.

moving in a smooth and attractive way, or having an attractive shape or form

Her movements were graceful and elegant.

那些树枝形成一条优美的曲线。

Her father was a quiet man with graceful manners.

她父亲沉默寡言，彬彬有礼。


grade

If you study hard, you get good grades, and you get into good schools.

If you get a bad grade, Mrs. Miller will help you until you can do better.

She got high grades in all her science subjects.

These boys receive low grades because they fail to turn in assignments.

Ted got the top grade in his A-level maths exam.

Applicants must have Grade A, B, or C in two GCSE subjects.

a particular level of quality that a product, material etc has

There are lots of jobs in junior grades.

a mark that a student is given for their work or for an examination

蒂姆努力学习，取得了好成绩。

to succeed or reach the necessary standard

What does it take to make the grade as a top golfer?

怎样才能成为顶级的高尔夫球员？

one of the 12 years that students are at school in the American school system, or the students in a particular year

〔美国中小学的〕年级，某个年级的学生

a slope or a degree of slope, especially in a road or railway

〔尤指道路或铁路的〕斜坡，坡度


grade

to say what level of a quality something has, or what standard it is

Pencils are graded according to softness.

All the parks are regularly checked and graded by tourist board inspectors.

所有公园都由旅游协会的检查员进行定期检查和评级。

to give a mark to an examination paper or to a piece of school work

to give a particular rank and level of pay to a job

给〔某个职位〕评定级别和工资等级


gradual

happening slowly over a long period of time

There has been a gradual change in climate.

the gradual decline in manufacturing industry

教育是一个循序渐进的过程。


gradually

Jill gradually became aware of an awful smell.

吉尔渐渐闻到一股难闻的气味。


graduate

someone who has completed a university degree, especially a first degree

〔尤指完成学士学位课程的〕大学毕业生

someone who has completed a course at a college, school etc

〔大学、中学等的〕毕业生


graduate

to obtain a degree, especially a first degree, from a college or university

Kate graduated from medical school last year.

凯特去年从医学院毕业了。

He graduated in physics from Cambridge University.

他是剑桥大学物理学专业毕业的。

to complete your education at high school

Jerry graduated from high school last year.

to start doing something that is bigger, better, or more important

As an actress she has graduated from small roles to more substantial parts.

作为演员，她从小角色演起，慢慢开始出演比较重要的角色。

to give a degree or diploma to someone who has completed a course

向〔毕业生〕授予学位[文凭]


graduate

relating to or involved in studies done at a university after completing a first degree


graduation

ˌɡrædʒuˈeɪʃən

ˌɡrædʒuˈeɪʃən

the time when you complete a university degree course or your education at an American high school

〔大学或美国高中的〕毕业

After graduation, Neil returned to Ohio.

尼尔毕业以后回到了俄亥俄州。

On graduation (=after completing a first degree), Nancy became an art teacher.

南希毕业以后当了一名美术老师。

a ceremony at which you receive a university degree or a diploma from an American high school

〔大学或美国高中的〕毕业典礼

a mark on an instrument or container used for measuring


graffiti

rude, humorous, or political writing and pictures on the walls of buildings, trains etc

〔墙、火车等上面的〕涂鸦，乱涂乱画

墙上满是乱七八糟的涂鸦。


grain

[take sth with a pinch/grain of salt](bold) at → [salt](->salt) 1 sense 3

the seeds of crops such as corn, wheat, or rice that are gathered for use as food, or these crops themselves

Last year’s grain harvest was the biggest ever.

去年粮食收成是有史以来最好的一次。

the natural lines you can see in a substance such as wood, which are the result of its structure

along the grain (=in the same direction as the grain)

across the grain (=at 90 degrees to the grain)

a single very small piece of a substance such as sand or salt

There were crumbs and grains of sugar on the table.

The story wouldn’t have fooled anyone with a grain of sense.

稍有一点头脑的人都不会被这个故事骗到。

There is a [grain of truth](bold) in all folklore and legend.

所有的民间故事和传说中都带有一点真实的成分。

if something goes against the grain, it is not what you would naturally or normally do

Mary is always honest and [it went against the grain](bold) to tell lies.

玛丽一向诚实，说谎不合她的本性。

the smallest unit for measuring weight, equal to about 0.06 grams. It is used for weighing medicines.

格令〔最小的重量单位之一，约合0.06克，用于称量药品〕


gram

also: gramme ([BrE](bold))  [n](bold) <[C](bold)> written abbreviation: g or: gm

the basic unit for measuring weight in the metric system


grammar

the rules by which words change their forms and are combined into sentences, or the study or use of these rules

a particular description of grammar or a book that describes grammar rules

A dictionary lists the words, a grammar states the rules.

词典收列单词，语法书讲解语法规则。


grammatical

correct according to the rules of grammar


grand

[grandly](bold) adv. eg: ‘I am training her to cook for royalty,’ Auguste said grandly.

aiming or intended to achieve something impressive

Henry Luce had a grand design for America’s future.

亨利·卢斯为美国的未来设计了一幅宏伟蓝图。

The company’s grand ambition was to become the first and biggest global airline.

公司的远大目标是要成为首家并且是最大的国际航空公司。

显赫的，富丽堂皇的，华贵的

He looked very grand in his ceremonial uniform.

他身着礼服，看上去气度不凡。

used in the titles of buildings or places that are big and impressive

大〔用于建筑物名或地名〕

used in the titles of some people who belong to the highest social class

大〔用于对最高阶层的人的称呼中〕

谢谢你，雪莉，那真是太好了。

the final total you get when you add up several numbers or amounts

You could add the £15,000 Bonus to the First Prize and win a grand total of £125,000!

头奖再加1.5万英镑的奖金，获奖金额共计12.5万英镑！

She had reached the grand old age of 80.

a man who has been involved in an activity or a profession for a long time and is highly respected

〔某活动或某行业的〕元老，老前辈


grand

这辆汽车花了他一万五千英镑。


grandad

([especially BrE](special)) also: granddad  [n](bold) [informal](special)


grandchild

孙子[女]；外孙子[女]


grandfather

ˈɡrændˌfɑːðə

People usually say [grandad](bold)  (especially in British English) or [grandpa](bold)  when talking to or about their own grandfather:

I used to stay at my [grandpa](bold)’s house.


grandmother

People usually say [gran](bold)  (in British English) or [grandma ](bold) when talking to or about their own grandmother:

My [grandma](bold) used to make lovely cakes.


grandparent

Ask Grandpa if he'll buy us an ice cream.

Grandad collects me from school on Fridays.

grandmother – used especially by children

You can have a cuddle on the sofa with Nanna.

one of the parents of your mother or father

祖父[母]；外祖父[母]

我的祖父母住在萨塞克斯郡。


granny

grannie  [n](bold) <[C](bold)> [informal](special)


granny

grannie  [adj](bold) <[only before noun](bold)> ([BrE](special))


grant

to give someone something or allow them to have something that they have asked for

Britain could [grant](bold) Spain’s [request](bold).

英国可能会同意西班牙的请求。

I would love to be able to grant her wish.

我很希望能够满足她的愿望。

The council have [granted](bold) him [permission](bold) to build on the site.

市政会已经批准他在这块地上建房子。

A licence to sell alcohol was granted to the club.

这家俱乐部获得了经销酒类的许可证。

Grant that we may know your presence and love.

In everyday English, people usually say [give permission](bold)  rather than [grant permission](bold) :

They [gave](bold) him permission to stay.

to admit that something is true although it does not make much difference to your opinion

承认〔某事属实，但该事不影响自己的看法〕

He’s got talent, [I grant you](bold), but he doesn’t work hard enough.

他有天赋，这不假，但是他不够努力。

to believe that something is true without making sure

想当然地认为，认为 …是理所当然

He just took it for granted that he would pass the exam.

他还想当然地认为自己能通过考试呢。

to expect that someone or something will always be there when you need them and never think how important or useful they are

视某人/某事为理所当然〔而对其不重视〕

Bridget was careful not to take him for granted.

布里奇特很小心，不把他所做的一切看成是理所当然。


grant

The school has won a £240,000 government grant to improve its science and technology areas.

He received a research grant to study the effect of pollution on the environment.

If you are on a low income, you may be able to get a student grant.

(=money given by the central government to state governments in order to pay for services such as the police, roads etc)

Congress approved block grants for education, health, and social services.

The library received a grant of $20,000 to improve its computer facilities.

We could apply for a grant and start a serious research programme.

This booklet explains who is eligible to receive a grant.

You may be able to get a grant to learn a trade.

It is likely that you will receive a grant to cover your tuition.

If you have been awarded a grant, you must send the details to the university.

The expansion of the computer department was funded by a government grant.

an amount of money given to someone, especially by the government, for a particular purpose

〔尤指政府等发给的〕补助金，拨款

Anyone wishing to [apply for a grant](bold) should write to the Treasurer.

凡希望申请补助者，请致函财务主管。

These studios are funded by a grant from the Kress Foundation.

这些工作室由克雷斯基金会拨款资助。


grape

[sour grapes](bold) at → [sour](->sour) 1 sense 5

one of a number of small round green or purple fruits that grow together on a . Grapes are often used for making wine

Different grape varieties produce wines of widely different character.

There are 2,000 acres of vines in England, compared with 2.6 million in France.

He left the grapes on the vine as long as possible — sometimes even late into October.

a piece of land where grapevines are grown in order to produce wine

The wine is from one of Germany's most famous vineyards.

one of a number of small round green or purple fruits that grow together on a vine. Grapes are often used for making wine


grapefruit

a round yellow citrus fruit with a thick skin, like a large orange


graph

(=a picture of boxes of different heights, in which each box represents a different amount or quantity)

The monthly variations in rainfall are shown on the bar graph below.

A line graph is a way of presenting figures in visual form.

Draw a graph to show changes in the death rate over this period.

(=to draw marks or a line to show facts, numbers etc on a graph)

The different values can be plotted on a graph.

The graph shows that wages rose in line with productivity.

a drawing that uses a line or lines to show how two or more sets of measurements are related to each other

Martin showed me a graph of their recent sales.

马丁给我看了他们最近的销售情况图。


graphic

a graphic account or description of an event is very clear and gives a lot of details, especially unpleasant ones

〔叙述或描写〕清楚详细的，细致的〔尤指包含令人不愉快的细节〕

a graphic account of her unhappy childhood

对她不幸童年细致入微的描述

His illness is described [in graphic detail](bold).

他的病情被描述得非常详细。

connected with or including drawing, printing, or designing

绘画的；图样的；印刷的；平面设计的


grasp

I grasped his arm firmly and led him away.

我紧紧抓住他的胳膊把他带走。

to completely understand a fact or an idea, especially a complicated one

理解，领会〔尤指复杂的事实或观点〕

→see THESAURUS at [understand](->understand)

At that time, we did not fully grasp the significance of what had happened.

当时，我们没有完全明白所发生之事的重要性。

Some people find the idea of relativity difficult to grasp.

有些人觉得相对论的概念很难理解。

A short opening paragraph enables the reader to quickly grasp what the article is about.

开篇的小段落使读者很快就能抓住文章的大意。

Nick had grasped that something was wrong.

to eagerly and quickly use an opportunity to do something

She is ready to grasp any opportunity to expand the business.

她已准备好抓住一切机遇拓展业务。

to deal with an unpleasant situation firmly and without delay

We need to grasp the nettle of prison reform.

我们需要当机立断，解决狱政改革这个难题。


grasp

the way you hold something or your ability to hold it

→see THESAURUS at [knowledge](->knowledge)

Luke took her arm in a firm grasp and led her through the gate.

卢克紧紧抓着她的胳膊，领她进了门。

He had allowed the ball to slip from his grasp.

your ability to understand a complicated idea, situation, or subject

〔对复杂想法、情况或问题的〕理解力，领悟力

她对这些问题的领悟能力极强。

[a good/firm/thorough etc grasp of sth](bold)

Steve has a good grasp of the European legal system.

史蒂夫对欧洲的法律体系非常了解。

After two months, his grasp on the subject was improving.

两个月之后，他对这个问题有了更好的理解。

your ability to achieve or gain something

An agreement to end the war seemed within their grasp.

他们似乎有把握签订停战协议。

Many families are finding suitable housing beyond their grasp.

许多家庭负担不起合适的住房。

The king was determined not to let Scotland slip from his grasp.

国王决心不让苏格兰脱离出去。


grass

→ [grass roots](->grass roots) [snake in the grass](bold) at → [snake](->snake) 1 sense 2

The grass in the back garden needs cutting.

The cows moved slowly through the long green grass.

I walked with the tall grass brushing my knees.

These mowers only work efficiently on short grass.

The only vegetation was a few bushes and patches of coarse grass.

His foot slipped on the wet grass and he fell.

You can use your grass clippings to start your own compost pile.

It's going to be difficult to get the grass stains out of these trousers.

Now is the best time to plant grass seed.

He stopped the car on the grass verge of the deserted road.

A few blades of grass poked out of the dry earth.

a very common plant with thin leaves that covers the ground in fields and gardens and is often eaten by animals

She enjoyed the feel of grass beneath her feet.

所有的草都需要光照才能生长得好。

an area of grass, especially an area where the grass is kept cut short

someone, usually a criminal, who gives information about other criminals to the police – used to show disapproval

告密者，通风报信者〔通常指向警方告发其他罪犯的人，含贬义〕

the grass is greener (on the other side)

used to say that other places or situations seem better than yours, although they may not really be better

草是那边的绿〔用于表示别的地方或情况似乎比自己的好，虽然事实可能并非如此〕

to not waste time or delay starting something

不浪费时间，抓紧时机行动

to make someone leave their job because they are too old to do it effectively

迫使某人离职〔因某人年迈而不能有效工作〕


grass

to tell the police about a criminal’s activities


grateful

[gratefully](bold) adv. eg: All contributions will [be gratefully received](bold). eg: The authors gratefully acknowledge your financial support.

feeling that you want to thank someone because of something kind that they have done, or showing this feeling

I am very grateful to all those who took the trouble to write to me.

She should be grateful that he was making things easier for her.

他给她提供了方便，她应该对此心存感激。

I am extremely grateful for the assistance your staff have provided.

我万分感激贵方员工提供的援助。

Our [grateful thanks](bold) go to all who participated.

我们衷心感谢所有参与者。

In everyday English, people usually say [I appreciate it](bold)  rather than [I’m grateful](bold) :

[Thanks, [I’m really grateful](bold).](strike)

[[I’m grateful for](bold) everything you've done.](strike)

[I appreciate](bold) everything you've done.

I would be grateful if you could/would ...

如果你能 …我将感激不尽〔用于提出请求〕

I would be most grateful if you could send me an invoice in due course.

请您在适当的时候将发票寄送给我，我将万分感激。


gratitude

[debt of gratitude](bold) at → [debt](->debt) sense 4

We would like to express our gratitude to everyone for their generous donations.

He felt a certain gratitude to Eleanor for giving him this idea.

The useful service she performed raising money has earned our gratitude.

(=used to emphasize how extremely grateful you are)

The doctors who saved my daughter have my undying gratitude.

My only emotions afterward were relief and deep gratitude.

First, I must express our sincere gratitude for all you have done.

He would like everyone to know about his immense gratitude for all their work.

She had a sudden feeling of gratitude towards him.

I owe my former teacher a deep debt of gratitude.

She had a [deep gratitude](bold) towards David, but she did not love him.

她对戴维深怀感激，但是并不爱他。

The committee [expressed](bold) its [gratitude](bold) for the contribution he had made.

委员会对他所做的贡献表示感激。

Will you let me take you out to dinner tomorrow in gratitude for what you’ve done?

为了感谢你所做的一切，我明天请你吃晚饭好吗？

她满怀感激地接受了他的提议。


grave

[dig your own grave](bold) at → [dig](->dig) 1 sense 8 [from (the) cradle to (the) grave](bold) at → [cradle](->cradle) 1 sense 3 [have one foot in the grave](bold) at → [foot](->foot) 1 sense 24 [silent as the grave](bold) at → [silent](->silent) sense 3 [a watery grave](bold) at → [watery](->watery) sense 4

In the churchyard, a man was digging a grave.

The stone marked the grave of their young daughter.

She was buried in a grave next to her older sister.

(=a hole that is not very deep in the ground)

They found the woman’s remains in a shallow grave in the woods.

(=one that is filled with many people, especially people killed in a war or people who died of a disease at a similar time)

Plague victims were buried in a mass grave.

(=one that does not have anything to show where it is or who is in it)

Until 1855, poor people here were buried in unmarked graves.

(=one where members of a family are buried together)

Walter died in 1922 and was buried in the family grave in Finchley cemetery.

(=one that has not yet been covered in earth)

The president visited the grave sites of 12 youths killed in recent bombings.

the place in the ground where a dead body is buried

At the head of the grave there was a small wooden cross.

坟头上有一个小小的木制十字架。

他把那个秘密带进了坟墓。

used to say that someone who is dead would strongly disapprove of something happening now

某人于九泉之下难以安息〔用于表示即使是死者也会强烈反对〕

The way Bill plays that piece would have Mozart turning in his grave.

比尔如此演奏那首曲子，会使莫扎特在九泉之下也难以安息的。


grave

[gravely](bold) adv. eg: Adam nodded gravely. eg: We are gravely concerned (=very concerned) about these developments.

grave problems, situations, or worries are very great or bad

Matthew’s life is in [grave danger](bold).

The report expressed [grave concern](bold) over the technicians’ lack of training.

报告中对技术人员缺乏培训深表忧虑。

I have [grave doubts](bold) about his ability.

In everyday English, people usually use [serious ](bold)  rather than [grave](bold) , and [seriously](bold)  rather than [gravely](bold) :

I have [serious doubts](bold) about whether he’s up to the job.

I’m [seriously worried](bold) about her.

looking or sounding quiet and serious, especially because something important or worrying has happened

Turnbull’s face was grave as he told them about the accident.

特恩布尔在告诉他们这次事故时表情十分严肃。


grave

a grave accent is a mark put above a letter in some languages such as French to show the pronunciation, for example è

有沉音符的〔法语等语言中标在字母之上表示发音的符号〕


gravel

small stones, used to make a surface for paths, roads etc

[gravel pit](bold)(=a place where gravel is dug out of the ground)


graveyard

an area of ground where people are buried, often next to a church

〔教堂附近的〕墓地，坟场

a place where things that are no longer wanted are left


gravity

→ [centre of gravity](->centre of gravity)

the force that causes something to fall to the ground or to be attracted to another planet

the extreme and worrying seriousness of a situation

I could not hide from her the gravity of the situation.

我不能向她隐瞒情况的严重性。

The penalties should be proportionate to the gravity of the offence.

an extremely serious way of behaving or speaking

严肃，庄重〔指举止或言谈的态度〕

The Consul spoke slowly and with great gravity.

领事讲话慢悠悠的，神态十分严肃。


gravy

a sauce made from the juice that comes from meat as it cooks, mixed with flour and water

something good that is more than you expected to get


graze

if an animal grazes, or if you graze it, it eats grass that is growing

〔动物〕吃草；使啃食牧草

Groups of cattle were grazing on the rich grass.

牛群在肥美的青草地上吃草。

fields where they used to graze their sheep

to accidentally break the surface of your skin by rubbing it against something

I fell on the gravel, severely grazing my knee.

我摔倒在砾石路上，膝盖擦伤得很严重。

to touch something lightly while passing it, sometimes damaging it

to eat small amounts of food all through the day instead of having regular meals


graze

a wound caused by rubbing that slightly breaks the surface of your skin

Adam walked away from the crash with just a graze on his left shoulder.

亚当在车祸中平安脱险，只是擦伤了左肩。


great

[greatness](bold) n. <U> eg: She was destined for greatness.

[comparative](italic) [greater](bold) [superlative](italic) [greatest](bold)

The news came as possibly the greatest shock of my life.

这个消息可能是我一生中最大的打击。

The paintings cost [a great deal](bold)(=a lot) of money.

John always takes [great care](bold) over his work.

约翰工作时总是非常小心。

[It gives me great pleasure](bold)(=I am very pleased) to introduce tonight’s speaker.

我非常高兴请出今晚的演讲者。

[It’s a great pity that](bold) none of his poems survive.

非常遗憾，他的诗歌没有一首保存下来。

→see THESAURUS at [good](->good) 1   →see THESAURUS at [nice](->nice)

[Great](bold)  is not used with ‘very’ in this meaning. You say: You did a really great job.
Don’t say: [You did a very great job.](strike)

I worked out this morning and I feel great.

我今早做了运动，感觉很好。

电子邮件是很好的联系方式。

the great thing about sb/sth (=the very good thing about someone or something)

The great thing about Alex is that he’s always willing to explain things to you.

亚历克斯的优点是他总愿意把事情解释给你听。

one of the greatest scientific achievements of our time

我们这个时代最伟大的科学成就之一

是什么使一部小说真正伟大？

used in the title of a person or event that was very important in the past

重要的，影响重大的〔用于历史上重要人物的称号或重要事件的名称〕

I’m reading a biography of Alexander the Great.

我在看一部亚历山大大帝的传记。

[the Great War](bold) [old-fashioned](special)(=World War I)

very good or generous in a way that people admire

famous for being able to do something extremely well

Ali was undoubtedly one of the greatest boxers of all time.

阿里无疑是有史以来最伟大的拳击手之一。

a book about the lives of the great composers

介绍大作曲家生平的一本书

A great iron stove filled half the room.

一个巨大的铁炉占了房间的一半。

把你的大脚从我桌上拿下来！

used to emphasize that someone does something a lot

酷爱做某事的〔用于强调〕

[a great talker/reader/admirer etc](bold)

Anthony’s a great talker – sometimes you just can’t get a word in.

安东尼很健谈——有时你根本插不上话。

Len was [a great believer in](bold) the power of positive thinking.

莱恩坚信积极思维的力量。

She’s a great one for telling stories about her schooldays.

她很喜欢讲她学生时代的故事。

used to emphasize that something is always true, even though it is more true or noticeable in some situations than others

Most companies operate in conditions that are to a greater or lesser extent competitive.

大多数公司的经营多少都面临着一些竞争。

to not be very good, interesting, or skilful

不是很好，不太出色，不怎么样

The work’s no great shakes, but at least I’m earning.

这工作不怎么样，但至少我在挣钱。

After a slow start, the Tigers are going great guns.

老虎队起步慢，现在却顺风顺水。

used when you are disappointed or annoyed about something

‘Daniel’s cancelled the party.’ ‘Oh great!’

“丹尼尔把派对取消了。”“啊，真好啊！”

used in the names of some animals or plants, especially when they are bigger than other animals or plants of the same type

大〔用于相似动植物中较大者的名称前〕

the countryside, considered as enjoyable and healthy

〔有趣又有益健康的〕大自然，野外

He had a taste for adventure and the great outdoors.

他喜欢冒险，喜欢大自然。

used humorously when you and another person have had the same idea

英雄所见（略同）〔幽默用法，表示和另一个人有同样的想法〕

a general advantage that you can only gain by losing or harming something that is considered less important

〔需要牺牲较不重要的东西才能得到的〕更大的利益

Some wars are fought for the greater good.

有些战争是为了获取更大的利益。

the different types of animals that are similar to large monkeys, considered as a group

Alone of the great apes, the gorilla is not very efficient at using tools.

类人猿中，唯独大猩猩不太会使用工具。

a situation in which there is a big difference between groups in society, areas of a country etc, for example a big difference between their wealth or attitudes

分水岭，差距，差异〔指不同社会群体、地区等在财富和价值观上的差别〕

The great divide between north and south seems to be as unbridgeable as ever.

巨大的南北差异似乎依然难以弥合。

Greater London/Los Angeles/Manchester etc

London, Los Angeles etc and its outer areas

大伦敦/大洛杉矶/大曼彻斯特等〔指包括市区和周围地区在内的区域〕

天哪！〔表示震惊或惊讶〕


great

a very successful and famous person in a particular sport, profession etc

〔某项运动、某一行业等的〕杰出人物

Jack Nicklaus is one of golf’s [all-time greats](bold).

杰克·尼克劳斯是空前杰出的高尔夫球手之一。

I think his show’s OK, but I wouldn’t call him one of the greats.

我觉得他的节目还可以，但他算不上是什么杰出人物。

people who are considered important – used humorously

重要人物，大人物〔幽默用法〕


greatly

The cost of repairs has greatly increased in recent years.

近年来，修理费大幅上涨。

All offers of help will be [greatly appreciated](bold).

The quality of health care [varies greatly](bold).

卫生保健服务质量差别极大。


greed

a strong desire for more food, money, power, possessions etc than you need


greedy

[greedily](bold) adv. eg: He grabbed the bottle and drank greedily.

[comparative](italic) [greedier](bold) [superlative](italic) [greediest](bold)

always wanting more food, money, power, possessions etc than you need

贪婪的，贪心的；贪吃的，贪喝的

Have you eaten them all, you greedy pig?

你把那些全吃了？你这贪吃的猪！

Hey, greedy guts, leave some cake for me!

嗨，你这贪嘴的家伙，给我留点蛋糕！


green

→ [bottle green](->bottle green) → [lime green](->lime green) → [pea green](->pea green) [olive green](bold) at → [olive](->olive) sense 3

长满绿色植物的，绿油油的

not yet ready to be eaten, or very young

→see THESAURUS at [environmentally friendly](->environmentally friendly)

connected with the environment or its protection

green issues such as the greenhouse effect and global warming

温室效应、全球变暖等环保问题

He was an early champion of green politics.

他是绿色政治的早期倡导者。

harming the environment as little as possible

We need to develop greener cleaning products.

我们需要研发更环保的清洁用品。

The industry has promised to [go green](bold)(=change so that it harms the environment less).

I was pretty green then; I had a lot of things to learn.

我那时年轻无知，有很多东西要学。

looking pale and unhealthy because you are ill

George looked a bit green the next morning.

第二天早上乔治的脸色看上去有点苍白。

[look green about/around the gills](bold)(=look pale and ill)

wishing very much that you had something that someone else has

嫉妒，眼红〔常为幽默用法〕


green

a room decorated in pale blues and greens

用浅蓝色和浅绿色装修的房间

a level area of grass, especially in the middle of a village

a smooth flat area of grass around each hole on a golf course

果岭，球洞区〔高尔夫球场上每个球洞四周的平坦草地〕

someone who belongs to or supports a political party which thinks the protection of the environment is very important

〔重视环境保护的〕绿党人士，绿党支持者

The Greens have 254 candidates in the election.

绿党在这次选举中有254名候选人。


green

to fill an area with growing plants in order to make it more attractive

Existing derelict land is needed for greening the cities.

现存荒地要用来绿化城市。

to make a person or organization realize the importance of environmental problems


greenhouse effect

the gradual warming of the air surrounding the Earth as a result of heat being trapped by pollution


greet

Bill opened the door to Harold and greeted him with cries of welcome.

比尔给哈罗德开了门，欢呼着迎接他。

In everyday English, people usually use [say hello (to sb)](bold)  rather than [greet sb](bold) :

[She came out to [greet](bold) us.](strike)

to react to something in a particular way

His statement was greeted with cries of astonishment and indignation.

他的这番话被报以一片叫喊声，有震惊，也有愤怒。

[Greet](bold)  is usually passive in this meaning.

to be the first thing you see or hear when you arrive somewhere

最先映入〔某人〕的眼帘；首先传入〔某人〕的耳中

Complete silence greeted us as we entered the room.

走进房间，迎接我们的是一片沉默。


greeting

something you say or do when you meet someone

I smiled a polite greeting, but the woman hardly acknowledged me.

我客气地笑着打了个招呼，可是那女人没怎么搭理我。

The two cousins [exchanged greetings](bold)(=greeted each other).

a message saying that you hope someone will be happy and healthy on their birthday, at Christmas etc


grey

([BrE](special)) AmE [gray](bold)  [adj](bold)

having the colour of dark clouds, neither black nor white

→ [battleship grey](->battleship grey) → [iron-grey](->iron-grey) [slate grey](bold) at → [slate](->slate) 1 sense 3

She was a tall thin woman who had gone grey early.

她是一个高高瘦瘦的女人，头发早早地花白了。

looking pale because you are tired, frightened, or ill

〔由于疲倦、害怕或生病而〕脸色苍白的

As he listened, his face went grey with shock.

the grey anonymous men in government offices

政府部门里那些呆板而千篇一律的男人

想象中一个空虚无聊的世界

if the weather is grey, the sky is full of clouds and the sun is not bright

used to talk about a situation in which something is not clearly a particular thing, so that people are not sure how to deal with it

灰色地带，中间区域〔指难以界定和处理的情况〕

people in the grey area between loyalty and opposition to the government

对政府不支持也不反对的中间派


grey

the colour of dark clouds, neither black nor white


grey

if someone greys, their hair becomes grey

Jim was greying a little at the temples.


grid

a pattern of straight lines that cross each other and form squares

Its streets were laid out in a grid pattern.

那里的街道是棋盘式的布局。

a set of numbered lines printed on a map so that the exact position of any place can be referred to

The pilots were just given a [grid reference](bold)(=number referring to a point on a map) of the target.

飞行员只有目标的坐标位置。

the network of electricity supply wires that connects power stations and provides electricity to buildings in an area

the [national grid](bold)(=the electricity supply in a country)

a set of starting positions for all the cars in a motor race


grief

extreme sadness, especially because someone you love has died

悲痛，极度悲伤〔尤指因所爱之人去世〕

The grief she felt over Helen’s death was almost unbearable.

她因海伦的去世而悲痛难当。

something that makes you feel extremely sad

Every change in our lives brings with it griefs.

我们生活当中的每一个变化都有让人伤心的一面。

used when you are slightly surprised or annoyed

哎哟！〔用于略感惊讶或气恼之时〕

to fail, or to be harmed or destroyed in an accident

失败；〔在事故中〕受损，被毁

You’ll save yourself a lot of grief if you check the measurements first.

如果你先核实尺寸，就可以省去不少麻烦。


grievance

He felt that he had a genuine grievance and was prepared to take the company to court over the matter.

Many people feel that the rebels have a legitimate grievance.

(=one that you have felt unhappy about for a long time)

Years later, we became friends again and sorted out our old grievances.

He has no personal grievance against Frank.

(=tell people you think you have been treated unfairly)

These committees act as a forum for various groups to air their grievances.

(=think a lot or for a long time about the fact you have been treated unfairly)

He was nursing a grievance about not being picked for the team.

She filed a grievance after failing to get a promotion.

The union decided to settle its grievance in the law courts.

(=do something to make a problem better)

Governments which have not redressed genuine grievances often pay a heavy price later on.

(=a system for dealing with employees' grievances)

You should pursue your complaint through the company's grievance procedure.

(=when you feel that you have been treated unfairly)

Anti-Americanism in these countries comes from a deep sense of grievance against the United States.

Salaries are a traditional source of grievance in industry.

a belief that you have been treated unfairly, or an unfair situation or event that affects and upsets you

不平，委屈，不满；不平之事

anyone who [has a](bold) legitimate [grievance against](bold) the company

凡是有正当理由对公司感到不满的人

a means of overcoming [genuine grievances](bold)

解决真正的不平之事的办法

There must be an opportunity for both sides to [air](bold) their [grievances](bold).

一定要有一个机会让双方都说出心中的不满。

The teachers’ contract established a [grievance procedure](bold).

教师合同建立了一个申诉程序。

the [sense of grievance](bold) which characterized him as a young man


grieve

to feel extremely sad, especially because someone you love has died

〔尤指因所爱之人去世而〕感到悲痛

He died, and every day since then I have grieved for him.

他死了，从此我每天都为他悲伤。

People need time to grieve after the death of a loved one.

人们在所爱之人去世后会有一段悲伤期。

她因为失去唯一的儿子而悲痛。

if something grieves you, it makes you feel very unhappy

My aunt, [it grieves](bold) me to say, gets things confused.

我的姑妈，说起来我很难过，她有点颠三倒四的。


grill

if you grill something, or if it grills, you cook it by putting it on a flat metal frame with bars across it, above or below strong direct heat

to ask someone a lot of questions about something

She never grilled her husband about his work.

丈夫工作上的事她从不问长问短。


grill

a part of a cooker in which strong heat from above cooks food on a metal shelf below

〔炉具中热力自上而下的〕烤架

Pop it under the grill for five minutes.

把它放在烤架下烤五分钟。

a flat frame with metal bars across it that can be put over a fire, so that food can be cooked on it

〔放在火上使用的〕栅状烤架，烧烤网

a place where you can buy and eat grilled food

门窗格栅；〔汽车〕散热器面罩


grim

[grimly](bold) adv. eg: Arnold smiled grimly.

the grim reality of rebuilding the shattered town

When he lost his job, his future looked grim.

他失业以后前途不容乐观。

Millions of Britons face the grim prospect (=something bad that will probably happen) of dearer home loans.

无数英国人面临着住房贷款更加沉重的暗淡前景。

我们听到这个令人沮丧的消息，沉默无言。

‘I’ll survive,’ he said with a grim smile.

“我死不了。”他冷笑着说。

The child hung on to her arm with [grim determination](bold).

那孩子死死抓住她的胳膊。

The police officers were silent and grim-faced.

警察默不作声，神情严肃。

非常糟糕的；极丑的；令人不快的

They painted a grim picture of what life used to be like there.

他们将昔日那里的生活描绘成一幅悲惨的画面。

Juliet felt grim through the early months of her pregnancy.

怀孕的头几个月，朱丽叶感觉很不舒服。

to hold something very tightly because you are afraid


grin

[past tense and past participle](italic) [grinned](bold) [present participle](italic) [grinning](bold)

她咧嘴对我笑着，两眼放光。

He walked out of the pool, grinning widely.

他满面笑容地从游泳池里走上来。

He was grinning like an idiot (=grinning in a silly way).

他像个傻瓜似的咧着嘴笑。

[grin from ear to ear](bold)(=grin very widely)

to accept an unpleasant or difficult situation without complaining, usually because you realize there is nothing you can do to make it better


grin

[wipe the grin off sb’s face](bold) at → [wipe](->wipe) 1 sense 7

‘It was great!’ she shouted, with a wide grin.

'Let's play a trick on her’ he suggested with a mischievous grin.

‘Wipe that silly grin off your face!’ the teacher shouted.

‘I've managed to fix it!’ she said, with a delighted grin.

(=an embarrassed grin because you have done something silly or wrong)

Bill read the letter and gave a sudden grin.

Flashing me a grin over her shoulder, she got into the car.

A self-satisfied grin spread across his face.

He looked at Sarah, a big grin on his face.

He came into the room with a friendly [grin on](bold) his [face](bold).

他走进房间，脸上带着亲切的笑容。

‘Of course,’ he agreed with a wide grin.

“那当然。”他笑容满面地同意了。


grind

[have an axe to grind](bold) at → [axe](->axe) 1 sense 4

[past tense and past participle](italic) [ground](bold) /ɡraʊnd/

to break something such as corn or coffee beans into small pieces or powder, either in a machine or between two hard surfaces

磨碎，碾碎，把 …磨成粉

to cut food, especially raw meat, into very small pieces by putting it through a machine

〔用机器〕绞碎〔食物，尤指肉〕

to make something smooth or sharp by rubbing it on a hard surface or by using a machine

a stone for grinding knives and scissors

The lenses are ground to a high standard of precision.

镜片被磨到很高的精确度。

to press something onto a surface and rub it with a strong twisting movement

He dropped a cigar butt and ground it into the carpet with his heel.

他扔下雪茄烟头，用脚后跟把它碾进地毯里。

He [ground out](bold) his [cigarette](bold) on the window ledge.

as these plates (=large areas of land) grind against each other

to rub your upper and lower teeth together, making a noise

(also: [come to a grinding halt](bold) )

if a vehicle grinds to a halt, it stops gradually

Traffic ground to a halt as it approached the accident site.

车辆在靠近事故现场时慢慢停了下来。

if a country, organization, or process grinds to a halt, its activity or the process gradually stops

〔国家、组织或进程〕逐渐停顿，慢慢瘫痪

After two days the talks had ground to a halt.

两天之后，谈判进行不下去了。

to perform a special movement in skateboarding or rollerblading, which involves moving sideways along the edge of something, so that the bar connecting the wheels of the skateboard or rollerblade presses hard against the edge

〔玩滑板或溜冰时〕擦边，碾磨边缘


grind

something that is hard work and physically or mentally tiring

I find the journey to work a real grind.

workers emerging from their [daily grind](bold) in the factory

摆脱工厂里繁重的日常劳动的工人

a student who never does anything except study

a movement in skateboarding or rollerblading, which involves moving sideways along the edge of something, so that the bar connecting the wheels of the skateboard or rollerblade presses hard against the edge

〔玩滑板或溜冰时的〕擦边动作，碾磨边沿动作


grip

The streets were crowded and she kept a tight grip on her bag.

Maggie took the boy's arm in a strong grip.

(=a grip with which you can keep hold of something)

The rocks were wet and slippery and it was difficult to get a good grip.

Victor took hold of her wrist in an iron grip.

You need to have a good grip on your tennis racket.

(=hold something that is hard to hold firmly)

I got a good grip on the rope and pulled myself up.

She tightened her grip on her son’s hand.

Lee loosened his grip on the dog’s collar.

The guard released his grip on the prisoner and pushed him into the cell.

He shoved Higgins out of the way without losing his grip on the gun.

the way you hold something tightly, or your ability to do this

Hold the microphone in a [firm grip](bold) and keep it still.

紧紧握住麦克风不要让它动。

She felt her wrist caught in a [vice-like grip](bold).

她觉得手腕被牢牢抓住，像是卡在老虎钳里一样。

Don’t [loosen](bold) your [grip](bold) on the rope or you’ll fall.

抓住绳索别松手，不然你会掉下去。

He [released](bold) his [grip](bold) and stepped back.

power and control over someone or something

〔对某人或某事物的〕控制

Stalin’s determination to keep an iron grip on Eastern Europe

[tighten/loosen/relax your grip (on sth)](bold)

By 1979 South Africa was tightening its grip on Namibia.

到了1979年，南非加强了对纳米比亚的控制。

The recession could be avoided if business keeps a firm grip on its costs.

企业如果严格控制成本就可以避免不景气。

I’m just trying to get a grip on what’s happening.

我就是想了解出了什么事。

She was [losing](bold) her [grip](bold) on reality.

她对现实世界越来越不理解。

to understand or deal with something difficult

I’ve never really got to grips with this new technology.

我从来没有真正了解这种新技术。

to become less confident and less able to deal with a situation

I don’t know what’s the matter; I think I’m losing my grip.

我不知道是怎么回事，我觉得我要控制不住了。

to start to improve your behaviour or control your emotions when you have been very upset

控制住自己的情绪，冷静下来

Stop being hysterical and get a grip on yourself.

别歇斯底里的，控制一下自己的情绪。

used in order to tell someone to control their emotions

看在上帝的分上，冷静点！

to be experiencing a very unpleasant situation that cannot be controlled or stopped

a special part of a handle that has a rough surface so that you can hold it firmly without it slipping

the ability of something to stay on a surface without slipping

someone whose job is to move the cameras around while a television show or film is being made

〔拍摄电视节目或电影时的〕操控摄像[摄影]机的工作人员


grip

[past tense and past participle](italic) [gripped](bold) [present participle](italic) [gripping](bold)

I gripped the rail and tried not to look down.

我紧紧抓住栏杆，尽量不往下看。

The woman moved closer to Beth, gripping her arm tightly.

那个女人走近贝丝，紧紧抓住她的胳膊。

to have a strong effect on someone or something

Panic suddenly gripped me when it was my turn to speak.

轮到我说话时，我一下子惊慌起来。

to hold someone’s attention and interest

使感兴趣，吸引 …的注意

if something grips a surface, it stays on it without slipping

子午线轮胎的抓地力很好。


gripping

a gripping film, story etc is very exciting and interesting

〔电影、故事等〕扣人心弦的，引人入胜的

→see THESAURUS at [exciting](->exciting)   →see THESAURUS at [interesting](->interesting)

科林斯扣人心弦的侦探小说


groan

to make a long deep sound because you are in pain, upset, or disappointed, or because something is very enjoyable

〔因疼痛、心烦或失望而〕呻吟；〔因快乐而〕哼哼

The kids all groaned when I switched off the TV.

我关掉电视时，孩子们都发出不满的抱怨声。

As she kissed him, Gary groaned with pleasure.

在她的亲吻之下，加里愉快地哼哼着。

Richard’s jokes make you groan rather than laugh.

理查德的笑话只能让你干笑两声，而不是开怀大笑。

I’m tired of him [moaning and groaning](bold) all the time.

他一天到晚牢骚满腹，我都听腻了。

if a table groans with food, there is a very large amount of food on it


groan

a long deep sound that you make when you are in pain or do not want to do something

〔疼痛时的〕呻吟；〔不愿做某事时发出的〕哼哼声


grocery

food and other goods that are sold by a grocer or a supermarket


groom

someone whose job is to feed, clean, and take care of horses


groom

to clean and brush an animal, especially a horse

擦洗，刷洗〔动物，尤指马匹〕

to prepare someone for an important job or position in society by training them over a long period

Tim was being groomed for a managerial position.

蒂姆正在接受培训，准备担任经理职位。

Clare’s been groomed to take her father’s place when he retires.

克莱尔一直作为父亲退休后的接班人受到培养。

to take care of your own appearance by keeping your hair and clothes clean and tidy

她的头发总是梳得整整齐齐。

to develop a friendship with a child, with the intention of starting a sexual relationship. This is done by adults, and is illegal when the child is younger than 16.

if an animal grooms itself or another animal, it cleans its own fur and skin or that of the other animal

〔动物为自己或另一动物〕梳理皮毛


groove

to do something in the same way for a long time so that it becomes boring

Our product range was stuck in a groove.


gross

[grossly](bold) adv. <+adj/adv> eg: Lambert was [grossly overweight](bold). eg: Medical records were found to be grossly inadequate.

a gross sum of money is the total amount before any tax or costs have been taken away

〔扣除税或成本之前〕总的，毛的

a family with gross earnings of just £75 per week

税前收入每周仅75英镑的家庭

a gross weight is the total weight of something, including its wrapping

soldiers accused of gross violations of human rights

被指控严重侵犯人权的士兵

The company described reports of environmental disaster as gross exaggeration.

该公司称，关于环境灾害的报道过于夸大其词。

[gross indecency](bold)(=the crime of doing something that is sexually offensive)

very unpleasant to look at or think about

呃，恶心！我讨厌吃菠菜！


gross

to earn £20,000 etc before tax has been taken away

税前收入两万英镑/三万美元等

a junior executive earning $50,000 gross

税前收入为五万美元的初级行政人员


gross

to gain an amount as a total profit, or earn it as a total amount, before tax has been taken away

获得 …的总利润[毛利，税前收入]

The movie has already grossed over $10 million.

这部电影票房总收入已经超过1,000万美元。


grotesque

It’s grotesque to portray peace campaigners as unpatriotic.

把和平运动的倡导者说成是不爱国，这很荒唐。

By modern standards, the treatment of prisoners was grotesque.

按照现代标准来看，这样对待囚犯很荒唐。

extremely ugly in a strange or unnatural way


grotesque

a picture,sculpture etc of someone who is strangely ugly


ground

[cut the ground from under sb’s feet](bold) at → [cut](->cut) 1 sense 37 [have/keep both feet on the ground](bold) at → [foot](->foot) 1 sense 18 [suit sb down to the ground](bold) at → [suit](->suit) 2 sense 1 [be thin on the ground](bold) at → [thin](->thin) 1 sense 12 [hit the ground running](bold) at → [hit](->hit) 1 sense 24

the surface of the Earth, or the soil on its surface

the ground at the bottom of the ocean, a forest, a cave etc

Many wonderful creatures live on the ocean floor.

used when talking about an area of ground that is owned by someone, or is used for an activity. Also used when talking about the part of the Earth’s surface that is not covered with water

She got off the ferry, happy to be back on dry land.

a type of land – used when talking about how easy an area of land is to cross, and whether it is rocky, flat etc

The Land Rover is built to go over rough terrain.

The terrain gets flatter when you go further south.

The vegetables were still covered in black soil.

The leaves were slowly fluttering to the ground.

He lay on the ground and stared up at the sky.

夜间，獾来到地面上觅食。

These youngsters work 70 metres [below ground level](bold).

这些年轻人在地下70米的地方作业。

A raised platform stood two metres off the ground.

一个升起的平台离地面有两米高。

The air raids were followed by military action [on the ground](bold)(=on land).

空袭之后是地面军事行动。

[ground troops](bold)(=soldiers who fight on land)

the soil on and under the surface of the Earth

Plant the seeds 2 cm deep in the ground.

把种子栽入两厘米深的地里。

The ground was dry, far too dry for growing corn.

土地太干，干得无法种庄稼。

an area of land without buildings, fences, woods etc

〔无建筑物、栅栏、树木等的〕空地

The landscape is a mixture of [open ground](bold) and woodland.

这一带有空地，也有林区。

They were standing on the [waste ground](bold)(=land in a town that is not being used) behind the car park.

他们站在停车场后面的荒地上。

(also: [grounds](bold) <[plural](bold)> )

an area of land or sea that is used for a particular purpose

These fields served as a hunting ground for the local people.

这些田地被用作当地人的狩猎场。

The rivers are used as [dumping grounds](bold) for industrial waste.

这些河流被用作倾倒工业废料的地方。

the land or gardens surrounding a large building

〔大型建筑物周围的〕场地，庭院

We decided to take a stroll in the hotel grounds.

我们决定在酒店的庭院里散散步。

a good reason for doing, believing, or saying something

Mental cruelty can be [grounds for divorce](bold).

精神折磨可以作为离婚的理由。

There are [strong grounds](bold) for believing his statement.

有充分的理由可以相信他的话。

Did the police have [reasonable grounds](bold) to arrest him?

警方有充分的理由拘捕他吗？

[on moral/legal/medical etc grounds](bold)

The proposal was rejected on environmental grounds.

这个提议出于环保的原因被否决。

Flying was ruled out on grounds of cost.

因费用的缘故而不考虑乘飞机。

‘You’re under arrest.’ ‘On what grounds?’

“你被捕了。”“理由是什么？”

We oppose the bill, on the grounds that it discriminates against women.

我们反对这个议案，理由是它歧视女性。

At meetings, we just keep [going over the same ground](bold)(=talking about the same things).

开会时我们只是反复谈论同一个话题。

His latest movie looks set to [break new ground](bold)(=introduce new and exciting ideas).

他最新的影片看来会有新的突破。

[familiar/home ground](bold)(=a subject etc that you know something about)

In his latest book, McManus returns to more familiar ground.

麦克马纳斯在他最近的著作中又回到了较熟悉的话题上。

Often parents and teenagers find they have little [common ground](bold)(=they do not share the same attitudes etc).

家长和十几岁的青少年往往会发现他们之间鲜有共同的观点。

[the middle/centre ground](bold)(=opinions that are not extreme that most people would agree with)

Both parties are battling to [occupy the centre ground](bold).

两党都在争取占领中间阵地。

Careful, Laura. You could be [treading on dangerous ground](bold)(=expressing opinions etc that might offend someone).

小心啊，劳拉，你的观点可能会冒犯到某些人。

Each side was unwilling to [give ground](bold)(=change their opinion).

the place where a particular sport is played

It’s their first defeat at their [home ground](bold)(=the ground that belongs to a particular team) all season.

这是他们整个赛季第一次主场失利。

to stay where you are when someone threatens you, in order to show them that you are not afraid

The men threatened him, but he stood his ground and they fled.

那些人威胁他，但是他没有退却，他们便溜走了。

to refuse to change your mind about something, even though people are opposing you

Jason vowed to stand his ground, even if it meant losing his job.

贾森发誓哪怕是丢掉工作也要坚守立场。

Her show never really got off the ground in the UK.

她的节目在英国一直没有火起来。

It was feared that the extreme right would gain ground in the election.

人们担心极右翼势力会在选举中得势。

if an idea, belief etc gains ground, more people start to accept it

〔主张、信仰等〕普及，流行

His theories gradually gained ground among academics.

他的理论渐渐被学者们接受了。

to get closer to someone or something that you are competing with

to become less successful compared with someone or something you are competing with

The Indian team seem determined to regain the ground they lost in the last game.

印度队在上一场比赛中失利，这次似乎下定决心要扳回一城。

a situation in which something develops quickly or successfully

The region, with its widespread poverty, provided fertile ground for revolutionary activists.

这个地区普遍贫困，是革命活动人士辈出的地方。

[prepare/lay the ground](bold)(=to provide the situation or conditions in which something can develop successfully)

My task was to prepare the ground for the recruitment of support workers.

我的任务是为支援人员的招聘做准备工作。

to destroy a city, building etc completely by fire, bombs etc

把某物烧成平地/夷为平地

The city of Tortona was burnt to the ground.

to work so hard that you become very tired or ill

使自己筋疲力尽，把自己累垮

Kay’s working herself into the ground trying to meet her deadlines.

凯在拼命工作，想如期完成任务。

in the place or situation where something important is happening, rather than somewhere else – used especially in news reports

在现场〔指重大事件发生的现场；尤用于新闻报道〕

While the politicians talk of peace, the situation on the ground remains tense.

政客们在大谈和平的时候，战场局势依然紧张。

someone’s stamping ground is an area where they are known or have a lot of influence

〔某人的〕势力范围，有影响力的地方

I guess he’ll try to reach his [old stomping ground](bold) to drum up support.

我猜他是想到他的老地盘去争取支持。

a wire that connects a piece of electrical equipment to the ground for safety

small pieces of solid material that sink to the bottom of a liquid

The man has gone to ground since his photograph was published in a national newspaper.

自从照片上了一家全国性的报纸以后，那人就销声匿迹了。

to succeed in finding someone or something after a long search

the colour used as the background for a design


ground

to stop an aircraft or pilot from flying

禁止〔航空器或飞行员〕飞行，使停飞

All planes are grounded until the fog clears.

雾散之前，所有的飞机都停飞了。

[Ground](bold)  is usually passive in this meaning.

if you ground a boat or if it grounds, it hits the bottom of the sea so that it cannot move

两条船都在泥滩上搁浅了。

Lewis’ ideas were grounded in his Christian faith.

刘易斯的观点建立在他的基督教信仰之上。

to stop a child going out with their friends as a punishment for behaving badly

I got home at 2 am and Dad grounded me on the spot.

我凌晨2点回家，爸爸当即罚我不准外出。

to make a piece of electrical equipment safe by connecting it to the ground with a wire


ground

ground coffee or nuts have been broken up into powder or very small pieces, using a special machine

〔咖啡或坚果〕磨细的，磨碎的


ground

the past tense and past participle of grind1


group

→ [blood group](->blood group) → [focus group](->focus group) → [interest group](->interest group) → [playgroup](->playgroup) → [pressure group](->pressure group) → [working group](->working group)

[Group](bold)  is usually followed by a singular verb: This group [has](bold) a higher risk of heart disease. His group [plays](bold) jazz.

In British English, you can also use a plural verb: This group [have](bold) a higher risk of heart disease. His group [play](bold) jazz.

several people together in the same place

A group of boys stood by the school gate.

a large group of people who have come to a place to do something

There were crowds of shoppers in the streets.

a large, noisy, and perhaps violent crowd

An angry mob of demonstrators approached.

a large group of people all close together in one place, so that they seem like a single thing

The square in front of the station was a solid mass of people.

a group of people who are all similar in some way

a group of young people, especially a group that often causes trouble and fights

a noisy group of people who are behaving badly

He was met by a rabble of noisy angry youths.

a very large group of people who all go somewhere

In summer hordes of tourists flock to the island.

There were hordes of people coming out of the subway.

a group of people who all work together, especially on a ship or plane

The flight crew will serve drinks shortly.

a group of people who are travelling or working together

A party of tourists stood at the entrance to the temple.

The carriage was pulled by a team of horses.

The farmer has over 100 sheep in his flock.

a group of kittens or puppies born at one time to a particular mother

He was one of a litter of seven puppies.

Piranha fish live in shoals in the wild.

a group of things held or tied together, especially flowers or keys

several papers, clothes, or sticks held or tied together in an untidy pile

Bundles of papers and files filled the shelves.

a group of things of the same kind that are close together in a place

Our road ended at a cluster of cottages.

Frank was invited to be a member of the group.

There was a group of three at the bar, two men and a woman.

Older people are being affected by the economic downturn more than other age groups.

(=one whose members belong to a particular race or nation)

The university welcomes enquiries and applications from all ethnic groups.

(=one whose members belong to a different race, religion etc from most other people in a country)

Conditions for many minority groups have worsened.

Schools should not stereotype pupils from certain racial groups as troublemakers.

(=a group of people from a particular class in society)

Lower social groups had a higher average family size.

The budget will affect people differently, according to their income group.

(=people of the same age, social group etc)

Many girls at school derive enormous strength from their peer groups.

(=one that tries to make the government do something)

Friends of the Earth is Britain’s leading environmental pressure group.

They formed a protest group and a petition of 50,000 signatures was presented at the town hall.

(=that has separated from another political or religious group)

A Social Democratic Party ( SDP), formed as a splinter group of the Socialist Party of Serbia.

(=in which everyone knows each other well and gives each other support)

The young mothers in the village are a fairly close-knit group.

(=a group that meets in order to help the people in it deal with a difficult time)

She set up a support group for people suffering from the same illness.

(=a group used in an experiment or survey to compare its results with those of another group)

A control group had to be examined as well as the group that we are studying.

Being involved in a group decision can help motivate workers.

The course includes both individual work and group discussions.

There were three groups of eight people, each with a group leader.

The teacher asked the students to get into groups.

Small children work best when they are organized into very small groups.

He joined a self-help group for divorced men.

Rebecca left the group following a disagreement.

They’re one of the most exciting pop groups around at the moment.

Jeremy was a member of a heavy metal group.

She's in a jazz group, playing the saxophone.

Ben and some friends started a rock group at school.

Mick Jagger and Keith Richards founded the group in the early Sixties.

(=the members decide not to play together anymore)

The group split up because of ‘musical differences’.

(=the members decide to play together again)

The group has re-formed and is planning a series of comeback concerts.

several people or things that are all together in the same place

〔人或物聚在一处的〕组，群，批

He was surrounded by a group of admirers.

他的身边围了一群仰慕者。

several people or things that are connected with each other

〔人或物彼此之间有某种联系的〕团体，群体

She is one of a group of women who have suffered severe side-effects from the drug.

一群女性服用此药后受到严重副作用影响，她是其中的一个。

[age/ethnic/income etc group](bold)(=people of the same age, race etc)

Minority groups are encouraged to apply.

several companies that all have the same owner

He owns a group of hotels in southern England.

他在英格兰南部拥有一个酒店集团。

a number of musicians or singers who perform together, playing popular music

〔演奏流行音乐的〕乐团，乐队，组合


group

to come together and form a group, or to arrange things or people together in a group

（使）形成一组；把 …分组

The photo shows four men grouped round a jeep.

照片上是四个男人围着一辆吉普车。

Different flowers can be grouped together to make a colourful display.

可以把不同的花组合在一起，布置得绚丽多姿。

small producers who group together to sell their produce

to divide people or things into groups according to a system

We’ve grouped the questions under three headings.

我们把这些问题分别归在三个标题下面。


grove

a piece of land with trees growing on it

a small [grove](bold) of beech [trees](bold)

他在特拉维夫附近拥有一个甜橙园。


grow

grow apart
grow into
grow on
grow out
grow out of
grow up

[past tense](italic) [grew](bold) /ɡruː/ [past participle](italic) [grown](bold) /ɡrəʊn/ US /ɡroʊn/

→see THESAURUS at [become](->become)   →see THESAURUS at [increase](->increase) 1

In everyday English, people usually say an amount or level [goes up](bold)  rather than [grows](bold) :

The population of the town has [gone up](bold) to almost a million.

to increase in amount, size, number, or strength

汤普森先生的支持率在上升。

Sales of new cars grew by 10% last year.

去年新车的销量增长了10%。

The number of students at the college has grown from 200 to over 500.

该学院的学生人数从200名增加到了500多名。

[A growing number](bold) of people are taking part-time jobs.

Fears are growing for the crew’s safety.

人们对船员的安危越来越担心。

There is growing concern about climate change.

人们越来越担心气候变化。

我对中国越来越浓厚的兴趣

to make a business or part of a business bigger and more successful

We want to grow the export side of the business.

我们想加强公司的出口业务。

to become bigger, taller etc over a period of time in the process of becoming an adult

You’ve really grown since I last saw you.

你比我上次见到时长了不少啊。

Victor seemed to [grow taller](bold) every day.

维克托好像一天比一天高。

斯坦在六个月里长高了两英寸。

if plants grow, they exist and develop in a natural way

a tree which will grow well in most types of soil

在大部分土壤里都能生长得很好的一种树

The plants [grow wild](bold)(=grow without anyone looking after them) by the river.

这些植物在河边自然生长。

to make plants or crops develop and produce fruit or flowers

Many families own plots of land to grow food.

许多人家都有自己的小块土地种植粮食。

Britain grows 6,000,000 tonnes of potatoes a year.

英国一年种植600万吨马铃薯。

The [growing season](bold) is from April to September.

if you grow your hair or nails, you do not cut them

I’ve decided to [grow](bold) my hair [long](bold).

when hair or nails grow, they become longer

In everyday English, people usually say [get older/tired/angry](bold)  etc rather than [grow older/tired/angry](bold)  etc, which sounds rather literary:

to change and become different quite slowly

Her tastes have changed as she’s grown older.

她的品味随着年龄的增长而改变了。

Gradually, Fiona’s eyes grew used to the darkness (=she gradually became able to see a little better).

渐渐地，费奥娜的眼睛适应了黑暗。

to gradually change your opinions and have a feeling that you did not have before

逐渐改变看法[产生某种感觉]

After a while the kids grew to like Mr Cox.

过了一会儿，孩子们开始喜欢上了考克斯先生。

作为一名音乐人，她成长了许多。

used to say that you should not waste money

钱不是从树上长出来的〔用以表示不可浪费金钱〕


growl

[growl](bold) n. <C> eg: He heard a low growl behind him.

if an animal growls, it makes a long deep angry sound

“滚开。”他低声咆哮道。

“你是谁？”他冲着我低吼道。


grown-up

Before you know it, the children will be grown-up and leaving home.

转眼之间，孩子们就会长大成人离家而去。

我有两个已经成年的儿子。

behaving in a responsible way, like an adult

〔行为〕体现成年人责任的，成熟的

I expect more grown-up behaviour of you.


grown-up

If you’re frightened, tell one of the grown-ups.

如果你害怕，就跟大人讲。


growth

From the mid 1970s to the mid 1980s there was very rapid growth.

Many industries are expecting strong growth this year.

The business has a history of steady growth.

Economists are forecasting a period of slow growth.

India and China are the developing countries with the most potential for explosive growth.

The budget was based around a forecast of zero growth in gross domestic product.

American aid was meant to kick-start the country’s economic growth.

Nuclear energy will be the main growth area in the energy sector.

The economic growth rate averaged only 1.4 percent.

After the war, Europe achieved remarkable economic growth.

Governments that want to survive have to maintain growth.

Greater government spending may stimulate economic growth.

We’ve seen an enormous growth in the number of businesses using the Web.

the recent growth of interest in African music

近来对非洲音乐的兴趣增加

an increase in the value of goods or services produced and sold by a business or a country

measures to stimulate [economic growth](bold)

The company is preparing for [zero growth](bold)(=no growth) this year.

公司今年做好准备面对零增长。

Debt collection is a huge growth industry.

收债是一个发展中的庞大产业。

the development of the physical size, strength etc of a person, animal, or plant over a period of time

Vitamins are essential for healthy growth.

维生素是健康成长所必需的。

a means of stimulating [plant growth](bold)

[a growth hormone](bold)(=substance in the body that causes you to grow)

a gradual increase in the importance or influence that something has

〔重要性或影响力的〕增加

Cinemas declined with the growth of television.

随着电视的发展，电影院没落了。

the development of someone’s character, intelligence, or emotions

〔性格、智力或情感的〕发展，成长

A loving home is essential for a child’s [personal growth](bold).

和睦的家庭是孩子个人成长所必需的。

a swelling on or inside a person, animal, or plant, caused by disease

Feed the plants to encourage new growth.

要给植物施肥，促进新枝叶生长。

His chin bore a thick growth of stubble.

他的下巴上长满浓密的胡子茬儿。


gruesome

very unpleasant or shocking, and involving someone being killed or badly injured

令人毛骨悚然的，可怕的〔涉及有人被杀或受重伤〕

Police described it as a particularly gruesome attack.

警方称这是一起极其恐怖的袭击事件。

别跟我讲那些可怕的细节。


grumble

[grumble](bold) n. <C> eg: the usual grumbles about pay

→see THESAURUS at [complain](->complain)

Farmers are always grumbling about the weather.

A few passengers grumbled that their cabins were too small.

有几个乘客抱怨舱室太小。

“这真无聊。”凯瑟琳抱怨道。

used to say that you are fairly healthy and happy

还不错〔用来表示自己健康愉悦〕

“你今天好吗？”“还不错。”


grumpy

Mina’s always a bit grumpy first thing in the morning.

米娜早上起来总是有点脾气。


grunt

to make short sounds or say a few words in a rough voice, when you do not want to talk

〔在不愿意讲话时〕发出哼声；嘟哝着说

He just grunted and carried on reading his book.

他只是哼了一声，继续看他的书。

if a person or animal grunts, they make short low sounds in their throat

她哼哧着费力地把我抱起来。


grunt

a short low sound that a person or animal makes in their throat

Chris gave a grunt and went back to sleep.

克里斯咕哝了一声，又继续睡了。

someone who does hard physical work for low pay


guarantee

→see THESAURUS at [promise](->promise) 1

to promise to do something or to promise that something will happen

我保证你会喜欢这部电影的。

If you send the application form in straight away, I can guarantee you an interview.

如果你马上把申请表寄出，我可以保证你会有一个面试的机会。

I cannot guarantee to work for more than a year.

我不能保证工作一年以上。

The law guarantees equal rights for men and women.

to make a formal written promise to repair or replace a product if it breaks within a specific period of time

为〔产品〕提供保修；包换

All our products are [fully guaranteed](bold).

我们所有的产品都全面保修。

The stereo is guaranteed against failure for a year.

这台立体声音响保修一年。

to promise that you will pay back money that someone else has borrowed, if they do not pay it back themselves

The bank will only lend me money if my parents guarantee the loan.

只有我父母作担保，银行才会给我贷款。

to make it certain that something will happen

In movies, talent by no means guarantees success.

在电影业，有才华并不一定就能成功。

The built-in thermostat guarantees that the water remains at the same temperature all the time.

内置式的恒温器确保水温始终不变。

This latest incident is guaranteed to make the situation worse.

最近发生的这起事件必然会使情况更加严重。

Even if you complete your training, you aren’t guaranteed a job.

即使你完成了培训，也未必就能找到工作。


guarantee

All our boots have a one-year guarantee for being waterproof.

The building work comes with a 30-year guarantee.

(=one that gives you back the money you paid if there is a problem)

The company offers a 30-day, money-back guarantee on all its products.

(=one that lasts as long as the object your have bought)

The binoculars are covered against manufacturing faults by a lifetime guarantee.

A full guarantee comes with every purchase.

a formal written promise to repair or replace a product if it breaks within a specific period of time

They offer a two-year guarantee on all their electrical goods.

他们所有的电器产品都有两年的保修期。

Our computers come with a one-year guarantee.

我们的电脑有一年的保修期。

Is your TV under guarantee (=protected by a guarantee)?

a formal promise that something will be done

I’m afraid there’s no guarantee of success.

恐怕不能保证一定会成功。

I cannot [give](bold) a [guarantee](bold) that there will be no redundancies.

a promise that you will pay back money that someone else has used or borrowed, if they do not pay it themselves

〔为别人的债务作的〕担保

something valuable that you give to someone to keep until you have done something you promised to do

〔对债务等的〕担保物，抵押品

The bank is holding the airline’s assets as guarantees.

银行持有航空公司的资产作为抵押物。


guard

someone whose job is to protect a place or person

There were two [security guards](bold) on duty outside the building.

大楼外面有两名保安在值勤。

We were stopped by [border guards](bold).

[Armed guards](bold) were posted by the exit.

someone whose job is to prevent prisoners from escaping

The [prison guards](bold) were reasonably friendly.

the act or duty of protecting places or people, or of preventing prisoners from escaping

Who was on guard the night the fire broke out?

火灾发生那晚是谁在执勤？

Gunmen stood guard at the camp entrance.

持枪歹徒把守着营地的入口。

[be under (police/armed etc) guard](bold)(=to be guarded by a group of people)

He was taken to hospital, where he is now under police guard.

他被送进了医院，现在由警方看守。

a group of soldiers who guard someone or something

The president has called in the National Guard.

a group of soldiers who protect the king or queen

〔保护国王或女王的〕近卫团

something that is used to protect someone or something from damage or injury

a person whose job is to be in charge of a train

to be paying attention to what is happening in order to avoid danger, being tricked etc

These men are dangerous so you’ll need to [be on](bold) your [guard](bold).

这些人很危险，所以你要提防着点。

Something in his tone [put](bold) her [on](bold) her [guard](bold).

他说话的语气使她提高了警惕。

to surprise someone by doing something that they are not ready to deal with

趁某人不备，使某人猝不及防

Senator O'Hare was caught off guard by the question.

这个问题让奥黑尔参议员猝不及防。

a group of people who walk or stand together at a special occasion in order to show respect

Police colleagues formed a guard of honour at her funeral.

警队的同事在她的葬礼上组成了一个仪仗队。

a group of people in an organization who want to do things in the way they were done in the past

the position of holding your arms or hands up in a fight in order to defend yourself

He swung at me and I brought my guard up.

他挥拳向我打来，我摆出了防御的姿势。

one of two players on a basketball team who is responsible for moving the ball to help their team gain points

one of two players on an American football team who plays either side of the centre


guard

to protect a person, place, or object by staying near them and watching them

The Sergeant told Swift to guard the entrance.

中士叫斯威夫特守着入口。

There is no one to guard these isolated farms against attack.

没有人守卫这些孤立的农场抵御袭击。

to watch a prisoner to prevent them from escaping

to protect something such as a right or a secret by preventing other people from taking it away, discovering it etc

捍卫〔权利〕；保守〔秘密〕

chiefs who [jealously guarded](bold) their independence

小心翼翼地捍卫着独立地位的首领

to prevent another sports player from gaining points, getting the ball etc


guardian

someone who is legally responsible for looking after someone else’s child, especially after the child’s parents have died

他姑妈是他的法定监护人。

someone who guards or protects something

The US sees itself as the guardian of democracy.


guerrilla

a member of a small unofficial military group that fights in small groups

American troops found themselves fighting a guerrilla war.

美军发现自己是在打游击战。


guess

to try to answer a question or form an opinion when you are not sure whether you will be correct

I’d say he’s around 50, but I’m only guessing.

我想他50岁左右，不过也只是猜测。

If you guess correctly, you have another turn.

如果猜对了，还能猜一轮。

你可以猜猜接下来发生了什么。

We can only guess at the cause of the crash.

我们只能猜测这次撞车事故的原因。

What star sign are you? No, [let](bold) me [guess](bold).

你是什么星座的？别说，让我来猜猜看。

[difficult/hard/easy etc to guess](bold)

It’s hard to guess his age because he dyes his hair.

他的年龄不好猜，因为他染了头发。

to realize that something is true even though you do not know for certain

I guessed that you must be related because you look so similar.

我猜你们肯定是亲戚，你们长得这么像。

I guessed from his expression that he already knew about the accident.

我从他的表情猜得出来，他已经知道出事了。

Can you guess the identity of this week’s special guest?

你们猜得出本周的特邀嘉宾是谁吗？

to make someone feel excited or not sure about what will happen next

〔不告诉某人下一步将发生什么〕让某人捉摸不定

a thriller that keeps audiences guessing

used to say that you think something is true or likely, although you are not sure

His light’s on, so I guess he’s still up.

他的灯亮着，所以我猜他还没睡。

used to say that you will do something even though you do not really want to

I’m tired, so I guess I’ll stay home tonight.

我累了，所以我想今晚待在家里。

used to agree or disagree with a statement or question

“你是个幸运的家伙。”“我想是的。”

‘I don’t really have any choice, do I?’ ‘I guess not.’

“我其实没有任何选择，是不是？”“我想是的。”

guess what/you’ll never guess who/what etc

used before you tell someone something that will surprise them

猜猜看/你永远也猜不出是谁/是什么等

你猜怎么着，布拉德利辞职了。

你永远也猜不出我今天见到谁了。


guess

I didn't know the answer to question 7, so I just had to make a guess.

Go on, have a guess at how much it cost.

Take a guess. How many people do you think showed up?

(=guess something, when you feel very uncertain)

No one at this stage is prepared to hazard a guess about the outcome of the elections.

This is just a rough guess, but I think it would cost about $50.

(=one made without much thought or information)

I made a wild guess and I got the answer right first time.

‘How did you know?’ ‘It was just a lucky guess.’

I'm not sure how old she is, but I can make a good guess!

(=one that you think is most likely to be right)

My best guess is that it will take around six months.

(=a guess based on things that you know are correct)

Stockbrokers try to make educated guesses as to which stocks will do well.

Analysis of the archaeological site will help us make an intelligent guess as to what it was used for.

(=a very good guess that you make suddenly)

It’s hard to believe he got that right with just an inspired guess.

My guess is there won’t be many people there.

(=used when saying that you are making a guess)

I'd say it was built around the turn of the century, at a guess.

(=used to tell someone that it should be easy for them to guess the answer to their question)

‘Where is he?’ ‘I’ll give you three guesses.’

an attempt to answer a question or make a judgment when you are not sure whether you will be correct

I’d say she’s about 35, but that’s only a guess.

依我说，她大约35岁，不过那只是猜测。

What she’s going to do with her life now is anybody’s guess.

现在她打算怎么生活谁也不知道。

used to tell someone that you do not know any more than they do about something


guest

The prime minister was one of the main guests at the event.

(=one who is given special respect and treatment)

They were the honoured guests of the Queen at the Royal Garden Party.

(=one who has done something that people respect or admire)

Many distinguished guests were invited to the opening ceremony.

How much meat do I need to buy for 15 dinner guests?

We need to send out invitations to all the wedding guests.

There was a constant stream of house guests at their country estate.

Celebrations continued with a dinner for 100 invited guests.

(=someone who is not really a guest, and whom you do not want at an event)

Security guards were employed to keep out unwelcome guests.

She was surprised when an uninvited guest turned up at the door.

The Johnsons were regular guests at Eric’s house in Notting Hill.

(=a list of the people invited to an event)

The guest list included many friends from his university days.

(=one who is invited to an event from another organization, university etc)

The guest speaker at the conference was Dr. Kim.

The senator was guest of honour at a reception held at the American Embassy.

The guests were invited to a dinner at his country house.

Roger was busy greeting the guests as they arrived.

(=have guests at your house or another place for a meal or party)

Their garden is a wonderful place to entertain guests.

someone who is invited to an event or special occasion

〔某一场合的〕嘉宾，宾客

出席婚礼的宾客大部分都已离去。

Among the invited guests were Jerry Brown and Elihu Harris.

受邀的嘉宾中有杰里·布朗和伊莱休·哈里斯。

The actress was [guest of honour](bold)(=the most important guest) at the launch.

这位女演员是发布会上的贵宾。

I’ve nearly finished the [guest list](bold) for the wedding.

参加婚礼的嘉宾名单我差不多弄好了。

In everyday English, people usually talk about [having friends/people over](bold)  (for a meal, short visit etc) or [having friends/people to stay](bold)  rather than saying that they [have guests](bold) :

We’[re having](bold) some [people over](bold) for dinner this evening.

someone you have invited to stay in your home for a short time

someone who is paying to stay in a hotel

→see THESAURUS at [customer](->customer)

桑拿浴室供住店客人免费使用。

someone famous who is invited to take part in a show, concert etc, in addition to those who usually take part

〔表演、音乐会等的〕特邀嘉宾

We have some great guests for you tonight.

今晚我们为大家邀请了几位特别的嘉宾。

Fontaine [appeared as a guest](bold) on the show.

芳登以嘉宾身份出现在节目中。

used to give someone permission to do what they have asked to do

请吧〔用于同意别人的请求〕

‘Do you mind if I look at your notes?’ ‘Be my guest.’

“我看一下你的笔记，行吗？”“随便看吧。”


guest

He was still asleep in the guest bedroom.

a guest star, speaker etc is someone famous or important who is invited to take part in an event, in addition to the people who usually take part

〔明星、演讲者等〕特邀的，客串的

Camfield was lucky in getting Cage and Rampling as guest stars.

卡姆菲尔德有幸请到了凯奇和兰普林两位明星嘉宾。

He will [make](bold) a special [guest appearance](bold) on next week’s show.

他将作为特邀嘉宾在下星期的节目中亮相。


guest

to take part in a show, concert etc as a guest

做特邀嘉宾；客串；担任特约演员

她去年客串过一个喜剧节目。


guidance

help and advice that is given to someone about their work, education, or personal life

I went to a counselor for guidance on my career.

我去找了一位顾问给我作职业指导。

I was looking forward to working under her expert guidance.

我期待着能在她的专业指导下工作。

the process of directing a missile while it is flying through the air

〔导弹在飞行过程中的〕制导

a missile with a sophisticated electronic guidance system

有精密电子制导系统的导弹


guide

something that provides information and helps you to form an opinion or make a decision

The polls are not a reliable guide of how people will vote.

根据这些民意测验来判断人们将如何投票并不可靠。

The figures are only a [rough guide](bold).

这些数据只是一个大致的参考。

someone whose job is to take tourists to a place and show them around

someone who advises you and influences the way you live

〔生活上的〕指导者，指引者，导师

a book or piece of writing that provides information on a particular subject or explains how to do something

跟着我们的分步指南去做。

Details of how to use the various programs are in the [user guide](bold).

如何使用各种程序，在用户指南里都有详细的说明。

the Guides Association, which teaches girls practical skills


guide

带领，引导〔某人至某地〕

→see THESAURUS at [lead](->lead) 1   →see THESAURUS at [take](->take) 1

He guided us through the narrow streets to the central mosque.

他引领我们穿过几条狭窄的街道，来到中央清真寺。

to help someone or something to move in a particular direction

Searchlights were used to guide the ship into the harbour.

to influence someone’s behaviour or ideas

引导，指导〔某人的行为或观点〕

十几岁的青少年需要大人来引导。

to show someone the right way to do something, especially something difficult or complicated

指引，指导〔尤指做困难或复杂的事〕

Guide your students through the program one section at a time.

指导学生分节学习这一课程。


guideline

rules or instructions about the best way to do something

给老师的一套新的教学准则

guidelines on the employment of children

The hospital has issued new guidelines on the treatment of mentally ill patients.

医院就精神病患者的治疗发布了新的指导原则。

This chapter [gives](bold) you some [guidelines](bold) to help you in your work.

本章将介绍一些指导性原则，为你的工作提供帮助。

Today most planning authorities enforce fairly strict guidelines on new houses.

现在，大多数建筑规划当局都对建设新住房实行比较严格的标准。

something that helps you form an opinion or make a decision

〔帮助某人形成观点或作出决定的〕指导原则，参考

When starting a new business, try to [follow](bold) these general [guidelines](bold).

开办新公司时，应尽量遵循这些一般性指导原则。

Teachers can choose books within certain broad guidelines.

教师可以在某些大的指导原则下自己选择教材。


guilt

the feeling you have when you have done something you know is wrong

Divorce often leaves people with feelings of guilt.

the feeling of being guilty or embarrassed that you have after doing something that is wrong, when you feel you have lost people’s respect

I was too scared to help him, and I was filled with shame.

a feeling of sadness about something, especially because you wish it had not happened

Kate watched her go with a pang of regret.

a strong feeling of being sorry for doing something very bad

a feeling of being guilty and sorry for something wrong that you have done

The company CEO expressed contrition for the errors that led to the crash.

They wanted to perform some kind of act of contritiondo something that shows you feel sorry for something .

a feeling of being sorry for something that you have done wrong, when you do not intend to do it again

He expressed genuine penitence at the harm he had done her.

the part of your mind that tells you whether what you are doing is morally right or wrong

My conscience has been troubling me ever since.

I had a lot of guilt about what had happened.

She didn’t feel any guilt; she had done nothing wrong.

be consumed with/racked with/overwhelmed by guilt

Later he was horrified that he had hit her, and was racked by guilt.

She died before I got there, and there was nothing I could do to assuage my guilt and regret.

I had a permanent feeling of guilt that I didn't see Mum and Dad as often as I should.

Richard felt a pang of guilt, knowing that he had forgotten her birthday.

Many children feel a burden of guilt when their parents divorce, believing that they have caused the separation.

(=when you cannot stop feeling guilty, although it is unnecessary)

Some of the survivors developed a guilt complex. Why had they lived when others had died?

(=guilt shared by each member of a group or society)

Should we feel some kind of collective guilt for what happened in the past?

a strong feeling of shame and sadness because you know that you have done something wrong

He used to buy them expensive presents, out of guilt.

出于内疚，他以前总是给他们买昂贵的礼物。

Don’t you have any [feelings of guilt](bold) about leaving David?

你离开戴维难道就没有一点内疚吗？

He felt an enormous [sense of guilt](bold) when he thought about how he’d treated her.

他想到自己那样对待她，心里非常歉疚。

I was [racked with guilt](bold) at my part in making her this unhappy.

她这么不开心也有我的原因，我为此深感内疚。

Sometimes I felt little [pangs of guilt](bold).

有时候我也会有一点点的内疚。

the fact that you have broken an official law or moral rule

responsibility and blame for something bad that has happened

Guilt for poorly behaved children usually lies with the parents.

孩子行为不良，责任通常在父母。

to have a feeling of guilt about something when it is unreasonable

to make someone feel bad about something

I wish my parents would stop laying a guilt trip on me for not going to college.

我希望父母不要因为我没上大学而老是让我心怀愧疚。


guilty

You feel [guilty about/for/at ](bold) something you have done: She felt guilty about what had happened. I feel guilty for not doing more to help.

Someone is [guilty of](bold)  a crime or doing something wrong: They were guilty of murder. The government is guilty of mismanaging the economy.

if someone is guilty of a crime or doing something wrong, they did it, and they should be punished for it

The two guilty men were ordered to pay damages to their victims.

used when saying who should be blamed for something bad that has happened

Police believe a local gang is responsible for the burglaries.

As manager, he is ultimately responsible for the failure of the project.

The other driver was responsible for the accident.

if someone is to blame for a bad situation, they are responsible

The government is partly to blame for the crisis.

If anything goes wrong, it’s never him that is to blame.

responsible for something bad or illegal, so that you deserve to be blamed or punished

The people who helped the terrorists are equally culpable for what happened on July 7th.

He pleaded guilty to culpable homicidebeing guilty of causing someone’s death.

responsible for something bad that has happened, because you did not take enough care, or you did not try to stop it from happening

The court decided that the railway company was negligent.

to be responsible for an accident, mistake etc – used when deciding which person, group etc should be blamed

The other driver was clearly in the wrong.

She always thinks it’s me who is in the wrong.

used about things which seem to show that someone is guilty of a crime

He didn’t want to say anything incriminating.

feeling very ashamed and sad because you know that you have done something wrong

I [feel](bold) really [guilty](bold) about forgetting her birthday again.

我又忘记了她的生日，心里非常内疚。

她看上去很不自然，很内疚的样子。

It was his [guilty conscience](bold) that made him offer to help.

他是因为心中有愧才提出帮忙的。

In everyday English, people often say that they [feel bad about](bold)  something rather than say that they [feel guilty about](bold)  it:

I [feel bad about](bold) leaving him on his own.

The jury [found](bold) her [guilty](bold) of murder.

陪审团裁定她谋杀罪名成立。

He was found [not guilty](bold) of the death of PC Jones.

关于警员琼斯的死，他被判无罪。

He [pleaded guilty](bold) to two charges of theft.

responsible for behaviour that is morally or socially unacceptable

Some journalists are guilty of reporting scandal in order to sell papers.

有些记者错在为增加报纸销量而去报道丑闻。

the person who has done something illegal or wrong


guitar

a musical instrument usually with six strings that you play by pulling the strings with your fingers or with a plectrumsmall piece of plastic, metal etc

[an acoustic/an electric/a classical guitar](bold)

→ [bass guitar](->bass guitar) → [steel guitar](->steel guitar)


gulf

a large area of sea partly enclosed by land

a great difference and lack of understanding between two groups of people, especially in their beliefs, opinions, and way of life

the huge gulf between management and unions

管理层和工会之间的巨大分歧

老年人和年轻人之间越来越大的隔阂


gum

your gums are the two areas of firm pink flesh at the top and bottom of your mouth, in which your teeth are fixed

a type of glue used to stick light things such as paper together

a sticky substance found in the stems of some trees


gum

[past tense and past participle](italic) [gummed](bold) [present participle](italic) [gumming](bold)

A large label had been gummed to the back of the photograph.

照片的背后贴了一张大标签。


gun

→ [son of a gun](->son of a gun) [stick to your guns](bold) at → [stick](->stick) 1 [jump the gun](bold) at → [jump](->jump) 1 sense 11 [be going great guns](bold) at → [great](->great) 1 sense 11 [spike sb’s guns](bold) at → [spike](->spike) 2 sense 6

a metal weapon which shoots bullets or shells

I’ve never [fired](bold) a [gun](bold) in my life.

Jake was [pointing](bold) a [gun](bold) at the door.

Two policemen were killed in a [gun battle](bold).

两名警察在一次枪战中丧生。

to put a gun very close to someone’s head to shoot them or to force them to do something

He put a gun to her head and told the cashier to hand over the money.

他用枪指着她的头，叫出纳员把钱交出来。

to force someone to do something they do not want to do

You chose to live here. Nobody put a gun to your head.

是你自己要住在这里，又没有人强迫你。

a tool that forces out small objects or a liquid by pressure

→ [flashgun](->flashgun) → [spray gun](->spray gun)

a gun which is fired into the air at the start of a race

someone who is very important within an organization

Jed wanted to impress a Harvard professor and some other big guns.

杰德想给一位哈佛教授以及其他几位大人物留个好印象。

someone who is paid to shoot someone else

if you do something with all guns blazing, you do it with a lot of energy, determination, and noise


gun

[past tense and past participle](italic) [gunned](bold) [present participle](italic) [gunning](bold)

to be trying to find an opportunity to criticize or harm someone

他为什么总是跟我过不去？

to be trying very hard to obtain something

to make the engine of a car go very fast by pressing the accelerator very hard


gut

→ [blood-and-guts](->blood-and-guts) [bust a gut](bold) at → [bust](->bust) 1 sense 3 [hate sb’s guts](bold) at → [hate](->hate) 1 sense 2 [spill your guts](bold) at → [spill](->spill) 1 sense 4

a reaction or feeling that you are sure is right, although you cannot give a reason for it

本能的反应/本能的感觉/直觉

He had a gut feeling that Sarah was lying.

他凭直觉感到萨拉在撒谎。

the courage and determination you need to do something difficult or unpleasant

〔做困难或不愉快的事情所需要的〕勇气，魄力，决心

It [takes guts](bold) to start a new business on your own.

自己开公司是需要勇气的。

No one had the guts to tell Paul what a mistake he was making.

没有人敢告诉保罗他这是在犯什么样的错误。

all the organs in someone’s body, especially when they have come out of their body

There were blood and guts all over the place.

the tube through which food passes from your stomach

It can take 72 hours for food to pass through the gut.

食物通过肠道消化完有时需要72小时。

someone’s stomach, especially when it is large

He felt as if someone had just kicked him in the gut.

他感觉好像有人踢了他肚子一脚。

Phil has a huge [beer gut](bold)(=unattractive fat stomach caused by drinking too much beer).

a type of strong string made from the intestine of an animal, and used for musical instruments such as violins

肠线〔用动物肠子制成的十分结实的线，用于制作小提琴等乐器的弦〕

the parts inside a machine or piece of equipment

〔机器或设备的〕内部零件

the most important or basic parts of something

(also: [slog your guts out](bold) ([BrE](bold)) )

if you know something at gut level, you feel sure about it, though you could not give a reason for it

She knew at gut level that he was guilty.

used to say that you would like to punish someone severely for something they have done

我要抽某人的筋，我要扒某人的皮〔表示要严惩某人〕


gut

[past tense and past participle](italic) [gutted](bold) [present participle](italic) [gutting](bold)

to completely destroy the inside of a building, especially by fire

毁坏〔建筑物〕的内部〔尤指烧毁〕

[Gut](bold)  is often passive in this meaning.

to remove the organs from inside a fish or animal in order to prepare it for cooking

取出 …的内脏〔以备烹调〕

to change something by removing some of the most important or central parts


gutter

the low part at the edge of a road where water collects and flows away

The gutters were blocked and overflowing.

排水沟堵住了，水都溢出来了。

an open pipe fixed to the edge of a roof to collect and carry away rainwater

the bad social conditions of the lowest and poorest level of society

社会最底层的恶劣环境，贫民窟

Men like him usually ended up in jail – or the gutter.

像他这样的男人，下场通常是坐牢——要不就是穷困潦倒。

the newspapers that print shocking stories about people’s personal lives – used to show disapproval

〔刊登耸人听闻的个人私生活新闻的〕下流报刊，小报〔含贬义〕


gutter

if a candle gutters, it burns with an unsteady flame


guy

[wise guy](bold) at → [wise](->wise) 1 sense 5

(=a man in a book or movie who does bad things)

(=a man in a book or movie who does good things and beats the bad characters)

He’s one of the good guys in the 'Star Wars' films.

(=a person who is responsible for something bad that happens, or a person who you do not like)

I'm fed up with people always thinking that I am the bad guy.

(=used when something bad happens to someone and you want to show sympathy)

The poor guy was robbed of all his money.

(=a man who is strong and not afraid, especially one who is good at fighting)

I knew him in high school. He’s just a regular guy.

(=ordinary people rather than a powerful organization such as a government or a large company)

He wanted to get elected and fight for the little guy.

Dave’s a nice guy when you get to know him.

戴夫是个好人，你了解他后就知道了。

a model of a man burnt every year on Guy Fawkes Night, in Britain

〔英国每年在盖伊·福克斯之夜焚烧的〕盖伊·福克斯模拟像

a rope that stretches from the top or side of a tent or pole to the ground to keep it in the right position

〔帐篷或杆柱的〕固定拉绳，拉索

used when talking to or about a group of people, male or female

大家，各位〔用于对同一群人讲话或指一群人时〕

嗨，伙计们！要上哪儿去？

used to say that you will stop trying to behave honestly and fairly


gym

a special building or room that has equipment for doing physical exercise

I try and work out at the local gym once a week.

我尽量每星期到当地的体育馆去运动一次。

I [go to the gym](bold) as often as I can.

我一有空就去健身房健身。

exercises that people do indoors for physical development and as a sport, especially at school

〔尤指学校的〕体育活动，健身运动


gymnastics

[gymnastic](bold) adj. eg: The girls went through their gymnastic routine.

a sport involving physical exercises and movements that need skill, strength, and control, and that are often performed in competitions

In this meaning, [gymnastics](bold)  is followed by a singular verb: [Gymnastics is](bold) one of the most popular Olympic events.


gypsy

a member of a group of people originally from India, who traditionally live and travel around in caravans, and who now live all over the world. Most gypsies prefer to be called romanies.

someone who does not like to stay in the same place for a long time


habit

[a creature of habit](bold) at → [creature](->creature) sense 3

something you do regularly, often without thinking about it

I always go to the same supermarket, out of habit.

a way of speaking or a small movement of your face or body that is part of your usual behaviour

Even her mannerisms are the same as her sister’s.

something that people in a particular society do because it is traditional or the accepted thing to do

In Japan, it is the custom to take off your shoes when you enter a house.

a belief, custom, or way of doing something that has existed for a long time

The tradition of giving Easter eggs goes back hundreds of years.

In many countries, it’s a tradition for the bride to wear white.

It was a family tradition to go for a walk on Christmas Day.

something that people often do, especially as part of their work or daily life

The hotel has ended the practice of leaving chocolates in guests’ rooms.

Once you have been driving for a few weeks, it becomes a habit.

(=start doing something regularly or often)

Try to get into the habit of walking for 30 minutes each day.

(=stop doing something regularly or often)

She couldn’t get out of the habit of saying 'sorry'.

(=stop doing something that is bad for you)

I’ve smoked for years, but I really want to kick the habit.

I developed a habit of eating porridge for breakfast.

It's sometimes difficult for people to change their habits.

Eating healthy food as snacks is a good habit to get into.

(=the kinds of things you eat or drink regularly)

(=the kinds of things you buy regularly)

The recession will mean that many people will be changing their spending habits.

(=the kinds of television shows you regularly watch)

Parents try to control their children’s viewing habits.

(=what you normally do in sexual relationships)

a survey of the sexual habits of gay men

(=the things you normally do each day, for example keeping yourself clean or whether you smoke)

Some of his personal habits were unpleasant.

(=the things people normally do when they are with other people)

Television changed some of our social habits.

He had the unpleasant habit of eating with his mouth open.

He had a lot of peculiar habits, one of them being to stare at you without blinking.

On Friday evenings, Carrie was in the habit of visiting her parents.

(=used about a habit that is difficult to change)

I still walk by his house each day - force of habit, I suppose.

(=stop doing the things you have done for many years)

It is hard to change the habits of a lifetime, but you must eat more healthily or you will have a heart attack.

(=do something that makes other people feel embarrassed or offended)

Teenage girls have the unfortunate habit of laughing too loudly.

something that you do regularly or usually, often without thinking about it because you have done it so many times before

消极的思维方式会成为一种习惯。

She has a habit of playing with her hair when she’s nervous.

她有一个习惯，一紧张就拨弄自己的头发。

Some people drink alcohol as much from habit as from desire.

有些人喝酒既是因为想喝，也是出于习惯。

by/out of/from habit (=because this is what you usually do in this situation)

a strong physical need to keep taking a drug regularly

A lot of drug addicts get into petty crime to support their habit.

很多吸毒者为满足毒瘾而犯轻罪。

His cocaine habit ruined him physically and financially.

他的可卡因瘾搞垮了他的身体，败光了他的钱财。

used to say that someone does not usually do something bad or wrong, or should not do it again

不常做某事；不要养成做某事的习惯

You’re ten minutes late. I hope you’re not going to make a habit of this.

你迟到了十分钟，我希望你不要养成迟到的习惯。

used when you are annoyed, to say that you would not do something

我没有做某事的习惯〔用于恼怒时〕

I’m not in the habit of lying to my friends.

我没有对朋友撒谎的习惯。

if something has a habit of doing something, it usually or often does it – used humorously

有做某事的习惯〔幽默用法〕

Life has a habit of springing surprises.

生活中常会冒出让人意想不到的事。

used to say that it is difficult to make people change their attitudes or behaviour

She knew it probably wasn’t necessary anymore, but old habits die hard.

她知道这也许已经没有必要了，但是旧习难改。

the way someone usually thinks about something, or their usual attitudes

a long loose piece of clothing worn by people in some religious groups

〔某些宗教团体成员穿的〕长袍


habitat

(=the type of place where an animal or plant usually lives or grows)

She studies gorillas in their natural habitat.

(=the particular place where an animal or plant lives or grows)

Even in its native habitat, the plant is very rare.

The land next to the harbour is perhaps the most threatened wildlife habitat in Britain.

(=a place in a wood, etc where animals and plants live or grow)

The owl inhabits woodland habitats from Scotland to southern Spain.

(=a place near the coast where animals and plants live or grow)

Dolphins are vulnerable to these poisons because of their coastal habitat.

(=a place in the sea where animals and plants live and grow)

Cuttlefish are found in marine habitats worldwide.

The island is an important habitat for exotic animals.

Widening the road will uproot trees and damage wildlife habitat.

(=be suitable and available as a home for particular animals or plants)

Marshes provide the habitat of many species of wading birds.

(=prevent it from changing or being damaged)

These measures will protect the habitat of endangered species such as wolves.

The aim is to create a suitable breeding habitat for rare birds.

Elephants are menaced by poaching and loss of habitat.

It is in south Texas that the destruction of the bird’s habitat has been most alarming.

〔动植物的〕生活环境；〔动物的〕栖息地

watching monkeys in their [natural habitat](bold)

观察自然生活环境中的猴子

The grassland is an important habitat for many wild flowers.

这片草原是很多野花的重要生长地。


hack

She hacked away at the ice, trying to make a hole.

她在冰上凿，想凿出一个洞来。

整片整片的森林都已经被砍平。

He hacked his way through the undergrowth.

他在灌木丛中劈出一条路来。

Both men had been [hacked to death](bold)(=killed using large knives).

to secretly find a way of getting information from someone else’s computer or changing information on it

非法侵入〔他人的计算机系统〕

Somebody hacked into the company’s central database.

有人侵入了这家公司的中央数据库。

to feel that you cannot continue to do something that is difficult or boring

〔因困难或乏味而〕不愿继续做某事

I’ve been doing this job for years, but I just can’t hack it anymore.

这份工作我已经干了很多年，但是我再也不想干了。

to ride a horse along roads or through the country

骑马〔沿路而行或穿越乡村地区〕

〔令人不舒服地〕大声咳嗽


hack

a writer who does a lot of low-quality work, especially writing newspaper articles

〔尤指为报纸写文章的〕蹩脚文人，雇佣文人，写手

A Sunday newspaper hack uncovered the story.

某星期日报的一个雇佣文人披露了这一新闻事件。

The meeting was attended by the usual old party hacks.

参加会议的还是那些无足轻重的老党徒。

a way of using a computer to get into someone else’s computer system without their permission

〔对他人计算机系统的〕非法侵入

an act of hitting something roughly with a cutting tool

又砍了一下，树枝就掉下来了。


hail

to describe someone or something as being very good

把 …称赞为，把 …誉为

Lang’s first film was immediately hailed as a masterpiece.

朗的第一部电影立即就被誉为杰作。

The new service has been [hailed a success](bold).

新推出的服务被认为很成功。

A young man is being [hailed a hero](bold) tonight after rescuing two children.

今晚，一位青年因为救了两个孩子而被称为英雄。

to call to someone in order to greet them or try to attract their attention

She leaned out of the window and hailed a passerby.

她探出窗户向一个路人大喊。

The hotel doorman will hail a cab for you.

酒店的门童会替你叫出租车的。

if it hails, small balls of ice fall like rain

外面风很大，还下着冰雹。


hail

frozen raindrops which fall as hard balls of ice

a large number of bullets, stones etc that are thrown or fired at someone

一阵弹雨/像雹子般袭来的石块等

The aircraft were met by a hail of gunfire.

飞机遭到一阵炮火的袭击。

The proposals met with a hail of criticism.