address

Please give your bank’s full postal address.

They need the full address, including the postcode.

(=a new address for sending mail to when you move from your old address)

They moved without leaving a forwarding address.

I wanted to write to him, but I’ve lost his address.

(=a new address when you move to a different place)

You need to inform your bank if there’s been a change of address.

(=having no permanent home – used especially in news reports)

(=a book or a file on your computer, where you keep people’s addresses)

the details of the place where someone lives or works, which you use to send them letters etc

I can give you the address of a good attorney.

我可以给你一个好律师的地址。

the series of letters and other symbols that you put when sending email to a particular person, or that is the name of a website

They have changed the address of their website.

a formal speech that someone makes to a group of people

The new president [delivered](bold) his inaugural [address](bold) in Creole.

新总统用克里奥尔语发表就职演说。

the correct title or name that you should use when speaking or writing to someone


address

if you address an envelope, package etc, you write on it the name and address of the person you are sending it to

在〔信封、包裹等〕上写姓名和地址

Send a [stamped, self-addressed envelope](bold)(=with your address on it so it can be sent back to you).

寄上一个贴好邮票的、写有回邮地址的信封。

if you address a problem, you start trying to solve it

（着手）解决，处理〔问题〕

[address a problem/question/issue etc](bold)

Our products address the needs of real users.

我们的产品满足真正用户的需要。

Marlowe now addressed himself to the task of searching the room.

She turned to address the man on her left.

她转过头对左边的男士说话。

if you address remarks, complaints etc to someone, you say or write them directly to that person

〔向某人〕提出〔意见、投诉等〕

You will have to address your comments to our Head Office.

你得把意见向我们总部反映。

to make a formal speech to a large group of people

[address a meeting/conference etc](bold)

He addressed an audience of 10,000 supporters.

他对一万名支持者发表了演说。

to use a particular title or name when speaking or writing to someone

The president should be addressed as ‘Mr. President’.

对总统应该称“总统先生”。


adequate

enough in quantity or of a good enough quality for a particular purpose

足够的；充分的；合乎需要的

Farmers have been slow to make [adequate provision](bold) for their retirement.

农民们迟迟没有为退休做好适当安排。

Some creams we tested failed to give adequate protection against UV light.

我们检测的防晒霜有些不能提供足够的防紫外线保护。

The standard of his work is [barely adequate](bold).

The company has yet to provide an adequate explanation for its actions.

该公司对其行动仍未作出充分解释。

Are the parking facilities adequate for 50 cars?

停车设施是否够50辆车停放？

The lunchtime menu is [more than adequate](bold) to satisfy the biggest appetite.

中午的菜给胃口最大的人吃都绰绰有余。

→see THESAURUS at [satisfactory](->satisfactory)

Her performance was adequate but lacked originality.

她的表演还过得去，但缺乏独创性。


adequately

in a way that is enough for a particular purpose

足够地；充分地；合乎需要地

Students need to be adequately prepared for the world of work.

学生们需要为进入职场做好充分的准备。


adhere

The eggs of these fish adhere to plant leaves.

这些鱼产下的卵附着在植物叶片上。


adjacent

a room, building, piece of land etc that is adjacent to something is next to it


adjective

[adjectival](bold) /ˌædʒəkˈtaɪv/  adj. eg: an adjectival phrase

a word that describes a noun or pronoun. In the phrase ‘black hat’, ‘black’ is an adjective and in the sentence ‘It makes her happy’, ‘happy’ is an adjective.


adjourn

[adjournment](bold) n. <C,U> eg: We sought an adjournment of the proceedings.

if a meeting, parliament, law court etc adjourns, or if the person in charge adjourns it, it stops for a short time

It was almost noon when the meeting adjourned.

休会时差不多已经是中午了。

Congress has adjourned for the November elections.

国会因11月的大选而暂时休会。

His [trial](bold) was [adjourned](bold) until May.

对他的审讯延期至5月份。

to finish an activity and go somewhere – often used humorously

转移到别处，换地方〔常为幽默用法〕

The rest of us adjourned to a nearby pub for some refreshments.

我们其他人转移阵地，去了附近酒吧吃点心。


adjust

to gradually become familiar with a new situation

They’ll soon settle in – kids are very good at adjusting.

他们很快就会习惯的——小孩子适应能力很强。

It took a few seconds for her eyes to adjust to the darkness.

过了几秒钟她的眼睛才适应了黑暗。

My parents had trouble adjusting to living in an apartment.

It took time to adjust myself to motherhood.

我过了一段时间才适应做母亲的角色。

In everyday English, people usually say [get used to](bold)  rather than [adjust (to)](bold) :

to change or move something slightly to improve it or make it more suitable for a particular purpose

经常检查并调节刹车装置。

Taste the soup and adjust the seasoning.

尝尝汤的味道，然后调整佐料用量。

If your employment status changes, your tax code will be adjusted accordingly.

如果就业状况改变，你的免税代码也会作相应调整。

In everyday English, people usually say [turn up](bold)  or [turn down](bold)  the temperature, volume etc rather than [adjust](bold)  it.

if you adjust something you are wearing, you move it slightly so that it is neater, more comfortable etc


adjustment

a small change made to a machine, system, or calculation

〔对机器、系统或计算的〕调整，调节

Once we [make](bold) the [adjustments](bold) for inflation, the fall in interest rates is quite small.

一旦我们按通货膨胀调整，利率降幅其实很小。

只需要作一些小小的调整。

a change in the way that someone behaves or thinks

〔行为、思想的〕调节，适应


administer

to manage the work or money of a company or organization

The money will be administered by local charities.

这笔资金将由当地慈善机构管理。

Our office [administers the affairs](bold) of the Society.

我们办公室管理协会的事务。

[Administer](bold)  is often passive in this meaning.

to provide or organize something officially as part of your job

It is not the job of the police to administer justice; that falls to the courts.

司法不是警方的职责，而是法院的职责。

Pillai had responsibility for administering to the needs of half a million people.

皮莱负责解决50万民众的需求问题。

The test was administered to all 11-year-olds.

这个考试针对所有11岁的孩子进行。

[administer an oath](bold)(=be the official person who listens to it)

to give someone a medicine or medical treatment

施用〔药物〕，给予〔治疗〕

Painkillers were administered to the boy.

已给那个男孩服了止痛药。

This unit teaches students how to [administer first aid](bold).

本单元教学生如何进行急救。


administration

ədˌmɪnəˈstreɪʃən

ədˌmɪnəˈstreɪʃən

the activities that are involved in managing the work of a company or organization

〔公司或机构的〕管理，行政

We’re looking for someone with experience in administration.

我们正在寻找一个有管理经验的人。

The health service spends too much on administration.

卫生服务部门在行政方面花费太多。

[the administration](bold)(=the people who do this work)

the government of a country at a particular time

→see THESAURUS at [government](->government)

The problem has been ignored by successive administrations.

这个问题一直被历届政府所忽视。

the act of administering something, especially a law, test, or medicine

〔法律的〕执行；〔检测的〕施行；〔药物的〕施用


administrative

relating to the work of managing a company or organization

这份工作主要是行政方面的。

the [administrative costs](bold) of health care systems

staff who provide technical and [administrative support](bold) to the college

学院的技术及行政支持人员


administrator

someone whose job involves managing the work of a company or organization

〔公司或机构的〕管理人员，行政人员


admirable

having many good qualities that you respect and admire


admiration

ˌædməˈreɪʃən

ˌædməˈreɪʃən

He’s a man for whom I have the greatest admiration.

She had a deep admiration for the work of Russian writers.

Bacon had often expressed his profound admiration for Picasso’s paintings.

‘Where did you learn to do that?’ she asked with genuine admiration.

(=that you secretly feel, but do not show)

I have always had a sneaking admiration for his music.

Her father looked at her in open admiration.

There was grudging admiration in his voice.

(=that two or more people feel for each other)

Their friendship was based on mutual admiration.

be full of admiration/be filled with admiration

I’m full of admiration for what you’ve done.

I have nothing but admiration for his work.

She always had great admiration for people who could speak so many languages.

His films have won the admiration of the critics.

At the club, her singing soon drew the admiration of the older girls.

She wrote to him expressing her admiration for his work.

I wanted to show my admiration for what he had done.

a feeling of great respect and liking for something or someone

Daniel gazed at her [in admiration](bold).

丹尼尔用爱慕的眼神注视着她。

I wanted to express my admiration for the way the crew handled the crisis.

我想对机组人员处理此次危机的方式表达敬佩之情。

Her riding soon drew the admiration of the older girls.

她的骑术很快引来了年长女孩的羡慕。


admire

[Admire ](bold) is not used in the progressive in meaning 1. You say: I admire him for his courage (=I respect and like him).
Don’t say: [I am admiring him.](strike)

[Admire ](bold) is often used in the progressive in meaning 2. You say: He was admiring himself in the mirror (=he was looking at himself).  You can also say: He admired himself in the mirror.

to like someone because they have achieved something special, or they have skills or qualities that you would like to have

She admired him for the way he dealt with the situation.

to have a good opinion of someone, even if you do not agree with them, for example because they have achieved a lot or have high standards

She is respected by all her colleagues at the university.

She’s an actor who is not prepared to compromise, and her audience loves and respects her for that.

to greatly admire someone because of their achievements and personal qualities, especially someone famous

Mandela is revered as one of the great leaders of our time.

to admire someone who is older or who has more experience than you

to think that someone is good at what they do

His teachers seem to think very highly of him.

to admire someone so much that you think they are perfect – used especially about famous people or people in your family

to admire someone a lot and want to be like them – often used when this seems unreasonable or extreme

She hero-worshipped John to such an extent that she was blind to his faults.

to respect and like someone because they have done something that you think is good, or to respect their qualities or skills

I really [admire the way](bold) she brings up those kids all on her own.

我十分佩服她独力把那些孩子抚养大。

Lewis was [much admired](bold) for his work on medieval literature.

刘易斯因其对中世纪文学的研究而备受赞誉。

to look at something and think how beautiful or impressive it is

We stopped halfway to [admire the view](bold).

我们中途停下来观赏风景。

萨尔退后几步欣赏她的作品。

to be attracted to someone, without letting them know


admirer

someone who likes a person and thinks that they are attractive

一个有许多爱慕者的美丽女子

someone who respects a famous person, especially because they like their work

‘I’m a great admirer of yours,’ she managed to stammer.

“我非常崇拜您。”她终于结结巴巴地说道。


admission

a statement in which you admit that something is true or that you have done something wrong

The Senator’s admission that he had lied to Congress shocked many Americans.

参议员承认他对国会说谎，这令许多美国人感到震惊。

[admission of guilt/defeat/failure etc](bold)

Silence is often interpreted as an admission of guilt.

沉默常被解读为承认有罪。

Reese, [by](bold) his [own admission](bold), lacks the necessary experience.

里斯自己也承认缺乏必要的经验。

permission given to someone to enter a building or place, or to become a member of a school, club etc

The young men tried to enter a nightclub but were [refused admission](bold).

那些年轻人试图进入夜总会，但是被拒之门外。

Women [gained admission](bold) to the club only recently.

直到最近女性才获准加入这家俱乐部。

those applying for admission to university

the process of allowing people to enter a university, institution etc, or the number of people who can enter

录取，录用；录取人数，录用人数

The college has a very selective admissions policy.

那所学院的招生政策很严格。

the process of taking someone into a hospital for treatment, tests, or care

There are 13,000 [hospital admissions](bold) annually due to playground accidents.

the cost of entrance to a concert, sports event, cinema etc

〔音乐会、体育赛事、电影院等的〕入场费

Admission: $10 for adults, $5 for children.

门票: 成人10美元，儿童5美元。

The cost includes [free admission](bold) to the casinos.

The Museum has no [admission charge](bold).


admit

You [admit that ](bold) you did something: He admitted that he had made a mistake.

You [admit to](bold)  someone [that ](bold)  you did something: He admitted to me that he had made a mistake.
Don’t say: [He admitted me that he had made a mistake](strike) .

You [admit doing](bold)  something: He admitted making a mistake.
Don’t say: [He admitted to make a mistake.](strike)

You [ confess that ](bold) you did something: He confessed that he had stolen the money.

You [ confess to](bold)  someone [that](bold)  you did something: He confessed to the police that he had stolen the money.

He admitted that the company was having financial difficulties.

I must admit I was disappointed by their reaction.

to admit something in a discussion or argument

It was a decision which he now concedes was incorrect.

to say that something is true or that a situation exists

The report acknowledges that research on animals is not always a reliable guide when it comes to humans.

They do not want to acknowledge the fact that things have changed.

to admit something that you feel embarrassed or ashamed about

Bradley confessed that he struggled to finish the race.

I must confess I don’t like his wife at all.

used when admitting that something is true, although you do not think it makes much difference to the main point. [Granted](bold) is usually used at the beginning of a sentence, or on its own

She has a lot of experience, I grant you, but she’s not good at managing people.

Granted he did play well in the last game, but generally his form hasn't been very good recently.

to say that you have done something wrong, especially something criminal

He admitted charges of theft and false accounting.

to tell the police or someone in authority that you have done something bad, especially when they have persuaded you to do this

He finally confessed that he had stolen the money.

They told him that if he confessed he would get a lighter sentence.

to admit that you have done something wrong, usually something that is not very serious. [Own up](bold) is more informal than [admit](bold) or [confess](bold)

He owned up to the mistake straight away.

to admit that you have done something wrong that is not very serious

Come on, fess up! Where were you last night?

to finally admit something bad that you have been trying to hide

They want the government to come clean on where all the money has gone.

He refused to admit that it was his fault.

The government was forced to admit that the policy had never really worked.

In the end, he had to admit I was right.

(=admit something when you do not want to)

He grudgingly admitted that I was a better swimmer than him.

be willing/prepared/happy/ready to admit sth

She was willing to admit that she’d made a mistake.

He was ashamed to admit that he had lied to her.

(=used when saying that you admit that something is true)

I hate to admit it but it looks like we’ve failed.

I know I’m lazy – I’m the first to admit it!

I’m scared and I don’t mind admitting it.

[past tense and past participle](italic) [admitted](bold) [present participle](italic) [admitting](bold)

to agree unwillingly that something is true or that someone else is right

‘Okay, so maybe I was a little bit scared,’ Jenny admitted.

“行了，也许我是有点害怕。”珍妮承认道。

You may not like her, but you [have to admit](bold) that she’s good at her job.

你也许不喜欢她，但你不得不承认她很能干。

Paul admitted to me that he sometimes feels jealous of my friendship with Stanley.

保罗向我承认，说他有时候妒忌我与斯坦利的友谊。

I [must admit](bold), I didn’t actually do anything to help her.

我必须承认，实际上我并没有帮她什么忙。

承认吧！我对了，是不是？

Dana admitted feeling hurt by what I had said.

达娜承认我说的话伤了她的感情。

[freely/openly/frankly etc admit](bold)(=admit without being ashamed)

Phillips openly admits to having an alcohol problem.

菲利普斯公开承认有酗酒问题。

Greene admitted causing death by reckless driving.

格林承认自己鲁莽驾驶，致人死亡。

A quarter of all workers admit to taking time off when they are not ill.

四分之一的工人承认他们没病也请过病假。

After questioning, he admitted to the murder.

经过盘问，他承认自己是凶手。

No organization has [admitted responsibility](bold) for the bombing.

没有组织表示对这宗爆炸案负责。

to allow someone to enter a public place to watch a game, performance etc

允许 …进入〔以观看比赛、表演等〕

Only ticket-holders will be admitted into the stadium.

只有持票者才可进入体育场。

In everyday English, people usually say [let](bold)  someone [in](bold)  rather than [admit](bold)  someone:

They won’t [let you in](bold) without a ticket.

to allow someone to join an organization, club etc

允许 …加入〔某组织、俱乐部等〕；接纳

Drake was admitted into the club in 1997.

1997年德雷克被那家俱乐部接纳为会员。

if people at a hospital admit someone, that person is taken in to be given treatment, tests, or care

be admitted to hospital [BrE](bold) be admitted to the hospital [AmE](bold)

to stop trying to do something because you realize you cannot succeed

For Haskill, selling the restaurant would be admitting defeat.

对哈斯基尔来说，卖掉餐厅就是承认失败。

to allow a particular piece of evidence to be used in a court of law

Courts can refuse to admit evidence obtained illegally by police.

法庭可以拒绝接纳警方非法获取的证据。


admittedly

used when you are admitting that something is true

This has led to financial losses, though admittedly on a fairly small scale.

这已造成了经济损失，尽管这个损失其实还比较小。


adolescence

the time, usually between the ages of 12 and 18, when a young person is developing into an adult

青春期〔常指12至18岁期间〕


adolescent

ˌædəˈlesənt◂

ˌædəˈlesənt◂

[adolescent](bold) adj. eg: adolescent girls

a young person, usually between the ages of 12 and 18, who is developing into an adult

青少年〔常指12至18岁之间的人〕

→see THESAURUS at [child](->child)   →see THESAURUS at [young](->young) 1


adopt

[adoptee](bold) /əˌdɒpˈtiː/ US /əˌdɑːp-/  n. <C>

to take someone else’s child into your home and legally become its parent

The couple are unable to have children of their own, but hope to adopt.

那对夫妇自己无法生育，但希望领养孩子。

to start to deal with or think about something in a particular way

采用某种方法/政策/态度等

The courts were asked to adopt a more flexible approach to young offenders.

法庭被要求对未成年犯采取更为灵活的处理方法。

The store recently adopted a drug testing policy for all new employees.

这家商店近来实行新雇员一律要做药检的政策。

California has adopted a tough stance on the issue.

加利福尼亚州对这一问题持强硬立场。

to use a particular style of speaking, writing, or behaving, especially one that you do not usually use

采取，采用〔不常用的说话、写作或行为方式〕

Kim adopts a southern accent when speaking to family back home.

基姆和老家的亲人讲话就操南方口音。

to formally approve a proposal, amendment etc, especially by voting

正式通过，批准〔尤以投票方式〕

Congress finally adopted the law after a two-year debate.

经过两年辩论，国会最终通过了这项法律。

to choose a new name, country, custom etc, especially to replace a previous one

选定〔名字〕；移居〔国家〕；采纳〔习俗〕

Stevens became a Muslim and adopted the name Yusuf Islam.

史蒂文斯成为穆斯林后取名优素福·伊斯兰。

Becoming a member of a society means adopting its values.

成为某个社会的一员意味着要接纳这个社会的价值观。

to officially choose someone to represent a political party in an election


adore

[Adore](bold)  is not used in the progressive. You say: He adores his students. I adore your cake.
Don’t say: [he is adoring ](strike)  [I am adoring](strike)

to love someone very much and feel very proud of them


adult

a fully-grown person, or one who is considered to be legally responsible for their actions

Some children find it difficult to talk to adults.

一些孩子觉得与大人很难谈得来。

The adults have white bodies and grey backs.

这些成年动物的身体为白色，背部为灰色。


adult

He lived most of his [adult life](bold) in Scotland.

他成年后大部分时间住在苏格兰。

typical of an adult’s behaviour or of the things adults do

adult films, magazines etc are about sex or related to sex

〔电影、杂志等因涉及性〕仅限于成人的

The film is rated R for language and adult themes.

这部影片因为语言和成人题材被定为限制级。


advance

before something happens or is expected to happen

预先，提前；（在某事）发生之前

I should [warn](bold) you [in advance](bold) that I’m not a very good dancer.

我要先提醒你，我跳舞不是很好。

对你的帮助预先表示万分感谢。

[six months/a year etc in advance](bold)

Could you distribute copies [well in advance](bold) of the meeting?

开会前你先把复印件分发下去，好吗？

to be more developed or modern than someone or something else

Their aircraft were in advance of those used by the US.

他们的飞机比美国人用的要先进。

a change, discovery, or invention that brings progress

→see THESAURUS at [progress](->progress) 1

one of the great technological advances of the 20th century

20世纪伟大的技术进步之一

Recent advances in genetics have raised moral questions.

遗传学的最新进展引起了道德上的争议。

the [advances made](bold) in the understanding of mental handicap

在了解智障方面取得的进步

forward movement or progress of a group of people – used especially to talk about soldiers

〔尤指士兵的〕前进，推进

money paid to someone before the usual time, especially someone’s salary

Krebs decided to ask for an advance on his salary.

克雷布斯决定要求预支薪水。

an attempt to start a sexual relationship with someone

She accused her boss of [making advances to](bold) her.

The witness said that he ‘went berserk’ when she rejected his [sexual advances](bold).

证人称，她拒绝他的挑逗，他便“勃然大怒”。

an increase in the price or value of something – used especially when talking about the stock exchange

〔价格或价值的〕上涨，攀升〔尤用于证券交易〕


advance

to move towards someone or something, especially in a slow and determined way – used especially to talk about soldiers

Troops advanced on the rebel stronghold (=moved towards it in order to attack it).

军队向叛乱分子的据点推进。

if scientific or technical knowledge advances, or if something advances it, it develops and improves

Our understanding of human genetics has advanced considerably.

我们对人类遗传学的了解有了很大进展。

The group’s research has done much to advance our knowledge of the HIV virus.

这个小组的研究大大增进了我们对艾滋病病毒的了解。

to give someone money before they have earned it

Will they advance you some money until you get your first paycheck?

在你拿到第一笔薪水前，他们是否会预支你一些钱？

I advanced $1,500 to Kramer last Thursday.

上星期四，我预支给克雷默1,500美元。

advance your career/a cause/your interests etc

to do something that will help you achieve an advantage or success for yourself or someone else

促进职业/事业/兴趣等的发展

Jameson agreed to the deal in an effort to advance his political career.

詹姆森为了他政治生涯的发展，同意了这笔交易。

if the price or value of something advances, it increases – used especially when talking about the stock exchange

〔价格、价值〕上涨，攀升〔尤用于证券交易〕

to change the time or date when an event should happen to an earlier time or date

The meeting has been advanced to ten o'clock.

if you advance a film, clock, musical recording etc, or if it advances, it goes forward

（使）〔电影、钟表、唱片等〕向前移动；把〔钟表〕拨快


advance

planning etc that is done before an event

We received no advance warning of the storm.

a group of people who go first to a place where something will happen to prepare for it

〔提前到某地为活动做准备的〕先遣队，先遣人员

a copy of a book, record etc that has not yet been made available to the public

〔书的〕样本；〔唱片的〕样片


advanced

Their equipment isn’t as advanced as ours.

very advanced, and working in a better but often more complicated way than other things

As machines become more sophisticated, they become more likely to break down.

using very advanced technology, especially electronic equipment and computers

High-tech listening equipment was used to find survivors in the rubble.

using the newest and most advanced features, ideas, and materials that are available

The football club has invested £40 million in state-of-the-art training facilities.

cutting-edge technology or research is the most advanced that there is at this time

The system uses cutting-edge technology to identify and eliminate viruses.

high levels of unemployment in the advanced industrial societies

发达工业社会中的高失业率

studying or dealing with a school subject at a difficult level

having reached a late point in time or development

The disease was too far advanced to be treated.

病情已经发展到晚期，没法治疗了。

used to talk about the age of someone who is old

Despite his advanced age, he often travelled abroad.

尽管上了年纪，他还是常常出国旅行。


advantage

a good feature that something has, which makes it better, more useful etc than other things

The great advantage of digital cameras is that there is no film to process.

a feature of something that has a good effect on people’s lives

Regular exercise has many benefits, including reducing the risk of heart disease.

a good feature that something has, which you consider when you are deciding whether it is the best choice

The committee will consider the merits of the proposals.

The merits and demerits ofthe good and bad features ofalternative funding systems were widely discussed in the newspapers.

The chairman saw no great merit in this suggestionhe did not think that it was a good idea.

an advantage that makes you believe that something is a good thing

They believed in the virtues of culture, civilization, and reason.

He’s always extolling the virtues of hard worksaying that hard work is a good thing.

used when mentioning a good feature of something. This phrase is rather informal and you should not use it in formal essays

The good thing about cycling is that you don’t have to worry about getting stuck in a traffic jam.

used when you want to emphasize that something has a very good or useful feature

The beauty of the plan is that it is so simple.

Our parents didn’t have all the advantages that we have.

Western countries enjoyed considerable advantages in terms of technology.

(=make you have an advantage – often used when this is unexpected)

Sometimes a lack of experience can work to your advantage.

I can see the advantage of living near the station.

It’s a great advantage to be able to speak some Spanish.

Karpov enjoyed a slight advantage over his opponent.

Companies that receive government subsidies have an unfair advantage.

Electronic trading has a number of distinct advantages.

The new system has some real advantages.

Candidates with experience in Sales and Marketing would have an added advantage.

Republicans have a political advantage in most of those areas.

The military advantage had shifted towards the rebels.

Winning the first game gives you a psychological advantage over your opponent.

the advantages and disadvantages of living in a big city

When it comes down to working from home, you have to decide if the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.

something that helps you to be more successful than others, or the state of having this

Her experience meant that she had a big advantage over her opponent.

她的经验意味着她比对手有很大优势。

Younger workers tend to [be at an advantage](bold)(=have an advantage) when applying for jobs.

较年轻的工人申请工作时往往处于优势地位。

It might [ be to your advantage](bold)(=it might help you) to take a computer course of some kind.

上一门计算机课程可能对你有利。

a good or useful feature that something has

One of the many advantages of living in New York is that you can eat out at almost any time of day.

住在纽约的诸多好处之一是几乎任何时候都可以外出吃饭。

This printer has several advantages over conventional printers.

与传统打印机相比，这种打印机具有多项优点。

to treat someone unfairly in order to get what you want, especially someone who is generous or easily persuaded

Don’t lend them the car – they’re taking advantage of you!

不要把车借给他们——他们在利用你！

to use a particular situation to do or get what you want

I took advantage of the good weather to paint the shed.

我趁天气好给棚屋刷上油漆。

You’ll want to [take full advantage](bold) of the beach-front clubs.

你会想在海滨俱乐部里充分享受一番。

to use something that you have or that happens in order to achieve something

利用某事物/将某事物转化为有利条件

How could he turn the situation to his advantage?

他是如何将形势转化为对自己有利的？

Burns used his family connections to good advantage.

伯恩斯很好地利用了家族的人脉。

to make the best features of someone or something very noticeable

Her dress showed her tanned skin to great advantage.

她的连衣裙很好地衬托出她晒黑的肤色。

used in tennis to show that the person named has won the next point after the score was 40–40

某人占先〔表示网球比赛局末平分后某人先得分〕


advantageous

helpful and likely to make you successful

He was now in a more advantageous position.


advent

the time when something first begins to be widely used


adventure

an exciting experience in which dangerous or unusual things happen

willingness to try new things, take risks etc

Come on – where’s your sense of adventure?

来吧——你的冒险精神哪里去了？


adventurous

not afraid of taking risks or trying new things

安迪不是一个敢于大胆创新的厨师。

(also: [adventuresome](bold) ([AmE](bold)) )

eager to go to new places and do exciting or dangerous things

喜欢冒险的，有冒险精神的


adverb

a word that adds to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a whole sentence, such as ‘slowly’ in ‘He ran slowly’, ‘very’ in ‘It’s very hot’, or ‘naturally’ in ‘Naturally, we want you to come.’


adversary

a country or person you are fighting or competing against


adverse

[adversely](bold) adv. eg: developments which had [adversely affected](bold) their business

They fear it could have an [adverse effect](bold) on global financial markets.

他们担心这会对全球金融市场产生不利影响。

Miller’s campaign has received a good deal of [adverse publicity](bold).

米勒的竞选活动招来许多负面报道。

conditions that make it difficult for something to happen or exist

The expedition was abandoned because of adverse weather conditions.

由于天气恶劣，探险活动中止了。


advert

→see THESAURUS at [advertisement](->advertisement)


advertise

to tell people about a product or service and try to persuade them to buy it, for example in a newspaper, television, or Internet advertisement

Some universities advertise on television.

She has signed a deal to advertise the company's haircare products.

to try to increase the sales or popularity of a product or event, for example by selling it at a lower price or talking about it on television

He's in London to promote his new album.

to try to sell a product or service by deciding which type of people are likely to buy it and by making it interesting to them

The collection is being marketed as clothing for climbers and skiers.

Most companies have agreed not to market products to children under 12.

to tell the public about something by writing about it in newspapers, speaking about it on television etc

He had done a lot of interviews to publicize his new book.

The hostages' case has been widely publicized.

to try to make people think something is good or important by advertising or talking about it a lot on television, the radio etc. [Hype](bold) is often used when you do not trust the information

The boxing match was being hyped as the biggest fight of the decade.

to advertise a book, film etc by talking about it on television or radio

Marc was on the show to plug his new play.

to tell the public about a product or service in order to persuade them to buy it

（为 …）做广告，登广告

They no longer advertise alcohol or cigarettes at sporting events.

他们不再在体育赛事上做烟酒广告了。

[advertise (sth) on television/in a newspaper etc](bold)

Many companies will only advertise in the Sunday paper.

许多公司只会在周日报纸上刊登广告。

The inn is advertised as being from the early 16th century.

据宣传，这家小旅馆建成于16世纪早期。

Colleges and universities have found that [it pays to advertise](bold)(=advertising brings good results).

大专院校发现做广告效果很好。

to make an announcement, for example in a newspaper or on a poster, that a job is available, an event is going to happen etc

〔在报纸、海报等上〕征聘，宣传

I see they’re advertising for a new Sales Director.

我看到他们在登广告招聘新的销售主管。

to let people know something about yourself

Don’t advertise the fact that you’re looking for another job.

不要对外宣扬你正在另找工作。


advertisement

They placed an advertisement in the newspaper.

He took out a front-page advert for his shop.

an advertisement in the cinema, on television, or online for a film or programme which will be shown soon

A second trailer for Richard Friedman’s film has just been added to the website.

a series of advertisements for a company’s products

The company has spent more than $300 million on promotions for the brand.

They selected a famous artist to do the poster for the upcoming performance.

a large sign next to a road, with an advertisement on it

A huge hoarding shows two contrasting images.

a piece of paper with an advertisement on it, often given to you in the street

Someone was handing out flyers for a new nightclub.

an advertisement across the top of a page on the Internet

Banner ads are becoming more sophisticated.

unwanted advertisements that you get in the post

a short advertisement that you put in a newspaper if you want to buy or sell something

The bike was advertised for sale in the small ads section.

a glossy magazine full of car advertisements

Jo was reading the job advertisements in the newspaper.

I got the apartment through a newspaper advertisement.

the new TV advertisement for the Volkswagen Golf

The organization took out a full-page advertisement in the New York Times.

(=one that suddenly appears on your computer screen when you are looking at a website)

You can buy software that blocks unwanted pop-up advertisements.

put/place an advertisement in a paper/newspaper

I tried putting an advertisement for lodgers in the local paper.

The agency has posted an advertisement on its website for graduates to work overseas.

(=arrange for an advertisement to be in a newspaper or magazine)

Their record company took out full-page advertisements in the music press to promote the album.

Broadcasters are no longer allowed to run cigarette advertisements.

I answered an advertisement in the paper for volunteers.

(also: [ad](bold) (informal) [advert](bold) ([BrE](bold)) )

a picture, set of words, or a short film, which is intended to persuade people to buy a product or use a service, or that gives information about a job that is available, an event that is going to happen etc

The Sunday papers are full of advertisements for cars.

周日报纸上全是汽车广告。

She saw an advertisement for a ski vacation in Vermont.

她看到一则去佛蒙特州滑雪度假的广告。

They [put an advertisement in](bold) ‘The Morning News’, offering a high salary for the right person.

他们在《晨报》上刊登了一则启事，出高薪寻找合适的人选。

The organizers of the concert had [taken out](bold) a [full page advertisement](bold) in ‘The New York Times’.

音乐会筹办者在《纽约时报》上刊登了整版广告。

Only a handful of people [answered the advertisement](bold).

只有寥寥数人回应了该启事。

to be a good example of something or show how effective it can be

He’s a very good advertisement for the benefits of regular exercise.

要证明经常锻炼的好处，他便是很好的样板。


advertising

the activity or business of advertising things on television, in newspapers etc

针对18到25岁人群的广告

Both candidates are spending millions on television advertising.

两位候选人都花费数百万元在电视上做广告。

the [advertising slogan](bold) ‘Come alive with Pepsi’

“百事可乐，活出真精彩”这一广告标语


advice

You give someone [some advice](bold) : My father gave me some good advice.
 Don’t say: [some advices](strike)  [Advice](bold)  is an uncountable noun and cannot be used in the plural.

You give someone [a piece of advice](bold) : My father gave me a piece of good advice.
Don’t say: [an advice](strike)

You give someone [ a tip](bold) : My father gave me a good tip.

[Tip](bold)  is a countable noun and can be used in the plural: I got some good tips.

Don’t confuse the noun [advice](bold)  /ədˈvaɪs/  with the verb [advise](bold)  /ədˈvaɪz/ . You say: Can you advise me?
Don’t say: [Can you advice me?](strike)

an opinion that is given to someone about what they should do

a simple but useful piece of advice about the best way to do something

advice about what to do, usually given by an expert or a group of people who have studied the matter

one of the major recommendations of the report

helpful general advice, especially about what to do in your life, your work etc

Young people need guidance from their parents.

My father once gave me some useful advice.

The scheme has given advice and training to scores of youngsters taking part.

I decided to get some advice from a specialist.

He followed his doctor’s advice and went on a low-fat diet.

The king acted on his advice and ordered his soldiers to get ready for battle.

The accident happened because she ignored their advice.

People often go to him for advice about their problems.

If you have any of these symptoms you should seek urgent advice.

They can offer advice to those who wish to quit drinking.

(=give someone advice that you have learned or been given)

Readers can pass on advice about gardening.

Unfortunately all the advice they gave me was wrong.

Financial advisors can be fined if they give bad advice to a client.

The programme aims to offer practical advice on healthy eating.

The website gives detailed advice about making bombs.

It’s advisable to get professional advice before starting any building work.

(=from someone who is not involved and will not get an advantage)

The banks claim to offer independent financial advice.

(=very different opinions about what you should do)

I’ve asked several people, and they’ve all given me conflicting advice.

(=used when advising someone what to do)

A word of advice: look at the small print in the contract very carefully.

They offer a 24-hour advice service to customers.

an opinion you give someone about what they should do

我需要一点有关我的电脑的意见。

On her doctor’s advice (=because her doctor advised her) Smith decided to take early retirement.

史密斯听从她医生的建议，决定提前退休。


advise

You [advise](bold)  someone [to do](bold)  something: His lawyer advised him to plead guilty.
Don’t say: [His lawyer advised to him to plead guilty.](strike)

You [advise](bold)  someone [that](bold)  they [should](bold)  do something: His lawyer advised him that he should plead guilty.

You [recommend](bold)  something [to](bold)  someone: One of my friends recommended the restaurant to me.

You [recommend that](bold)  someone [should](bold)  do something: One of my friends recommended that I should go to the restaurant.

You [suggest](bold)  something [to](bold)  someone: Someone suggested the idea to her.

You [suggest that](bold)  someone [should](bold)  do something: Someone suggested that she should write a book about her experiences.

to tell someone what you think they should do, especially when you have more experience or knowledge than they do

to advise someone about questions relating to a particular subject

to tell someone what you think they should do, especially in order to avoid problems

My dad told me to talk to a teacher if I was being bullied.

to advise someone to do something, especially after careful study of that subject

Doctors recommend eating five portions of fruit and vegetables each day.

Current guidelines recommend that young babies should sleep on their back.

to tell someone your ideas about what they should do

I suggested they should visit the cathedral while they’re here.

to strongly advise someone to do something

Police have urged anyone with information about the murder to contact them.

to tell someone what you think they should do, especially when you know more than they do about something

她需要有个人给她出主意。

You are [strongly advised](bold) to take out medical insurance when visiting China.

I’d advise you against saying anything to the press.

我建议你对新闻界保持沉默。

Experts advise that you should avoid being in strong sunlight for long periods.

专家们建议避免长时间暴晒。

[advise caution/patience/restraint etc](bold)(=advise people to be careful, patient etc)

The makers advise extreme caution when handling this material.

制造商建议处理这种材料时要极其小心。

[I/we would advise sb to do sth ](bold)(=used when advising someone what to do)

I would advise you to speak to a doctor.

‘Make sure that you keep the documents in a safe place,’ Otley advised him.

“一定要把文件放在安全的地方。”奥特利向他建议道。

If you need more information, I’m sure your lawyer can advise.

如果你需要更多信息，我确信你的律师可以提供建议。

to be employed to give advice on a subject about which you have special knowledge or skill

She’s been asked to advise on training the new sales team.

她获邀为新的销售队伍的培训工作提供建议。

Matthew advises people how to invest their money.

马修向人们提供理财投资的建议。

We’ll advise you of any changes in the delivery dates.

递送日期若有变化，我们会通知你的。

[Keep](bold) us [advised of](bold)(=continue to tell us about) any new developments.

有任何新的进展，请随时告诉我们。

They advised him that the tour would proceed.

used to tell someone that it is wise or unwise to do something

You would be well advised to stay in bed and rest.


adviser

someone whose job is to give advice because they know a lot about a subject, especially in business, law, or politics


advisory

the Environmental Protection Advisory Committee

He was employed in a purely advisory role.


advisory

an official warning or notice that gives information about a dangerous situation

〔官方发布的〕安全提醒[警告]

The State Department issues travel advisories about conditions overseas.

国务院就海外局势发布旅游警告。


advocate

to publicly support a particular way of doing something

→see THESAURUS at [recommend](->recommend)

Extremists were openly advocating violence.

极端主义者公开鼓吹使用暴力。

Those who advocate for doctor-assisted suicide say the terminally ill should not have to suffer.

主张可以在医生协助下结束生命的人说，晚期病人不应当受罪。


advocate

→ [devil's advocate](->devil's advocate)

someone who publicly supports someone or something

She’s a passionate advocate of natural childbirth.

a lawyer who speaks in a court of law, especially in Scotland

出庭辩护人；〔尤指苏格兰的〕大律师


aerial

an aerial view of the Three Gorges Dam project


aerial

a piece of equipment for receiving or sending radio or television signals, usually consisting of a piece of metal or wire

a sport in which someone goes down a mountain on skis and performs complicated jumps and turns in the air

〔自由式滑雪的〕空中技巧


aesthetic

[aesthetically](bold) /-kli/  adv. eg: aesthetically pleasing

connected with beauty and the study of beauty

From an esthetic point of view, it’s a nice design.

从美学角度看，这是个不错的设计。


aesthetic

the study of beauty, especially beauty in art


affair

China is now a major player in world affairs.

(=important events that are happening now)

a 24-hour news and current affairs channel

(=things that are personal and not for other people to know about)

He never discussed his private affairs in public.

They offer advice on managing your financial affairs.

After dad retired, I managed his estate and business affairs.

He was appointed Minister of State with responsibility for economic affairs.

The military promised to stay out of political affairs.

the president’s advisor on military affairs

She wanted to be more involved in the church and religious affairs.

the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs

He said that the US should not try to interfere in his country's domestic affairs.

(=events that affect the people of a country)

He was active in public affairs in his region.

The church played no role in the affairs of state.

(=organize them before you go somewhere or die)

I have cancer so I know I’ve got to put my affairs in order.

public or political events and activities

你对全球大事件感兴趣吗？

Women had little role in public affairs.

things connected with your personal life, your financial situation etc

I am not prepared to discuss my financial affairs with the press.

我不打算同新闻界谈论我的财务情况。

[state of affairs](bold) at → [state](->state) 1 sense 8

an event or set of related events, especially one that is impressive or shocking

〔尤指令人印象深刻或震惊的〕事件

a secret sexual relationship between two people, when at least one of them is married to someone else

He [had an affair](bold) with his boss that lasted six years.

他和老板的暧昧关系持续了六年。

used when describing an object, machine etc

The computer was one of those little portable affairs.

这台电脑属于小型、便携的那一种。

if something is your affair, it only concerns you and you do not want anyone else to get involved in it

我在空余时间做什么是我自己的事。


affect

You say that something [affects](bold)  another thing: Smoking affects your health.
Don’t say: [Smoking affects on your health.](strike)

You say that something [has an effect on ](bold) another thing: Smoking has a bad effect on your health.

to do something that produces an effect or change in something or in someone’s situation

a disease that affects the central nervous system

decisions which [affect](bold) our [lives](bold)

Trading has been [adversely affected](bold) by the downturn in consumer spending.

贸易受到消费者支出回落的不利影响。

使〔某人〕深有感触；打动，使感动

We were all [deeply affected](bold) by her death.

我们都为她的去世深感悲痛。

[Affect ](bold)  is often passive in this meaning.

to pretend to have a particular feeling, way of speaking etc

As usual, Simon affected complete boredom.

和平时一样，西蒙装出百无聊赖的样子。


affection

Bart [had](bold) a [deep affection](bold) for the old man.

巴特对这位老人有很深的感情。

She looked back on those days [with affection](bold).

Their father never [showed](bold) them much [affection](bold).

他们的父亲对他们从来没有表现出多少慈爱。

The church was [held in great affection](bold)(=loved and cared about a lot) by the local residents.

the feelings of love and caring that someone has

Africa has always had a special place in my affections.

非洲在我心中始终占据着特殊的位置。


affectionate

showing in a gentle way that you love someone and care about them


affinity

a strong feeling that you like and understand someone or something

a close relationship between two things because of qualities or features that they share

the affinity between Christian and Chinese concepts of the spirit

基督教和中国人精神观念的相似之处


affirm

[affirmation](bold) /ˌæfəˈmeɪʃ/ US /ˌæfər-/  n. <C,U>

to state publicly that something is true

确认，证实，断言 …属实

The general affirmed rumors of an attack.

A spokesman for the company affirmed that a merger was likely.

该公司的一位发言人证实合并是可能的。

to strengthen a feeling, belief, or idea

坚定，强化〔感觉、信念或观点〕

He claims that modern physics affirms his Christian beliefs.


afflict

to affect someone or something in an unpleasant way, and make them suffer

[Afflict ](bold)  is often passive in this meaning.


affluent

having plenty of money, nice houses, expensive things etc

富裕的（法国）蔚蓝海岸地区


afford

[Afford](bold)  is followed by an infinitive with ‘to’: I can’t afford to buy a car.
Don’t say: [can’t afford buying](strike)  [can’t afford buy](strike)

to have enough money to buy or pay for something

We can’t afford to go on vacation this year.

How can she afford to eat out every night?

每天晚上下馆子她怎么能负担得起？

Dad can’t afford any more time off work.

if you cannot afford to do something, you must not do it because it could cause serious problems for you

We can’t afford to wait any longer or we’ll miss the plane.

我们不能再等下去了，否则会赶不上飞机的。

to provide something or allow something to happen

The room [affords](bold) a beautiful [view](bold) over the city.

这房间可以俯瞰城市美景。

[afford (sb) an opportunity/chance](bold)

It afforded her the opportunity to improve her tennis skills.

这给了她提高网球水平的机会。

The new law will [afford protection](bold) to employees.

新法律将为雇员提供保障。


affordable

This is a top-quality product at a very affordable price.

这种产品拥有顶级品质，而且价格相当公道。


afraid

You feel [afraid of ](bold) someone or something: A lot of people are afraid of snakes.
Don’t say: [afraid about something](strike)

You feel [afraid to ](bold)  do something: I was afraid to tell anyone.

You can use the same patterns with [frightened](bold)  and [scared](bold) : I was[ frightened of ](bold)my father. She was too [scared to](bold) talk.

You feel [worried about](bold)  someone or something: I was worried about my father.

You feel [worried by](bold)  something that has happened: Many people were worried by the news.

frightened because you think that you may get hurt or that something bad may happen

→see THESAURUS at [frightened](->frightened)

I was [a little afraid ](bold)of him when I first met him.

我头一次见他时有点怕他。

Some old people are afraid of going out alone.

有些老年人害怕独自出门。

Zoe was afraid to go back into the house.

佐耶害怕回到那幢房子里。

In everyday English, people often say [scared](bold)  rather than [afraid](bold) :

worried that something bad will happen as a result of your actions

He was afraid that the other kids would laugh at him.

他担心其他孩子会嘲笑他。

She was [half afraid](bold) that he would say no (=a little afraid).

I didn’t tell her because I was afraid of upsetting her.

我没有告诉她，因为怕她不高兴。

The government was afraid of the reaction from the public.

worried that something bad may happen to a particular person or thing

Her father looked ill and she was suddenly afraid for him.

她父亲似乎不舒服，她一下子为他担心起来。

我们许多人为自己的工作担心。

used to politely tell someone something that may annoy, upset, or disappoint them

That’s the most we can offer you, I’m afraid.

恐怕我们最多只能给你这些了。

I’m afraid you’ve come to the wrong address.

‘Is she very ill?’ ‘[I’m afraid so](bold)(=yes).’

“她病得很厉害吗？”“恐怕是的。”

‘Did you see him?’ ‘[I’m afraid not](bold)(=no).’

“你见到他了吗？”“很遗憾，没有。”


after

[a man/woman after my own heart](bold) at → [heart](->heart) 1 sense 22 [take after](bold) at → [take](->take) 1

after something happens, or after a period of time has passed. [After](bold) is used especially when talking about the past

After an hour, we got tired of waiting and went home.

after a particular period of time. [In](bold) is used especially when talking about the future, especially the next few minutes, hours, days etc

The concert’s due to start in a few minutes.

In a few years’ time, this place will look completely different.

after less than a month, two weeks etc has passed – used especially when the time seems surprisingly short

He developed a headache at lunchtime, and within two hours he was dead.

Within two days of arriving she had managed to upset everyone.

at a time 24 hours, a year etc after now

after an event or time you have mentioned

Jones admitted afterwards that she had been very nervous during the game.

Speaking to reporters afterward, he said the operation had been a success.

He moved to Belgium, and soon afterwards he met Angela.

some time after now or after the time you are talking about

I’ll tell you about it later when I’m less busy.

James went off, and came back ten minutes later with some food.

after something had happened in the past

The book was published in 1954 and was subsequently translated into fifteen languages.

when a particular event or time has happened, or when someone has done something

After the war many soldiers stayed in France.

战后，许多士兵留在法国。

你相信人死后还有来生吗？

The first attack started just after midnight.

刚过午夜，第一波进攻开始了。

David went to bed [straight after](bold)(=immediately after) supper.

戴维一吃完晚饭就去睡觉了。

After you’d called the police, what did you do?

报警之后，你做了些什么？

Zimmerman changed his name after he left Germany.

齐默尔曼离开德国后改了名字。

People still remember the 1958 revolution and what [came after](bold)(=happened after it).

人们依然记得1958年的那场革命和之后发生的事。

After leaving school, Mackay worked in a restaurant for a year.

中学毕业后，麦凯在一家餐厅工作了一年。

[two days/three weeks etc after (sth)](bold)

Ten years after he bought the painting, Carswell discovered that it was a fake.

卡斯韦尔买下那幅画十年后发现它是赝品。

[the day/week/year etc after (sth)](bold)(=the next day, week etc)

His car was outside your house the morning after Bob’s engagement party.

鲍勃订婚宴会的第二天早上，他的车停在你家门外。

I’ll see you again tomorrow or the day after.

明天或后天我会再来看你。

She retired from politics the year after she received the Nobel Prize.

她获得诺贝尔奖的第二年退出了政坛。

[soon/not long/shortly after (sth)](bold)

Not long after the wedding, his wife became ill.

婚后不久，他的妻子就病了。

The family moved to Hardingham in June 1983, and Sarah’s first child was born soon after.

1983年6月，全家人移居哈丁厄姆，不久萨拉的第一个孩子出生了。

when a particular amount of time has passed

After ten minutes remove the cake from the oven.

十分钟后，把蛋糕从烤炉中取出。

After months of negotiation, an agreement was finally reached.

经过数月谈判，终于达成了一项协议。

following someone or something else in a list or a piece of writing, or in order of importance

〔在清单或一段文字中，或指主次顺序〕在 …之后

名单上谁的名字排在你后面？

The date should be written after the address.

After football, tennis is my favourite sport.

除了足球，网球是我最喜爱的运动项目。

The UK is the world’s third largest arms producer, after the USA and Russia.

used when telling the time to say how many minutes have passed since a particular hour

The movie starts at a quarter (=fifteen minutes) after seven.

He’s worked in that same office week after week, year after year, since he was 18.

18岁开始，他就日复一日、年复一年地在那个办公室工作。

following someone in order to stop or speak to them

I heard someone running after me, and a voice called my name.

我听见有人在追我，一个声音在叫我的名字。

in the direction of someone who has just left

‘Good luck,’ she called after me as I left.

“祝你好运。”我走的时候她朝我喊道。

Harry stood in the doorway gazing after her.

哈里站在门口注视着她的背影。

when someone has left a place or has finished doing something

在〔某人离开某地或做完某事〕后

I spend all day cleaning up after the kids.

我整天跟在孩子们后面收拾。

because of something that happened earlier

I’m not surprised he walked out, after the way she treated him.

她那样对待他，所以他离开我并不感到吃惊。

After your letter, I didn’t think I’d ever see you again.

由于你的这封信，我想我再也不会见你了。

in spite of something that was done in the past

How can you treat me like this after all I’ve done for you?

我为你做了那么多，你怎么能这样对我？

when you have passed a particular place or travelled a certain distance along a road

After a mile you will come to a crossroads.

走一英里后你会来到一个十字路口。

That boy’s always in trouble – the police are after him again.

那个男孩子老是惹麻烦——警察又在找他了。

‘Were you after anything in particular?’ ‘No, we’re just looking.’

“有什么特别想要的吗？”“不，我们只是随便看看。”

to want to have something that belongs to someone else

我觉得克里斯要抢我的饭碗。

if a series of events or actions happen one after another, each one happens soon after the previous one

Ever since we moved here it’s been one problem after another.

自从我们搬到这里之后，问题一个接着一个。

in spite of what you thought was true or expected to happen

He wrote to say they couldn’t give me a job after all.

他写信说他们还是不能给我一份工作。

Union leaders announced that they would, after all, take part in the national conference.

工会领导人宣布，他们还是要参加这次全国会议。

used to say that something should be remembered or considered, because it helps to explain what you have just said

Prisoners should be treated with respect – they are human beings after all.

囚犯应该得到尊重——毕竟他们也是人。

I don’t know why you’re so concerned – it isn’t your problem after all.

我不明白你为什么这样担心，这毕竟不是你的问题。

used to say who or what first had the name that someone or something has been given

His name is Alessandro, after his grandfather.

他叫亚历山德罗，取的是他祖父的名字。

It was named Waterloo Bridge, after the famous battle.

它叫滑铁卢桥，以那场著名的战役命名。

in the same style as a particular painter, musician etc

used to say politely that someone else can use or do something before you do

“你要用复印机吗？”“你先用吧。”

used to ask someone if you can have or use something after they have finished

你用完某物之后给我（用一下）

你用完刀子后请给我用一下。


after

in the years after the time that has been mentioned

in the back part of a boat or an aircraft


after-effect

([BrE](special)) af‧ter‧ef‧fect ([AmE](bold))  [n](bold) <[C usually plural](bold)>

a bad effect that continues for a long time after the thing that caused it

后效，后作用；副作用；后遗效应


aftermath

the period of time after something such as a war, storm, or accident when people are still dealing with the results

〔战争、风暴、事故等的〕后果，余殃，余波

the danger of disease [in the aftermath](bold) of the earthquake


afternoon

ˌɑːftəˈnuːn◂

You do something [in the afternoon](bold) : We went shopping in the afternoon.
Don’t say: [We went shopping on the afternoon.](strike)

You do something [on Monday/Tuesday etc afternoon](bold) : I usually do the shopping on Friday afternoon.

Something happens [ on the afternoon of ](bold) a particular date or event: Diana was born on the afternoon of July 1, 1961. He had gone there on the afternoon of the murder.

Did you see the football on Saturday afternoon?

I'll come round to your house this afternoon.

I arrived in Boston in the early afternoon.

Dad was having his Sunday afternoon nap.

It was too hot to go out in the afternoon sun.

(=a light meal eaten in the afternoon with a cup of tea)

Some people still have afternoon tea at 4 o'clock.

It was the middle of a long hot summer afternoon.

We decided to spend the afternoon in town.

the part of the day after the morning and before the evening

There’s a meeting [on Thursday afternoon](bold).

It was very hot [in the afternoon](bold).

Are you going into town [this afternoon](bold)?

下午较早的时候我们见了面。

By [late afternoon](bold), Micky had changed his mind.

到了傍晚，米基已改变了主意。

He was having his [afternoon nap](bold).


afternoon

used to greet someone when you meet them in the afternoon


afterwards

after an event or time that has already been mentioned

Charles arrived [shortly afterwards](bold).

过了不多久，查尔斯来了。

The experience haunted me [for years afterwards](bold).

此后多年，这经历一直困扰着我。

Afterwards, I was asked to write a book.

后来，有人要我写一本书。


again

əˈɡen, əˈɡeɪn

[now and again](bold) at → [now](->now) 1 sense 5

[Again](bold)  usually comes at the end of a sentence: He’s forgotten his keys again.
Don’t say: [He’s again forgotten his keys.](strike)  [He’s forgotten again his keys.](strike)

one more time – used when something has happened or been done before

你能再说一遍吗？我没听见。

Mr Khan’s busy. Can you try again later?

卡恩先生正忙着。你能不能过一会儿再打来？

[once again/yet again](bold)(=used to emphasize that something has happened several or many times before)

In 1997, the family moved house yet again.

1997年，全家人再一次搬家。

back to the same state or situation that you were in before

She stayed and nursed him back to health again.

她留下来，照料他恢复健康。

你又回家了，真是太好了。

if you do something all over again, you repeat it from the beginning

I had to write the essay all over again.

我只得从头再写一遍这篇文章。

the same amount or number as you have just had, said etc

What a fantastic lunch. I could eat the same again.

好棒的午餐呀！再来一份我也吃得下。

Nearly as many again died from pneumonia.

几乎又有那么多人死于肺炎。

The amount of crime is about [half as much again](bold)(=the same in addition to half that amount) as it was in 1973.

犯罪数量差不多比1973年多出一半。

‘Another drink?’ ‘Yes, [same again](bold)(=the same drink again), please.’

“再来一杯吗？”“好的，请来一杯同样的。”

used to give a fact or opinion that explains or adds to something you have just said

And again, these workshops will benefit the community widely.

再说，这些工作坊会令社区很多人受惠。

used to introduce an idea or fact that is different from something you have just said, or makes it seem less likely to be true

She says she’s thirty-five. [But then again](bold) she might be lying.

她说自己35岁，不过她有可能在撒谎。

again and again/time and (time) again/over and over again

I’ve told you again and again, don’t do that!

我一再告诉你，别干那种事！

used when you want someone to repeat information that they have already given you

请再说一遍你叫什么名字好吗？


against

used to say that someone opposes or disagrees with something

Every council member voted against the proposal.

每位市政会委员都对该提案投了反对票。

those who are campaigning against the new road

发起运动反对修筑新公路的人

Mr Howard has declared that he is against all forms of racism.

霍华德先生已表明他反对任何形式的种族主义。

used to say that an action is not wanted or approved of by someone

〔行为〕违背，与 …相悖

They got married [against](bold) her parents’ [wishes](bold)(=although they knew her parents did not want them to).

他们是违背她父母的意愿结婚的。

She has been kept in the house [against](bold) her [will](bold)(=she does not want to stay in the house).

The use of certain drugs is [against the law](bold)(=illegal).

It’s [against](bold) my [principles](bold) to borrow money (=I do not believe it is right).

used to say that something is not allowed by a law or rule

应该有条法律来禁止这种事。

used to say who someone is competing with or trying to defeat in a game, battle etc

Gambotti was injured in last Saturday’s game against the Lions.

甘博蒂在上周六与雄狮队的比赛中受了伤。

We’ll be competing against the best companies in Europe.

我们要和欧洲一些顶级的公司竞争。

used to say who is harmed, threatened, or given a disadvantage

There had been death threats against prison staff.

有人对监狱管理人员发出了死亡威胁。

Your lack of experience could count against you.

The regulations tend to work against smaller companies.

这些法规往往对较小的公司不利。

used to say that something touches, hits, or rubs a surface

the sound of the rain drumming against my window

The car skidded and we could hear the crunch of metal against metal.

汽车打滑了，我们听到了金属相碰的哐当声。

next to and touching an upright surface, especially for support

There was a ladder propped up against the wall.

The younger policeman was leaning against the bureau with his arms folded.

那位较年轻的警官两臂交叉，倚靠在办公桌旁。

in the opposite direction to the movement or flow of something

She dived down and swam out strongly against the current.

她跳下水，逆流奋力游出去。

seen with something else behind or as a background

He could see a line of figures silhouetted against the sky.

他看到在天空的映衬下有一排人影。

It is important to know what colours look good against your skin.

知道哪些颜色衬自己的皮肤很重要。

used to show that you are considering particular events in relation to other events that are happening at the same time

在 …情况下；在 …背景下

The reforms were introduced against a background of social unrest.

改革是在社会动荡的背景下开始的。

used to say what you are comparing something with

The pound has fallen 10% against the dollar.

英镑对美元下跌了10%。

She checked the contents of the box against the list.

她对照清单检查箱子里的东西。

The cost of the proposed research needs to be balanced against its benefits.

对于计划中的研究，需要权衡其费用和得益。

used to say who or what you are trying to protect someone or something from

a vaccine which is effective against pneumonia

used to say who is said or shown to have done something wrong

He has always emphatically denied the allegations against him.

他一直断然否认对他的指控。

The evidence against you is overwhelming.

对你不利的证据无可辩驳。

to have to deal with a difficult opponent or problem

You see, this is what we’re up against – the suppliers just aren’t reliable.

你瞧，这就是我们必须面对的难题——供应商就是靠不住。

to dislike or disapprove of someone or something

不喜欢[不赞成]某人/某事

I don’t have anything against babies. I just don’t feel very comfortable with them.

我并不是不喜欢婴儿，只是跟他们在一起觉得不太自在。


age

→ [New Age](->New Age) 1 → [New Age](->New Age) 2

Kirby is not alone in wanting to run his own business at an advanced age.

(=used mainly about the time when people are teenagers)

The risk of experiencing poverty is much greater for those over retirement age.

Children should start doing homework as they approach high school age.

The government is proposing to raise the minimum school-leaving age.

In the US,  the legal age for drinking alcohol is 21.

16 years is the minimum age to drive a car.

plans to bring down the voting age from 18 to 16

She was 28 – long past the usual marrying age.

She’d been playing the piano from a very early age.

Kids can start learning a second language at a young age.

(=at the age when a woman can have children)

It is against the law to refuse to employ a woman of childbearing age because she may become pregnant.

55 percent of the people are of working age.

(=when you are legally allowed to marry or have sex)

At 15, the girl was under the age of consent.

Men in the 50–65 age group are most at risk from heart disease.

The school takes in children from the seven to eleven age range.

laws against age discrimination in the workplace

One in three children here die before they reach the age of 5.

The number of people living to to the age of 80 has doubled in the last fifty years.

The voting age was lowered from 21 to 18.

(=look or feel as old as you really are)

The singer is 46, but she doesn’t look her age at all.

I keep getting aches in my legs and I’m starting to feel my age.

(=behave in the way that a person of your age should behave)

(=one of the long periods of time, thousands of years ago, when ice covered many northern countries)

(=the very early time in human history, when only stone was used for making tools, weapons etc)

(=the period of time, between about 6,000 and 4,000 years ago, when bronze was used for making tools, weapons etc)

(=the period of time, about 3,000 years ago, when iron was first used for making tools, weapons etc)

(=the period in European history between about 1100 and 1500 AD)

(=the period in European history from 476 AD to about 1000 AD)

(=the period 1558–1603 when Elizabeth I was queen of England)

(=the period 1837–1901 when Victoria was queen of England)

(=the time during the late 18th and early 19th centuries when goods or substances such as coal and steel were first produced in large quantities using machines)

(=from the 20th century until the present)

the technical and scientific achievements that ushered in the modern age

(=since vehicles were able to travel in space)

(=since nuclear energy was used for weapons or energy)

(=since the Internet has become widely used)

Business has had to evolve in the information age.

a television show from the golden age of British comedy

(=a time when things are better than they were in the past)

Supporters see the coming season as the dawning of a new age for the club.

the number of years someone has lived or something has existed

Experts disagree over the age of the drawings.

专家对这些画作的年代意见不统一。

爸爸是在56岁时退休的。

在英国，入学年龄是5岁。

[4/15 etc years of age](bold)(=4, 15 etc years old)

[at my/your etc age](bold)(=when you are as old as me etc)

At my age, it’s quite difficult getting up the stairs.

到我这年纪，上楼梯就很费劲了。

[for his/her etc age](bold)(=compared with other people of the same age)

以她的年龄来说，她算高的，是不是？

In everyday English, people usually use the expression [how old …?](bold)  rather than using the noun [age](bold) :

the age when you are legally old enough to do something

What’s the minimum age for getting a driver’s license?

取得驾驶执照的最小年龄是多少？

You’re not allowed to buy alcohol. You’re [under age](bold)(=too young by law).

你不可以买酒。你年纪不够。

one of the particular periods of someone’s life

When you get to old age, everything seems to take longer.

人到老年，好像做什么事都慢。

The early teens are often a difficult age.

十三四岁往往是个麻烦的年龄。

随着年龄增长，高血压发病率增高。

Some of the furniture was [showing](bold) signs of [age](bold).

Molecular biology is pushing medicine into a new age.

分子生物学正在将医学推向一个新时代。

[in this day and age](bold) at → [day](->day) sense 6

Simon! I haven’t seen you [for ages](bold).

西蒙，我已经好久没有见到你了！

那道菜得忙半天才能做出来。

我们已经好久没有玩过那个游戏了。

to reach the age when you are legally considered to be a responsible adult

if something comes of age, it reaches a stage of development at which people accept it as being important, valuable etc

During this period the movies really came of age as an art form.

在这个时期，电影真正发展成为一种艺术形式。


age

[present participle](italic) [aging](bold) or [present participle](italic) [ageing](bold) ([BrE](bold))

to start looking older or to make someone or something look older

He was worried to see how much she’d aged.

看到她苍老了许多，他很担心。

The experience had aged him in advance of his years.

那次经历使他显得老了好几岁。

The buildings are ageing, and some are unsafe.

这些建筑已很陈旧，有些还不安全。

to improve and develop in taste over a period of time, or to allow food or alcohol to do this

（使）成熟，（使）味道变醇厚

The whisky is aged for at least ten years.

这种威士忌至少是十年的陈酿。


aged

Police are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35.

警察正在寻找一名年龄介于30至35岁之间的男子。

The course is open to children aged 12 and over.

本课程为12岁及以上的儿童而设。


agency

a business that provides a particular service for people or organizations

代办处，代理处，经销处，中介处

[an advertising/employment/travel etc agency](bold)

→ [dating agency](->dating agency) → [news agency](->news agency)

an organization or department, especially within a government, that does a specific job

机构；〔尤指政府内的〕局，部，处

a UN agency responsible for helping refugees

负责为难民提供帮助的联合国机构

being done as the result of someone’s help


agenda

[hidden agenda](bold) at → [hidden](->hidden) 2 sense 3

New measures to combat terrorism are high on the agenda.

Immigration is an important issue on the political agenda.

Brown has an agenda for the university’s future.

(=decide on the problems you want to deal with)

The new government set an agenda for constitutional reform.

This incident has put the issue of racism firmly back on the agenda.

The meeting ended in chaos as representatives were unable to agree an agenda.

We need to establish an agenda for future research.

a list of problems or subjects that a government, organization etc is planning to deal with

〔政府、机构等的〕待办事项，日程表

[be high on the agenda/be top of the agenda](bold)(=be one of the most important problems to deal with)

Measures to combat terrorism will be high on the agenda.

采取行动打击恐怖主义是当务之急。

The government [set an agenda](bold) for constitutional reform.

政府为宪法改革定下了日程。

Our Centre has limited its research agenda to four areas.

本中心将研究项目限定在四个领域。

the ideas that a political party thinks are important and the things that party aims to achieve

The Republicans have stuck to their conservative agenda.

共和党人坚持自己的保守议题。

a list of the subjects to be discussed at a meeting

〔会议的〕议程（表），议事日程

the next [item](bold)(=subject)[on the agenda](bold)


agent

a person or company that represents another person or company, especially in business

Our agent in Rio deals with all our Brazilian business.

我们在里约热内卢的业务代表处理我们在巴西的全部业务。

We’re [acting as agents](bold) for Mr Watson.

我们是沃森先生的代理人。

→ [estate agent](->estate agent) → [land agent](->land agent) → [real estate agent](->real estate agent) → [travel agent](->travel agent)

someone who finds work for actors, musicians etc, or who finds someone to publish a writer’s work

〔演员、音乐家、作家等的〕经理人，经纪人

My agent has a new script for me to look at.

我的经纪人有一个新剧本要我看。

someone who works for a government or police department, especially in order to get secret information about another country or organization

→ [secret agent](->secret agent) → [double agent](->double agent)

a chemical or substance that is used for a particular purpose or that has a particular effect

someone or something that affects or changes a situation

Technological advances are the chief agents of change.

技术进步是变革的主要推动力。


aggravate

[aggravation](bold) /ˌæɡrəˈveɪʃ/  n. <C,U>

to make a bad situation, an illness, or an injury worse

Their money problems were [further aggravated](bold) by a rise in interest rates.

由于利率上调，他们的财务问题更加严重。

Building the new road will only [aggravate the situation](bold).

建造那条新路只会使情况恶化。

What really aggravates me is the way she won’t listen.

让我大为生气的是她不听。


aggression

angry or threatening behaviour or feelings that often result in fighting

攻击性行为；敌对行为[心理]

Television violence can encourage aggression in children.

电视暴力会助长儿童的攻击性行为。

Our dogs have never shown aggression towards other dogs.

我们家狗从不向其他狗挑衅。

the act of attacking a country, especially when that country has not attacked first


aggressive

behaving in an angry threatening way, as if you want to fight or attack someone

Teachers apparently expect a certain amount of aggressive behaviour from boys.

老师显然料到男孩子多少会有些好勇斗狠的行为。

very determined to succeed or get what you want

有进取心的，有冲劲的；汲汲于成功的

A successful businessman has to be aggressive.

成功的实业家必须得有股冲劲。

an aggressive disease spreads quickly in the body


agile

[agility](bold) /əˈdʒɪləti/  n. <U> eg: With surprising agility, Karl darted across the road.

someone who has an agile mind is able to think very quickly and intelligently

He was physically strong and mentally agile.


ago

Use the simple past, not the present perfect, with [ago](bold) . You say: I started a new job a few weeks ago.
Don’t say: [I’ve started a new job a few weeks ago.](strike)

Don’t use a preposition such as ‘at’, ‘in’, or ‘on’ before a phrase with [ago](bold) . You say: They first met fifteen years ago.
Don’t say: [They first met at/in/fifteen years ago.](strike)

Don’t use ‘since’ or ‘before’ with [ago](bold) . You say: I came to the US two months ago.
Don’t say: [I came to the US since/before two months ago.](strike)

used to show how far back in the past something happened

[5 minutes/an hour/20 years etc ago](bold)

她的丈夫14年前去世了。

He should have finished at university long ago, but he kept taking extra courses.

他大学早就该毕业了，但是他不停地选修额外课程。

The little girl you saw a moment ago was my niece.

你刚才看到的那个小女孩是我侄女。

Tom got a letter from him just a little while ago.

汤姆刚在不久之前收到他的一封来信。

They moved to a new house [some time ago](bold)(=a fairly long time ago).

他们搬进新居已有些日子了。

We had our bicentenary celebrations not that long ago.

不久前，我们举行了200周年庆典活动。


agony

[pile on the pressure/agony](bold) at → [pile](->pile) [prolong the agony](bold) at → [prolong](->prolong) sense 2

a very sad, difficult, or unpleasant experience

It was agony not knowing if she would live.


agree

[Agree](bold)  is a reciprocal verb. This type of verb is used when saying that two or more people or groups do something that involves both or all of them: Our parties agree on this.  You can also say: Our parties agree with each other on this. My party agrees with yours on this.

You [agree with](bold)  someone: I agree with Tanya.
Don’t say: [I agree Tanya.](strike)

You [agree with](bold)  an opinion or statement: He agrees with this view.
Don’t say: [He agrees this view. ](strike)

People [ agree on](bold)  or [about](bold)  a subject: My wife and I agree on most things.

You [agree to](bold)  a plan or suggestion: They agreed to all our proposals.
Don’t say: [They agreed all our proposals.](strike)

[Agree](bold)  is not used in the progressive. You say: I agree completely.
Don’t say: [I am agreeing completely.](strike)

to say that you think that someone’s plan or suggestion is a good idea and you think it should happen

Charles suggested going for a picnic, and we all agreed.

The Council of Ministers would never agree to such a plan.

Few people expect the rebels to agree to the peace plan.

When I proposed that in future we should hold our meetings in the bar, the others agreed wholeheartedly.

They asked if I would give a talk, and I stupidly said yes.

to officially agree to a plan or proposal

Congress approved the plan by a large majority.

to say that you agree to something that will affect you, your family, or your property, when you have the legal right to say ‘no’

Her parents have given their consent to the marriage.

to agree with someone else’s plan or suggestion even though you are not sure if it is the right thing to do

He wasn’t very happy with the idea, but he decided to go along with it.

to have the same opinion as someone, or to think that a statement is correct

I totally agree with what you’ve just said.

I completely agree with Chomsky when he says that humans are born with a special ability to learn language.

Most experts agree that dieting needs to be accompanied by regular exercise.

if people are in agreement, they agree with each other, especially after discussing something

The brothers are in agreement over the future of their company.

The world’s scientists are in agreement that global warming is a problem that needs to be addressed.

to have the same opinion as someone, especially about an important issue

A lot of people share his view that tourism will have a negative impact on the island.

Professor Dawkins is of the same opinion as Dr Jones.

They share the view that nuclear energy can play an important role in meeting global demands for energy.

All three specialists were of the same opinion about the cause of her illness.

to agree with someone or about something – a very formal word which is used especially in official contexts

She asked her colleague, and she concurred.

Was it his aggression which set him apart from his rivals? ‘Possibly,’ he concurred.

As most biblical scholars concur, the letter could not have been written by any contemporary of Jesus.

to agree with someone about something – used especially in negative sentences

We don’t always see eye to eye, but we do respect each other’s opinions.

I agree with you up to a point, but surely the situation is more complex than that?

to have or express the same opinion about something as someone else

Teenagers and their parents rarely agree.

十几岁的孩子跟父母意见很少一致。

If she felt he was right, she would agree with him.

如果她觉得他是对的，就会同意他的看法。

Most people nowadays would agree that a good pub is one of our best traditions.

如今大多数人都认为，一家好的小酒馆就是我们最好的传统之一。

We don’t agree on everything, of course.

当然，我们并不是对所有事情都有一致的看法。

[I quite agree/I couldn’t agree more](bold)(=I agree completely)

‘We have to talk.’ ‘Absolutely,’ Meredith replied. ‘I couldn’t agree more.’

“我们得谈谈。”“没错，”梅雷迪斯回答说，“我完全同意。”

to say yes to an idea, plan, suggestion etc

I suggested we go somewhere for the weekend and she agreed at once.

我提议我们去某个地方度周末，她立即表示赞同。

No one really knows why he agreed to do the film.

没有人真的知道他为什么同意拍那部电影。

My sister won’t agree to our mother going into a nursing home.

我姐姐不会同意让母亲进养老院的。

to make a decision with someone after a discussion with them

We agreed to meet again the following Monday.

They managed to agree on a date for the wedding.

We agreed that elections would be held in May.

我们商定5月份举行选举。

我们商定了一份新的四年期合同。

In more formal English, you say[ it was agreed that](bold)  when saying what people agreed: It was agreed that the post would be advertised.

if two pieces of information agree with each other, they match or are the same

Your story doesn’t agree with what the police have told us.

你的叙述和警察告诉我们的不一样。

if two people agree to differ, they accept that they have different opinions about something and stop arguing about it


agreed

an agreed plan, price, arrangement etc is one that people have discussed and accepted

The important thing is to have agreed objectives.

重要的是要有一致的目标。

if people are agreed, they have discussed something and agree about what to do

所有党派现在都一致同意这个计划。

We’re all agreed that we cannot spend what we have not earned.

大家意见一致，我们不能今天花明天的钱。

used to check if someone agrees, or to show that you agree

好吗〔用于确认某人是否同意〕；好的〔用于表示同意〕

‘Let’s just forget it ever happened. Agreed?’ ‘Agreed.’

“我们把这一切都忘了吧，好吗？”“好的。”


agreement

We made an agreement not to tell anyone.

The two countries have signed an agreement on military co-operation.

They have an agreement that all workers should be union members.

It took the two sides several weeks to reach an agreement.

The two sides failed to come to an agreement.

The UN accused the country's leaders of breaking international agreements.

It’s important to keep to your student loan agreement.

Republican leaders accused Democrats of trying to renege on an agreement to have a House vote.

(=have to obey the conditions of an official agreement)

India is bound by the agreements signed under the World Trade Organisation.

(=discuss particular things in order to reach an agreement)

They have been trying to negotiate an agreement with a Chinese company.

(=decide on an agreement after a lot of discussion and disagreement)

Traders are focused on Washington, where Republicans and Democrats are hammering out an agreement to balance the federal budget.

(=write the conditions of an agreement, which may be changed)

The legal team will draft a second agreement incorporating these changes.

(=arrange an agreement between two or more opposing groups)

The US has been trying to broker an agreement between the Israelis and the Palestinians.

(=make an official agreement, which has legal responsibilities)

In 2006 the city authorities entered into an agreement with a private firm to operate the gardens.

The developer hopes to finalise an agreement this week with the local authority.

There is usually a written agreement between the borrower and the bank.

(=agreed in words, but not written down)

The doctor needs to have a verbal agreement from the patient.

The administration has signed a multi-billion dollar trade agreement with Colombia.

The golf club is also offering to enter into a legal agreement with local residents.

(=an official agreement that must be obeyed)

Lawyers are in the process of drafting a legally binding agreement between both parties.

(=a permanent agreement to stop fighting)

The five countries in the region signed a peace agreement.

(=a temporary agreement to stop fighting)

A ceasefire agreement was signed between the government and the rebels.

an international agreement on combating climate change

(=involving several countries or groups)

a bilateral agreement between the UK and Korean governments

(=one that is not yet in its finished form)

The government of Iraq refused to accept the wording of the draft UN agreement.

(=an agreement that is not written down, and is based only on trust)

The candidates seemed to have a gentleman’s agreement not to criticize each other.

Under the terms of the agreement, the debt would be repaid over a 20-year period.

Both sides were accusing each other of breaches of the agreement.

Management and unions are close to an agreement about pay.

an arrangement or promise to do something, made by two or more people, companies, organizations etc

They had made an agreement that they would share the profits equally.

他们达成协议，平分利润。

Haydon came to an agreement with his creditors.

海登与债主达成了一项协议。

Under the agreement, most agricultural prices will remain at the same level.

根据协议，大部分农产品的价格将维持原有水平。

when people have the same opinion as each other

There is general agreement that copyright is a good idea.

大家普遍同意取得版权是个好主意。

There is widespread agreement on the need for prison reform.

人们普遍认为需要进行监狱改革。

A decision will not be made until everyone is in agreement.

所有人都达成一致才能作决定。

It is easier for two parties to [reach agreement](bold) than for three.

两方达成一致比三方达成一致容易。

when someone says yes to an idea, plan, suggestion etc

Would their discussion result in his agreement to visit his stepmother?

他们商量后，他会不会同意去看望继母？

Such arrangements cannot be altered without the agreement of the bank.

这种约定没有银行同意是无法更改的。

an official document that people sign to show that they have agreed to something


agriculture

ˈæɡrɪˌkʌltʃə

[agricultural](bold) /ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃ/  adj. eg: agricultural land eg: agricultural labourers

More than 75% of the land is used for agriculture.

75%以上的土地用于农耕。


ahead

a short distance in front of someone or something

He kept his gaze fixed on the car ahead.

他的目光一直盯着前面的那辆汽车。

一座小山赫然耸现在他们面前。

We could see the lights of Las Vegas [up ahead](bold).

我们能看到前方拉斯维加斯的灯光。

The clinic was now in sight, some way ahead.

现在可以看见诊所了，就在前面不远处。

[straight/dead ahead](bold)(=straight in front)

The river is eight miles away dead ahead.

这条河就在正前方八英里处。

Henry hurried on ahead (=went in front of the others).

if someone or something looks or moves ahead, they look or move forward

The ship forged ahead through the thin ice.

There were four people ahead of me at the doctor’s.

诊所里有四个人排在我前面。

You [have](bold) a long trip [ahead](bold) of you.

你前面还有很长一段路要走。

We do not foresee any major changes in the years ahead.

我们预料今后几年不会有重大改变。

Unless we [plan ahead](bold)(=plan for the future) we are going to be in a mess.

除非我们事先安排好，否则会一团糟的。

我提前两三个小时煮好米饭。

Can you tell me [ahead of time](bold) if you’re coming?

如果你要来，能不能事先告诉我？

He’s giving a series of concerts in London ahead of his international tour.

国际巡回演出之前他会在伦敦举办一系列的音乐会。

I arrived at Jack’s suite half an hour ahead of schedule.

我比原计划提前半小时来到杰克的套房。

making progress and being successful in your job, education etc

Getting ahead at work is the most important thing to her at the moment.

她认为目前最重要的是事业有成。

ideas, achievements etc that are ahead of others have made more progress or are more developed

This design is [light years ahead](bold)(=much more advanced) in performance and comfort.

这一设计在性能和舒适度方面遥遥领先。

[ahead of your/its time](bold)(=very advanced or new, and not understood or accepted)

Coleridge was in many ways far ahead of his time.

柯勒律治在许多方面都远远超越他那个时代。

Two shots from Gardner [put](bold) the Giants 80–75 [ahead](bold).

嘉德纳的两个进球使巨人队以80比75领先。

我们在民意测验中领先10个百分点。

At this stage, Smith appeared to be ahead of his rivals.

在这个阶段，史密斯似乎领先于对手。

used to tell someone they can do something

‘Can I have the sports section?’ ‘Yeah, go ahead, I’ve read it.’

“我可以看看体育版吗？”“好，拿去吧，我已经看过了。”

to do something that was planned, especially in spite of a problem

Frank’ll be late but we’ll go ahead with the meeting anyway.

弗兰克会晚些时候到，我们先开会。

Tests of anti-cancer drugs are to go ahead this year.

抗癌药物的试验将在今年进行。

in a position where you are more advanced or more successful than your competitors

Belmont city leaders have never been ahead of the curve in environmental matters.

贝尔蒙特市的领导在环境事务上从未走在前沿。


aid

The development of the continent is now dependent on foreign aid.

If you are on a low income, you may qualify for legal aid.

The commission said it was ready to provide financial aid to help farmers.

Israel is the largest recipient of U.S. economic and military aid.

The capital was in urgent need of food and medical aid.

The government launched an appeal for emergency food aid for 60,000 people.

(=given to people living in very bad conditions)

Ministers agreed to send humanitarian aid, including food and medical supplies.

(=given when there is a disaster, a war etc)

Surrounding countries supplied disaster relief aid.

It’s one of the poorest countries in the world, but it has received no UN development aid.

EU Ministers meeting in Belgium agreed to send humanitarian aid.

The Chinese authorities have asked for aid to help the earthquake victims.

Ethiopia receives less foreign aid than any other developing country.

The report stated that some 703,000 people relied on food aid.

(=officially stop aid from continuing, usually for a short time)

Canada will be suspending aid until democracy is restored.

The US has threatened to cut off aid to the region.

Conditons deteriorated further as western aid was withdrawn.

The project is eligible for aid from the British Tourist Board.

International aid agencies launched an appeal for emergency aid.

Aid workers warned of a worsening situation.

The sanctions could prevent international aid agencies from delivering food and medicine.

The UN aid programme provided most of the finance.

Many of the older residents wear hearing aids.

(=recorded sounds, pictures, film etc, used to help describe or explain something)

No scientific lecture is ever given without slides or other visual aids.

Receive free study aids when you enrol, including a copy of The IDM Marketing Guide worth £95.

(=that help you find the way you need to go when you are travelling from one place to another)

Fishermen rely primarily on electronic aids for navigation.

help, such as money or food, given by an organization or government to a country or to people who are in a difficult situation

[Foreign aid](bold) from many countries poured into the famine area.

来自许多国家的救援物资纷纷送到饥荒地区。

convoys delivering [humanitarian aid](bold)

He has been granted [legal aid](bold)(=free legal services).

help that you need to do a particular thing

Father Poole walked painfully, with the aid of a stick.

普尔神父拄着一根拐杖艰难地行走。

We’re collecting money in aid of cancer research.

我们正在筹集资金以资助癌症研究。

help or advice that is given to someone who needs it

[come/go to sb’s aid](bold)(=help someone)

I didn’t speak any French, but a nice man came to my aid.

我一点法语都不会说，不过一个好心人帮了我的忙。

something such as a machine or tool that helps someone do something

A video is a useful aid in the classroom.

录像是课堂教学的有用教具。

used to ask what something is used for or why someone is doing something

这有什么用途？这样做是什么用意？

What’s this meeting tomorrow in aid of, then?

那么，明天的这个会议是为了什么？


aid

Mrs Coxen was aided in looking after the children by her niece.

考克森太太有她侄女帮忙一起照看小孩。

to make something happen more quickly or easily

Welfare spending aids economic development in three ways.

福利开支在三个方面促进经济发展。


aide

someone whose job is to help someone who has an important job, especially a politician

〔尤指政治家的〕助手，助理


aim

something you hope to achieve by doing something

The main aim of the plan was to provide employment for local people.

something important that you hope to achieve in the future, even though it may take a long time

The country can still achieve its goal of reducing poverty by a third.

a particular amount or total that you want to achieve

The company is on track to meet its target of increasing profits by 10%.

the specific thing that you are trying to achieve – used especially about things that have been officially discussed and agreed upon in business, politics etc

Their main objective is to halt the flow of drugs.

We met to set the business objectives for the coming year.

something that you very much want to achieve in your future career

Her ambition was to go to law school and become an attorney.

Earlier this year, he achieved his ambition of competing in the Olympic Games.

The country’s main aim was to slow inflation.

The ultimate aim is to replace gasoline with non-polluting energy sources.

The immediate aim is to develop the travel business.

(=that concerns the main aim rather than all the details)

The overall aim of the project is to encourage young people to stay in higher education.

Guided by the general aim of the project, we aimed to reach a number of key objectives.

What are the specific aims of the course?

(=a basic aim, that people sometimes do not notice)

The games all have an underlying aim: survival.

We utterly condemn any acts of violence in pursuit of political aims.

(=that is part of a military, political, or business plan)

The broader strategic aims were to safeguard the Dutch East Indies against attack.

(=an aim that someone has stated clearly)

The Department’s declared aim is targeting benefits where they are most needed.

(=an aim that people, countries etc share)

We know the value of working closely together to pursue our common aims.

His trip to Milan, his third in two weeks, had a precise aim.

The Internet bank achieved its aim of attracting 50,000 customers last year.

Once she had decided to go into publishing, she set out to fulfil her aim.

(=try to achieve them over a long period of time)

We worked closely together to pursue our common aims.

(=help them to progress or be successful)

The group is prepared to use violence to further its political aims.

Is there a set of guidelines setting out the aims of study?

The organization has a set of aims which are listed on its website.

These aims and objectives are set out in chapters two and three.

The aim of the research is to find new food sources.

此项研究的目的是寻找新的食物来源。

The [main aim](bold) of the course is to improve your writing.

这一课程的主要目的是提高写作能力。

a campaign with the aim of helping victims of crime

旨在帮助罪案受害者的运动

Teamwork is required in order to [achieve](bold) these [aims](bold).

完成这些目标需要团队合作。

a policy which sets out the school’s [aims and objectives](bold)

清楚阐明该校各项目标的政策

to point a gun or weapon at someone or something you want to shoot

向某人/某事开火，批评某人/某事

someone’s ability to hit what they are aiming at when they throw or shoot something

〔射击等的〕准头，准确性


aim

You [aim to do](bold)  something: I aim to study medicine.
Don’t say: [I aim at studying medicine.](strike)

An action is [aimed at doing](bold)  something: Our policies are aimed at encouraging economic growth.
Don’t say: [Our policies are aimed to encourage economic growth.](strike)

我们力争星期五之前完成。

an initiative aimed at reducing road accidents

旨在减少道路事故的新计划

to say or do something that is intended for a particular person or group of people

The anti-smoking campaign is aimed at teenagers.

这次反吸烟运动是针对青少年的。

He aimed his attacks at his opponent, calling him a "political dinosaur."

他攻击他的对手，把他称为“政治古董”。

to choose the place, person etc that you want to hit or reach and point a weapon or another object towards them

丹佛举枪瞄准，但是没有射击。

The pilot was aiming for the runway but came down in a nearby field.

飞行员的目标是跑道，却降落在附近的农田里。


air

→ [hot air](->hot air) → [on-air](->on-air) [clear the air](bold) at → [clear](->clear) 2 sense 15 [disappear/vanish into thin air](bold) at → [thin](->thin) 1 sense 15 [out of thin air](bold) at → [thin](->thin) 1 sense 16

You say that something is [in the air](bold) : The plane was in the air. Put your hands in the air!
Don’t say: [The plane was on the air. ](strike)

You say that something goes up [into the air](bold) : The plane went up into the air.

You say that a TV or radio programme is [on the air](bold)  or [on air](bold)  (= it is broadcast) : The show has been on the air for over 30 years.

She opened the window to let in some fresh air.

London’s air is cleaner than it has been at any time since 1585.

Warm air rises and is replaced by cooler and denser air.

I looked up to the stars in the clear night air.

The air in Mexico City is heavily polluted.

The room was full of stale air and tobacco smoke.

(=there is less oxygen because you are in a high place)

People cannot live up there because the air is too thin and there is not enough oxygen to breathe.

He stepped out and breathed in the cold morning air.

Smoke from the chimneys hung in the still air.

The air quality is very poor on hot days.

There was a cold rush of air as she wound down her window.

The birds are able to glide on a current of warm air.

He clutched his throat as he fought for air.

It would be nice to open the door and let in some air.

the mixture of gases around the Earth, that we breathe

Let’s go outside and get some fresh air.

我们出去呼吸些新鲜空气吧。

There was a strong smell of burning in the air.

空气中有一股浓烈的焦味。

[a breath of fresh air](bold) at → [breath](->breath) sense 2

the space above the ground or around things

He fell 2,000 metres through the air without a parachute.

他没用降落伞在空中下落了2,000米。

the victims of Britain’s worst air disaster

His brother died in an [air crash](bold).

if a feeling is in the air, a lot of people feel it at the same time

〔某种情绪〕弥漫在空气中

There was a sense of excitement in the air.

到处洋溢着一种激动的气氛。

if something or someone has an air of confidence, mystery etc, they seem confident, mysterious etc

She looked at him with a determined air.

if something is up in the air, no decision has been made about it yet

Our trip is still very much up in the air.

我们的旅行计划有许多事情尚未确定。

to be broadcasting on the radio or television at the present moment, or to stop broadcasting

正在广播[播放]/停止广播[播放]

a simple tune, often used in the title of a piece of classical music

曲调，旋律〔常用于古典乐曲名中〕

a way of behaving that shows someone thinks they are more important than they really are

an actor with no [airs and graces](bold)


air

→ [airing](->airing) [air your dirty laundry](bold) at → [dirty](->dirty) 1 sense 7

[air your views/grievances/complaints etc](bold)

Staff will get a chance to ask questions and air their views.

员工将有机会提问并发表意见。

to broadcast a programme on television or radio

KPBS airs such popular children’s programs as ‘Barney’ and ‘Sesame Street’.

KPBS电视台播出《小博士邦尼》《芝麻街》等受欢迎的儿童节目。

to let fresh air into a room, especially one that has been closed for a long time

to put a piece of clothing in a place that is warm or has a lot of air, so that it smells clean

我把毛衣放在外面晾一晾。


air force

the part of a country’s military organization that uses planes to fight


airline

a company that takes passengers and goods to different places by plane


airport

a big building where people wait to get onto planes

Smoking is prohibited inside the terminal building.

a long hard surface on which aircraft land and take off

an area covered with tarmac outside airport buildings

He stepped off the plane onto the tarmac.

a place where you report your arrival at an airport

the place where you wait until your plane is ready to leave

the place you go through to get on your plane

Will passengers for flight BA670 please go to the departure gate.

the place where you collect your cases and bags after a flight

the place where officials check the documents of everyone entering the country

Be prepared for long queues at immigration.

the place where your bags are checked for illegal goods when you enter a country

a place where planes take off and land, with buildings for passengers to wait in

Her family went to see her off at the airport.


aisle

[be rolling in the aisles](bold) at → [roll](->roll) 1 sense 20

a long passage between rows of seats in a church, plane, theatre etc, or between rows of shelves in a shop

Would you like a window seat or an [aisle seat](bold)(=seat next to the aisle)?

您想要靠窗的座位还是靠过道的座位？


ajar

〔门〕微开着的，虚掩着的


alarm

Neighbours heard the burglar alarm and called the police.

The house has a system of security alarms.

A fire alarm went off and the building had to be evacuated.

(=for when someone tries to steal a car)

I was woken by a car alarm in the middle of the night.

(=that you carry with you in case you are attacked)

If you are nervous, invest in a personal alarm.

A window blew open, setting off the alarm.

The thieves fled when an alarm went off.

I entered the shop and switched off the alarm.

a piece of equipment that makes a loud noise to warn you of danger

我忘记打开防盗警报器了。

Car alarms are always going off in the street.

街上总有汽车警报器在响。

a feeling of fear or worry because something bad or dangerous might happen

There is growing alarm at the increase in crime.

对于罪案数量的上升，人们越来越恐慌。

Scientists have said [there is no cause for alarm](bold).

I’ve [set the alarm](bold) for 7 o'clock.

I was still asleep when the [alarm went off](bold).

to warn people that something bad is happening

Neighbours raised the alarm when they smelled smoke.

邻居闻到烟味便发出了警报。

if alarm bells ring, you feel worried that something bad may be happening

Alarm bells started to ring when he failed to return home.

他没有回家，大家担心起来。


alarm

to make someone feel worried or frightened

I don’t want to alarm you, but I can’t find the key.

我不想吓你，但我找不到钥匙了。


alarmed

Environmentalists are alarmed by the increase in pollution.

不断加重的污染引起环保人士的担忧。

He was alarmed to discover that his car was gone.

他发现自己的车不见了就慌了。

整幢大楼都装有警报系统。


alarming

The rainforest is disappearing [at an alarming rate](bold).

热带雨林在以惊人的速度消失。


albeit

used to add information that reduces the force or importance of what you have just said

He accepted the job, albeit with some hesitation.

尽管有些犹豫，他还是接受了那份工作。

Chris went with her, albeit reluctantly.

尽管不情愿，克里斯还是同她一起去了。


album

a group of songs or pieces of music on a record, CD, download etc

The band plan to release their new album next week.

该乐队计划下周发行他们的新专辑。

a book that you put photographs, stamps etc in

〔收存照片、邮票等的〕簿，册


alcohol

drinks that contain alcohol  – used especially in rules and warnings about alcoholic drinks

We’re not allowed to serve alcohol to people under 18.

low-alcohol winesnot containing a lot of alcohol

alcoholic drinks. [Drink](bold) is more informal than [alcohol](bold)

Police officers smelled drink and breath-tested him.

drinks that contain alcohol, especially strong alcoholic drinks

The man was holding a bottle of liquor in one hand and a cigarette in the other.

He got used to drinking hard liquor strong alcoholic drinks at an early age.

The doctor told Jimmy to stay off the booze for a while.

He tried to buy booze with a stolen credit card.

strong alcoholic drinks such as whisky or brandy

We serve a wide range of wines, beers, and spirits.

He enjoyed a drop of the hard stuffhe liked strong alcoholic drinks.

The report showed that alcopops were the most popular drink for 17-year-olds.

drinks such as beer or wine that contain a substance which can make you drunk

[alcohol abuse](bold)(=when someone drinks too much)

people with [alcohol problems](bold)(=people who drink too much)

the chemical substance in alcoholic drinks that can make you drunk, which is also used in other types of products


alcoholic

ˌælkəˈhɒlɪk◂

relating to alcohol or containing alcohol


alcoholic

someone who regularly drinks too much alcohol and has difficulty stopping