radio

You listen to [the radio](bold) : I often listen to the radio in my car.
Don’t say: [listen to radio](strike)

You say that someone or something is [on the radio](bold) : My mother heard the news on the radio.
Don’t say: [on radio](strike)

She was sitting up in bed, listening to the radio.

I heard on the radio that the weather was going to get warmer.

Dad switched on the radio for the eight-thirty news.

You can turn the radio off, darling, we're not listening to it.

(=make it receive broadcasts from a particular station)

The radio was tuned to a country-music station.

Jobs may be advertised in local newspapers or on local radio.

He even went on national radio to defend himself and his players.

(=controlled by the government of a country)

In a message read on state radio and television, the president called for calm.

(=an organization that broadcasts radio  programmes)

There are currently nearly 50 commercial radio stations.

All radio broadcasts continue to be closely monitored by the government.

a piece of electronic equipment which you use to listen to programmes that are broadcast, such as music and news

programmes that are broadcast on the radio

I don’t really [listen to the radio](bold) very much.

Did you hear the interview with the prime minister on the radio this morning?

你今天早上有没有听广播里对首相的访谈？

他现在有自己的广播节目了。

a piece of electronic equipment, for example on a plane or ship, which can send and receive spoken messages

We received a call for help over the ship’s radio.

我们通过船上的无线电收到一个求救呼叫。

when messages are sent or received in this way

We should be able to reach them by radio.

我们应该能够通过无线电联系到他们。

We’ve lost [radio contact](bold) with the plane.

我们和这架飞机失去了无线电联络。


radio

这条船用无线电发出求救信号。

We radioed London for permission to land.

我们通过无线电请求伦敦准予降落。


radioactive

ˌreɪdiəʊˈæktɪv◂

a radioactive substance is dangerous because it contains radiationa form of energy that can harm living things

the problem of how to dispose of [radioactive waste](bold)

如何处理放射性废物的问题

a consignment of [highly radioactive](bold) plutonium


radius

the distance from the centre to the edge of a circle, or a line drawn from the centre to the edge

an area that covers a particular distance in all directions from a central point

The shock of the explosion was felt over a radius of forty miles.

爆炸引起的剧烈震动在方圆40英里内都能感觉得到。

[within a 10-mile/200-metre etc radius](bold)

There are more than a dozen golf courses within a 15-mile radius of St Andrews.

圣安德鲁斯方圆15英里之内有超过12个高尔夫球场。

the outer bone of the lower part of your arm


raft

a flat floating structure, usually made of pieces of wood tied together, used as a boat

The company has launched a whole raft of new software products.

公司推出了大量新软件产品。

a flat floating structure that you can sit on, jump from etc when you are swimming

〔可供游泳者坐于其上、跳水等的〕浮台

a small flat rubber boat filled with air, used for example if a boat sinks


rag

[glad rags](bold) at → [glad](->glad) sense 7 [like a red rag to a bull](bold) at → [red](->red) 1 sense 5 [lose your rag](bold) at → [lose](->lose) sense 11

a small piece of old cloth, for example one used for cleaning things

他用一块旧布把他的靴子擦干。

a newspaper, especially one that you think is not particularly important or of good quality

Children in rags begged money from the tourists.

衣衫褴褛的孩子向游客讨钱。

becoming very rich after starting your life very poor

从赤贫到巨富，从一贫如洗到家财万贯

He likes to tell people of his rise from rags to riches.

他喜欢给人讲他白手起家的故事。

an event organized by students every year in order to make money for people who are poor, sick etc

〔学生每年为穷人、病人等举行的〕慈善募捐活动


rag

[past tense and past participle](italic) [ragged](bold) [present participle](italic) [ragging](bold)

to laugh at someone or play tricks on them


rage

The injustice of it made Melissa seethe with rage.

She knew her father would explode with rage if he found out.

Moran was in a rage about some tools that had been left out in the rain.

Speechless with rage, he hurled the letter in the fire before storming out.

(=be so angry that you cannot control yourself)

They had been publicly humiliated and were beside themselves with rage.

sb's face is twisted/contorted with rage

Mike's usually calm face was contorted with rage.

In a fit of rage, he seized the poor man by the shoulders and shouted at him.

She remembered his cries of rage as he was taken away.

Her eyes were now full of tears of rage.

He smashed up his former girlfriend's car in a drunken rage.

(=extreme uncontrolled anger that makes someone violent)

(=anger that makes someone capable of murder)

a strong feeling of uncontrollable anger

Sobbing with rage, Carol was taken to the hospital.

卡罗尔气得呜呜哭，被送往医院。

Sam became quite frightening when he was in a rage.

Just then, she heard Mr Evan’s bellow of rage.

就在那时，她听到埃文先生一声怒吼。

Forester stared at his car, trembling with rage.

福里斯特盯着他的汽车，气得浑身发抖。

[seething/incandescent with rage](bold)(=as angry as a person can possibly be)

Animal rights supporters were incandescent with rage.

动物权利保护者怒不可遏。

Richens was 17 when he [flew into a rage](bold) and stabbed another teenager.

里琴斯17岁那年一怒之下捅了一名少年。

DiCaprio became all the rage after starring in the film ‘Titanic’.

迪卡普里奥主演了电影《泰坦尼克号》之后迅速走红。

a situation in which something is very popular or fashionable


rage

to feel very angry about something and show this in the way you behave or speak

He was sorry he had raged at her earlier.

“我怎么会知道！”珍妮怒道。

if something such as a battle, a disagreement, or a storm rages, it continues with great violence or strong emotions

〔战斗、争论〕激烈进行；〔风暴〕肆虐

Civil war has been raging in the country for years.

A debate is raging about what form pensions should take.

对于养老金应采用何种形式，正在进行一场激辩。

if a fire or illness rages, it spreads fast and is hard to control

〔火灾或疾病〕迅速蔓延，快速扩散

The fire raged for twelve hours and fifteen people died.

大火肆虐了12个小时，造成15人死亡。

A great cholera epidemic raged across Europe in 1831.

1831年欧洲各地霍乱肆虐。

to have fun with a group of people in a wild and uncontrolled way


raid

Pirates often made daring raids on the port.

They were encouraged by the French king to carry out raids upon English ships.

Rebel forces launched cross-border raids.

They took part in various raids, including the bombing of Cologne in 1942.

Bombing raids had destroyed most of the country's oil refineries.

There had been two unsuccessful British commando raids.

(=a raid by a small unofficial military group)

From their base in the rainforest they staged guerilla raids on Nicaragua.

(=across a border between two countries)

Cross-border raids into Kenya last year caused a serious diplomatic conflict.

a short attack on a place by soldiers, planes, or ships, intended to cause damage but not take control

The colonel led a successful raid against a rebel base.

上校成功指挥了对叛军基地的一次袭击。

The army launched several cross-border raids last night.

昨晚军队发动了数次越境袭击。

a surprise visit made to a place by the police to search for something illegal

美国联邦调查局的突击搜查

Four people were arrested during a raid on a house in London.

警方突击搜查了伦敦的一所房子，拘捕四人。

a [dawn raid](bold)(=one made very early in the morning)

an attack by criminals on a building where they believe they can steal money or drugs

对格拉斯哥一家商店的持枪抢劫

an attempt by a company to buy enough shares in another company to take control of it

突袭收购〔指为控制某公司而大量购入其股票〕


raid

if police raid a place, they make a surprise visit to search for something illegal

Police found weapons when they raided his home.

警方突击搜查他家时发现了武器。

to make a sudden military attack on a place

air bases on the mainland from which the island could be raided

可以对该岛发动袭击的本土空军基地

[raiding party](bold)(=a group taking part in an attack)

The gang raided three homes in the area.

犯罪团伙洗劫了这个地区的三户人家。

to go to a place that has supplies of food or drink and take some because you are hungry

洗劫，扫荡〔某处的食物〕

Peter went into the kitchen to raid the fridge.


rail

(=the system of railway lines in a country)

The government has spent £2 billion on improving the country's rail network.

People want a safe, reliable rail service.

Rail fares are to increase by up to 9.4%.

They had introduced measures to make rail travel safer.

Rail passengers will have to pay more for their tickets next year.

Police have named four more victims of the Selby rail crash.

(=that makes train travel between two places possible)

He proposed building a high-speed rail link between the two airports.

Passengers want a better [rail service](bold).

乘客希望有更好的铁路服务。

the Channel Tunnel and its [rail links](bold) with London

英吉利海峡隧道及其与伦敦之间的铁路连接

one of the two long metal tracks fastened to the ground that trains move along

a bar that is fastened along or around something, especially to stop you from going somewhere or from falling

Several passengers were leaning against the ship’s rail.

几名乘客斜靠在轮船的栏杆上。

→ [guardrail](->guardrail) → [handrail](->handrail)

to start behaving in a strange or socially unacceptable way

At 17 he suddenly went off the rails and started stealing.

17岁那年，他突然走上歪路，开始偷窃。

The coach was credited with putting the team back on the rails.

球队重回正轨，这被归功于教练。


rail

to enclose or separate an area with rails

用栏杆把 …围起；把 …隔开

The police railed off the area where the accident happened.

警察用围栏把事故现场隔开。

to complain angrily about something, especially something that you think is very unfair

Consumers rail against the way companies fix prices.

消费者谴责公司的定价方式。


railroad

to force or persuade someone to do something without giving them enough time to think about it

迫使[劝服]〔某人〕仓促行事

The workers were railroaded into signing the agreement.

工人们被迫匆匆签下这个协议。


railway

a system of tracks along which trains run, or a system of trains


railway station

a place where trains stop for passengers to get on and off

I’ll meet you outside the main railway station.


rain

[right as rain](bold) at → [right](->right) 1 sense 9

water that falls in small drops from clouds in the sky

There had been heavy rain during the night.

light rain with very small drops of water

A light drizzle was falling as I left the house.

a short period of rain that can be heavy or light

More heavy showers are forecast for tonight.

a short period of very heavy rain that starts suddenly

A sudden downpour sent us running for shelter.

frozen rain that falls in the form of ssmall balls of ice

The hail and high winds have destroyed many of the county’s crops.

heavy rain that falls during a particular period in the year in tropical countries

The farmers are waiting for the rains to come.

the heavy rain that falls between April and October in India and other southern Asian countries

He left us standing in the pouring rain.

(=heavy rain that is falling fast or being blown along)

They struggled to walk against driving rain.

A fine rain was coming down as the game started.

(=rain which contains pollution from factories)

forests which have been damaged by acid rain

If the rain starts coming down, we can always go inside.

They went into a cafe and waited for the rain to stop.

The rain was pouring down and I was quickly soaked.

(=it falls or hits something with a lot of force)

Isabel listened to the rain beating down.

(=drops of rain hit something and make a sound)

When we went outside it was pouring with rain.

(=rain appears likely because there are dark clouds in the sky)

We ate indoors because it looked like rain.

Two inches of rain fell in twelve hours.

(=short periods of rain – used in weather forecasts)

Outbreaks of rain will spread across northern parts.

a heavy shower of rain accompanied by lightning

He drove home slowly, through sheets of rain.

Thick black rain clouds massed in the sky.

There will be heavy rain in most parts of the country.

全国大部分地区将有大雨。

我把自行车放在外边雨地里了。

→ [acid rain](->acid rain) → [rain drop](->rain drop) → [rainy](->rainy)

Last year, the rains came on time in April.

去年，雨季在4月准时到来。

a large number of things falling or moving through the air together

The archers sent a rain of arrows towards the enemy.

弓箭手的箭如雨点般飞向敌人。

whatever happens or whatever the weather is like

在任何情况下；不论天气好坏

Don’t worry. We’ll be there – rain or shine.

别担心，我们会去的——风雨无阻。


rain

It’s raining – you’d better take an umbrella.

We stayed at home because it was pouring down all day.

Outside it was chucking it down and the streets were deserted.

It’s only drizzling – let’s go for a walk anyway.

frozen rain in the form of small balls of ice are falling

It had been hailing and the roads were still slippery.

It was raining heavily when we arrived in New York.

It’s raining slightly, but we can still go out.

(=it is raining very hard  – this phrase sounds rather old-fashioned)

if it rains, drops of water fall from clouds in the sky

It must have rained quite hard last night.

[it’s raining cats and dogs](bold) [spoken](special)(=it is raining very hard)

if you rain blows onto someone, you hit them many times

She attacked the man, raining blows on his head and shoulders.

她对那个男人大打出手，拳头雨点般落在他头上和肩上。

used to say that as soon as one thing goes wrong, a lot of other things go wrong as well


rainbow

a large curve of different colours that can appear in the sky when there is both sun and rain


raincoat

a coat that you wear to protect yourself from rain


rain forest

[rain‧for‧est](bold)  [n](bold) <[C,U](bold)>

a tropical forest with tall trees that are very close together, growing in an area where it rains a lot


rainy

a rainy period of time is one when it rains a lot

rainy. [Wet](bold) and [rainy ](bold)mean the same and are used in the same way

In Cyprus during the winter, you’ll only have the occasional wet day.

The wet weather is expected to continue.

if the air feels damp, there is a lot of  in the air and it may be raining slightly

the cool, bright, showery weather of early April

The weather will be showery, with some sunny intervals.

raining slightly, with a lot of mist in the air

if the sky is grey, there are a lot clouds, and it looks like it will rain

Then, as if by magic, the sun burst through what had until then been a rather grey day.

to save something, especially money, for a time when you will need it

留着某物以备不时之需〔尤指钱〕；未雨绸缪


raise

to move or lift something to a higher position, place, or level

举起；提起；抬起；使升高

你能把灯举高点好让我看清吗？

William raised his hat and smiled at her.

威廉抬一抬帽子，朝她笑了笑。

[Raise](bold) your [hand](bold) if you know the right answer.

知道正确答案的话，请举手。

In everyday British English, people usually say [lift](bold)  something [up](bold)  rather than [raise](bold)  something:

British English speakers usually say [put up your hand](bold)  rather than [raise your hand](bold) :

[Put your hand up](bold) if you know the right answer.

增加，提高〔数量、数字或水平〕

→see THESAURUS at [increase](->increase) 1

The university is working to raise the number of students from state schools.

这所大学正在努力增加公立学校学生的入学人数。

a campaign to [raise awareness](bold) of meningitis

增强脑膜炎防治意识的活动

Dr Hayward intends to [raise](bold) the museum’s [profile](bold)(=make it more well-known).

海沃德博士想提高博物馆的知名度。

In everyday British English, people usually say [put up](bold)  an amount, a price etc rather than [raise](bold)  it:

They’ve [put](bold) the price of fuel [up](bold) again.

to collect money that you can use to do a particular job or help people

The Trust hopes to raise $1 million to buy land.

这家信托机构希望能筹集到一百万美元购置土地。

They are [raising funds](bold) to help needy youngsters.

他们正在筹款帮助贫困青少年。

a concert to [raise money](bold) for charity

to improve the quality or standard of something

提高，改善〔质量或标准〕

Changing the law cannot raise standards.

修改法律并不能提高道德标准。

to begin to talk or write about a subject that you want to be considered or a question that you think should be answered

→see THESAURUS at [mention](->mention) 1

他再也没有提起这个话题。

I’d like to raise the issue of publicity.

Betty [raised](bold) the important [question](bold) of who will be in charge.

贝蒂提出了一个重要问题，就是将由谁来负责。

to cause a particular emotion or reaction

引起，激起〔某种情感或反应〕

This attack [raises fears](bold) of increased violence against foreigners.

这次袭击使人们对针对外国人的暴力事件日渐增多感到担忧。

The way the research was carried out [raises doubts](bold) about the results.

这项研究的操作方式令人们对研究结果产生怀疑。

to move your eyes, head, or face so that you are looking up

Albert raised his eyes and stared at Ruth.

艾伯特抬起眼睛盯着露丝。

“不。”他头也不抬地说道。

to move or lift yourself into an upright position

阿黛尔从一堆枕头中直起身子。

He raised himself up on one elbow to watch.

他用一只胳膊肘支起身来看。

to look after your children and help them grow

Stan’s dad died, leaving his mother to raise three sons alone.

斯坦的父亲去世了，留下他母亲独自抚养三个儿子。

It was time for Dean to settle down and [raise](bold) a [family](bold).

该是迪安安顿下来生儿育女的时候了。

Anne married a Jew, despite being raised a Catholic.

安妮在天主教家庭长大，但她嫁给了一个犹太人。

The new generation was the first to be raised on processed food.

新成长起来的这一代人是第一批吃加工食品长大的一代。

Camus was [born and raised](bold) in Algeria.

加缪在阿尔及利亚出生并长大。

to look after animals or grow plants so that they can be sold or used as food

He raised cattle in Nebraska when he was young.

他年轻时在内布拉斯加州养过牛。

to collect together a large group of people, especially soldiers

叛乱分子很快就召集起一支人马。

to smile when you are not feeling happy, or to make someone smile when they are not feeling happy

to show surprise, doubt, disapproval etc by moving your eyebrows upwards

扬起眉毛〔表示吃惊、怀疑、反对等〕

Blanche raised her eyebrows in surprise.

if something raises eyebrows, it surprises people

The band’s new sound will raise some eyebrows.

该乐队的新曲风将令一些人吃惊。

to speak loudly or shout because you are angry

〔因生气〕提高嗓门，高声说话

I could hear raised voices in the next room.

我可以听到隔壁房间有人在大声嚷嚷。

to celebrate someone’s happiness or success by holding up your glass and drinking from it

Ladies and gentlemen, will you raise your glasses to the bride and groom.

女士们、先生们，请大家举杯祝贺新娘和新郎。

to warn people about a danger so that they can take action

Sam stayed with his injured friend while a passing motorist raised the alarm.

萨姆陪着他受伤的朋友，一名过路司机则发出了警报。

to make people feel afraid that something frightening might soon happen

The violence has raised the spectre of civil war.

暴力事件引起了人们对内战的恐慌。

if a question or problem raises its head, it appears and has to be dealt with

〔问题或困难〕抬头，出现

Another problem then raised its ugly head.

之后又有一个问题出现了。

to do, produce, or be something better than anyone before, so that other people then feel they have to do better themselves

〔因做得好而〕使标准提高

He has raised the bar for other filmmakers.

他为其他电影制作人树立了更高的标准。

to make a higher bid than an opponent in a card game

to complain in a very angry way about something you think is not acceptable

I’ll raise hell with whoever is responsible for this mess.

不管是谁惹下这麻烦，我都跟他没完。

to behave in a wild, noisy way that upsets other people

The kids next door were raising hell last night.

隔壁那些孩子昨天夜里闹翻天了。

to make a very loud noise when singing, celebrating etc

〔在唱歌、欢庆作乐等时〕高声喧闹

to speak to someone on a piece of radio equipment

They finally managed to raise him at Miller’s sheep farm.

他们终于通过无线电在米勒的养羊场联系到他。

to wake someone who is difficult to wake

他想尽办法，仍然无法唤醒她。

to allow goods to go in and out of a place again after they have been stopped by force or by a law

raise 2/4/10 etc to the power of 2/3/4 etc

to multiply a number by itself a particular number of times


rally

The students had been refused permission to hold their rally in Victory Square.

A rally organized by democratic movements was broken up by soldiers.

About 200 people braved the weather to attend the rally.

The next evening he addressed a large anti-government rally.

Several large rallies were held in December.

Her parents were often away attending political rallies.

The senator was due to address an election rally that evening.

(=a rally to support someone who is competing in an election)

She will attend four campaign rallies in the state before returning to Washington.

Minor clashes between police and demonstrators occurred during a protest rally.

CND are organising a massive Peace Rally on the second Sunday in July.

The peace groups made plans to hold an anti-war rally.

a pro-democracy/pro-independence etc rally

Thousands joined a pro-democracy rally in the city.

a large public meeting, especially one that is held outdoors to support a political idea, protest etc

大型公众集会〔尤指为支持某政治观点、抗议等在户外举行的集会〕

About 1,000 people [attended](bold) the [rally](bold) in Hyde Park.

大约有1,000人参加了海德公园的集会。

We decided to [hold](bold) a [rally](bold) to put pressure on the government.

a [mass rally](bold)(=large rally) in support of the pay claim

He was shot dead while addressing an election rally.

an occasion when something, especially the value of shares, becomes stronger again after a period of weakness or defeat

a continuous series of hits of the ball between players in a game such as tennis


rally

[past tense and past participle](italic) [rallied](bold) [present participle](italic) [rallying](bold) [third person singular](italic) [rallies](bold)

to come together, or to bring people together, to support an idea, a political party etc

集合；召集〔以支持某个观点、政党等〕

Fellow Republicans rallied to the president’s defense.

共和党党员都团结起来支持总统。

Surely the local business community could have rallied to raise the cash.

当然，当地的商界是可以联合起来筹集这笔款项的。

an attempt to [rally support](bold) for the party

to become stronger again after a period of weakness or defeat

重新振作；扳回局势；回升

After a shaky start, he rallied and won the title in style.

虽然开局不顺，但他振作精神，最后漂亮地赢得了冠军。

The Tokyo stock market rallied later in the day.

当天晚些时候东京股市止跌回升。


ramp

a slope that has been built to connect two places that are at different levels

Ramps are needed at exits and entrances for wheelchair users.

出入口处需有坡道供坐轮椅者使用。

a road for driving onto or off a large main road

〔进出主干道的〕支路，岔道，匝道

Take the Lake Drive ramp at Charles Street.

到查尔斯街时上湖滨大道支路。

他们错过了去曼哈顿的出口匝道。


ranch

a very large farm in the western US and Canada where sheep, cattle, or horses are bred

〔美国西部和加拿大的〕大牧场


random

[randomly](bold) adv. eg: seven [randomly chosen](bold) numbers

A test was carried out on a random sample of the cattle.

He looked at a random selection of the files.

They were asked to memorize a random sequence of numbers.

He believes the police should be able to carry out random breath tests.

The family were caught up in the random violence that haunts a neighbourhood ruled by gangs.

The atomic particles seem to move in a completely random direction.

happening or chosen without any definite plan, aim, or pattern

The company has introduced random drug testing of its employees.

公司已实行对雇员的随机毒品测试。

We looked at a [random sample](bold) of 120 families.

我们研究了随机抽样的120个家庭。

a [random selection](bold) of women who were in the shop

[choose/select/pick sth at random](bold)

The gang picked their victims at random.

该团伙随机选择对象下手。

奇怪的，不寻常的，出乎意料的

她很优秀——她太不可思议了！


range

The Institute organises talks on a wide range of topics.

He also supports a whole range of other charities.

A vast range of plants are used in medicines.

During his career he has run a diverse range of businesses.

They only had a very limited range of products available.

The store stocks a full range of groceries.

The winner will receive a brand-new kitchen from Magnet’s extensive range.

We offer a comprehensive range of services for the business traveller.

Body Blitz is a new range of toiletries specially designed for teenagers.

These curtains are available in a much wider colour range.

a number of people or things that are all different, but are all of the same general type

The drug is effective against a range of bacteria.

这种药对一系列细菌有效。

[wide/broad/whole/full range of sth](bold)

students from a wide range of backgrounds

A fairly narrow range of people are responsible for key decisions.

只有少数人负责重大决定。

the limits within which amounts, quantities, ages etc vary

〔数、量、年龄等的〕范围，界限

toys suitable for children in the pre-school age range

72度到85度之间的温度范围

Your blood pressure’s well within the normal range.

你的血压完全在正常范围内。

a salary in the range of $25,000 to $30,000

处于2.5万美元到3万美元之间的薪水

Even the cheapest property was [out of](bold) our [price range](bold)(=too expensive for us).

即使是最便宜的房子也超出了我们能承受的价格范围。

a set of similar products made by a particular company or available in a particular shop

A company from Darlington has just launched its latest range of fashion jewellery.

达灵顿的一家公司刚刚推出了他们最新的时尚珠宝系列。

The watches in this range are priced at £24.50.

该系列手表的价格是24.50英镑。

We have a very large [product range](bold).

→ [mid-range](->mid-range) → [top-of-the-range](->top-of-the-range)

the distance over which a particular weapon can hit things

射程为3,000公里的导弹

We waited until the enemy was within range.

我们等到敌人进入我们的射程。

I ducked down to get out of range of the gunshots.

[at close/short/point-blank range](bold)(=from very close)

Both men had been [shot at point-blank range](bold).

两个人都是被近距离射杀的。

→ [long-range](->long-range) → [short-range](->short-range)

the distance within which something can be seen or heard

a handsome man who drew admiring glances from any female within range

吸引周围每一个女性投来赞赏目光的英俊男子

any spot within range of your radio signal

在你的无线电信号范围内的任何地点

Joan hoped that the others were out of range of her mother’s voice.

琼希望其他人听不到她母亲的话。

One way to see birds [at close range](bold) is to attract them into your own garden.

近距离看鸟的一个办法是吸引它们到你的花园里来。

the distance which a vehicle such as an aircraft can travel before it needs more fuel etc

〔航天器等交通工具的〕续航里程

这架飞机的续航里程是3,600英里。

all the musical notes that a particular singer or musical instrument can make

a group of mountains or hills, usually in a line

a land of high [mountain ranges](bold) and deep valleys

the longest range of hills in the Lake District

an area of land where you can practise shooting or where weapons can be tested

the number of different things that someone, especially an actor or actress, does well

能力范围；〔演员的〕戏路

an actor of extraordinary range and intensity

戏路之宽、入戏之深均非同一般的演员

a large area of land covered with grass, on which cattle are kept

a large piece of kitchen equipment in which you make a fire and use this heat to cook food


range

to include a variety of different things or people in addition to those mentioned

包括〔各种不同的人或物〕

The show had a massive audience, ranging from children to grandparents.

这个节目拥有庞大的观众群，从小孩子到爷爷奶奶都爱看。

if prices, levels, temperatures etc range from one amount to another, they include both those amounts and anything in between

〔价格、水平、温度等〕在某范围内变化〔包括上下限〕

There were 120 students whose ages ranged from 10 to 18.

有120名学生，年龄在10至18岁之间。

The population of these cities ranges between 3 and 5 million.

这些城市的人口在300万到500万之间。

The shoes range in price from $25 to $100.

这些鞋的价格从25美元至100美元不等。

to deal with a wide range of subjects or ideas in a book, speech, conversation etc

〔在书籍、演讲、交谈等中〕涉及，涵盖〔大量话题或想法〕

The conversation had ranged over a variety of topics, from sport to current affairs.

谈话内容广泛，从体育运动到时事都有涉及。

to move around in an area without aiming for a particular place

Cattle ranged over the pastures in search of food.

to publicly state your agreement with, or opposition to, a particular group’s beliefs and ideas

公开赞同/反对某人/某事物

individuals who had ranged themselves against the authorities

to put things in a particular order or position

〔按特定次序或位置〕排列

In the dining room, team photographs were ranged along the wall.

餐厅里，球队的照片排列在墙上。


rank

[close ranks](bold) at → [close](->close) 1 sense 17

From 1 Dec 1914 to 31 Oct 1915 he held the rank of captain.

(=have it taken from you as a punishment)

The officer was stripped of his rank for his part in affair.

Her father had been an army officer of fairly high rank.

As promised, a minister of cabinet rank has now been appointed to supervise its operation

the position or level that someone holds in an organization, especially in the police or the army, navy etc

等级；〔尤指〕军衔，军阶

He [held](bold)(=had) the [rank](bold) of Chief Inspector.

[rise to/be promoted to/attain the rank of sth](bold)

During the war Harold had risen to the rank of major.

战争期间哈罗德晋升为少校。

He was sentenced to prison and [stripped of](bold) his [rank](bold)(=had his rank taken from him).

他被判入狱，并且被剥夺了军衔。

the people who belong to a particular organization or group

There were splits in the party ranks on this issue.

在这个问题上党内成员意见不一。

The Democrats now face opposition from within their own ranks.

民主党现在面临党内成员的反对。

Most are recruited from the ranks of people who studied Latin and Greek at university.

招来的人大多在大学里修读过拉丁文和希腊语。

That summer I left school and [joined the ranks of](bold)(=became one of) the unemployed.

那年夏天，我从学校毕业，加入了失业者的行列。

all the members of the army, navy etc who are not officers

He [rose from the ranks](bold) to become a Field Marshal (=he became an officer after starting as an ordinary soldier).

他从普通士兵升到了陆军元帅。

to behave in a way which is different from other members of a group, especially when they expect your support

〔与所属团体〕决裂，叛离

He was the first to break ranks with Ceausescu and publicly criticise his policies.

他第一个和齐奥塞斯库决裂，公开批评他的政策。

a rank of people or things is a line or row of them

〔人或事物的〕行，列，排

Silently, ranks of police edged closer to the crowds.

一队队警察悄无声息地向人群靠近。

Everyone lines up in ranks, all facing the instructor.

大家都一排排站好，面朝教练。

[rank after rank/rank upon rank](bold)(=a lot of things or people in a row)

On the shelves were rank after rank of liquor bottles.

to use your authority over someone to make them do what you want, especially unfairly

〔尤指不公正地〕（对某人）运用权势

You may just have to pull rank and tell them.

你也许就得用你的权威去让他们知道。

the degree to which something or someone is of high quality

While none of these pictures is [of the first rank](bold)(=of the highest quality), some are of interest.

尽管这些都不是一流的照片，但有些还是很有趣的。

He came from a [family of rank](bold)(=one from a high social class).

a place where taxis wait in a line to be hired

我在外面的出租车站叫了一辆出租车。


rank

to have a particular position in a list of people or things that have been put in order of quality or importance

Today’s match ranks as one of the most exciting games that these two have ever played.

今天的比赛是双方打得最精彩的比赛之一。

We rank among the safest countries in the world.

我们是世界上最安全的国家之一。

with/alongside (=be of the same importance or quality)

Cuvier wanted to turn natural history into a science that would rank with physics and chemistry.

居维叶想把自然史变成和物理化学一样重要的科学。

He ranked high among the pioneers of 20th century chemical technology.

他是20世纪化学技术先驱中极重要的一位。

to decide the position of someone or something on a list based on quality or importance

Agassi was at that time ranked sixth in the world.

阿加西当时排名世界第六。

It is not always easy to [rank](bold) the students [in order of](bold) ability.

把学生按能力排名并非总是容易的。

There were several pairs of riding boots ranked neatly in the hall.

门厅里整齐地摆放着几双马靴。


rank

if something is rank, it has a very strong unpleasant smell

used to emphasize a bad or undesirable quality

十足的，完全的〔强调质量糟糕〕

an example of this government’s rank stupidity

They make us look like [rank amateurs](bold)(=not at all good or professional).

他们使我们看起来像是完完全全的外行。

rank plants are too thick and have spread everywhere

〔植物〕过于茂盛的，疯长的


rape

to force someone to have sex, especially by using violence


rape

the crime of forcing someone to have sex, especially by using violence

Police are investigating a series of violent rapes in the town.

警察在调查镇上发生的一连串暴力强奸案。

He always denied that he was guilty of rape.

他一直否认自己犯有强奸罪。

the [gang rape](bold) of a 17-year-old girl

He was convicted of [attempted rape](bold).

a European plant with yellow flowers, grown as animal food and for its oil

the unnecessary destruction of something, especially the environment

对某物的肆意破坏〔尤指对环境的破坏〕

companies which profit from the rape of the Earth

以破坏环境为代价牟利的公司


rapid

[rapidity](bold) /rəˈpɪdəti/  n. <U> eg: Their debts mounted with alarming rapidity.

The industry is experiencing rapid growth.

The country cannot cope with a rapid increase in population.

The labour market has undergone a period of rapid change over the last few years.

Close contact between people resulted in the rapid spread of the disease.

These parasites cause a rapid decline in the health of the fish.

Both Tom and Victoria had made rapid progress under his guidance.

He praised state health authorities for their rapid response to the crisis.

Deforestation is occurring at a rapid rate as a result of agricultural development.

Pictures of a man were flashed upon the screen in rapid succession.

happening or done very quickly and in a very short time

He fired three times [in rapid succession](bold)(=one after another).


rapidly

The disease was spreading more rapidly than expected.

疾病的蔓延比预期的要快。

the rapidly changing world of technology


rare

not existing in large numbers or in large amounts

The law prevents the export of rare birds.

The plates are quite rare. Only about a hundred were made.

not available in large enough numbers or amounts at a particular time – used especially about things people need

After the war, food and clothing were scarce.

People are having to compete for scarce resources.

Silver coins of this period are not common, and could be very valuable.

As time went on, her visits became more and more infrequent.

to not be common – especially much less common than you might expect

Luckily, accidents such as these are few and far between.

Bargains are, unfortunately, few and far between.

if something or someone  is a rarity, it is surprising to find one, because very few exist

Women are still something of a rarity in senior management positions.

Good Greek restaurants are like hen’s teeth around here.

[comparative](italic) [rarer](bold) [superlative](italic) [rarest](bold)

not seen or found very often, or not happening very often

稀有的，罕见的；不常发生的

This species of plant is becoming increasingly rare.

I only saw Helen on the [rare occasions](bold) when I went into her shop.

我只有偶尔去海伦店里时才会见到她。

It is rare to find such an interesting group of people.

难得碰到这样有趣的一群人。

It is very rare for her to miss a day at school.

她很少有哪一天不上学的。

meat that is rare has only been cooked for a short time and is still red

〔肉〕煮得很嫩的，半熟的

We had a [rare old](bold) time at the party.

我们在聚会上玩得高兴极了。


rarely

[Rarely](bold)  usually comes before a verb: He [rarely plays](bold) any sports.

[Rarely](bold)  usually comes after the verb ‘be’: She[ is rarely ](bold)wrong.

[Rarely](bold)  usually comes after an auxiliary verb such as ‘do’ or ‘have’: I [have rarely](bold) seen someone eat so much.

In written English, [rarely](bold)  is sometimes used at the beginning of a sentence before an auxiliary, to emphasize that something seems surprising or special: [Rarely has](bold) a film looked so striking. [Rarely does](bold) such a good investment opportunity arise.

These geese are rarely found on inland waters.

50% of Britons say they rarely eat meat.

often used in everyday English instead of saying [rarely](bold)

It’s not often that you get a chance like this.

rarely. [Seldom](bold) is more formal than [rarely](bold) and is used especially in written English

Ben’s nineteen and he’s hardly ever at home these days.

For some reason, her name was scarcely ever mentioned.

used when you want to emphasize that something only happens a few times over a long period of time

Very occasionally the temperature drops to below 30.

This method is rarely used in modern laboratories.

现代实验室里很少使用这种方法。


raspberry

a soft sweet red berry, or the bush that this berry grows on

a rude sound that you make by putting your tongue out and blowing

〔吐舌并吹气而发出的〕呸声

[blow a raspberry](bold) [also](special) [give a raspberry](bold) AmE

She blew a raspberry at him as he drove off.

他开车走的时候，她朝他呸了一声。


rat

→ [rat race](->rat race) → [rats](->rats) [smell a rat](bold) at → [smell](->smell) 2 sense 7

an animal that looks like a large mouse with a long tail

someone who has been disloyal to you or deceived you

可你答应过要帮我们的，你这小人！

used to describe people who leave a company, organization etc when it is in trouble

（就像）老鼠逃离沉船一样〔形容人们在公司、组织等有麻烦时纷纷离去〕


rat

[past tense and past participle](italic) [ratted](bold) [present participle](italic) [ratting](bold)

if someone rats on you, they tell someone in authority about something wrong that you have done

They’ll kill you if they find out you’ve ratted on them!

假如他们发现是你告发了他们，会杀掉你的！

He accused the government of ratting on its promises to the disabled.


rate

Rates of adult illiteracy are still too high.

The hospital’s death rate is the lowest in the region.

A falling mortality rate led to a gradual increase in the proportion of the aged in the population.

In April, the unemployment rate fell to 4.9 percent, a 23-year low.

The death rate among the homeless is three times higher than the rest of the population.

In many developing countries, birth rates are falling.

Our crime rate is one of the lowest in the country.

The UK has one of the highest divorce rates in Europe.

The success rate is still extremely low.

The survival rate of twins and triplets has increased in recent years.

A miner’s resting heart rate can be between 40 and 60 beats a minute.

(=the rate at which the body changes food into energy)

Metabolic rate rises with any form of activity.

also: the rate rises/increases (more formal)

also: the rate falls/decreases (more formal)

We are expecting unemployment rates to fall.

You ought to switch to an account that pays a higher rate of interest.

Wage rates in the industry are still too low, he says.

Reduced rates are available for groups of 10 or more visitors.

(=the amount someone is paid per hour or per week)

Women have lower hourly rates of pay than men.

She could not afford to pay them the going rate.

Profits were taxed at a flat rate of 45 percent.

(=the amount of interest charged on a loan or paid on savings)

(=the rate charged by a bank on a loan to buy a house)

Higher mortgage rates should slow down the rapid rise in house prices.

People objected to higher property tax rates.

(=the value of the money of one country compared to the money of another country)

the exchange rate between the dollar and sterling

(=the rate of interest set by the Bank of England, on which all British banks base their charges)

The interest charged on your overdraft changes in line with bank base rates.

(=the lowest rate of interest at which companies can borrow money from a bank)

The amount above the prime rate is determined by the bank’s assessment of the risk involved in making the loan.

They believe that Labour would raise the basic rate of tax.

Some customers are paying interest at a rate of over 15%.

If the banks raise interest rates, this will reduce the demand for credit.

The Halifax Building Society is to cut its mortgage rate by 0.7 percent.

The urban population has grown at a faster rate than the rural population.

The plant’s ability to thrive in these conditions is partly due to its rapid rate of growth.

The alarming rate of increase in pollution levels has concerned environmentalists.

He started to produce movies at a tremendous rate.

(=a rate that is faster than ever before)

We are losing species at an unprecedented rate.

The process takes place at a constant rate.

the number of times something happens, or the number of examples of something within a certain period

Australia’s unemployment rate rose to 6.5% in February.

2月份，澳大利亚的失业率上升到了6.5%。

[success/failure rate](bold)(=the number of times that something succeeds or fails)

It’s a new technique and the failure rate is quite high.

这是一项新技术，失败率很高。

Immediately his [heart rate](bold)(=the number of beats per minute) increased.

Asylum seekers were entering Britain at a rate of 1,600 per day.

寻求避难者正以每天1,600人的速度进入英国。

→ [birthrate](->birthrate) → [death rate](->death rate)

a charge or payment that is set according to a standard scale

他们只按5%的税率纳税。

按揭贷款利率的再一次降低

Nurses are demanding higher rates of pay.

Some hotels offer special rates for children.

有些宾馆为儿童提供特价。

[hourly/weekly rate](bold)(=the amount someone is paid per hour or week)

$20 an hour is [the going rate](bold)(=the usual amount paid) for private tuition.

每小时20美元是私人授课的一般收费。

→ [base rate](->base rate) [cut-rate](bold) at → [cut-price](->cut-price) → [exchange rate](->exchange rate) → [interest rate](->interest rate) → [prime rate](->prime rate)

the speed at which something happens over a period of time

an attempt to slow down the [rate of](bold) economic [growth](bold)

Our money was running out [at an alarming rate](bold).

Iceland is getting wider at a rate of about 0.5 cm per year.

冰岛正以每年约0.5厘米的速度变宽。

used when you are stating one definite fact in a situation that is uncertain or unsatisfactory

反正，不管怎样〔用于提出在不确定或令人不满意情况中的确定因素〕

They’ve had technical problems – at any rate that’s what they told me.

他们遇到了技术问题——反正他们是这么跟我说的。

used to introduce a statement that is more important than what was said before

无论如何，不管怎样〔用于提出比刚才所说更为重要的事〕

Well, at any rate, the next meeting will be on Wednesday.

好了，不管怎样，下次会议将在星期三召开。

used to say what will happen if things continue to happen in the same way as now

At this rate we won’t ever be able to afford a holiday.

照这样下去，我们永远也不会有钱去度假。

Jack’s getting through the ironing at a rate of knots!

a local tax, paid before 1990 by owners of buildings in Britain

〔英国地方政府1990年以前向房主征收的〕房地产税


rate

to think that someone or something has a particular quality, value, or standard

The company seems to [rate](bold) him very [highly](bold)(=think he is very good).

公司好像对他的评价很高。

Rhodes is currently rated the top junior player in the country.

罗兹目前被认为是国内水平最高的青少年选手。

to be considered as having a particular quality, value, or standard

That rates as one of the best meals I’ve ever had.

那可以说是我吃过的最好的一顿饭之一。

if you rate someone or something, you think they are very good

if you do not rate someone’s chances of achieving something, you do not think that it is likely that they will achieve it

看好某人（有可能做某事）；认为某人有可能（做成某事）

I don’t rate your chances of getting a ticket for the Leeds game.

我看你是搞不到利兹队球赛门票的。

How do you rate your chances (=do you think you will be successful?) tomorrow?

明天的事情你有多大把握？

They rate a big thank-you for all their hard work.

他们的努力值得好好感谢。

a local incident that didn’t [rate a mention](bold) in the national press

不值得在全国性报刊上报道的地方小事

if a film is rated G, U etc, it is officially judged to be suitable or unsuitable for people of a particular age to see

〔影片〕定为G/U/PG/X等级别


rather

You say that you [would rather do](bold)  something: I would rather play than study.
Don’t say: [I would rather to play than study.](strike)

You say that you [would rather be](bold)  something: I would rather be rich than poor.
Don’t say: [I would rather to be rich than poor.](strike)

You say that you [would rather](bold)  someone [did](bold)  something: I would rather you [came](bold) in spring.

You say that you [would rather](bold)  someone [did not do](bold)  something, when you don’t want them to do it in the future: I would rather you [didn’t say](bold) that.

You say that you [would rather](bold)  someone [had not done](bold)  something, when criticizing them for something they have done in the past: I would rather you [hadn’t said](bold) that.

more than a little, but less than very. British people often use these words before adjectives in conversation. In many cases they do not intend to change the meaning – it is just something that people say

rather. [Fairly](bold) is used in both British and American English

It’s a fairly long way to the next town.

rather. [Pretty](bold) is more informal than the other words and is used in spoken English

Let’s just say that I am reasonably confident we’ll win.

The food was moderately good, but not as good as the food in the other restaurants.

fairly or to a small degree. [Somewhat](bold) is used especially when talking about the size or degree of something. It is often used in comparatives

The celebrations were somewhat larger than last year’s.

I was rather surprised to see him with his ex-wife.

我看到他和前妻在一起，感到相当惊讶。

My own position is [rather different](bold).

我自己的处境则很不一样。

Abigail’s always been [rather a](bold) difficult child.([BrE](bold))

阿比盖尔一向是个挺难管的孩子。

Isn’t it rather late (=a little too late) to start changing all the arrangements?

现在改变所有安排是不是有点晚了？

Actually I [rather like](bold) the new style of architecture.([BrE](bold))

事实上我很喜欢这种新的建筑风格。

It was a nice house, but [rather too](bold) small for a family of four.([BrE](bold))

这房子很好，但对于四口之家来说太小了。

The task proved to be [rather more](bold) difficult than I had expected.([BrE](bold))

这工作事实上比我想象的要难很多。

used to say that you would prefer to do or have something

I’d rather have a quiet night in front of the TV.

我宁愿晚上安安静静地看看电视。

We could eat later if you would rather do that.

如果你愿意的话，我们可以晚点再吃。

‘I think you’d better ask her.’ ‘[I’d rather not](bold)(=I do not want to).’

“我想你最好去问问她。” “我不想问。”

我宁可死也不会向海伦道歉。

I’d rather you didn’t go out alone (=I do not want you to go).

I think you’d call it a lecture rather than a talk.

我说啊，这是训斥，不是谈话。

Rather than go straight on to university why not get some work experience first?

与其直接上大学，为什么不先取得一点工作经验呢？

Bryson decided to quit rather than accept the new rules.

布赖森决定退出而不接受新规定。

used before correcting something that you have said, or giving more specific information

We all went in Vic’s car, or rather his father’s.

我们都是坐维克的车走的，确切地说，是他父亲的车。

used to say that one thing is not true but a different thing is true

The problem is not their lack of funding, but rather their lack of planning.

问题不在于他们缺少资金，而在于缺乏计划。

used to say that you are glad that you are not going to be doing something that someone else will be doing

还好是你/他/她/他们而不是我〔用于表示不想做别人要去做的事〕


rating

His previous highest approval rating was 58 percent.

The rating he gave the restaurant was embarrassingly low.

They received different pay increases even though their performance ratings were the same.

(=how likely someone is to pay their debts)

We can’t give you the loan because you have a bad credit rating.

(=a number of star symbols that shows a level of quality etc)

I'd only give this PC a rating of two out of five.

The Department of Computer Science received a top rating last year.

The president's approval ratings have risen considerably.

a level on a scale that shows how good, important, popular etc someone or something is

By the end of the year the prime minister’s [approval rating](bold)(=how many people agreed with his policies) had fallen as low as 12 percent.

到年底时，首相的支持率跌到了12%的低点。

a list that shows which films, television programmes etc are the most popular

〔电影、电视节目等的〕收视率排行榜

CBS will end the series if it continues to drop in the ratings.

这部电视连续剧如果收视率排名继续下降，哥伦比亚广播公司就会停播该剧。

a letter that shows whether or not a film is suitable for children

〔标示电影是否适合儿童的〕级别

‘The Godfather’ had an X-rating when it was first shown.

《教父》在刚上映时属于X级。

a sailor in the navy who is not an officer


ratio

a relationship between two amounts, represented by a pair of numbers showing how much bigger one amount is than the other

〔两个数量之间的〕比，比例，比率

The ratio of nursing staff to doctors is 2:1.

护理人员与医生的比例为2比1。


ration

a fixed amount of something that people are allowed to have when there is not enough, for example during a war

〔某物在短缺时的〕配给量，定量配给

战时甚至毛线都是定量配给的。

a fixed amount of food given to a soldier or member of a group

The prisoners were queuing for their [meagre rations](bold)(=small rations).

犯人排队领取他们微薄的口粮。

We were [on short rations](bold)(=given a smaller amount than usual).

an amount of something that you think is reasonable or normal

holidaymakers who like a generous ration of open-air activity

喜欢有大量户外活动的度假者


ration

to control the supply of something because there is not enough

〔因短缺而〕定量供应，配给

战争期间，燃油定量供应。

[Ration](bold)  is usually passive in this meaning.

to allow someone only a small amount of something

the need to ration health care resources

控制卫生保健资源分配的必要性

He rationed himself to 4 cigarettes a day.

他限定自己每天只抽4支烟。

I try to ration the children’s television viewing to an hour a day.

我试图把孩子们每天的看电视时间限制在一小时。


rational

[rationally](bold) adv. eg: We were too shocked to [think rationally](bold).

[rationality](bold) /ˌræʃəˈnæləlti/  n. <U>

I told myself that there must be some simple, rational explanation.

The patient was incapable of making a rational decision.

We must adopt a rational approach when dealing with this problem.

Emotions are running so high that any rational analysis of the situation is difficult.

Babies were thought to be incapable of rational thought.

Nuclear weapons are so absurd that rational argument about their use is scarcely possible.

Let's all calm down and have a rational discussion.

I'm sure there's a perfectly rational explanation.

rational thoughts, decisions etc are based on reasons rather than emotions

〔想法、决定等〕合理的，基于理性的

Parents need to be fully informed so they can make a rational decision.

父母需要充分了解情况，这样才可以作出合理的决定。

I’m sure there’s a [rational explanation](bold) for all this.

我相信这一切都有合理的解释。

It’s impossible to have a rational conversation with him.

不可能和他进行理性的谈话。

a rational person is able to think calmly and sensibly

Culley was quite rational at the time of her baby’s death.

卡莉在她孩子死去时相当理智。

能作出理智决定的，理性的


rationale

〔决定、信念等的〕理由，依据

The rationale behind the changes is not at all evident.

根本看不出这些变革依据何在。

The rationale for using this teaching method is to encourage student confidence.

采用这种教学方法的理由是要激发学生的自信心。


rattle

rattle around
rattle off
rattle on
rattle through
rattle up

if you rattle something, or if it rattles, it shakes and makes a quick series of short sounds

Dan banged on her door and rattled the handle.

丹砰砰地敲她的门，还把门把手拽得咯吱作响。

Bottles rattled as he stacked the beer crates.

他把啤酒箱摞起来，酒瓶咣当咣当地响。

if a vehicle rattles somewhere, it travels there while making a rattling sound

〔车辆行进时〕嘎啦嘎啦地响

马车沿着碎石路嘎啦嘎啦往前走。

一辆蓝色旧货车咔嗒咔嗒地驶入我们的视线。

to make someone lose confidence or become nervous

His mocking smile rattled her more than his anger.

他那种嘲讽的微笑比他的愤怒更让她慌乱。

It was hard not to [get rattled](bold) when the work piled up.

工作积了一大堆，哪能不着急呢。

His confidence was rattled by the accident.

这场事故动摇了他的自信。


rattle

a short repeated sound, made when something shakes

〔物体晃动发出的〕嘎嘎声，咯吱声

They listened anxiously to every rattle and creak in the house.

他们紧张地听着房子里的每一声响动。

a baby’s toy that makes a noise when it is shaken

an object that people shake to make a loud noise and show excitement or encouragement, for example at ceremonies or sports games

〔仪式、体育比赛等中表示兴奋或助威用的〕响板


raw

raw substances are in a natural state and not treated or prepared for use

未经加工的可可豆味道很苦。

Raw sewage had been dumped in the river.

未经处理的污水被排到河里。

The cost of our [raw materials](bold) has risen significantly.

我们的原材料价格涨了很多。

raw information is collected but not organized, examined, or developed

原始的；未经整理的；未经分析的

software to convert [raw data](bold) into usable information

把原始数据转变成可用信息的软件

His time here provided the [raw material](bold) for his novel.

他在这里的经历为他的小说提供了素材。

Warhol used everyday items as the [raw ingredients](bold) of his art.

沃霍尔将日常物品用作艺术作品的素材。

raw feelings are strong and natural, but not fully controlled

〔情感〕粗犷的，朴实自然的

Linda didn’t want to see Roy while her emotions were still raw.

琳达不想在情绪尚未平复时见罗伊。

It took raw courage to admit she was wrong.

她承认自己错了需要极大的勇气。

if a part of your body is raw, the skin there is red and painful

我脚上的皮肤被磨得又红又痛。

没有经验的；未经充分训练的

我们的士兵大多数都是新兵。

〔说话〕触及〔某人的〕痛处

Seeing his face, Joanne realized she’d touched a raw nerve.

看到他的脸色，乔安娜意识到自己触到了他的痛处。

Customers are getting a raw deal and are rightly angry.

顾客受到委屈，生气是理所当然的。

music, art, language etc that is raw is simple, direct, and powerful, but not fully developed

〔音乐、艺术、语言等〕质朴的，未经琢磨的

她的嗓音有一种质朴、诗意的美。

His early sketches are raw and unpretentious.

他早期的素描质朴而不做作。

someone with raw talent is naturally good at something, but has not developed their ability yet

the edge of a piece of material before it has been sewn


raw

seen in a way that does not hide cruelty and violence

He went on the streets to experience [life in the raw](bold).

他走街串巷，体验真实生活。

It was my first exposure to India in the raw.

这是我第一次接触真实的印度。

to say or do something that upsets someone

〔说话或做事〕触及某人的痛处

She flinched, caught on the raw by his question.

她被他问到了痛处，退缩了。


ray

a straight narrow beam of light from the sun or moon

〔太阳或月亮的〕光线，光束

The room darkened as a cloud hid the sun’s rays.

一朵云挡住了阳光，房间暗了下来。

Rays of light filtered through the trees.

一束束光线透过树丛照射下来。

a beam of heat, electricity, or other form of energy

〔热、电或其他能源的〕射线

→ [cosmic ray](->cosmic ray) → [gamma ray](->gamma ray) → [X-ray](->X-ray) 1

something that provides a small amount of hope or happiness in a difficult situation

a treatment that offers a ray of hope for cancer sufferers

给癌症患者一线希望的治疗方法

someone who is happy and makes a difficult situation seem better

a large flat sea fish with a long pointed tail

鳐〔一种体形扁平的大海鱼，尾巴长而尖〕


razor

a tool with a sharp blade, used to remove hair from your skin

to be in a difficult position where a mistake could be dangerous


reach

You [ reach](bold)  a city, country, or other place: The climbers reached the summit of the mountain.

You [reach here/there](bold) : You should reach there around 9.45 a.m.

You [reach home](bold) : She finally reached home late at night.
Don’t say: [reach to a place](strike)  [reach to here/there](strike)  [reach to home](strike)

You [arrive in](bold)  a city or country: We arrived in London at 2 a.m.

You [arrive at](bold)  a place such as a house, hotel, or airport: They arrived at the airport at 10.30.

You [ arrive home](bold) : He arrived home at midnight.

You [arrive here/there/back](bold) : Call me when you arrive there.
Don’t say: [arrive to a place](strike)  [arrive to home](strike)  [ arrive to here/there](strike)

You [get to](bold)  a city, country, or other place: We got to London at 2 a.m. We got to the airport at 10.30.

You [ get home](bold) : He got home at midnight.

You [get here/there/back](bold) : Call me when you get there.
Don’t say: [get to home](strike)  [get to here/there](strike)

I’ve reached the point in my life where I need a new challenge.

He eventually reached the level of Senior Instructor.

The payments will be made until the child reaches college age.

Some of these power stations are reaching the end of their useful life.

It takes ten years for these fish to reach maturity.

(=be the best or most successful that you will ever be )

Most players don’t reach their peak until their late twenties.

We reached the conclusion that the man had been murdered.

(=decide on an arrangement that is acceptable to both groups)

Substantial progress was made toward reaching an agreement.

The experts seem unable to reach consensus on this point.

if someone or something reaches a particular point in their development or in a process or competition, they get to that point

Chelsea could reach the final of the European Cup.

切尔西队会进入欧洲冠军杯决赛。

I had reached the point where I was earning a good salary.

The kids have reached the age when they can care for themselves.

孩子们已经到了能照顾自己的年龄。

In everyday English, people often use [get to](bold)  rather than [reach](bold) :

The kids have [got to](bold) the age where they can care for themselves.

if something reaches a particular rate, amount etc, it increases until it is at that rate or amount

提升到，增加到〔某一速度、数量等〕

By 2008, that figure is expected to reach 7 million.

到2008年，那个数字有望达到700万。

高达每小时180英里的风速

Prices rose steadily to [reach record levels](bold).

物价持续攀升，达到创纪录水平。

to agree on something or decide something after a lot of discussion or thought

〔经大量讨论或深入考虑后〕实现，达成

The theatre has reached an agreement with striking actors.

剧院已经和罢演的演员达成了协议。

It took the jury three days to [reach](bold) a [verdict](bold).

陪审团用了三天时间才作出裁决。

The talks will continue until a [conclusion](bold) is [reached](bold).

会谈将一直进行下去，直到得出结论。

We hope to reach our £1 million target by the autumn.

我们希望到秋天时实现100万英镑的目标。

to move your arm in order to touch or lift something with your hand

伸；伸手〔以碰触或提起某物〕

She reached into her bag and produced a business card.

她伸手从包里取出一张名片。

He reached down to help her to her feet.

Luisa [reached out](bold) her [hand](bold) to stroke the cat.

to touch something by stretching out your arm

她个子太小，够不到桌子。

to get something from a high place by stretching up your arm

She fell while reaching down a vase from the top shelf.

她伸手到架子顶层拿花瓶时摔倒了。

I always + adv/prep, T not in progressive

to be big enough, long enough etc to get to a particular point

The phone lead isn’t long enough to reach the bedroom.

电话线不够长，接不到卧室。

a skirt that reaches halfway down her legs

The pyramids can be reached by public transport.

可以乘坐公共交通工具到达金字塔。

We [got to](bold) the airport just in time.

You can [get to](bold) the pyramids by public transport.

if you reach someone, you succeed in speaking to them on the telephone

我也许可以打他手机联系上他。

if a message, television programme etc reaches a lot of people, they hear it or see it

〔信息、电视节目等〕被 …听到[看到]

Cable TV [reaches](bold) a huge [audience](bold).

有大量观众收看有线电视。

if information reaches you, you hear about it

我们在拉合尔得知了这个消息。

to succeed in making someone understand or accept what you tell them

我好像再也不能让埃德明白了。

to aim for something that is very difficult to achieve

有九天揽月之志，想摘天上的星星〔指追求难以实现的东西〕


reach

the distance that you can stretch out your arm to touch something

Keep chemicals out of the reach of children.

化学品要放在儿童够不到的地方。

The beach is within easy reach of the hotel.

the limit of someone’s power or ability to do something

〔权力或能力〕可及的范围

He lives in Paraguay, well beyond the reach of the British authorities.

他住在巴拉圭，英国当局鞭长莫及。

the parts of a place that are furthest from the centre

[the further/outer reaches of sth](bold)

the straight part of a river between two bends

〔两个弯道之间的〕笔直河段，直水道

the high or low levels of an organization or system

〔组织或体系的〕高层/下层

They lingered in the lower reaches of the Football League.

他们徘徊在足球联赛下游。


react

The prime minister reacted angrily to these accusations.

Scott reacted strongly when he felt he was being treated unjustly.

(=with positive/negative emotions or opinions)

We want versatile people who react positively to change.

(=carefully, so that you avoid danger or risk)

The United States has reacted cautiously to the offer.

She reacted instinctively and reached for her gun.

to behave in a particular way or show a particular emotion because of something that has happened or been said

威尔逊对你的想法有什么反应？

He [reacted angrily](bold) to the suggestion that he had lied.

She [reacted](bold) very [badly](bold)(=was very upset) when her parents split up.

父母离婚的时候，她非常难过。

You have to [react quickly](bold) to circumstances.

你必须对形势迅速作出反应。

The government reacted by declaring all strikes illegal.

政府作出反应，宣布所有罢工行动都是非法的。

if a chemical substance reacts, it changes when it is mixed with another chemical substance

The calcium reacts with sulphur in the atmosphere.

钙和硫在空气中会发生化学反应。

if prices or financial markets react to something that happens, they increase or decrease in value because of it

〔价格、金融市场〕作出反应

Oil prices [reacted sharply](bold)(=reacted a lot) to news of the crisis in the Middle East.

石油价格对中东危机的消息反应强烈。

The market reacted favourably to the announcement.

市场对这则公告反响良好。

to become ill when a chemical or drug goes into your body, or when you eat a particular kind of food

〔因使用某种化学品、药物或食用某种食物〕产生不良反应

Quite a lot of children [react badly](bold) to antibiotics.

很多儿童对抗生素有不良反应。


reaction

someone’s feelings, and how they behave, because of something that has happened or been said

I was stunned by the news, and my initial reaction was anger.

What was her reaction, when you told her that you were leaving?

what you say or do when someone says or does something to you

The government’s immediate response was to reject the proposal.

The decision was made in response to requests from local residents.

We are still waiting to see if there is any response.

a particular type of reaction to someone’s ideas, work etc – used especially in the following phrases

The plan received warm reception from conference delegates they liked it.

The film received a mixed reception and commercially it was not successful many people did not like it.

The Association of Chief Police Officers gave the idea a cool reception they did not like it very much.

Alford’s views met with a hostile reception people were very disapproving.

advice, criticism, praise etc that you give to someone, telling them how well they are working

Our English teacher gave us some feedback on our essays.

The feedback we have had from our customers has all been positive.

an angry or violent reaction by a group of people to the actions or decisions of others

There has been a growing backlash against the government from angry voters.

(=what they feel or decide  immediately, before thinking)

(=what they do immediately, before thinking)

Often your instinctive reaction is to blame someone else.

Anger is a natural reaction if you feel undervalued.

(=an immediate reaction that happens without sensible thinking)

Environmentalists have a knee-jerk reaction against any development.

(=showing strong emotion, especially by crying)

I was surprised by her emotional reaction to the news.

(=showing that someone agrees or likes something)

There has been a positive reaction to the campaign.

(=showing that someone disagrees or dislikes something)

We are concerned about the negative reaction of some of our customers.

(=some positive and some negative reactions)

The artists were surprised by the violent reactions to their work.

(=a reaction that comes some time after an event)

You’re suffering a delayed reaction to the accident.

(=what the public think about something that happens)

The public reaction was less than encouraging.

The decision provoked an angry reaction from the local tourist industry.

We didn’t know what kind of reaction we would get.

He watched Jane’s face, trying to gauge her reaction.

Judging by the audience’s reactions, the show will be a great success.

If you develop an allergic reaction to your sunscreen, change it.

The patient died after having an adverse reaction to the drug.

A severe allergic reaction to the drug has killed five Americans.

A spider’s venom usually causes only a slight reaction.

People who eat these products could have an allergic reaction.

Wheat is one of the foods that are most likely to cause a reaction.

something that you feel or do because of something that has happened or been said

What was Jeff’s reaction when you told him about the job?

你告诉杰夫这个工作时，他是什么反应？

the government’s reaction to the fuel crisis

An emergency fund was set up in reaction to the famine.

针对这次饥荒设立了一个应急基金。

your ability to move quickly when something dangerous happens suddenly

〔突发危险时的〕反应能力

a skilled driver with very [quick reactions](bold)

驾驶技术熟练、反应很快的司机

if you have a reaction to a drug or to something you have eaten, it makes you ill

〔药物或食物引起的〕不良反应

She had a [severe allergic reaction](bold) to the drug.

她对这种药产生了严重的过敏反应。

[cause/bring on/trigger a reaction](bold)

Certain foods are more likely than others to cause [allergic reactions](bold).

某些食物比其他食物更容易引起过敏反应。

a chemical change that happens when two or more substances are mixed together

a physical force that is the result of an equally strong physical force in the opposite direction

a change in people’s attitudes, behaviour, fashions etc that happens because they disapprove of the way in which things were done in the past

〔对过去的态度、行为、时尚等的〕抗拒，改变

a reaction against the traditional values of the nineteenth century

对19世纪传统价值观的反抗

strong and unreasonable opposition to all social and political changes

〔对一切社会政治变革的〕反对，反动

The revolutionary movement was crushed by [the forces of reaction](bold).

这场革命运动被反动势力镇压了。


read

read back
read for
read into
read out
read through/over
read up on

→ [reading](->reading) [read (sb) the riot act](bold) at → [riot](->riot) 1 sense 4

You [read](bold)  something [in](bold)  a book, newspaper, magazine etc: I read the interview in the newspaper.
Don’t say: [read something on a book, newspaper, magazine etc](strike)

You [read](bold)  something [in ](bold)  a particular chapter of a book, or [in ](bold)  the introduction: In this chapter you can read about different types of diet.

You [read](bold)  something [in](bold)  the instructions or [in](bold)  a recipe: I read in the instructions that you are supposed to boil the pasta for six minutes.

You [read](bold)  something [on](bold)  the Internet or [on](bold)  a website: She read the story on the Internet.

You [read](bold)  something [on](bold)  a page: You can read about his life story on page 12.

You [read](bold)  something [on](bold)  a train, bus, plane etc: I like reading on the train – it helps to pass the time.
Don’t say: [read something in a train, bus, plane etc](strike)

to look at and understand the words in a book, magazine, letter etc for interest, enjoyment, or study

What book are you reading at the moment?

I usually read the newspaper on the way to work.

to turn the pages of a book, magazine etc quickly, looking for things that might interest you

While I was waiting, I flicked through a magazine.

She was flipping through the pages of an encyclopedia.

Cunningham was leafing through a copy of the Financial Times at his desk amidst a cloud of cigar-smoke.

to spend time looking through a book, magazine etc without any clear purpose, looking for things that might interest you

Would you like to browse through our holiday brochure?

to read something quickly to get the main ideas or find a particular piece of information

I want you to skim through the article and write a short summary of it.

Tony scanned the menu for a vegetarian option.

to read something very carefully for a long time

They spent weeks poring over guidebooks and planning their holiday.

It’s a book you can dip into rather than read from cover to cover.

He’s upstairs ploughing through financial reports.

to look quickly through information on the Internet, stopping to read what interests you

[past tense and past participle](italic) [read](bold) /red/

to look at written words and understand what they mean

Read the instructions carefully before you start.

children who are just learning to read and write

刚刚开始学习读和写的儿童

Her books are quite [widely read](bold)(=read by a lot of people).

When I was young, I [read](bold) every one of his books [from cover to cover](bold)(=read all of something because you are very interested).

我小时候，他的每一本书我都从头到尾一页不落地看过。

to find out information from books, newspapers etc

〔在书籍、报纸等中〕读到，看到

You can’t believe everything you read in the papers.

报纸上看到的东西，你不能全都相信。

Did you read about what happened to that guy in Florida?

你看到佛罗里达州那个家伙的事了吗？

看到他的死讯，我十分震惊。

I read last week that the disease is on the increase.

上周我在报纸上看到说患这种病的人越来越多。

to say the words in a book, newspaper etc so that people can hear them

爸爸，给我念个故事好吗？

妈妈每天晚上都给我们读点东西。

Teachers should read more poetry to children.

老师应该多读点诗给孩子听。

He glanced at the letter and began to [read](bold) it [aloud](bold).

他看了一下信，大声地念起来。

to look at signs or pictures and understand what they mean

读懂，看懂〔符号或图片〕

He plays the violin very well but can’t actually read music.

他小提琴拉得很好，但其实他不识谱。

if a computer can read a disk, it can take the information that is on the disk and put it into its memory

to understand a situation, remark etc in one of several possible ways

解读，〔按某种方式〕理解

我不知道该如何解读他的沉默。

She shook her head, and I read this as a refusal.

她摇摇头，我以为这就是拒绝。

The poem can be read as a protest against war.

这首诗可以理解为对战争的抗议。

[read sth well/accurately](bold)(=understand something correctly)

He had accurately read the mood of the nation.

他准确解读了国民的情绪。

used to say what words are on a sign, in a letter etc

A sign on the outer door read: ‘No Entry’.

外边的门上有一块牌子，写着“禁止入内”。

if something reads well, badly etc, it has been written well, badly etc

I think in general the report [reads well](bold).

我认为这个报告总体上读起来不错。

to replace one word or number with another one, usually with the correct one

将 …改作 …/用 …替换 …〔用于订正讹误〕

请把50英镑改为15英镑。

For ‘November’(=instead of November) on line 6, read ‘September’.

to look at the number or amount shown on a measuring instrument

看〔度量仪器显示的数字〕

Someone should be coming to read the gas meter.

if a measuring instrument reads a particular number, it shows that number

In everyday British English, people usually say that someone [does](bold)  a subject at university:

to feel certain that something is true although no one has told you it is true

You can take it as read that we will support the project.

你可以认为我们会支持这个项目。

to accept that a report or statement is correct without reading it or discussing it

〔未经阅读或讨论而〕相信某事物是正确的

We’ll take the secretary’s report as read.

我们会认为秘书的报告不会有错。

to guess someone’s real feelings from something they say or write, when they do not tell you directly

看出字里行间的意思；听出真实意思

Reading between the lines, I’d say Robert’s not very happy.

听言外之意，我看罗伯特不是很快乐。

“想来点咖啡吗？” “你真了解我啊。”

if you can read someone like a book, you know them so well that you immediately know what they are thinking or feeling

to look carefully at someone’s hand, in order to find out about their future

to understand what someone is saying by watching the way their lips move. People who cannot hear do this.

〔因听不见而〕唇读，观唇辨意

used to tell someone that you really mean what you are saying

我说话算数，我不会让你失望的。

used to ask someone whether they can hear you when you are speaking to them by radio

听到没有？〔用于无线电通话时〕

someone who is well-read has read a lot of books and knows a lot about many subjects

She is intelligent and extremely well-read.

她很聪明，而且极为博学。


read

if you have a read, you spend time reading

I sat down to [have a](bold) nice quiet [read](bold).

我坐下来安静地看一会儿书。

I had a quick read of the report before I left.

我走之前很快地看了一遍报告。

I thought his last book was a really good read.

我觉得他最新的那本书非常精彩。


reader

→ [mind reader](->mind reader) → [newsreader](->newsreader)

He's not a good reader but he wants to try a new story.

All these students had been judged to be poor readers.

(=someone who eagerly reads a lot of books)

She was an avid reader of historical novels.

someone who reads books, or who reads in a particular way

读者；〔以某种方式〕阅读的人

I’ve always been an [avid reader](bold)(=someone who reads a lot).

我向来是一个嗜书如命的人。

someone who reads a particular newspaper or magazine regularly

The newspaper gradually lost readers during the 1980s.

20世纪80年代这份报纸逐渐失去了读者。

an easy book for children who are learning to read or for people who are learning a foreign language

an important teacher in a British university

a Reader in Sociology at Bristol University

布里斯托尔大学社会学高级讲师

a piece of electronic equipment that can read information that is stored or recorded somewhere, for example on a card


readily

Boats are [readily available](bold) to visitors.

游客可以很方便地租到船只。

The information is [readily accessible](bold) on the Internet.

这些信息在因特网上一查就能找到。

quickly, willingly, and without complaining


reading

the activity or skill of understanding written words

Reading is taught using a combination of several methods.

综合运用多种方法进行阅读教学。

books and other things that you can read

Her main reading seems to be mystery novels.

她好像主要就是看悬疑小说。

a bit of [light reading](bold)(=things that are easy and enjoyable to read) for my holiday

为我的假期准备的一些轻松读物

There’s a list of [further reading](bold)(=other things you can read) at the end of each chapter.

每一章后面都列有延伸阅读书目。

a supply of interesting [reading material](bold)

The book is quite difficult [on first reading](bold).

这本书第一次阅读时很难懂。

a [close reading](bold) of the text (=when you read it very carefully)

your way of understanding what a particular statement, situation, event etc means

〔对某说法、情形、事件等的〕理解，解读

What’s your reading of the government’s response to this crisis?

你怎么看待政府对这次危机所作出的反应？

an occasion when a piece of literature is read to a group of people

在书店里举行的诗歌朗诵会

a piece of writing, especially from the Bible, that is read to a group of people

朗读的文章〔尤指《圣经》章节〕

The first reading is from Corinthians I, Chapter 3.

第一篇朗读的经文选自《哥林多前书》第三章。

make (for) interesting/fascinating/compelling etc reading

读起来有趣的/吸引人的/令人激动的等

你的报告读起来引人入胜。

a number or amount shown on a measuring instrument

We [take](bold) temperature [readings](bold) every two hours.

我们每两小时读取一次温度。

one of the occasions in the British Parliament or the US Congress when a suggested new law is discussed

〔英国议会或美国国会中的〕议案宣读


ready

→ [readily](->readily) → [readiness](->readiness) [rough and ready](bold) at → [rough](->rough) 1 sense 15

having done everything that needs to be done in order to prepare for something

I don’t feel that I’m ready for the test yet.

ready to deal with a situation, because you are expecting it or have made careful preparations

The team looked well-prepared for the game.

to be ready to start doing something that you have planned to do, and be just about to do it

We were all set for a barbecue when it started to rain.

be ready to start doing something after completing all the necessary preparations

We just need to get you a pair of skis and you’re good to go.

ripe fruit are soft, sweet, and ready to eat

Don’t pick the apples until they’re really ripe.

if the arrangements or the equipment for doing something are in place, they are ready to start being used

The television cameras were in place for the wedding.

All the arrangements are in place for a new constitution and democratic elections.

if people are standing by, they are ready to take action and help if they are needed – used especially about medical teams, police, the army etc

Officers in full riot gear were standing by outside the police station.

if you are ready, you are prepared for what you are going to do

When the doorbell rang he was [ready and waiting](bold).

门铃响的时候，他已经准备好在等着了。

Everything’s packed, and we’re ready to leave.

所有的东西都装好了，我们可以走了。

Why does it take you so long to [get ready](bold) to go out?

你外出怎么要准备那么长时间？

I don’t feel that I’m ready for my driving test yet.

我觉得我还没有准备好参加驾驶考试。

I felt strong, fit, and [ready for anything](bold).

我感到精力充沛，身体康健，干什么都行。

At the end of the lecture, I was ready with questions.

讲座结束的时候，我已经准备好一些问题要问。

[make ready](bold)(=prepare to start doing something)

[when you’re ready](bold)(=said to tell someone that you are ready for them to start doing something)

[ready when you are](bold)(=said to tell someone that you are ready to do what you have arranged to do together)

if something is ready, someone has prepared it and you can use it immediately

〔某物〕准备好的，可即刻使用的

The computer is now set up and ready to use.

电脑已安装好，随时可用。

展览会所需的一切都准备就绪了吗？

I’ve got to [get](bold) a room [ready](bold) for our guests.

我得准备好一个房间给客人用。

to have something near you so that you can use it if you need to

to need or want something as soon as possible

我真的需要去度一次假了。

愿意〔做某事〕的；乐意的

She was [ready and willing](bold) to work hard.

They need to have ready access to police files.

他们需要立即能查到警方的档案。

I had no [ready answer](bold) to his question.

他的问题我一时想不出答案。

an intelligent man with [a ready wit](bold)

各就各位，预备，跑！〔用于赛跑发令〕


ready

[past tense and past participle](italic) [readied](bold) [present participle](italic) [readying](bold) [third person singular](italic) [readies](bold)

to make something or someone ready for something

我设法让他有思想准备接受这个坏消息。


ready

Soldiers stood around with weapons at the ready.

士兵们在周围站着，手里拿着武器。

I’m getting a new car as soon as I can scrape together the readies.

我一凑足现钱就去买一辆新车。


ready

already cooked, prepared etc by someone else

They seem to live on ready cooked meals.

他们好像就吃方便餐过日子。


real

something that is real exists and is important

There is a real danger that the disease might spread.

这种疾病确实有蔓延的危险。

We need to tackle the real problems of unemployment and poverty.

我们需要解决失业和贫穷这两个实际问题。

There is [no real](bold) reason to worry.

没有什么真正的理由需要担心。

something that is real is actually what it seems to be and not false or artificial

She had never seen a [real live](bold) elephant before.

她以前从未见过活生生的大象。

Artificial flowers can sometimes look better than [the real thing](bold).

人造花有时比真花看起来更漂亮。

something that is real actually exists and is not just imagined

The children know that Santa Claus isn’t a real person.

孩子们知道圣诞老人不是真实的人物。

Things don’t happen quite that easily [in real life](bold).

现实生活中不会动不动就有这样的事情发生。

used to talk about the difficult experience of living and working with other people, rather than being protected at home, at school, or at college

the shock of leaving university and going out into the real world

离开大学走进现实世界感受到的冲击

What was the [real reason](bold) you quit your job?

你辞职的真正原因是什么？

a real feeling or emotion is one that you actually experience and is strong

There was a look of real hatred in her eyes.

她的眼神里有一种强烈的仇恨。

I got a real sense of achievement when my work was first published.

我的作品第一次发表时，我有一种真切的成就感。

a real thing has all the qualities you expect something of that type to have

我还记得我第一份真正的工作。

西蒙是她第一个真正的男朋友。

used to emphasize how stupid, beautiful, terrible etc someone or something is

谢谢——你真是帮了大忙。

After two trial runs we did it for real.

试行两次以后，我们真正地干了起来。

used when you are very surprised or shocked by what someone has done or said

你是认真的？〔用于对某人的行为或言论表示吃惊或震惊〕

used to tell someone that they are being very silly or unreasonable

to behave in an honest way and not pretend to be different from how you really are

a real increase or decrease in an amount of money is one you calculate by including the general decrease in the value of money over a period of time

〔钱的增减〕实际的〔已将货币贬值计算在内〕

平均工资6%的实际增长率

The average value of salaries has fallen [in real terms](bold)(=calculated in this way).

薪水的平均价值实际上下降了。


real

能再次看到你真是太好了。


real estate

[n](bold) <[U](bold)> ([especially AmE](special))


realism

the ability to accept and deal with difficult situations in a practical way, based on what is possible rather than what you would like to happen

He has hope, but also a scientist’s sense of realism.

他抱着希望，但同时又有着一个科学家的务实感。

the realism of the horses on the carousel

旋转木马上各个木马的逼真形态

the style of art and literature in which things, especially unpleasant things, are shown or described as they really are in life

现实主义，写实主义〔指艺术和文学作品的风格〕

他早期作品粗粝的现实主义风格


realist

someone who accepts that things are not always perfect, and deals with problems or difficult situations in a practical way

She had always been a realist, not a dreamer.

她一向是现实主义者，不是梦想家。

a writer, painter etc who shows or describes things, especially unpleasant things, as they really are in life


realistic

We felt we had a realistic chance of beating England.

We do not believe there is any realistic alternative.

There are no realistic expectations of improvement.

A more realistic figure for energy saving would be 20 percent.

Compromise is the only realistic solution.

judging and dealing with situations in a practical way according to what is actually possible rather than what you would like to happen

现实的；实际的；实事求是的

→see THESAURUS at [possible](->possible) 1

It’s just not realistic to expect a promotion so soon.

这么快就想升职根本不现实。

You need to be realistic about the amount you can do in a day.

你对自己一天能完成多少工作量要现实一点。

a realistic aim or hope is something that it is possible to achieve

〔目标、希望〕能够实现的

I don’t think they have a [realistic chance](bold) of winning.

realistic pictures or stories show things as they are in real life

〔图画、故事〕逼真的，栩栩如生的

a realistic portrayal of life in Victorian Britain

英国维多利亚时代生活的真实写照


reality

We want to protect our children from the harsh reality of our violent world.

It's painful, but you have to face reality.

They had to confront some unpleasant realities about themselves.

They are ignoring the reality of Arab politics.

(=no longer know about ordinary things or what is possible)

If all you have is the show-business world, you kind of lose touch with reality.

The programmes help viewers escape from reality.

(=make them realize what is happening around them or true)

She was brought back to reality by the pain in her ankle.

(=really happen, after being hoped for, feared, etc by someone)

Last June, her longed-for baby finally became a reality.

(=match or show what is really happening or true)

Do these novels accurately reflect contemporary reality?

(=not match what is really happening or true)

His vision of European politics bears no relation to reality.

(=not connected in any way to what is really happening)

His ideas are completely divorced from reality.

(=an experience of what things are really like)

I got my first dose of reality when I reported to work at my new job.

They portrayed her as a sick woman with only a tenuous grasp of reality.

what actually happens or is true, not what is imagined or thought

the distinction between fantasy and reality

TV is used as an [escape from reality](bold).

电视成了逃避现实的一种方式。

I think the government has [lost touch with reality](bold)(=no longer understands what is real or true).

Millions of people live with the harsh realities of unemployment.

数百万人生活在失业的残酷现实中。

The reality is that young people will not go into teaching until salaries are higher.

实际情况是，只有薪水上涨年轻人才会去当教师。

The paperless office may one day [become a reality](bold).

无纸化办公室有一天可能会成为现实。

used to say that something is different from what people think

In reality, violent crimes are still extremely rare.

实际上，暴力犯罪还是极罕见的。

the fact that something exists or is happening

She had never accepted the reality of her pregnancy.

她一直没有接受自己已经怀孕的事实。


realization

ˌrɪəlaɪˈzeɪʃən

BrE also: realisation  [n](bold) <[singular, U](bold)>

when you understand something that you had not understood before

I was shocked by the realization of what I had done.

我意识到自己干了什么后大为震惊。

the realization that she might never recover from her illness

意识到她或许永远不能康复

There is a [growing realization](bold) that we must manage the Earth’s resources more carefully.

越来越多的人认识到我们必须更加谨慎地使用地球资源。

when you achieve something that you had planned or hoped for

when you change something into money by selling it


realize

to begin to understand, notice, or know something that you did not understand etc before

I hadn’t realized that Ben was his brother.

She suddenly realized who the man in the photograph was.

to gradually realize that something is happening or is true, over a period of time

He slowly became aware that he was not alone

People are becoming more aware of the harmful effects of cars on the environment.

if something dawns on you, you realize it for the first time – often used in the phrase [it dawned on sb](bold)

It only dawned on her that she was in danger when she saw rescue workers running away from the building.

He thought about the dream for a long time before its meaning began to dawn on him.

if something sinks in, you begin to realize its full meaning or importance, especially gradually

It took a few minutes for the doctor’s words to sink in.

The reality of what I had done slowly began to sink in.

if a fact hits you, you suddenly understand it and how important it is

It hit me one day that he didn’t care. He’d talk when I phoned him, but he’d never call me.

if an idea or thought strikes you, you suddenly think of it

It suddenly struck her what a risk she was taking.

A thought has just struck me - there must be other people with the same problem.

BrE also: realise  [v](bold) <[T](bold)>

to know and understand something, or suddenly begin to understand it

知道；明白；认识到；顿悟

I suddenly realized that the boy was crying.

我突然意识到那男孩在哭。

知不知道你迟到了一个小时？

I’m sorry, I didn’t realize who you were.

对不起，我没认出你是谁。

It took us a while to realize the extent of the tragedy.

我们过了一段时间才意识到这场悲剧有多严重。

It was only later that I realized my mistake.

我到后来才认识到自己的错误。

→ Do not say that you ‘realize about/of something’. Say that you [realize something](bold).

In this meaning, [realize](bold)  is not usually used in the progressive. You say: Nobody realizes how important this is.
Don’t say: [Nobody is realizing how important this is.](strike)

In spoken English, people sometimes say [I’m realizing](bold)  to say that they have recently begun to realize something: Now I’m a parent, I’m realizing what my parents went through.

to achieve something that you were hoping to achieve

She never [realized](bold) her [ambition](bold) of winning an Olympic gold medal.

她一直未能实现赢取奥运会金牌的抱负。

a young singer who has not yet [realized](bold) her full [potential](bold)(=achieved as much as she can achieve)

一个尚未充分发挥潜力的年轻歌手

used to say that the thing that you were most afraid of has actually happened

His worst fears were realized when he heard that Chris had been arrested.

听说克里斯被捕，他知道自己最害怕的事情发生了。

这次活动筹得5,000美元。

We realized a small profit on the sale of the house.

to change something that you own into money by selling it


really

[Really](bold)  is especially frequent in spoken English. In writing, people usually prefer to use [very](bold)  or [extremely](bold)  to emphasize an adjective, or [very much](bold)  to emphasize a verb:

[a [really](bold) dangerous activity](strike)

[I [really](bold) enjoyed the play.](strike)

used when you are talking about what actually happened or is true, rather than what people might wrongly think

Why don’t you tell us what really happened?

你为什么不把真相告诉我们？

我从来都不知道他的真实想法。

She seems unfriendly at first, but she’s really very nice.

一开始她似乎并不友善，但其实她人很好。

used to emphasize something you are saying

确实地，的确〔用于加强语气〕

我们的确需要那笔额外的钱。

used in questions when you are asking someone if something is true and suggesting that you think it is not true

真的〔用于疑问句，暗示自己不认为所问的事是真的〕

Do you really think she’s doing this for your benefit?

你真的认为她这么做是为了你好吗？

Do you really expect me to believe that?

used to show that you are surprised by what someone has said

是吗？真的？〔用于对某人的话表示吃惊〕

“他是加拿大人。” “真的？”

used in conversation to show that you are listening to or interested in what the other person is saying

真的？〔表示正在倾听或对对方的话感兴趣〕

‘We had a great time in Florida.’ ‘Really? How lovely.’

“我们在佛罗里达玩得很开心。” “真的？太棒了。”

used to show that you agree with someone

是啊〔用于表示同意某人的意见〕

‘Glen can be such a jerk.’ ‘Yeah, really!’

“格伦有时真是个混蛋。” “可不是嘛！”

used to show that you are angry or disapprove of something

真是的〔用于表示生气或不赞成〕

真是的，拉里，你怎么不早告诉我呀！

used to say ‘no’ or ‘not’ in a less strong way

不，不是〔表示不太强烈的否定〕

‘Do you want to come along?’ ‘Not really.’

“你想一起去吗？” “不太想。”

I don’t really know what he’s doing now.

我不太清楚他现在在干什么。

used to say what someone should do, especially when they are probably not going to do it

真应该〔用于建议某人做某事，尤当某人可能不做时〕

used to emphasize a statement or opinion

He was really and truly a brilliant comedian.

他真的是个非常出色的喜剧演员。


realm

a general area of knowledge, activity, or thought

〔知识、活动、思想的〕领域，范围

an idea that belongs in the realm of science fiction

(also: [not beyond the realm(s) of possibility](bold) )

used, often humorously, to say that something is possible even though you think it is not very likely

可能的，在可能的范围内〔常为幽默用法〕

I suppose it’s not beyond the realms of possibility.


reap

→ [Grim Reaper, the](->Grim Reaper, the)

to get something, especially something good, as a result of what you have done

[reap the benefit/reward/profit (of sth)](bold)

Those who do take risks often reap the rewards.

那些真去冒险的人往往会得到回报。

used to say that if you do bad things, bad things will happen to you, and if you do good things, good things will happen to you

自食其果；种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆


reappear

to appear again after not being seen for some time

3月份，他的癌症又复发了。

Many of these ideas reappear in his later books.

这些观点有许多都在他后来的书里再次出现。


rear

at or near the back of something, especially a vehicle

〔尤指车辆〕后面的，后部的


rear

the back part of an object, vehicle, or building, or a position at the back of an object or area

〔物体、车辆或建筑物的〕后部；〔物体或区域的〕后面

The hotel overlooks the river to the rear.

从酒店后面可以俯视这条河。

a passenger travelling in the rear of a car

to be at the back of a line of people or in a race


rear

to look after a person or animal until they are fully grown

养育，抚养〔孩子〕；饲养〔动物〕

It’s a good place to rear young children.

这地方非常适合抚养小孩子成长。

The birds have been successfully reared in captivity.

if an animal rears, it rises up to stand on its back legs

那匹马扬起前蹄，把我摔了下来。

if something rears up, it appears in front of you and often seems to be leaning over you in a threatening way

A large rock, almost 200 feet high, reared up in front of them.

一块近200英尺高的巨岩赫然耸立在他们面前。

to be given a particular kind of food, books, entertainment etc regularly while you are a child

〔小时候〕吃[看，玩等] …长大

看电视、玩电子游戏长大的儿童

if a problem or difficult situation rears its ugly head, it appears and is impossible to ignore

〔问题或困境〕冒头，出现

The problem of drug-taking in sport has reared its ugly head again.

体育界服用药物的问题再次出现。


reason

[no rhyme or reason](bold) at → [rhyme](->rhyme) 1 sense 4 [it stands to reason](bold) at → [stand](->stand) 1 sense 32

You say the [reason for](bold)  something: What do you think was the reason for their success?
Don’t say: [the reason of their success](strike)

You say the [reason why ](bold) something happens: Can you tell me the reason why you did this?

You say the [cause of ](bold) something: There will be a police investigation into the cause of the fire.
Don’t say: [the cause for the fire](strike)

You say there is [cause for concern/alarm/complaint/worry etc](bold) : The doctor said there was no cause for concern.

why something happens, or why someone does something

I don’t know the reason why he left his last job.

the reason why something happens, especially something bad

We studied the causes of the First World War.

a set of reasons that helps you to understand why something happens, especially when it seems difficult to understand

There are various possible explanations for climate change.

Is there any explanation for his behavior?

a reason that makes someone decide to do something – often used about crimes

Police say that there is no obvious motive for the attack.

a good reason for doing something that seems wrong

There is never any justification for torture or abuse.

They try to use the situation in the Middle East as a justification for killing innocent civilians.

There’s no justification for this type of behaviour.

a reason that makes it right or fair to do something, especially according to legal, official, or moral rules

The court will decide if she has grounds for divorce.

They claim the war is justified on moral groundsbecause of moral reasons.

the main ideas or reasons on which something is based

The doctor makes his decisions purely on the basis of clinical observation.

What do you think is the basis for this advice?

a set of reasons that are used to explain why someone does something in a particular way

the rationale behind the government’s economic reforms

This chapter explains the nature of yearly plans, and provides a rationale for their use.

a reason that you give to explain why you have done something bad, or not done something that you should have done – especially one that is not completely true

She said she couldn’t come because she had to work late, but it was just an excuse.

a feeble excuseone that is hard to believe

an untrue reason that you give for doing or not doing something, in order to hide the real reason

He would often find some pretext to go out in the evening alone.

They used this as a pretext for taking military action.

I can’t think of any reason why she would want to leave.

There is usually a good reason why the price is so cheap.

The main reason for the decline in the railways is lack of investment.

His personality was a major reason for his success.

A big reason for the decrease in smoking is the ban on cigarette advertising.

What do you think was the real reason for their decision?

An employer can’t fire someone without a valid reason.

(=a very good reason for doing something)

There are compelling reasons to believe that this is true.

I hate mobile phones, for the simple reason that it is now impossible to get away from them.

People don’t always have logical reasons for the things they do.

The only reason he’s coming tonight is that I said you’d be here.

The boy cannot be named for legal reasons.

The road will be closed for security reasons.

(=because you like someone or something very much)

I wanted to keep the picture for sentimental reasons.

This arrangement must be kept secret, for obvious reasons.

He tried to kill me for no apparent reason.

For some unknown reason, the curtains were always drawn.

(=used when you do not understand someone’s behaviour)

For reasons best known to herself, she decided to sell the house.

(=have a secret reason for doing something)

‘Why did he marry her?’ ‘He must have had his reasons.’

People give different reasons for wanting to change jobs.

人们想换工作的理由各不相同。

We’d like to know the reason why she didn’t accept the job.

我们想知道她不接受这份工作的原因。

The reason I called was to ask about the plans for Saturday.

我打电话是想问问星期六的计划。

He explained the reasons behind the decision.

他解释了这一决定背后的理由。

The bridge is closed for reasons of safety.

大桥出于安全原因被封闭了。

这份工作给了我生活的理由。

There is no reason whatsoever to doubt her story.

根本没有理由怀疑她的说法。

by reason of sth [formal](bold) (=because of something)

因年龄原因而被取消资格的一个人

a fact that makes it right or fair for someone to do something

We [have reason to believe that](bold) the goods were stolen.

我们有理由相信货物是被偷的。

I know I’m late, but [that’s no reason](bold) to shout at me.

我知道我迟到了，但也没理由对我大喊大叫。

Under the circumstances, we [had every reason](bold)(=had very good reasons) to be suspicious.

在这种情况下，我们完全有理由表示怀疑。

with (good) reason (=based on something sensible)

Natalie was alarmed by the news, and with reason.

纳塔莉听到消息很惊慌，这是合乎情理的。

used to say that what has just been mentioned is an additional reason for doing what you have suggested

But surely that’s all the more reason to act quickly.

不过，那当然就更有理由立即采取行动了。

They’re not prepared to [listen to reason](bold)(=be persuaded by someone’s sensible advice).

There’s no way of making my grandfather [see reason](bold)(=accept advice and make a sensible decision).

我爷爷是没有办法说通的。

You can go anywhere you want, within reason.

你可以想去哪里就去哪里，不过要有分寸。

to be more than is acceptable or reasonable

the ability to think, understand, and form judgments that are based on facts

[lose your reason](bold) [old-fashioned](special)(=become mentally ill)

used when someone asks you why you are doing something and you do not want to tell them

不为什么〔用于不想解释自己做某事的原因〕

‘Why d’you want to go that way?‘ ’Oh, no reason.'

“你为什么想要那样？” “噢，不为什么。”


reason

to form a particular judgment about a situation after carefully considering the facts

They reasoned that other businesses would soon copy the idea.

他们推断其他企业也会很快仿效这个点子。


reasonable

The proposal sounds perfectly reasonable.

He tried to think of a reasonable excuse.

He had refused to obey a reasonable request from a senior member of staff.

Here is one possible answer to that very reasonable question.

It is a reasonable assumption that he pressed the wrong button.

She must show that she had some reasonable grounds for her action.

[Be reasonable](bold) – you can’t expect her to do all the work on her own!

要讲道理，你不能指望她一个人干所有的工作！

I thought it was a [perfectly reasonable](bold)(=completely reasonable) question.

我认为这个问题问得很有道理。

It seems reasonable to assume they’ve been tested.

似乎有理由认为它们都已经过测试。

He had [reasonable grounds](bold)(=good reasons but no proof) for believing the law had been broken.

他有合理的根据认为有人违法了。

It sounded like a [reasonable enough](bold) excuse to me.

在我听来，这是个相当合理的借口。

→see THESAURUS at [satisfactory](->satisfactory)

She has a reasonable chance of doing well in the exam.

她考试还是有可能考好的。

I’ve got a reasonable amount of money saved.

if something is proved beyond reasonable doubt, it is shown to be almost certainly true

排除合理怀疑，无合理疑点


reasonably

quite or to a satisfactory degree, but not completely

The car is in reasonably good condition.

He can’t reasonably be expected to have known that.

按理说，他是不可能知道那件事的。

Despite her anger, she had behaved very reasonably.

她虽然生气，但表现得很理智。


reasoning

a process of thinking carefully about something in order to make a judgment

What is the reasoning behind this decision?

作出这个决定的依据是什么？


reassurance

ˌriːəˈʃʊərəns

something that is said or done which makes someone feel calmer and less worried or frightened about a problem

令人安心的保证；能消除疑惧的言行

Parents are looking for reassurance about their children’s safety.

家长们在寻找方法保证他们孩子的安全。

They are offering practical help and reassurance.

他们在提供切实的帮助和保证。

We have been given reassurances that the water is safe to drink.

我们得到保证说这水可以安全饮用。


reassure

to make someone feel calmer and less worried or frightened about a problem or situation

使安心，使放心，使消除疑虑

He tried to reassure me that my mother would be okay.

他试图安慰我，说我母亲不会有事的。


reassuring

ˌriːəˈʃʊərɪŋ◂

making you feel less worried or frightened

It’s reassuring to know that problems are rare.

知道问题很少，这样就能放心了。


rebel

someone who opposes or fights against people in authority

Anti-government rebels attacked the town.

反政府的叛乱分子攻击该镇。

someone who refuses to do things in the normal way, or in the way that other people want them to

〔拒绝按常规办事、我行我素的〕反叛者，叛逆者


rebel

[past tense and past participle](italic) [rebelled](bold) [present participle](italic) [rebelling](bold)

to oppose or fight against someone in authority or against an idea or situation which you do not agree with

teenage boys rebelling against their parents

if your stomach, legs, mind etc rebel, you cannot do or believe something you think you should

〔胃、腿、头脑等〕不听使唤

He knew he ought to eat, but his stomach rebelled.

他知道自己应该吃点东西，但是他的胃在闹别扭。


rebellion

This injustice has produced armed rebellion.

(=rebellion that is clear and not hidden)

Marlborough considered leading a military rebellion against the new king.

While he was away, a rebellion broke out in Aquitaine.

He led a peasant rebellion against Catherine the Great.

Troops moved in to suppress the rebellion.

Farmers who opposed the tax staged a rebellion that forced Washington to back down.

an organized attempt to change the government or leader of a country, using violence

→see THESAURUS at [revolution](->revolution)

The Bretons rose in rebellion against the King.

布列塔尼人发动起义，反对国王。

[suppress/crush a rebellion](bold)(=use violence to stop it)

when someone opposes or fights against people in authority or ideas which they do not agree with

〔对权威者或不同意见的〕反抗，不服从

a rebellion by right-wing members of the party


rebellious

deliberately not obeying people in authority or rules of behaviour

He’s always had a [rebellious streak](bold)(=a tendency to rebel).

fighting against the government of your own country


rebuild

[past tense and past participle](italic) [rebuilt](bold) /-ˈbɪlt/

to build something again, after it has been damaged or destroyed

The church was completely rebuilt in the last century.

这座教堂在上个世纪全面重建。

to make something strong and successful again

The first priority is to rebuild the area’s manufacturing industry.

当务之急是恢复该地区的制造业。

We try to help them [rebuild](bold) their [lives](bold)(=live normally again after something bad has happened).

我们设法帮助他们重建生活。


rebuke

[rebuke](bold) n. <C,U> eg: a rebuke from the president

to speak to someone severely about something they have done wrong

Members of the jury were sharply rebuked for speaking to the press.

陪审团成员因向媒体发表言论而受到严厉指责。