antidote

a substance that stops the effects of a poison

There is no known antidote to a bite from this snake.

被这种毒蛇咬伤尚无解药。

something that makes an unpleasant situation better


antique

[adj](bold) <[usually before noun](bold)>

antique furniture, jewellery etc is old and often valuable

〔家具、珠宝等〕古时制造的，古董的


antique

a piece of furniture, jewellery etc that was made a very long time ago and is therefore valuable

The palace is full of priceless antiques.

宫殿里到处都是价值连城的古董。

They bought the clock at an [antique shop](bold) in Bath.

他们在巴斯一家古玩店里买了这只钟。

an [antique dealer](bold)(=someone who buys and sells antiques)


antonym

a word that means the opposite of another word


anxiety

The patient's panic attacks are caused by acute anxiety.

She lives a life of constant anxiety over money and job security.

There is mounting anxiety about the rise in violent crime.

the wave of public anxiety about food safety

Their nuclear programme is causing mounting anxiety among other nations, especially Israel.

The presence of Indian troops near the border has aroused considerable anxiety in neighbouring Pakistan.

The child may feel anxiety about being away from home.

The drug helps to reduce anxiety, allowing you to feel relaxed.

For many people, the primary source of anxiety is work.

Patients experience high levels of anxiety at time of admission to hospital.

Having an operation naturally entails feelings of anxiety.

the feeling of being very worried about something

There is [considerable anxiety](bold) among staff about job losses.

There is growing public anxiety over levels of air pollution in our cities.

公众越来越担心城市中的空气污染程度。

The fear of unemployment can be a source of deep anxiety to people.

害怕失业会使人们产生严重的焦虑。

A high level of anxiety was created by the introduction of cameras into the factory.

工厂安装了摄像头，这引起了工人的高度不安。

It can help if you discuss your anxieties with someone.

与别人谈谈自己的忧虑会有帮助的。

a feeling of wanting to do something very much

I nearly fell in my anxiety to get downstairs quickly.

我急匆匆地下楼，差点摔倒。


anxious

[anxiously](bold) adv. eg: She waited anxiously by the phone.

He was a bit anxious about the safety of the machinery.

他有点担心机器的安全性。

She was anxious that it might be cancer.

You are [anxious about](bold)  something: She is anxious about the interview.
Don’t say: [She is anxious for the interview.](strike)

You are [anxious for](bold)  another person (= worried that something bad might have happened to them) : They are anxious for their son.

an anxious time or situation is one in which you feel nervous or worried

〔时间或形势〕紧张的，使人焦虑的

We had an anxious couple of weeks waiting for the test results.

我们惴惴不安地过了几个礼拜，等待考试成绩出来。

There was an anxious moment when the plane suddenly dropped.

飞机突然下坠，那一刻让人很紧张。

feeling strongly that you want to do something or want something to happen

The company is anxious to improve its image.

He seemed [most anxious](bold) to speak to me alone.

他似乎迫切地想同我单独谈谈。

The president is anxious not to have another crisis.

总统亟欲避免另一场危机。

我们都在焦急地等待消息。

Both sides were anxious that the agreement should be signed as quickly as possible.

双方都急着想尽快签署协议。


any

[any old thing](bold) at → [old](->old) sense 10 [any old how](bold) at → [old](->old) sense 11 [not in any way](bold) at → [way](->way) 1 sense 40

some or even the smallest amount or number

他们没有邀请我们中的任何一个。

They haven’t shown [any](bold) interest [at all](bold) in my research.

他们对我的研究没表示任何兴趣。

The universities have shown [few if any](bold) signs of a willingness to change.

这些大学几乎没有表现出任何愿意改革的迹象。

used to refer to a person or thing of a particular type when what you are saying is true of all people or things of that type

Any child who breaks the rules will be punished.

凡违反规定的孩子都要受罚。

Always check the details carefully before you sign any written agreement.

签署任何书面协议之前都要仔细核对细节。

要是我能帮上忙的话，就告诉我一声。

You can choose any of the books on the list.

这张单子上的书你可以随便选。

This excuse was as good as [any other](bold).

这个借口也好，随便哪个借口也好，是个借口就行。

They’re going to need any help they can get.

他们需要的帮助是多多益善。

used to say that someone or something is special

非一般的（老）男人/女人/工作等

She’s not just any actress, she’s one of the best.

她可不是一般的演员，她是属于顶尖的那种。


any

[adv](bold) <[usually in questions and negatives](bold)>

used before the comparative form of an adjective to mean ‘even a small amount’

一点，丝毫〔用于形容词比较级之前〕

if something does not happen anymore or any longer, it used to happen but does not happen now

It used to be quite cheap to fly there, but not anymore.

过去乘飞机去那里相当便宜，不过现在不这样了。

He was told he wasn’t wanted any longer.

We tried talking to him but that didn’t help any.

我们试着跟他谈过，但一点用处也没有。


anyhow

The scandal could damage her reputation but the press reported it anyhow.

这宗丑闻可能损害她的名声，不过报纸还是给登了出来。

I’ve never been to a circus, not recently anyhow.

我从没看过马戏，至少最近没看过。

The cupboard would hardly close, with all the shoes thrown in anyhow.

柜子乱塞了许多鞋，都快关不上了。


anymore

used when something used to happen or be true in the past but does not happen or is not true now

You're describing a world that just doesn't exist anymore.

你描述的是一个根本不再存在的世界。


anyone

[Anyone](bold)  is written as one word in this meaning: I didn't see anyone.
Don't write: [I didn't see any one.](strike)

[Any one of](bold)  is usually written as separate words. You usually write: The same is true for any one of us.

You don't usually use [of ](bold) after[ anyone](bold) .

used to refer to any person, when it is not important to say exactly who

They offer help and advice to anyone interested in becoming a teacher.

他们为任何有兴趣当老师的人提供帮助和咨询。

If anyone sees Lisa, ask her to call me.

如果有谁看见莉萨，叫她打电话给我。

[Anyone else](bold) who is interested in going on the trip should see me at the end of this lesson.

还有谁有兴趣参加此次旅行，下课来找我。

有人，任何人〔用于疑问句〕

Is there anyone new coming to tonight’s meeting?

今天晚上来参加会议的有没有新面孔？

Do you know [anyone else](bold) who wants a ticket?

used in negative sentences to mean no person

（没有）一个人〔用于否定句〕

I went to the bar but there wasn’t anyone there.

我去了酒吧，但是那里一个人都没有。

我一整天都没跟任何人说过话。

used after mentioning something to ask whether people agree with you, especially about something you do not like

有谁吗？〔尤用在提及不喜欢的事情之后，询问他人是否认同自己的意见〕

I think people are dressing way too casually. I mean, shorts in the office, anyone?

我觉得人们穿得太随意了，我指的是在办公室里穿短裤，有谁也这么认为吗？


anything

any thing, event, situation etc, when it is not important to say exactly which

He was prepared to do anything to make a bit of money.

只要能赚一点钱，他什么都愿意做。

Anything would be better than staying at home!

You can write about swimming, skiing, or [anything else](bold) you enjoy doing.

你可以写游泳、滑雪或者其他任何你喜欢的活动。

有没有什么是我可以效劳的？

你要我从商店带点什么回来吗？

Would you like [anything else](bold) to eat?

used in negative sentences to mean no thing, event etc

任何事物都（没有）〔用于否定句〕

We didn’t have anything to eat for three days.

我们连着三天没吃过任何东西。

我们到那儿之前不要采取任何行动。

used to emphasize that someone or something does not have a particular quality

决不，根本不〔用于强调〕

similar in any way to someone or something else

You don’t look anything like your mother.

你长得一点都不像你母亲。

If you’re anything like me, you’ll want to be where the action is.

要是你像我一样，就也会想去热闹的地方。

一点也不〔用于强调否定句〕

We don’t have anything like enough money to buy a new car.

我们根本没有足够的钱买新汽车。

used to say that anything someone says or does is acceptable

From what other people were wearing, it looked like anything goes.

从其他人的衣着来看，好像穿什么都可以。

if you will not do something for anything, you will definitely not do it

if you do something like anything, you do it a lot

used when you are adding something to emphasize what you have just said

要说有什么的话（倒是 …）〔用于补充内容以强调前面所说的话〕

Sam didn’t seem too disappointed at losing. If anything, he seemed relieved that it was all over.

对于比赛失利，萨姆好像并不是太失望。要说有什么的话，他似乎觉得终于比完了，松了一口气。

used to tell someone you agree with what they suggest

怎么样都行，你说怎样就怎样

是的，当然，怎么样都行。


anytime

随时给我打电话，我一直在家。

They should arrive anytime between noon and 3 p.m.

他们会在中午至下午3点期间到达。


anyway

also: [anyhow](bold)  [adv](bold) <[sentence adverb](bold)>

in spite of the fact that you have just mentioned

Catherine wasn’t sure the book was the right one, but she bought it anyway.

凯瑟琳不能确定就是这本书，但她还是买了。

This idea probably won’t work, but let’s try it anyway.

这个办法可能行不通，不过我们还是试试吧。

used when adding a remark which shows that the fact just mentioned is not important

反正〔用于补充说明刚才提到的事实不重要〕

They didn’t have any trainers in my size, and anyway I’d already decided I’d rather save the money.

他们卖的运动鞋没有我的尺码，不过反正我也已经决定还是省点钱吧。

‘I hope you haven’t told anyone.’ ‘No. Who would believe me anyway?’

“我希望你没告诉别人。”“没有。话又说回来，说了又有谁会相信我呢？”

used when adding something that corrects or slightly changes what you have just said

至少〔用于纠正前面的话，或稍作修改〕

Let’s think about it for a while, for a few days anyway.

让我们想一想，至少考虑几天。

There seems to have been a technical problem – anyway, that’s what they told me.

好像出了技术故障，至少他们是这么跟我说的。

used when you are ignoring details so that you can talk immediately about the most important thing

He got lost and spent hours looking for the station, and anyway it was past midnight by the time he got home.

他迷了路，找车站花了几个小时，总之过了午夜才到家。

used when you are changing the subject of a conversation or returning to a previous subject

对了，好吧〔用于转换话题或回到前一个话题〕

Anyway, let’s leave that for the moment and look at this month’s profit figures.

好吧，那个问题先搁置一边，我们来看看本月的利润额。

used when you want to end a conversation or leave a place

噢，啊〔用于表示想结束谈话或想要离开〕


anywhere

also: [anyplace](bold) ([AmE](bold))  [adv](bold)

任何地方，无论何处，随便哪里

You can buy clothes like these anywhere.

这样的衣服到处都可以买到。

I don’t want to live in London, but I’d be happy living [anywhere else](bold).

我不想住在伦敦，但是住在其他什么地方我都很乐意。

在[到]某处〔用于疑问句〕

Do you need anywhere to stay for the night?

Did you go anywhere exotic on vacation this year?

你今年去没去什么有异国情调的地方度假？

Have you been [anywhere else](bold) in Spain?

你到过西班牙的其他地方吗？

used in negative sentences to mean no place

哪儿（也没有）〔用于否定句〕

我哪儿也找不到我的护照。

I wasn’t anywhere near him when he fell.

他摔倒的时候我根本不在他旁边。

I don’t think these figures are anywhere near accurate.

我觉得这些数据完全不准确。

anywhere between one and ten/anywhere from one to ten etc

used to mean any age, number, amount etc between the ones that you say

在一到十之间/从一到十等

She could have been anywhere between 45 and 60 years of age.

她可能在45到60岁之间。

We can accommodate anywhere between 60 and 300 people.

我们这里可容纳60到300人。

You won’t get anywhere without qualifications.

没有资历，你会一事无成。

if something does not get you anywhere, it does not change a situation or help you to achieve something

对某人不会有什么改观，对某人没什么用处

You can try writing to complain, but I don’t think it will get you anywhere.

你可以试试写信去投诉，但我认为这没什么用。

to not be achieving success in your life

He’s a nice enough lad, but he’s not going anywhere.

他是一个很好的小伙子，但没什么出息。


apart

if things are apart, they are not close to each other or touching each other

〔空间〕分开（的），相距（的），相隔（的）

把这两根桩相隔6米立好。

They have offices in countries as [far apart](bold) as India and Peru.

他们的办事处远至印度、秘鲁等国。

The police try to [keep](bold) rival supporters [apart](bold) at all matches.

警方在所有的比赛中都设法将双方的支持者分开。

A couple of men started fighting and we had to [pull](bold) them [apart](bold).

几名男子打起架来，我们不得不将他们拉开。

Joel stood apart from the group, frowning.

乔尔皱着眉头，独自站在一边。

if something comes apart, or you take it apart, it is separated into different pieces

The whole thing [comes apart](bold) so that you can clean it.

整个东西可以拆开，以便清洗。

They [took](bold) the engine [apart](bold) to see what was wrong.

他们把发动机拆开检查故障。

if you keep things apart, you keep them separate from each other

I try to keep my work and private life as far apart as possible.

我设法把工作和私生活尽可能分开。

if things are a particular time apart, they do not happen at the same time but have that much time between them

〔时间〕相隔（的），相距（的）

[two days/three weeks/five years etc apart](bold)

Our birthdays are exactly a month apart.

我们俩的生日正好相差一个月。

if people are apart, they are not together in the same place, or not having a relationship with each other

The children have never been apart before.

孩子们以前从来没有分开过。

My wife and I are living apart at the moment.

if something falls apart, it breaks into different pieces

它好端端地就在我手里碎了！

if something is falling apart, it is in very bad condition

He drives around in an old car that’s falling apart.

他开一辆快散架的老汽车东奔西跑。

if something falls apart, it fails completely

He lost his job and his marriage fell apart.

他失业了，婚姻也破裂了。

The country’s economy is in danger of falling apart.

if a marriage, family etc is torn apart, it can no longer continue because of serious difficulties

The play portrays a good marriage torn apart by external forces.

这出戏讲述了一段美好姻缘被外力摧毁的故事。

if people, beliefs, or ideas are worlds or poles apart, they are completely different from each other

我意识到我们之间仍有天壤之别。

if people drift or grow apart, their relationship slowly becomes less close

Lewis and his father drifted apart after he moved to New York.

刘易斯搬到纽约后和父亲逐渐疏远了。

used to say that you want to say something seriously

Joking apart, they did do quite a good job for us.

说正经的，他们确实为我们干得很好。

The car industry apart, most industries are now seeing an improvement in their economic performance.

除了汽车工业，目前大多数行业的经济状况都在好转。

to make someone or something different from other people or things

Her unusual lifestyle set her apart as a child.

小时候，她独特的生活方式令她显得与众不同。


apartment

also : one-bedroomed/two-bedroomed apartment (BrE)

A tiny one-bedroom apartment was all she could afford.

(=with just one main room, which you use for sleeping, cooking, and eating)

Studio apartments can be a good option for those who want a cheap place in a good location.

a first-floor/second-floor etc apartment

We had a fourth-floor apartment, and it was difficult going up and down all those stairs.

She bought a penthouse apartment in Santa Monica.

The school has been converted into luxury apartments.

a luxurious two-bedroomed unfurnished apartment situated in the heart of town

We rented a holiday apartment on Mallorca.

He lived in a small apartment on the third floor.

Tom rented an apartment at the top of the building.

I’m sharing the apartment with a group of friends.

(=start living in a new apartment, or leave an apartment in order to live somewhere else)

They moved into the apartment last Easter.

also: an apartment block (BrE) apartment house (AmE)

Our apartment building is the last block on the right, opposite the bank.

(=a group of buildings containing apartments)

a set of rooms on one floor of a large building, where someone lives

〔在同一楼层的〕一套住房，公寓套房

a room or set of rooms used by an important person such as a president

〔总统等要人的〕房间，套房

I had never been in the prince’s private apartments before.

我以前从未进过王子的私人套房。


apathetic

not interested in something, and not willing to make any effort to change or improve things

无兴趣的；冷淡的；无动于衷的

她毫无兴趣，甚至连动都不想动。

How can you be so apathetic about the world and its problems?

你怎么能对这个世界以及其中存在的问题如此无动于衷？


apathy

the feeling of not being interested in something, and not willing to make any effort to change or improve things

The campaign failed because of public apathy.

由于公众反应冷淡，这次运动失败了。


ape

an animal that is similar to a monkey but has no tail or only a very short tail


ape

to copy the way someone speaks or behaves in order to make fun of them

他可以把老师模仿得惟妙惟肖。

to copy someone’s way of doing something, so that what you do or produce is not good or original

模仿，照搬〔别人的做法〕

cheap clothes which ape the high fashions of the day

模仿高级流行时装的廉价服饰


apologetic

əˌpɒləˈdʒetɪk◂

[apologetically](bold) /-kli/  adv. eg: ‘I know,’ she said apologetically.

showing or saying that you are sorry that something has happened, especially because you feel guilty or embarrassed about it

The manager was very apologetic about everything.

She gave me an [apologetic smile](bold).


apologize

You [apologize for](bold)  something: We would like to apologize for the delay.

You [apologize for doing](bold)  something: He apologized for being late.

You [apologize to](bold)  someone: We apologize to passengers for the delay.
Don’t say: [We apologize passengers for the delay.](strike)

BrE also: apologise  [v](bold) <[I](bold)>

to tell someone that you are sorry that you have done something wrong

非常对不起，我真心道歉。

I think you should apologize to your brother.

我觉得你应该给你弟弟赔个不是。

他后来为自己的行为道了歉。

我道歉，我不该发脾气的。

In everyday English, people often use the phrases [say (you are) sorry](bold)  or [tell ](bold) someone [you are sorry](bold) , rather than [apologize (to sb)](bold) :

[I've already apologized to him.](strike)

I’ve already [told him I'm sorry](bold).


apology

I hope you are going to make an apology.

North Korea issued an official apology for the incident.

He received a formal apology from the company.

We would like to offer our sincere apologies for the delay.

Please accept my apologies for having to cancel our meeting.

China continued to demand a full apology from the US.

The newspaper group was forced to publish a full apology.

(=say it quietly, especially because you are embarrassed)

He bumped into me and mumbled an apology.

Firstly, my sincere apologies for not having contacted you earlier.

‘I have been guilty of making some insensitive remarks,’ said Wright, who offered his profound apologies to everyone concerned.

The authorities published a public apology in the newspaper.

The company has made an official apology and is offering compensation.

The police sent a written apology to the family.

The prime minister made a full apology in the House of Commons.

(=one that shows that you are very sorry)

The BBC issued an abject apology for insulting the Queen.

(=when someone says that they are sorry several times )

Moira telephoned with profuse apologies for the misunderstanding.

something that you say or write to show that you are sorry for doing something wrong

The minister had to issue a formal public apology for his remarks.

部长不得不为他的言论作出正式的公开道歉。

She finally received an apology from the company.

她终于接到了公司方面的道歉。

an apology to passengers for any inconvenience caused

a message that you send to a meeting to say that you will not be able to come to the meeting

〔因不能出席会议的〕致歉

Edward can’t be here today, but he [sends](bold) his [apologies](bold).

爱德华今天来不了，他向大家表示歉意。

to say that you are sorry but you have to leave

to not say that you are sorry for something, because you do not regret it and you think it is the right thing to do

We make no apology for defending our members’ interests – that is our job.

我们保护会员利益没有错，这是我们的职责。

a statement in which you defend something you believe in after it has been criticized by other people

权充某物的东西；勉强代替某物的东西

They served us up an apology for a meal.

他们端给我们的饭菜真不像样。


appal

([BrE](special)) appall ([AmE](bold))  [v](bold) <[T](bold)>

to make someone feel very shocked and upset

The way we kill animals appals a lot of people.

我们屠杀动物的方式令许多人震惊。

The decision to execute the two men has appalled many politicians.

处死那两名男子的判决令许多从政者震惊。


appalled

very shocked and upset by something very bad or unpleasant

眼前的一幕看得我心惊肉跳。

He was appalled at how dirty the place was.

这个地方那么脏，他很震惊。

When I heard what had happened I was [absolutely appalled](bold).

我听说了发生的事，震惊万分。


appalling

[appallingly](bold) adv. eg: He behaved appallingly. eg: an appallingly difficult job

骇人听闻的；令人震惊的；可怕的

He was kept in appalling conditions in prison.

他被关在环境极其恶劣的监狱中。

The weather was [absolutely appalling](bold).


apparatus

the set of tools and machines that you use for a particular scientific, medical, or technical purpose

Astronauts have special breathing apparatus.

航天员有专门的呼吸装备。

the way in which a lot of people are organized to work together to do a job or control a company or country

The tax will require a massive administrative apparatus.

税收需要大规模的行政机构。


apparent

It soon became apparent that we had a major problem.

不久就看出来，我们有了大麻烦。

It is apparent from scientific studies that the drug has some fairly nasty side effects.

科学研究表明，这种药有相当严重的副作用。

It was apparent to everyone that he was seriously ill.

所有人都明白他病得很厉害。

The difference in quality was [immediately apparent](bold).

He left suddenly, [for no apparent reason](bold).

不知什么原因，他突然离开了。

seeming to have a particular feeling or attitude, although this may not be true

He did well in his exams, despite his apparent lack of interest in his work.

他考得很好，尽管表面上他对功课不感兴趣。


apparently

used to say that you have heard that something is true, although you are not completely sure about it

Apparently the company is losing a lot of money.

据说该公司目前亏损很大。

I wasn’t there, but apparently it went well.

我当时不在，但是据说事情进展顺利。

according to the way someone looks or a situation appears, although you cannot be sure

She turned to face him, her anger apparently gone.

她转过身面对着他，好像怒气已经消退了。


appeal

Detectives are making an urgent appeal for information.

The hospital has launched an appeal to raise money for new equipment.

Detectives renewed their appeal for help from the public.

The fire service has made an urgent appeal for more part-time firefighters.

The family made a desperate appeal to their daughter to come home.

The London-based relief agency issued a desperate appeal for aid.

The police have issued a direct appeal to the witness to come forward with information.

Muslim leaders made a personal appeal for the hostage's freedom.

She made a public appeal for the return of the ring.

The growing instability in the country has led to fresh appeals for calm.

The missing 15-year-old was found yesterday after a nationwide appeal for help.

The organization has now launched an international appeal for volunteers.

Following a national television appeal, several callers have phoned the police with information.

My client is planning to make an appeal.

Mr Sarhadi, who has lived here for three years, has lodged an appeal against extradition.

The US Supreme Court could refuse to consider the appeal.

The FA will hear Chelsea's appeal against the fine next week.

Unless she wins her appeal she will be imprisoned.

(=give permission for a decision to be changed)

Judge Gabriel Hutton upheld Smith's appeal against a £250 fine.

(=not give permission for a decision to be changed)

The taxpayer's appeal was dismissed and the penalty upheld.

If the appeal fails, he will serve his full sentence.

The ruling was reversed in the appeal court.

The appeal process could take as long as three years.

She decided to make a formal appeal through her lawyer.

The Court of Appeal quashed the conviction.

You need to have reasonable grounds for your appeal.

The taxpayer has no statutory right of appeal against the demand.

Both men were under house arrest, pending appeal of their convictions.

an urgent request for something important

The police have issued a new appeal for information.

警方再次发出呼吁，征求线索。

All the organizations involved have sent urgent appeals to the government, asking for extra funding.

有关机构都向政府发出紧急呼吁，要求增加拨款。

The girl’s family have made a public appeal for help to try and catch her killer.

那名遇害女孩的家人吁请公众协助捉拿凶手。

an appeal to the army to not use too much force

an attempt to persuade people to give money in order to help people who need something

The appeal has nearly reached its target of £100,000.

这次募捐呼吁差不多达到了十万英镑的目标。

a formal request to a court or to someone in authority asking for a decision to be changed

an appeal to the European Court of Human Rights

向欧洲人权法院提出的上诉

The sentence was reduced to three years on appeal.

通过上诉，刑期减为三年。

a quality that makes people like something or someone

What is the particular appeal of this island?

这个岛的迷人之处在哪里？

The programme has a very [wide appeal](bold).

The film has great appeal for young audiences.

这部电影备受年轻观众喜爱。

She’s definitely got [sex appeal](bold)(=she is sexually attractive).


appeal

to make a serious public request for help, money, information etc

Church and community leaders have appealed for calm.

教会和社区领袖都呼吁保持冷静。

Farmers have appealed to the government for help.

The police have appealed to anyone with information to come forward and talk to them.

警方呼吁知情者前来陈述情况。

to make a formal request to a court or someone in authority asking for a decision to be changed

She is not happy with the decision and plans to appeal.

Both men intend to appeal against their convictions.

两名男子都打算对判决提出上诉。

Appealing to the referee does not often result in a decision being changed.

向裁判提出申诉往往并不能改变判罚。

if someone or something appeals to you, they seem attractive and interesting

The programme appeals to young children.

The idea of working abroad [really appeals](bold) to me.

去国外工作的这个想法对我很有吸引力。

appeal to sb’s better nature/sense of justice etc

to try to persuade someone to do something by reminding them that it is a good or fair thing to do

呼唤某人的良知/正义感等

You could always try appealing to his better nature.

你总可以试着去唤醒他的良知。


appear

to start to be seen, especially suddenly

A few small white clouds appeared on the horizon.

A woman’s face popped up from the other side of the fence.

to gradually start to be able to be seen

The shape of the baby’s head gradually became visible on the screen.

if something comes into view, you start to see it as you move closer to it, or it gets closer to you

The white cliffs of Dover came into view.

if the sun, moon, or the stars come out, they suddenly appear

if a large frightening object or person looms, they appear suddenly

The dark shape of the castle loomed up out of the mist.

The man’s face suddenly loomed over him.

to appear again after being lost or missing

The girl’s father has resurfaced after six years of no contact.

used when saying how someone or something seems. Appear is more formal than seem

似乎，好像，看来〔比seem更正式〕

The research appears to show that the drug is effective in most cases.

研究结果似乎显示这种药物在大多数病例中都是有效的。

He didn't appear to me to be a violent man.

在我看来，他并不像一个脾气暴躁的人。

it appears (that) (=used when saying what you think has happened or is true)

It appears that all the files have been deleted.

看来所有文件都已被删除。

there appear(s) to be sth (=used when saying what you think has happened or is true)

There appears to be some kind of problem.

Police have found [what appear to be ](bold)human remains.

警方发现了疑似人体遗骸的东西。

He tried to [make it appear that](bold) she had committed suicide.

他试图制造她自杀的假象。

It may be less useful [than it first appears](bold).

这可能没有一开始显得那么有用。

During the interview she appeared calm and relaxed.

在采访期间，她显得沉着而淡定。

[so it would appear](bold)(=used when saying that something seems to be true, although you are not completely sure)

“他们走了吗？”“好像走了。”

[Appear](bold)  is a linking verb. This type of verb links the subject of the sentence with an adjective or noun

[Appear](bold)  is not used in the progressive in this meaning. You say: He appears to be unhappy.
Don’t say: [He is appearing to be unhappy](strike) .

to start to be seen, to arrive, or to exist in a place, especially suddenly

两张面孔出现在我们的窗口。

A man suddenly appeared from behind a tree.

一名男子突然从树后冒出来。

It was nearly an hour before Sweeney appeared in the pub.

过了近一小时斯威尼才在小酒馆里出现。

[appear from nowhere/out of nowhere](bold)(=appear suddenly and unexpectedly)

这辆车好像是突然间从哪里冒出来的。

to take part in a film, play, concert, television programme etc

She has already appeared in a number of films.

He appeared on national television to deny the claims.

他出现在全国性电视节目上，否认这些说法。

to be written or shown on a list, in a book or newspaper, in a document etc

The story appeared in all the national newspapers.

这件事上了所有的全国性报纸。

Some of the material used has [appeared in print](bold) before (=has been published).

用到的一些材料曾经发表过。

to become widely available or known about

The new range will be appearing in shops in the autumn.

to go to a law court or other official meeting to give information, answer questions etc

The three men are due to [appear in court](bold) tomorrow.

[appear before a court/judge/committee etc](bold)

She appeared before Colchester magistrates charged with attempted murder.

她被控杀人未遂，接受科尔切斯特裁判官审讯。

[appear for sb/on behalf of sb](bold)(=to be the legal representative for someone)

Sir Nicholas Gammon QC appeared on behalf of the defendant.

御用大律师尼古拉斯·甘蒙爵士代表被告出庭。


appearance

the way someone or something looks to other people

She’d had plastic surgery to change her appearance.

The mushrooms are similar in appearance to poisonous ones, so you have to be careful.

someone’s appearance, especially when considering how good-looking they are. [Looks](bold) is more informal than [appearance](bold)

Girls of that age are always worried about their looks.

People generally describe him as having boyish good looks.

the appearance and character that a person, organization, product etc deliberately tries to produce

She wowed fans with her sleek new image.

The scandal has damaged her image as an honest politician.

The costume gives his character an even more sinister aspect.

If you want to improve your physical appearance, eat well and exercise.

Teenagers are very conscious of their personal appearance.

Children sometimes stared at him because of his odd appearance.

The unusual leaves give the plant a distinctive appearance.

an attractive/handsome/pleasing etc appearance

Large blue eyes set in a long thin face give him a striking and attractive appearance.

She was no longer a young woman, despite her youthful appearance.

Beneath the outward appearance of confidence, she is very shy.

The second phase of the project is to improve the town’s overall appearance.

Intensive farming changed the visual appearance of the countryside.

The young girl had a pleasing appearance.

improve/enhance the appearance of sth/sb

Fresh air improves the appearance of the skin.

The proposed dam will change the appearance of the surrounding countryside enormously.

His uniform gave him an official appearance.

She seems to take no pride at all in her personal appearance these days.

(=make judgements based on the way someone or something looks)

This is the band's last appearance in the UK before a 46-date tour of Europe.

In his first public appearance since his election, the president-elect ruled out talks with the United States.

John hated the endless TV appearances to promote each new album.

(=an appearance by a famous person on a TV show or at a musical event, in addition to the people who usually take part)

He made several guest appearances on the show in the 1960s.

(=a short appearance in a film or play by a well-known actor or person )

Alfred Hitchcock always made a cameo appearance in his own films.

The First Lady is asked to make a large number of personal appearances for worthy causes.

Troy's first live appearance was at last year's Montreux Jazz Festival.

He led the Broncos to three Super Bowl appearances in twelve years.

His farewell appearance for the club was made in front of a packed crowd.

The president made a dramatic appearance on nationwide television to announce a fresh peace initiative.

(=the money someone is paid to appear somewhere)

He was always criticising his wife’s appearance.

They’ve changed the appearance of the whole building.

他们改变了整幢建筑的外观。

We are often attracted to somebody first by their [physical appearance](bold).

我们经常先被一个人的外貌吸引。

Women, in general, tend to be more concerned than men about their [personal appearance](bold).

总的来说，女性比男性更注重自己的仪容。

She had an [outward appearance](bold) of calm, but deep down she was really worried.

她表面上很镇静，内心却十分担忧。

The metal posts [spoiled the appearance](bold) of the garden.

金属柱子破坏了花园的外观。

A garnish helps to [enhance the appearance of](bold) any dish.

装饰菜能为任何菜肴增色。

She’s the kind of woman who [takes pride in her appearance](bold).

她是那种对自己的外貌感到自豪的女人。

You shouldn’t [judge by appearances](bold).

They work hard at school without [giving the appearance of](bold) being particularly hard-working.

他们在学校里学习很用功，只是表面上并不显得特别如此。

The case [had all the appearances of](bold) a straightforward murder.

从所有迹象来看，这个案件都像一宗简单的谋杀。

The pupils looked angelic – but [appearances can be deceptive](bold).

He was, [to all appearances](bold), a respectable, successful businessman.

从各方面看，他都是个体面而成功的商人。

when a famous person takes part in a film, concert, or other public event

It was his first [public appearance](bold) since the election.

这是选举后他首次公开露面。

He [made](bold) his last [appearance](bold) for the club in the Cup Final.

他在足总杯决赛中最后一次为这个俱乐部出战。

[appearance money/fee](bold)(=money paid to a famous person to attend an event)

when something new begins to exist or starts being used

The industry has changed greatly with the appearance of new technologies.

新技术问世后，这一行业出现了天翻地覆的变化。

the unexpected or sudden arrival of someone or something

〔出其不意的〕到来，出现

Eileen was deep in concentration, and the sudden appearance of her daughter startled her.

艾琳正全神贯注，女儿突然出现吓了她一跳。

to dress and behave in the way in which people expect you to, especially to hide your true situation

保持体面，维持面子；装样子

She just wanted to keep up appearances for the kids.

为了孩子，她一心要保持体面。

for appearances’ sake/for the sake of appearances

if you do something for appearances’ sake, you are trying to behave how people expect you to, especially to hide your true situation or feelings

to go to an event for a short time, because you think you should rather than because you want to

At least Marc managed to put in an appearance at the party.

至少，马克做到了在聚会上露了一面。

an occasion when someone goes to a court of law or official meeting to give information, answer questions etc

He is due to make another court appearance on Monday.


appendix

a small organ near your bowel, which has little or no use

Christine had to go into hospital to have her appendix out (=have it removed).

克里丝蒂娜不得不去医院切除阑尾。

a part at the end of a book containing additional information


appetite

[whet sb’s appetite](bold) at → [whet](->whet) sense 1

Growing children should have a healthy appetite.

By the time Ron was 16 he had an enormous appetite.

A poor appetite may be a sign of illness.

There’s lots of food – I hope you have a good appetite.

She was so miserable that she completely lost her appetite.

The exercise and fresh air had given us an appetite.

The aroma of the herbs and spices helps stimulate the appetite.

Don’t give the children any more sweets – it will spoil their appetite.

Symptoms include fever and loss of appetite.

I’m a bit worried about her lack of appetite.

Symptoms include tiredness and loss of appetite.

症状包括疲倦和食欲不振。

a desire or liking for a particular activity

She has an amazing appetite for knowledge.

People seem to have an [insatiable appetite](bold)(=always wanting more of something) for news of any kind.

人们好像对任何一种新闻都有无穷的兴趣。


appetizing

also: appetising ([BrE](bold))  [adj](bold)

food that is appetizing smells or looks very good, making you want to eat it

The food wasn’t particularly appetizing.

那些食物让人不是特别有胃口。


applaud

to hit your open hands together, to show that you have enjoyed a play, concert, speaker etc

A crowd of 300 supporters [warmly applauded](bold) her speech.

300名支持者为她的演讲热烈鼓掌。

In everyday English, people usually say [clap](bold)  rather than [applaud](bold) :

Everyone was [clapping](bold) and cheering.

to express strong approval of an idea, plan etc

I [applaud](bold) the [decision](bold) to install more security cameras.

我非常赞成安装更多监控摄像机的决定。

She should be applauded for her honesty.


applause

the sound of many people hitting their hands together and shouting, to show that they have enjoyed something

She got a [round of applause](bold)(=a short period of applause) when she finished.

她结束的时候获得一阵掌声。

He left the stage to rapturous applause.

他在热烈的喝彩声中离开舞台。


apple

[upset the apple cart](bold) at → [upset](->upset) 1 [a rotten apple](bold) at → [rotten](->rotten) 1 sense 7 → [Adam's apple](->Adam's apple) → [Big Apple, the](->Big Apple, the)

This apple’s really sweet and delicious.

Some people prefer a slightly sour apple.

There were a few rotten apples lying on the ground.

Some people say that you should eat an apple every day.

Sue bit into her apple with a loud crunch.

(=remove the middle part containing the seeds)

a hard round fruit that has red, light green, or yellow skin and is white inside

roast pork and apple sauce (=a thick sauce made from cooked apples)

→ [cooking apple](->cooking apple) → [eating apple](->eating apple)

是某人的心肝宝贝，是某人的掌上明珠

Ben was always the apple of his father’s eye.

本一直是他父亲的心肝宝贝。

to play a game in which you must use your teeth to pick up apples floating in water

咬苹果〔指用牙齿从水面上叼起苹果的游戏〕

used to describe something that is typically American

the apple doesn’t fall far from the tree

used to say that children are usually similar to their parents, especially in a bad way


applicant

someone who has formally asked, usually in writing, for a job, university place etc

He was one of 30 applicants for the manager’s job.

他是经理职位的30名申请人之一。

[successful/unsuccessful applicant](bold)(=someone who is accepted or not accepted for a job etc)

Successful applicants will be expected to travel extensively.


application

ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃən

ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃən

He's made twenty-three job applications and had five interviews.

(=an official request for permission to build something)

We have lodged a planning application for a housing development on the site.

Turkey has made a formal application to join the European Union.

Simply fill in the application form and return it to your bank.

The purpose of your letter of application is to get an interview.

Candidates are advised to make an early application to the university.

(=write all the necessary information on it)

I would like to fill out an application for the position.

You can fill in the application form online.

The company has submitted a planning application.

(=think carefully about it before making a decision)

All applications will be considered on their own merits.

(=give permission to do or have something)

What are the reasons for not granting this application?

Their planning application was rejected because of a lack of parking facilities.

Your application for British citizenship will be processed by the Immigration Service.

The college refused to accept my application.

The company withdrew its application to build the bridge.

a formal, usually written, request for something such as a job, place at university, or permission to do something

The university welcomes applications from overseas students.

本大学欢迎海外学生申请入学。

We receive hundreds of [job applications](bold)  each year.

我们每年收到数百封求职信。

I [filled in](bold) the [application form](bold) and sent it off.

我填完申请表后把它寄了出去。

You have to [submit](bold) your [application](bold)  before the end of the month.

I’ve [put in an application](bold) for a transfer.

He received a letter saying that his [application](bold) had been [rejected](bold).

他收到一封信，告知他的申请已被拒绝。

It can take a long time for your visa [application](bold) to be [processed](bold).

办理签证申请可能需要很长时间。

The Council is currently reviewing the way it deals with [planning applications](bold).

市政会目前正在审查其处理规划申请的方式。

Thank you for your [letter of application](bold), which we received yesterday.

你的申请信昨天收悉，谢谢。

the practical purpose for which a machine, idea etc can be used, or a situation when this is used

the applications of genetic engineering in agriculture

The research has many [practical applications](bold).

这项研究有许多实际用途。

a piece of computer software which does a particular job

We received training on a number of spreadsheet and database applications.

我们接受过一些电子表格和数据库应用软件方面的培训。

when you put something such as paint, liquid, medicine etc onto a surface

The application of fertilizer increased the size of the plants.

施肥后植株长得更高大了。

attention or effort over a long period of time

Making your new business successful requires luck, patience, and application.

新公司的成功需要运气、耐心和努力。


applied

→ [pure](->pure) sense 10 → [theoretical](->theoretical) sense 1

应用科学/物理学/语言学等


apply

[past tense and past participle](italic) [applied](bold) [present participle](italic) [applying](bold) [third person singular](italic) [applies](bold)

to make a formal request, usually written, for something such as a job, a place at a university, or permission to do something

She applied for a job with the local newspaper.

她申请了当地报社的一个职位。

We need to [apply for](bold) planning [permission](bold) to build a garage.

我们建车库需要申请规划许可。

I applied to four universities and was accepted by all of them.

我向四所大学提出申请，都被录取了。

to have an effect on or to concern a particular person, group, or situation

Do the same rules apply to part-time workers?

这些规定对兼职人员也适用吗？

The offer only applies to flights from London and Manchester.

这个报价只适用于从伦敦和曼彻斯特起飞的航班。

to use something such as a method, idea, or law in a particular situation, activity, or process

New technology is being applied to almost every industrial process.

新技术几乎应用到所有的工业流程中。

These ideas are often difficult to apply in practice.

这些想法往往很难付诸实践。

to work hard at something, especially with a lot of attention for a long time

Stephen would do well if only he applied himself.

斯蒂芬只要肯用心，就能做得很好。

Over the next months, he applied himself to improving the technique.

在接下来的几个月里，他专心致志地改进技术。

to make something such as a piece of equipment operate, usually by pushing or pressing something

to put or spread something such as paint, liquid, or medicine onto a surface

将乳霜均匀地涂抹在皮肤上。

to use a particular word or name to describe something or someone

The term ‘mat’ can be applied to any small rug.

mat一词可用于指各种小地毯。


appoint

[appointee](bold) /əˌpɔɪnˈtiː, ˌæpɔɪn-/  n. <C> eg: a presidential appointee

→ [self-appointed](->self-appointed) → [well-appointed](->well-appointed)

You [appoint](bold)  someone [ to](bold)  a post or position: He promised to appoint more women to senior positions.

You [appoint](bold)  someone [as](bold)  chairman, manager, ambassador etc: The board appointed him as chairman.

You [appoint](bold)  someone [ to do](bold)  something: Schwarzkopf was appointed to command US forces.

to choose someone for a position or a job

He’s been appointed to the State Supreme Court.

他奉命到州最高法院任职。

A committee was appointed to consider the plans.

一个委员会被委派去研究这些计划。

to arrange or decide a time or place for something to happen

约定，确定〔时间、地点〕

The committee appointed a day in June for celebrations.

委员会把庆典定在6月的一天举行。

Everyone assembled in the hall [at the appointed time](bold)(=at the time that had been arranged).

所有人都在指定时间到大厅里集合。


appointment

She has an appointment with the dentist at 5 o'clock.

Can you phone the hairdresser and make an appointment?

Have you booked another appointment at the clinic?

I’ve scheduled your appointment for 9.30.

He had to cancel all his afternoon appointments.

It’s difficult to get an appointment on Monday morning.

(=not go to an appointment you have arranged)

The train was late so I missed my appointment.

(=go to an appointment that you have arranged)

Please let us know if you cannot keep your appointment.

My hospital appointment lasted half an hour.

I have an appointment at the doctor’s this morning.

I can’t talk now – I have an urgent appointment to get to.

She has a dental appointment, so she won’t be in until later.

Children sometimes miss school because of medical appointments.

Dennis had an early-morning business appointment with a client.

I’d like to make a hair appointment for next week.

an arrangement for a meeting at an agreed time and place, for a particular purpose

I’d like to make an appointment to see the doctor.

我想约个时间找医生看看。

He has an appointment with a client at 10.30.

All consultations are [by appointment only](bold).

when someone is chosen for a position or job

Other changes included the appointment of a new Foreign Minister.

其他变动包括任命了一位新的外交部长。

They congratulated him on his appointment as chairman.

他们祝贺他被任命为主席。

a job or position, usually involving some responsibility

He has taken up an appointment as Professor of Chemistry.

他接受了化学教授的职位。

a phrase that can be used by a business that sells goods or services to the Queen


appraisal

a statement or opinion judging the worth, value, or condition of something

It needed a calmer appraisal of her situation.

她的情况需要更为冷静的评判。

a critical appraisal of the existing facilities

a meeting between a manager and a worker to discuss the quality of someone’s work and how well they do their job

员工工作评估，工作表现评估


appreciate

You say: I appreciate your advice I appreciate having your advice.
Don’t say: [I appreciate to have your advice.](strike)

[Appreciate](bold)  is not used in the progressive in meanings 1, 2, and 3. You say: I appreciate what you are saying.
Don’t say: [I am appreciating what you are saying.](strike)

[Appreciate](bold)  is used in the progressive in meaning 4: The value of his work is still appreciating.

to understand how serious or important a situation or problem is or what someone’s feelings are

[appreciate the significance/importance/value of sth](bold)

He did not fully appreciate the significance of signing the contract.

他没有完全理解签署这份合同的意义。

We appreciate that caring for children is an important job.

我们理解，照顾小孩子是个重要的工作。

It is difficult to appreciate how bad the situation had become.

很难意识到形势已经变得有多糟糕。

used to thank someone in a polite way or to say that you are grateful for something they have done

Thanks ever so much for your help, I really appreciate it.

多谢你的帮助，我真的很感激。

I [appreciate](bold) your [concern](bold), but honestly, I’m fine.

谢谢你关心，不过说真的，我很好。

[I’d appreciate it if](bold) you let me get on with my job.

如果你能让我继续工作，我会非常感激。

to understand how good or useful someone or something is

Her abilities are not fully appreciated by her employer.

她的才干没有得到雇主的充分赏识。

I’m not an expert, but I appreciate fine works of art.

我不是专家，但我欣赏优秀的艺术作品。

to gradually become more valuable over a period of time

Most investments are expected to appreciate at a steady rate.

大多数投资都应该会平稳增值。


appreciation

əˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃən

əˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃən

pleasure you feel when you realize something is good, useful, or well done

It helps children to develop an appreciation of poetry and literature.

这有助于培养小孩子对诗歌和文学作品的欣赏力。

a feeling of being grateful for something someone has done

The chairman asked me to express our appreciation of all your hard work.

主席要我对大家的努力表示感谢。

He was presented with a watch [in appreciation of](bold) his long service.

他获赠一块手表，作为对其长期服务的感谢。

an understanding of the importance or meaning of something

a realistic appreciation of the situation

a rise in value, especially of land or possessions

增值，〔尤指土地或财产的〕升值

an appreciation of 50% in property values


apprehension

ˌæprɪˈhenʃən

ˌæprɪˈhenʃən

anxiety about the future, especially about dealing with something unpleasant or difficult

I woke before the alarm, filled with apprehension.

我忧心忡忡，闹钟没响就醒了。


apprehensive

[apprehensively](bold) adv. eg: ‘What’s wrong?’ I asked apprehensively.

worried or nervous about something that you are going to do, or about the future

〔对将做的事或对未来〕忧虑的，担心的

We’d been a little apprehensive about their visit.

我们对他们的来访一直有些不安。

I was apprehensive that something would go wrong.

Some had apprehensive looks on their faces.


apprentice

[apprentice](bold) v. <T> eg: He was [apprenticed to](bold) a local architect.

someone who works for an employer for a fixed period of time in order to learn a particular skill or job

She works in the hairdresser’s as an apprentice.


approach

(=showing that you believe something can be done)

A positive approach is essential in beating pain.

International business requires a more creative approach.

Many governments have pursued this general approach to economic policy.

We would do better to adopt a direct approach and tackle the problem at its source.

Women often take a more practical approach.

(=dealing with problems in a way that is not limited by a strict set of principles)

a pragmatic approach to management problems

(=considering everything in a sensible way)

The president spoke in favour of a calm and balanced approach.

(=dealing with something in a severe way)

The council adopted a tough approach to fighting crime.

China has followed a more cautious approach.

We have a flexible approach to our clients’ requirements.

This is different from the traditional approach to high school teaching.

It’s an unorthodox approach that her doctor doesn’t recommend for everyone.

a scientific approach to the study of language

In the US they have a somewhat different approach.

There were concerns that Beijing would take a tougher approach.

This approach has been used for a number of major investigations.

Some scientists have been trying an alternative approach.

a method of doing something or dealing with a problem

→see THESAURUS at [method](->method)   →see THESAURUS at [way](->way) 1

He decided to [adopt a](bold) different [approach](bold) and teach the Bible through story-telling.

This book [takes an](bold) unorthodox [approach](bold) to art criticism.

这本书采用的是非传统的艺术评论方法。

organizations which take a [positive approach](bold) to creative thinking

对创造性思维采取积极态度的组织

a request from someone, asking you to do something for them

They [made](bold) a direct [approach to](bold) the minister of education.

他们直接找到了教育部长。

the approach of a particular time or event is the fact that it is getting closer

It’s a sign of the approach of middle age.

a road, path etc that leads to a place, and is the main way of reaching it

Soldiers were guarding the approaches to the city.

the final part of a plane’s flight, before it lands at an airport

It was clear to land so we [made](bold) our [approach](bold).

跑道已清空，于是我们进场着陆。


approach

to move towards or nearer to someone or something

As I approached the house, I noticed a light on upstairs.

我走近那幢房子的时候注意到楼上有灯光。

to ask someone for something, or ask them to do something, especially when you are asking them for the first time or when you are not sure if they will do it

Students should be able to approach teachers for advice.

学生应当能够找老师征求意见。

The charity approached several stores about giving food aid.

那个慈善机构找了几家商店，请求他们给予食品援助。

I have already been approached by several other companies (=offered a job, work etc).

另外还有几家公司已经同我联系过。

if an event or a particular time approaches, or you approach it, it is coming nearer and will happen soon

She was then approaching the end of her career.

那时她的职业生涯就要走到头了。

The time is [fast approaching](bold) when we will have to make a decision.

我们必须作出决定的时刻很快要到了。

With winter approaching, many animals are storing food.

冬季临近，许多动物在储存食物。

to begin to deal with a situation or problem in a particular way or with a particular attitude

〔以某种方式或态度〕对付，处理

[approach a problem/task/matter etc](bold)

It might be possible to approach the problem in a different way.

也许可以换个方式处理这个问题。

He’s never had anything approaching a normal life.

他从未有过类似正常人的生活。


appropriate

correct or suitable for a particular time, situation, or purpose

→see THESAURUS at [suitable](->suitable)

an education system which is more appropriate to the needs of the students

更切合学生需求的教育制度

It would not be appropriate for me to discuss that now.

It seemed somehow appropriate that we should begin our journey here.

不知何故，我们从这里出发看来是合适的。

I didn’t feel that this was an appropriate time to mention the subject of money.

我觉得这个时候不适合提钱的问题。

I thought his remark was highly appropriate, given the circumstances.

考虑到当时情况，我认为他的话很恰当。

The timing of the announcement was [particularly appropriate](bold).

[Where appropriate](bold), I delegate as much work as possible.

只要合适，我就尽量把工作分派出去。

Mark box 1 or 2, [as appropriate](bold).

在方框1和2中选一个合适的标出来。

I can assure you that [appropriate action](bold) will be taken.

我向你保证会采取适当的行动。


appropriate

to take something for yourself when you do not have the right to do this

He is suspected of appropriating government funds.

to take something, especially money, to use for a particular purpose

Congress appropriated $5 million for International Women’s Year.

国会为国际妇女年拨款500万美元。


appropriately

correctly or suitably for a particular time, situation, or purpose

The painters met, [appropriately enough](bold), in an art gallery (=used to emphasize that something is very appropriate).

画家们在画廊里会面，这是个很合适的地点。


approval

Congress gave final approval on October 8.

For over twenty years it was impossible for NASA to get approval for this mission.

A multimillion pound project will require approval by the full board of directors.

You will need to make an appointment with the bank to seek approval for the loan.

(=give a plan, piece of writing etc to someone in authority for them to consider or approve)

The final design will be submitted for approval next month.

Finance ministers gave their formal approval in July.

The law is still awaiting parliamentary approval.

His appointment was subject to Congressional approval.

It takes an average of twelve years for a successful drug to go from initial research to final government approval.

(=official approval needed before building something)

The construction work will be subject to planning approval.

The document’s final approval had to come from the pope.

Students must first obtain parental approval.

(=be dependent upon someone’s approval before happening)

The merger is subject to approval by shareholders.

You must not make decisions without your manager’s seal of approval.

This type of dancing does not meet with their approval.

His condemnation of the war won widespread approval.

He constantly sought his father’s approval.

They all admired Gordon and looked to him for approval.

The policies met with a great deal of public approval.

His appointment has been met with almost universal approval.

McGill’s views did not meet with general approval.

‘You’ve thought of everything,’ she said with a smile of approval.

There were murmurs of approval from the crowd.

when a plan, decision, or person is officially accepted

The president has already [given his approval](bold) to the plan.

总统已经批准了这个计划。

It is just three months since we [received official approval](bold) to go ahead with the project.

三个月前我们刚刚得到正式批准进行这个项目。

A company cannot be sold [without the approval](bold) of the shareholders.

没有股东的同意不能出售公司。

The bill will be [submitted for approval](bold) by Congress.

这项法案将提交国会通过。

The president would appoint the Council of Ministers, [subject to the approval of](bold) the National Assembly.

总统将任命内阁成员，但需经国民议会批准。

The IMF has given its [seal of approval](bold) to the government’s economic strategy.

国际货币基金组织已经同意该政府的经济策略。

appointments requiring [parliamentary approval](bold)

when someone likes something or someone and thinks that they are good

A murmur of approval passed through the crowd.

His ideas have [won](bold) widespread public [approval](bold)(=many people agree with them and think they are good).

他的想法获得了公众广泛的赞同。

Does the design [meet with your approval](bold)(=do you like it?)?

Children are always [seeking approval](bold) from their parents.

小孩子总是期待父母的赞许。

She [looked to](bold) Greg [for approval](bold).

if you buy something on approval, you have the right to return it to the shop if you decide you do not want it


approve

You use[ approve of](bold)  when saying that someone thinks that someone or something is good or right: Her parents didn’t [approve of](bold) her boyfriend.
Don’t say: [Her parents didn’t approve her boyfriend.](strike)

You use [approve](bold)  when saying that a person or group of people officially agrees to allow something to happen: Congress approved the budget.

to officially accept a plan, proposal etc

The Medical Research Council has approved the use of a new drug for breast cancer.

to approve a law or proposal, especially by voting

Many anti-smoking laws have been passed.

to make a written agreement official by signing it

The treaty was ratified by the Senate in 1988.

to approve something without really thinking about it – used to show disapproval

Parliament merely rubber-stamped the president’s decisions.

The conference approved a proposal for a referendum.

会议通过了举行全民公决的提议。

to think that someone or something is good, right, or suitable

Catherine’s parents now approve of her marriage.

凯瑟琳的父母现在认可她的婚姻了。


approximate

an approximate number, amount, or time is close to the exact number, amount etc, but could be a little bit more or less than it

What is the approximate number of students in each class?

这些百分比仅仅是近似值。

In everyday English, people usually say [rough](bold)  rather than [approximate](bold) :

Can you give me a [rough](bold) idea of how much it would cost?


approximate

[v](bold) <[I, linking verb](bold)> [formal](special)

This figure approximates to a quarter of the UK’s annual consumption.

这个数字接近英国年消耗量的四分之一。

to be similar to but not exactly the same as something

Your story only approximates to the real facts.

你所说的只是接近事实真相。


approximately

more or less than a number or amount – used especially in technical or scientific contexts

The company had total revenues of approximately $2 million.

The disease affects approximately 10% of the adult population.

more or less than a number or amount. ‘About’ is the usual word to use in everyday English

There were about 50 people at the meeting.

about – used when you are trying to give someone a general idea of the size, amount, or number of something

The two countries are roughly the same size.

Roughly how many miles do you travel a year?

about a number or time – used when you are guessing

The BBC broadcasts around 2,000 radio dramas every year.

about – used with very large numbers or amounts

Last year he earned something in the region of $60 million.

It costs somewhere in the region of £100,000 to train a new doctor.

about – used after a period of time, a number, or an amount

about – used with dates a long time ago in the past

used after a number or amount, when the total may be a lot more

A thirty-second commercial can cost £60,000 or more.

The aircraft can carry upwards of 400 passengers.

The plane will be landing in approximately 20 minutes.

飞机大约在20分钟后着陆。

How much do you think it will cost, approximately?

你认为这大约要花多少钱？


approximation

əˌprɒksəˈmeɪʃən

a number, amount etc that is not exact, but is almost correct

[a rough/crude approximation](bold)(=one that is not very exact)

Could you give us a rough approximation of the cost?

你能给我们粗略估算一下费用有多少吗？

something that is similar to another thing, but not exactly the same

It was the [nearest approximation](bold) to a crisis she’d ever experienced.

在她的经历中，这差不多就是一场危机。


April

[n](bold) <[C,U](bold)> written abbreviation: Apr.

the fourth month of the year, between March and May


apron

a piece of clothing that covers the front part of your clothes and is tied around your waist, worn to keep your clothes clean, especially while cooking

the relationship between a child and its mother, especially if the mother controls an adult son or daughter too much

You’re 25 years old, and you still haven’t [cut the apron strings](bold).

你都25岁了，还没摆脱母亲的支配。

Jeff is still [tied to](bold) his mother’s [apron strings](bold).

the hard surface in an airport on which planes are turned around, loaded, unloaded etc

the part of the stage in a theatre that is in front of the curtain


apt

to have a natural tendency to do something

倾向于做某事，易于做某事

Some of the staff are apt to arrive late on Mondays.

有些职员星期一往往迟到。

exactly right for a particular situation or purpose

‘Love at first sight’ is a very [apt description](bold) of how he felt when he saw her.

用“一见钟情”来形容他见到她时的感觉再恰当不过。

The punishment should be apt for the crime.

a student who is quick to learn and understand


aquarium

[plural](italic) aquariums or [plural](italic) aquaria /-riə/

a clear glass or plastic container for fish and other water animals

a building where people go to look at fish and other water animals


arbitrary

[arbitrarily](bold) /ˈɑːbətrərəli/ US /ˌɑːrbəˈtrerəli/  adv. eg: an [arbitrarily chosen](bold) number

decided or arranged without any reason or plan, often unfairly

the [arbitrary arrests](bold) of political opponents


arc

太阳在天空中以弧线方式运行。

a flash of light formed by the flow of electricity between two points


arch

a structure with a curved top and straight sides that supports the weight of a bridge or building

拱〔支撑桥梁或建筑物的弧形结构〕

a curved structure above a door, window etc

a curved structure of bones in the middle of your foot

something with a curved top and straight sides


arch

to form or make something form a curved shape

（使）拱起，（使）成拱形

Two rows of trees arched over the driveway.

车道两旁树木交错，形成一个拱顶。

The dog [arched](bold) its [back](bold).


arch

amused because you think you understand something better than other people

‘I think he’s in for a surprise,’ Ian said, in a somewhat arch tone.

“我想他很快就会感到惊讶的。”伊恩略带调侃地说道。


archaeology

ˌɑːkiˈɒlədʒi

[archaeological](bold) /ˌɑːkiəˈlɒdʒɪk/ US /ˌɑːrkiəˈlɑː-/  adj. eg: an [archaeological site](bold)

also: archeology ([AmE](bold))  [n](bold) <[U](bold)>

the study of ancient societies by examining what remains of their buildings,graves, tools etc


architect

someone whose job is to design buildings

the person who originally thought of an important and successful idea

Tinoco was one of the architects of the government’s economic reforms.

蒂诺科是政府经济改革的设计师之一。


architecture

[architectural](bold) /ˌɑːkəˈtektʃ/ US /ˌɑːr-/  adj. eg: architectural features

[architecturally](bold) adv. eg: Architecturally, Chengdu is quite different from most of China.

the style and design of a building or buildings

the art and practice of planning and designing buildings

他在大学里读的是建筑学。

DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）的结构

the structure of a computer system and the way it works

〔计算机的〕体系结构，系统结构


archive

[archive](bold) adj. eg: interesting archive material

[archival](bold) /ɑːˈkaɪv/ US /ɑːr-/  adj. eg: archival footage of the president’s visit in 1969

a place where a large number of historical records are stored, or the records that are stored

an archive of the writer’s unpublished work

那位作家未发表作品的档案

copies of a computer’s files that are stored on a disk or in the computer’s memory in a way that uses less space than usual, so that the computer can keep them for a long time


archive

[archiving](bold) n. <U> eg: electronic archiving systems

to put documents, books, information etc in an archive

to save a computer file in a way that uses less space than usual, because you do not use that file often but may need it in the future


area

[grey area](bold) at → [grey](->grey) 1 sense 7

a part of a town or country, or of the world

an area that is different from other areas around it in some way

We crossed two different time zonesareas where there is a particular time compared to the rest of the world.

one of the areas a city or town is officially divided into, or an area of a city where a particular group live or an activity happens

the business/financial/theatre etc district

There are lots of trees in our neighborhood.

an area outside the centre of a city, where people live

an area of a town or city where people of a particular nationality live

an area of a city that is in very bad condition, where many poor people live

an area of a city where poor people of a particular race or class live

Schools in rural areas are often very small.

90% of the English population live in urban areas.

He quickly made friends in the local area.

The tourist office will have a map of the surrounding area.

(=far from the centre of a town, village etc)

The programme also includes plans to reforest outlying areas of the city.

The plane crashed into trees in a heavily wooded area.

the mountainous areas of the Massif Central

The bird is found mainly in coastal areas.

The hot, dry wind blows in from the desert areas of North Africa.

They had a large house in a pleasant  residential area.

People living in industrial areas are exposed to these types of chemicals.

(=with a lot of buildings close together)

New development will not be allowed outside the existing built-up area.

He grew up in one of the toughest and most deprived areas of Glasgow.

(=the central part of a city, where many poor people live)

When will something be done to improve our inner-city areas?

(=where a particular class of people live)

She was born in a working-class area of London.

major metropolitan areas such as Delhi, Bombay, and Calcutta

(=for preserving nature or old buildings)

a new scheme to create a nature conservation area

The survey took place in three geographical areas.

She had just moved into the area and knew very few people.

Many young people are moving out of rural areas.

The police ordered people to stay away from the area.

The town is spread out over a wide area.

Parts of the plane were scattered over a wide area.

(=the main room in a house, where people relax)

The main living area was on the second floor.

(=a desk where visitors arriving in a hotel or large organization go first)

Visitors should please report to the reception area.

(=a place for keeping things that are not being used)

There’s a temporary storage area where you can put those boxes.

(=an area outdoors where you can eat a meal)

We pulled off the highway into a picnic area for lunch.

There’s a nice play area for the kiddies.

The airport terminal is a no-smoking area.

Employers do not have to provide smoking areas.

a particular part of a country, town etc

〔国家、市镇等的〕地区，区域

Only cheeses made in this area may be labelled ‘Roquefort’.

只有这个地区出产的干酪才能被称作“罗克福尔干酪”。

Crime rates are much higher in urban areas.

城镇地区的犯罪率要高很多。

Many areas of Africa have suffered severe drought this year.

今年，非洲的许多地区都遭遇了严重的旱灾。

a part of a house, office, garden etc that is used for a particular purpose

〔房子、办公室、花园里面等作特定用途的〕区域

Their apartment has a large [kitchen area](bold).

他们的公寓有个很大的厨房。

Come through into the [dining area](bold).

a [storage area](bold) on the ground floor

a particular subject, range of activities, or group of related subjects

The course covers three main [subject areas](bold).

这门课程涵盖三大学科领域。

This study has clearly identified a major [problem area](bold) for the National Health Service.

这次调查明确指出了国民卫生服务体系中的主要问题所在。

We’re funding research into new areas such as law enforcement technology.

我们为执法技术等新领域的研究提供资金。

reforms in the [key areas](bold) of health and education

医疗卫生及教育的关键领域的改革

the amount of space that a flat surface or shape covers

2,000平方英里的面积

a formula to calculate the area of a circle


arena

a building with a large flat central area surrounded by seats, where sports or entertainments take place

〔四周设有座位、供比赛或表演的〕场地

the political/international/public etc arena

all the activities and people connected with politics, public life etc

Women are entering the political arena in larger numbers.

越来越多的女性进入政界。

American economic activity in the international arena

美国在国际舞台上的经济活动


arguable

not certain, or not definitely true or correct, and therefore easy to doubt

Whether or not Webb is the best person for the job is arguable.

韦布是不是这个职务的最佳人选尚待商榷。

used in order to give good reasons why something might be true

It’s arguable that the legislation has had little effect on young people’s behaviour.

可以说这个立法对年轻人的行为影响不大。


arguably

used when giving your opinion to say that there are good reasons why something might be true

Senna was arguably the greatest racing driver of all time.


argue

to speak angrily to someone because you disagree with them about something

to argue with someone for a period of time about a particular thing

She had a long argument with the man who was selling the tickets.

to have an argument with someone, especially with your boyfriend, girlfriend, or a member of your family

She was upset because she’d had a fight with her boyfriend.

The couple at the next table were having a row.

to argue with someone, especially for a long time and about many different things

The kids were squabbling over what to watch on TV.

to have a big argument with someone that results in you stopping having a friendly relationship with them

if two people are at each other’s throats, they are always arguing in a very angry way

His parents are constantly at each other’s throats.

to disagree with someone in words, often in an angry way

Gallacher continued to argue with the referee throughout the game.

整场比赛加拉赫一直与裁判争论不休。

They were arguing about how to spend the money.

他们在为这笔钱怎么花而争吵。

The children were arguing over which TV programme to watch.

孩子们在为看哪一个电视节目而争吵。

[Argue](bold)  is a reciprocal verb. This type of verb is used when saying that two or more people do something that involves both or all of them: He and the waiter started arguing.  You can also say: He and the waiter started arguing with each other. He started arguing with the waiter.

You [argue with](bold)  someone: I wish you two would stop arguing with each other!

You [argue about](bold)  something or [over ](bold) something: Let’s not argue about/over small details.

to state, giving clear reasons, that something is true, should be done etc

Croft argued that a date should be set for the withdrawal of troops.

克罗夫特竭力主张应该确定撤军的日期。

[It could be argued that](bold) a dam might actually increase the risk of flooding.

可以这么说，修建水坝可能反而会增加洪水泛滥的危险。

Baker argued against cutting the military budget.

贝克尔据理反对削减军费预算。

She [argued the case](bold) for changing the law.

她提出论据，力主修改法律。

The researchers put forward a [well-argued case](bold) for banning the drug.

研究人员为禁止这种药提出了充足的论据。

They [argued the point](bold)(=discussed it) for hours without reaching a conclusion.

这个问题他们讨论了几个小时，还是没有得出结论。

to persuade someone to do or not do something

说服某人做某事/不做某事

Joyce argued me into buying a new jacket.

乔伊斯说服我买了一件新夹克衫。

to show that something clearly exists or is true

The statement argues a change of attitude by the management.

这则声明表明管理层态度的转变。

to continue to argue about a decision that has been made and cannot be changed

〔对已决定的事〕徒然反对，徒然争论

There was no point arguing the toss after the goal had been disallowed.

进球被判无效，再争辩也没有用。


argument

a situation in which people speak angrily to each other because they disagree about something

an argument between two drivers over who had right of way

A 29-year-old man was shot and killed today after an argument over a gambling debt.

a loud angry argument with someone, especially your boyfriend, girlfriend, or someone in your family. [Row](bold) is also used about a serious disagreement between politicians about important public issues

There were always fights between my parents.

A few months ago they had a big row, and Steve drove off and spent the weekend in London.

a situation in which people disagree with each other, but without shouting or getting angry

There were the occasional disagreements about money, but mostly we got on well.

Ginny had left the company after a disagreement with her boss.

an argument, especially one in which people get angry and that lasts a long time. [Quarrel](bold) sounds more formal and more serious than [argument](bold) or [row](bold)

a very bitter argument between two groups, especially families, which lasts for many years and causes people to hate each other

The feud between the Hatfields and the McCoys raged for 20 years.

a public or legal argument about something, especially one which continues for a long time

Morris has been involved in a long legal dispute with his publisher.

The settlement will resolve a long-running dispute over the country’s nuclear program.

an argument in which two people or groups criticize each other continuously in public

The war of words over construction delays at the airport has erupted again.

a very bad argument, especially one in which people decide to separate from each other

an angry argument in which people shout at each other

He got into a shouting match with another driver.

an argument in which people insult each other

He was sacked after a slanging match with a colleague.

an argument about something that is not important

There were the usual squabbles between brothers and sisters.

Voters are tired of petty squabbles between party leaders.

an argument that is not very serious, between people who are in love

Gary had a bit of a tiff with his girlfriend.

a slight argument – a rather formal word which is often used humorously

There was a slight misunderstanding over the bill, but everything’s been sorted out now.

a short argument, especially between politicians or sports opponents

Evans and O'Brien had several political skirmishes.

I could hear my parents having an argument downstairs.

get into an argument/become involved in an argument

She didn’t want to get into another argument about money.

I left to avoid becoming involved in an argument.

He was deliberately trying to start an argument.

The party hopes to win the argument about how to reform the health system.

The first one who resorts to violence is usually the one who’s lost the argument.

The men were drunk and an argument soon broke out.

A bitter argument erupted between the brothers over who should inherit the money.

There was a big argument about whether we should move to a new house.

Someone was having a heated argument with a police officer.

There are bitter arguments about whether he was a hero or a war criminal.

As soon as she had gone a furious argument broke out.

The singer was hurt in a violent argument with her husband.

a situation in which two or more people disagree, often angrily

She had a big argument with her husband.

There have been a lot of arguments about who was responsible for the accident.

人们针对谁该为事故负责一事争论不休。

a set of reasons that show that something is true or untrue, right or wrong etc

We need to provide a [convincing argument](bold) as to why the system should be changed.

我们得提出有说服力的论据，证明为何要改变体制。

a [powerful argument](bold) against smoking

A [good argument](bold) can be made for comparing the IT revolution with the invention of writing itself.

信息技术革命完全有理由与文字的发明相提并论。

the arguments in favour of banning tobacco advertising

the familiar argument that the costs outweigh the benefits

when you disagree with something or question whether it is right

Ian accepted the suggestion without argument.

伊恩二话不说就接受了这个建议。

[for the sake of argument](bold)(=in order to discuss all the possibilities)

If, for the sake of argument, you aren’t offered the job, what will you do?

比方说吧，如果得不到这份工作，你会怎么办？


argumentative

ˌɑːɡjəˈmentətɪv◂

someone who is argumentative often argues or likes arguing

He quickly becomes argumentative after a few drinks.

他只要几杯酒下肚，马上就会和别人争论起来。


arise

[past tense](italic) [arose](bold) /əˈrəʊz/ US /əˈroʊz/ [past participle](italic) [arisen](bold) /əˈrɪz/

if a problem or difficult situation arises, it begins to happen

〔问题或困难〕出现，发生

A crisis has arisen in the Foreign Office.

More problems like those at the nuclear power plant are certain to arise.

核电厂那样的问题肯定还会出现。

In everyday English, people usually say that a problem or difficult situation [comes up](bold)  rather than [arises](bold) :

The same problems [come up](bold) every time.

if something arises from or out of a situation, event etc, it is caused or started by that situation etc

（由 …）引起；（由 …）产生

Several important legal questions arose in the contract negotiations.

合同谈判过程中出现了几个重要的法律问题。

Can we begin by discussing matters arising from the last meeting?

我们是不是可以首先讨论上次会议中产生的问题？

(also: [should the need arise](bold) (formal) )

Should the need arise for extra staff, we will contact you.

如果需要增加人手，我们会和你联系。

if a group of people arise, they fight for or demand something they want

if something arises when you are moving towards it, you are gradually able to see it as you move closer

〔某物随着靠近而〕逐渐显现


arithmetic

the science of numbers involving adding, multiplying etc


arithmetic

ˌærɪθˈmetɪk◂

ˌærɪθˈmetɪk◂

also: [ar‧ith‧met‧i‧cal](bold) /-tɪkəl/  [adj](bold) [technical](special)


arm

[arms akimbo](bold) at → [akimbo](->akimbo) sense 1 [babe in arms](bold) at → [babe](->babe) sense 1 [brothers in arms](bold) at → [brother](->brother) 1 sense 6 [cost an arm and a leg](bold) at → [cost](->cost) 2 [fold sb in your arms](bold) at → [fold](->fold) 1 sense 7 [twist sb’s arm](bold) at → [twist](->twist) 1 sense 9

She broke her left arm in a riding accident.

He was taken to hospital with a broken arm.

She wore no stockings and her arms were bare.

The man was waving his arms and shouting something.

Stand with your feet apart and your arms raised above your head.

He folded his arms across his chest and waited.

I dreamt I saw my mother again with her arms stretched out towards me.

(=take hold of it with a sudden violent movement)

I put my arms around Bobby and gave him a hug.

(=gently put your arms around someone you love)

(=lead someone somewhere holding their arm)

‘It’s this way’ he said, taking me by the arm.

(=with your arm linked to someone else’s arm)

There were several young couples, walking arm in arm.

(=with your hands on your hips so that your elbows point away from your body)

Anna stood with arms akimbo, ready to challenge me.

Manuel came forward with outstretched arms to welcome Magda.

one of the two long parts of your body between your shoulders and your hands

Tim’s mother [put](bold) her [arms around](bold) him.

蒂姆的母亲伸出双臂搂着他。

Pat was carrying a box [under](bold) his [arm](bold).

He had a pile of books [in his arms](bold).

They walked along the beach [arm in arm](bold)(=with their arms bent around each other’s).

[take sb by the arm](bold)(=lead someone somewhere by holding their arm)

She took him by the arm and pushed him out of the door.

她抓住他的胳膊将他推出门外。

[take sb in your arms](bold)(=gently hold someone with your arms)

Gerry took Fiona in his arms and kissed her.

格里把菲奥娜拥在怀里亲吻她。

[cross/fold your arms](bold)(=bend your arms so that they are resting on top of each other against your body)

He folded his arms and leaned back in his chair.

他双臂交叉，仰靠在椅背上。

The old lady rushed to greet him, [arms outstretched](bold).

老太太张开双臂，快步上前迎接他。

Sales of arms to the Middle East have dramatically increased.

销往中东的军火数量激增。

The government is cutting arms expenditure.

The United Nations will lift its [arms embargo](bold) against the country.

联合国将取消对该国的武器禁运。

[take up arms (against sb)](bold)(=get weapons and fight)

Boys as young as 13 are taking up arms to defend the city.

He appealed for the rebels to [lay down](bold) their [arms](bold)(=stop fighting).

他呼吁叛乱分子放下武器。

under arms (=with weapons and ready to fight)

[small arms](bold) at → [small](->small) 1 sense 15

the part of a chair,sofa etc that you rest your arms on

〔椅子、沙发等的〕靠手，扶手

the part of a piece of clothing that covers your arm

to be very angry and ready to argue or fight

Residents are up in arms about plans for a new road along the beach.

居民强烈反对修建新的海滨公路的计划。

if you do something with open arms, you show that you are happy to see someone or eager to accept an idea, plan etc

We [welcomed](bold) Henry’s offer [with open arms](bold).

我们举双手赞成亨利的提议。

My new in-laws [accepted](bold) me [with open arms](bold).

我的新公婆欣然接受了我。

used to say that someone would be willing to do anything to get or do something because they want it very much

某人为了做某事而不惜任何代价

要是能让我回到21岁，拿什么换都行。

伸直手臂拿着某物，以一臂之距拿着某物

to avoid developing a relationship with someone

Petra keeps all men at arm’s length to avoid getting hurt.

彼得拉跟所有的男人都保持距离，以免受到伤害。

a list or written document that is as long as your arm is very long

I’ve got a list of things to do as long as your arm.

a part of a large group that is responsible for a particular type of activity

the [political arm](bold) of a terrorist organization

Epson America is the US marketing arm of a Japanese company.

爱普生美国有限公司是一家日本公司在美国的营销机构。

a long part of an object or piece of equipment

There is a 15-foot arm supporting the antenna.

有一个15英尺的臂状物支撑着天线。

if a man has a woman on his arm, she is walking beside him holding his arm

a set of pictures or patterns, usually painted on a shield, that is used as the special sign of a family, town, university etc


arm

to provide weapons for yourself, an army, a country etc in order to prepare for a fight or a war

The local farmers have armed themselves with rifles and pistols.

当地的农场主用步枪和手枪武装自己。

The rebels armed a group of 2,000 men to attack the city.

叛乱分子武装了2,000人来攻打那座城市。

→ [armed](->armed) → [unarmed](->unarmed)

to provide all the information, skills, or equipment you need to do something

Arm yourself with all the facts you need to argue your case.

你要准备好证明你观点所需的全部论据。

The guidebook arms the reader with a mass of useful information.

这本指南为读者提供了大量有用的信息。


armchair

ˈɑːmtʃeə, ˌɑːmˈtʃeə

a comfortable chair with sides that you can rest your arms on


armchair

someone who talks or reads about being a traveller, or watches sport on television but does not have any real experience of doing it

Her books about her adventures give enjoyment and inspiration to armchair travellers.

她写自己冒险经历的那些书给足不出户的神游旅行者带来了享受和灵感。

Armchair fans will have to pay extra to watch the best games live.

安坐家中的体育迷必须额外付费才能收看最精彩的比赛直播。


armed

[Armed police](bold) raided the building.

武装警察突击搜查了那幢大楼。

The Minister was kidnapped by [armed men](bold) on his way to the airport.

部长在去机场的路上遭武装分子绑架。

The prisoners were kept under [armed guard](bold).

She got ten years in prison for [armed robbery](bold)(=stealing using a gun).

The president fears that [armed conflict](bold)(=a war) is possible.

总统担心可能发生武装冲突。

There is very little support for an [armed struggle](bold)(=fighting with weapons) against the government.

几乎没人支持反政府武装斗争。

Many of the gangs are [armed to the teeth](bold)(=carrying a lot of weapons).

having the knowledge, skills, or equipment you need to do something

具备〔足够的知识、技术或装备〕的

She came to the meeting armed with all the facts and figures to prove us wrong.

她带着能证明我们错误的所有事实和数据来开会。

I went out, armed with my binoculars, to see what I could find in the fields.

我带着双筒望远镜出门去看看野外能发现什么。


armour

[a chink in sb’s armour](bold) at → [chink](->chink) 1 sense 3 [a knight in shining armour](bold) at → [knight](->knight) 1 sense 4

([BrE](special)) AmE armor  [n](bold) <[U](bold)>

metal or leather clothing that protects your body, worn by soldiers in battles in past times

〔旧时士兵在战斗中穿的〕盔甲

a knight wearing a [suit of armour](bold)

a strong metal layer that protects military vehicles

a strong layer or shell that protects some plants and animals

〔某些动植物的〕硬壳，硬皮


army

[Army](bold)  is usually followed by a singular verb: The army [has](bold) taken control of the country.

In British English, you can also use a plural verb: The army [have](bold) taken control of the country.

(also: the military (especially AmE) the services (BrE) the service (AmE) )

He served in the armed forces for many years.

Riley joined the military after graduating from high school.

someone who is in the army, especially someone who is not an officer

Three soldiers were killed in an hour-long gun battle.

soldiers, especially those who are taking part in a military attack

The government sent more troops to Iraq.

a man or woman who is in the army, air force, or navy

The hospital treats injured servicemen and women.

a high-ranking member of the army, air force, or navy who is in charge of a group of soldiers, sailors etc

to be ordered to serve in the army by the government

He was drafted into the US army in 1943.

a government policy of ordering people to serve in the army

He had left the country to avoid the draft.

When Dan left school, he went into the army.

He developed epilepsy, a condition which led to him being discharged from the army.

(=permanent and existing whether there is a war or not)

The regular army has about 5,000 troops.

The towns were looted by the invading army.

(=one that is in a foreign country which they control by force)

There was constant resistance to the occupying army.

Two days later, the victorious German army entered Paris.

The survivors of his defeated army settled in Provence.

The advancing Roman army was almost upon them.

Washington’s troops pursued the retreating British army.

The army recruits must undergo basic training.

He had gained respect and was placed in command of the army.

the part of a country’s military force that is trained to fight on land in a war

The army are helping to clear up after the floods.

陆军部队正协助洪灾后的清理工作。

[Army units](bold) launched attacks on bases near Jounieh port.

陆军部队对朱尼耶港附近的基地发动了进攻。

He [joined the army](bold) when he was 17.

a large organized group of people trained to fight on land in a war

Rebel armies have taken control of the radio station.

反政府陆军部队已经控制了广播电台。

[raise an army](bold)(=collect together and organize an army to fight a battle)

The Slovenians say they can raise an army of 20,000 men.

斯洛文尼亚人称，他们可以组建一支两万人的陆军部队。

a large number of people involved in the same activity

The village hall is maintained by an [army of volunteers](bold).

村礼堂由一大批志愿者维护。


around

→ [round](->round) 1 [get around (sth)](bold) at → [get around](->get around) [go around in circles](bold) at → [circle](->circle) 1 sense 5

surrounding or on all sides of something or someone

The whole family was sitting around the dinner table.

The Romans built a defensive wall around the city.

罗马人在城市周围筑起一道防御墙。

She wore a beautiful silk shawl around her shoulders.

她在肩上围了一条漂亮的真丝披肩。

People crowded around to see what was happening.

We would hear the birds singing [all around](bold) us.

我们会听见四周鸟儿在唱歌。

A helicopter was circling around, looking for somewhere to land.

直升机盘旋着寻找降落地点。

in or to many places or parts of an area

He wandered around the streets, looking in shop windows.

他在街上闲逛，看看商店橱窗。

There are over 40 radio stations dotted around the country.

有40多家广播电台分布在全国各地。

When I finished college, I travelled around for a while.

大学毕业以后，我到处旅游了一段时间。

Since it’s your first day here, would you like me to show you around?

你第一天到这儿，要我带你四处转转吗？

We started looking around for somewhere to live.

我们开始到处找住的地方。

在（ …）附近，在（ …）近处

When you’ve been around a person long enough, you start to know how they’ll react.

和一个人相处久了就会了解他的处事态度。

the new housing areas [in and around](bold) Dublin

都柏林及其周围的新住宅区

Catherine was the most beautiful girl [for miles around](bold).

凯瑟琳是方圆几英里内最漂亮的女孩子。

if someone or something is around, they are somewhere in the place where you are

Why is there never a policeman around when you need one?

当你需要警察的时候为什么从来一个也找不到呢？

Jake went down to the bar, but there was no one around that he knew.

杰克去了酒吧，但是周围一个人都不认识。

清单就在这里的某个地方。

on the other side of something, or to the other side of it without going through it or over it

If the gate’s locked, you’ll have to go around the side of the house.

如果大门锁上了，你们就得从房子侧面绕过去。

She ran [around the corner](bold) and straight into the arms of John Delaney.

她跑过拐角，和约翰·德莱尼撞了个满怀。

used to say that someone or something turns so that they face in the opposite direction

Rex spun around and kicked the gun from her hand.

雷克斯一个转身踢飞了她手中的枪。

Slowly he turned the boat around towards the open sea.

他慢慢掉转船头，驶向茫茫大海。

used when guessing a number, amount, time etc, without being exact

→see THESAURUS at [approximate](->approximate) 1

There must have been around 40,000 people in the stadium.

体育场里肯定有4万人左右。

The whole project will probably cost around $3 million.

整个工程可能要耗资约300万美元。

Most guests started to make their way home around about ten o'clock.

大多数客人10点钟左右开始回家了。

Manson has a reputation as one of the most stylish designers around.

曼森被誉为如今最有格调的设计师之一。

if something is organized around a particular person or thing, it is organized according to their needs, wishes, ideas etc

围绕，以 …为中心；根据

Why does everything have to be arranged around what Callum wants to do?

为什么每一件事都要迁就卡勒姆？

Their whole society was built around their religious beliefs.

used to show that someone spends time in a place without doing anything useful

整个早上我都在无聊地等待。

They could be seen hanging around street corners, watching the girls go by.

可以看到他们在街角闲荡，看着来往的女孩。

a way around a difficult situation or problem is a way to solve it or avoid it

We must find a way around these difficulties.

我们必须想办法克服这些困难。

The company is expected to get around this problem by borrowing from the banks.

预计公司会向银行贷款解决这个问题。

Write your name on this list and pass it around.

在名单上写下你的名字，再传给别人。

Someone’s been moving the furniture around.

(also: [have been around the block a few times](bold) )

to have had experience of many different situations so that you can deal with new situations confidently

You could tell this guy had been around a bit by the knowing way he talked.

看他讲起来无所不知的样子，就知道这家伙是见过些世面的。

to have had many sexual experiences – used humorously

used to show the length of a line surrounding something

Redwood trees can measure 30 or 40 feet around.

红杉树合抱可达30或40英尺。


arouse

to make you become interested, expect something etc

Matt’s behavior was arousing the interest of the neighbors.

马特的行为渐渐引起了邻居的兴趣。

to make someone feel very unfriendly and angry, or suspicious

引起敌意/怀疑/憎恨/愤怒等

A great deal of anger was aroused by Campbell’s decision.

坎贝尔的决定引起人们强烈的愤怒。

She felt aroused by the pressure of his body so close to hers.

Anne had to be aroused from a deep sleep.

不得不把安妮从沉睡中唤醒。


arrange

to put things in a particular order or position

I like the way you’ve arranged the room.

a group of numbers arranged in any order

to arrange things in order according to a system, so that they are more effective or easier to use

The book is organized into three sections.

to arrange a group of things so that one comes after the other in a particular order

The books are ordered according to title.

to arrange things in groups, and give each group a title

The towns were classified according to population size.

to arrange a group of things on the floor, on a table, on a shelf etc, ready to be used

If we set out the chairs now, they’ll be ready for tonight’s meeting.

to be arranged according to a particular plan – used especially about cities, buildings, and pages

Kyoto is laid out according to a grid system.

to organize or make plans for something such as a meeting, party, or trip

He had arranged to meet Marcia outside the restaurant.

to arrange something, especially for someone else

John had fixed up for me to give a talk.

I’ve fixed an appointment for you at the doctor’s.

to make the arrangements for an event, especially a big public event

They had organized a protest against the war.

to arrange for something to happen at a particular time or on a particular day

Have you set a date for the wedding yet?

to arrange to stay in a place, go to a theatre, travel on a plane etc

He had reserved a table at the restaurant.

Uncle James is making all the funeral arrangements.

Contact your local branch to arrange an appointment.

请联络当地分部安排预约。

Have you arranged to meet Mark this weekend?

你安排了这个周末见马克吗？

Beth arranged a meeting with the marketing director.

贝丝安排了和营销总监开会。

We still have to arrange how to get home.

我们还必须安排好怎样回家。

We had arranged that I would go for the weekend.

我们商量好了，这个周末我去。

Matthew arrived at 2 o'clock [as arranged](bold).

to make it possible for someone to have or do something

The company will arrange for a taxi to meet you at the airport.

公司会安排一辆出租车去机场接你。

Dave arranged for someone to drive him home.

戴夫安排人开车送他回家。

to put a group of things or people in a particular order or position

The children were arranged in lines according to height.

to write or change a piece of music so that it is suitable for a particular instrument


arrangement

You are advised to make travel arrangements well in advance.

We need to discuss the wedding arrangements.

I’m meeting him tomorrow to finalize the arrangements.

(=cause problems which spoil the arrangements)

I don’t want to upset your arrangements.

If the flight is cancelled you’ll have to make alternative arrangements.

(=particular preparations other than those usually made)

Please inform us if any guests have disabilities or need any special arrangements.

He was in charge of security arrangements for the president’s visit.

As treasurer, you’re responsible for all the financial arrangements.

We don’t have any holiday arrangements yet.

(=plans for where people will sit/sleep)

What are the seating arrangements for dinner?

plans and preparations that you must make so that something can happen

Have you made all your travel arrangements?

I’ve agreed to help with arrangements for the party.

The family made arrangements for his body to be flown back.

家人安排用飞机运回他的遗体。

something that has been organized or agreed on

An arrangement between the two couples ensured there was always someone to look after the children.

这两对夫妇之间的约定确保孩子们一直有人照顾。

The school has an arrangement with local businesses.

Maxine cancelled our arrangement to meet.

玛克辛取消了我们见面的约定。

[come to an/some arrangement (with sb)](bold)(=make an agreement that is acceptable to everyone)

It would usually cost $500, but I’m sure we can come to some kind of arrangement.

通常价格是500美元，但我相信我们可以再协商。

Pets are permitted at the resort [by prior arrangement](bold).

经事先约定，宠物可带入度假区。

The airport is currently reviewing its [security arrangements](bold).

机场目前正在检查安保措施。

a group of things that are put in a particular position, or the process of doing this

the traditional arrangement of desks in rows

将书桌成排摆放的传统做法

a piece of music that has been written or changed for a particular instrument


array

a group of people or things, especially one that is large or impressive

一大堆让人眼花缭乱的选择

There was a vast array of colours to choose from.

有各种各样的颜色可供选择。

a set of numbers or signs, or of computer memory units, arranged in lines across or down

〔数字、符号或计算机存储器的〕排列，数列，阵列；数组


array

to wear particular clothes, especially clothes of good quality

穿上〔尤指质量好的衣服〕

to arrange something in an attractive way

盥洗台上摆放整齐的化妆品

to put soldiers in position ready to fight


arrest

The police [arrest ](bold) someone: The police arrested a man as he fled the scene.

The police [ arrest](bold)  someone [ for](bold)  a crime: He was arrested for robbery.

The police [arrest ](bold) someone [for doing](bold)  something: They arrested him for possessing an illegal weapon.

The police [catch](bold)  someone: The police believe they have caught the killer.

You [catch](bold)  someone [doing](bold)  something: I caught him stealing money from my purse.

if the police arrest someone, the person is taken to a police station because the police think they have done something illegal

He was arrested and charged with murder.

他遭到拘捕并被指控谋杀。

I [got arrested](bold) for careless driving.

[arrest sb in connection with sth](bold)

Five youths were arrested in connection with the attack.

五名年轻人因与袭击案有关被捕。

[arrest sb on charges/suspicion of (doing) sth](bold)

He was arrested on suspicion of supplying drugs.

to stop something happening or to make it happen more slowly

The drug is used to arrest the spread of the disease.

这种药物用于控制疾病蔓延。

if something arrests you or arrests your attention, you notice it because it is interesting or unusual

The mountains are the most arresting feature of the glen.

群山是该峡谷最吸引人的特色。


arrest

→ [house arrest](->house arrest) [cardiac arrest](bold) at → [cardiac](->cardiac)

when the police take someone away and guard them because they may have done something illegal

The police [made](bold) several [arrests](bold).

A man is [under arrest](bold)(=the police are guarding him) following the suspicious death of his wife.

一名男子因妻子离奇死亡被警方拘捕。

[place/put sb under arrest](bold)(=arrest someone)

He sued the police for [wrongful arrest](bold)(=when someone who is not guilty is arrested).


arrival

when someone or something arrives somewhere

Only the timely arrival of the police prevented the situation from becoming worse.

警方及时赶到才阻止了事态恶化。

Traffic problems account for one third of late arrivals.

迟到的人有三分之一是因为交通问题。

Shortly after our arrival in London, Lisa was attacked.

我们到伦敦不久，莉萨就遭遇了袭击。

A deposit is payable on arrival (=when you arrive).

the time when a new idea, product etc is first used or discovered

〔新观念、新产品等〕的到来[出现]

The demand for phone numbers has increased since the arrival of mobile phones.

手机问世后，对电话号码的需求增加了。

the time when an event or period of time starts to happen

某事件[一段时间]的开始

The arrival of winter can make many people feel depressed.

冬天来临会令许多人感到抑郁。

[New arrivals](bold) were greeted with suspicion.

人们都抱着怀疑的态度对待新来的人。

[Late arrivals](bold) will not be admitted to the theatre.

the place at an airport where people arrive when they get off a plane


arrive

You [arrive in](bold)  a city or country: We arrived in London at 2 a.m.

You [arrive at](bold)  a place such as a house, hotel, or airport: They arrived at the airport at 10.30.

You [ arrive home](bold) : He arrived home at midnight.

You [arrive here/there/back](bold) : Call me when you arrive there.
Don’t say: [arrive to a place](strike)  [arrive to home](strike)  [arrive to here/there](strike)

You [get to](bold)  a city, country, or other place: We got to London at 2 a.m. We got to the airport at 10.30.

You [ get home](bold) : He got home at midnight.

You [get here/there/back](bold) : Call me when you get there.

You [ reach](bold)  a city, country, or other place: The climbers reached the summit of the mountain.

You [reach home](bold)  or [reach here/there](bold) : You should reach there around 9.45 a.m.
Don’t say: [reach to a place](strike)  [reach to home/here/there](strike)

I arrived at the party at around 7 o’clock.

They were due to arrive home from Spain yesterday.

to arrive somewhere. [Get ](bold) is much more common in everyday English than [arrive](bold)

to arrive somewhere, especially after a long journey

When we finally reached the port, we were all very tired.

if someone comes, they arrive at the place where you are

What time did the plumber say he’d come?

to arrive somewhere, especially when someone is waiting for you

I’d arranged to meet Tom, but he never turned up.

to arrive somewhere later than you should and not seem worried about it

to arrive somewhere – used especially about people arriving home, or a plane, train etc arriving at an airport, station etc

if a plane, train, or ship comes in, it arrives in the place where you are

We liked to watch the cruise ships come in.

if a plane or the passengers on it land, they arrive on the ground

They watched the planes taking off and landing.

She phoned to say she had arrived safely.

(=without anyone expecting or knowing you were coming)

He arrived unannounced yesterday and stayed the night.

It was a great relief when he arrived back safe and sound.

(=at the place where something has just happened)

Two more police cars arrived on the scene.

Give me a call to let me know you’ve arrived safely.

到了之后打个电话给我报平安。

What time does the plane arrive in New York?

By the time the police [arrived on the scene](bold), the burglars had fled.

警方赶到现场时，窃贼已经逃跑了。

if something arrives, it is brought or delivered to you

if an event or particular period of time arrives, it happens

When her wedding day arrived, she was really nervous.

到了婚礼那天，她十分紧张。

if a new idea, method, product etc arrives, it begins to exist or starts being used

Since computers arrived, my job has become much easier.

自从有了电脑，我的工作变得轻松多了。

Sharon’s baby arrived just after midnight.

刚过午夜，莎伦的宝宝就出生了。

arrive at a decision/solution/compromise etc

to reach a decision, solution etc after a lot of effort

作出决定/找到解决方法/达成妥协等

After much consideration, we have arrived at a decision.

再三考虑之后，我们作出了决定。

used to say that someone has become successful or famous

When he saw his name painted on the door he knew he’d arrived!

当他看到自己的名字印在门上，他知道自己成功了！


arrogance

when someone behaves in a rude way because they think they are very important

I couldn’t believe the arrogance of the man!

我真不敢相信那个男人那么傲慢！


arrogant

behaving in an unpleasant or rude way because you think you are more important than other people

傲慢的，趾高气扬的，目中无人的，妄自尊大的