chance

[game of chance](bold) at → [game](->game) 1 sense 15

I think you have a good chance of getting the job.

(=say how likely it is that they will do it)

He has been given a fifty-fifty chance of being fit for Sunday’s match.

Certain foods increase the chance of heart disease.

The book shows you how to improve your chance of success.

The talks were aimed at reducing the chance of war.

(=make it impossible for something to happen)

Drinking alcohol can ruin any chance of weight loss.

This could jeopardize any chance of a ceasefire.

I think there is a good chance that he will say yes.

There’s every chance that the baby will survive.

There’s some chance of snow later this week.

He only has a very small chance of being elected.

There’s a slight chance of some sunshine in the west.

The prisoners knew there was little chance of escape.

People in their 30s have a one in 3,000 chance of getting the disease.

If you work, you have a fair chance of passing the test.

The proposals had at least a sporting chance of being accepted.

The Republican Party has a fighting chance at the next election.

(=an equal chance that something will or will not happen)

I’d say there is a 50–50 chance that the deal will go through.

He still has an outside chance of winning the championship.

a million-to-one chance/a one in a million chance

It must have been a million-to-one chance that we’d meet.

I’d like a job in which I get the chance to travel.

I was given the chance to play the main part in the play.

Sport provides a chance for you to get outside with friends.

If I was offered the chance to be in the team, I’d take it.

Ed jumped at the chance to earn some extra money.

As soon as she stopped speaking, I grabbed the chance to leave.

He missed a chance to score just before half time.

Imagine throwing up a chance to go to America!

I’d welcome the chance to discuss the problem with someone.

(=have a special opportunity and fail to use it)

He thought he’d blown his chance of happiness.

The interview went badly, so I didn’t think they would give me a second chance.

This is my last chance to try and pass the exam.

(=one that you are very unlikely to have again)

If you don’t decide soon, you’ll have missed the chance of a lifetime.

(=you have the opportunity to do something now)

You’re not working so now’s your chance to write a book.

(=if there is an opportunity to do something)

Goats will eat anything, given half a chance.

the possibility that something will happen, especially something you want

There’s always the chance that something will go wrong.

If we did move to London, I’d [stand a](bold) much better [chance](bold)(=have a much better chance) of getting a job.

如果我们真的搬到伦敦去，我找到工作的机会就大多了。

There is little chance of her being found alive.

[Chances are](bold)(=it is likely that) you’ll be fine.

a time or situation which you can use to do something that you want to do

Ralph was waiting for a chance to introduce himself.

拉尔夫正在等待机会作自我介绍。

I’m sorry, I haven’t had a chance to look at it yet.

对不起，我还没有时间看呢。

If someone invited me over to Florida, I’d [jump at the chance](bold)(=use the opportunity eagerly).

如果有人邀请我去佛罗里达，我会赶紧抓住这个机会。

The rope might break, but that’s a chance we’ll have to take.

绳子可能会断，但我们只能冒这个险了。

After losing $20,000 on my last business venture, I’m [not taking any chances](bold) this time.

上次生意我损失了20,000美元，这次我不会冒任何风险了。

He was taking a chance on a relatively new young actor.

他冒险用一个出道不太久的年轻演员。

He decided to take his chances in the boat.

how likely it is that someone will succeed

Ryan will be a candidate in next month’s elections, but his chances are not good.

瑞安将是下个月选举的候选人，但他成功的机会不大。

England’s chances of winning the series have all but disappeared.

英格兰队在这次系列赛中获胜的机会几乎已荡然无存。

[not fancy/not rate sb’s chances](bold) BrE(=think someone is unlikely to succeed)

I don’t fancy their chances against Brazil.

我觉得他们战胜巴西队的机会很渺茫。

→ Don’t say ‘someone’s chances to do something’. Say [someone’s chances of doing something](bold).

the way some things happen without being planned or caused by people

I bumped into her quite by chance in Oxford Street.

[leave sth to chance](bold)(=to not plan something but just hope that everything will happen as intended)

Dave had thought of every possibility, he was leaving nothing to chance.

戴夫把所有的可能性都考虑到了，不留任何纰漏。

[pure/sheer/blind chance](bold)(=not at all planned)

It was pure chance that they ended up working in the same office in the same town.

真巧，结果他们在同一个小镇同一个办事处工作。

[As chance would have it](bold), the one time I wanted to see her, she wasn’t in.

真是巧了，我难得一次想见她，她正好不在。

used to ask politely whether something is true

也许，可能〔用于礼貌地询问某事是否属实〕

你不会就是格兰特太太吧？

used to ask whether you can have something or whether something is possible

能 …吗？〔用于询问是否能要某物或某事是否可能〕

Any chance of you coming to the party on Saturday?

星期六你能来参加聚会吗？

if a competitor is in with a chance, it is possible that they will win

I think we’re in with a good chance of beating them.

我认为我们很有可能击败他们。

used to emphasize that you are sure something could never happen

‘Maybe your brother would lend you the money?’ ‘Huh, fat chance!’

“也许你哥哥会借钱给你呢？”“哼！绝不可能！”

if you do something on the off chance, you do it hoping for a particular result, although you know it is not likely

希望〔某事〕会发生，对 …抱有一线希望

I didn’t really expect her to be at home. I just called on the off chance.

我没期望她会在家，我只是打个电话试试。

used to mean that the thing you want to happen is very unlikely

要有这样的机会就好了！〔用于表示希望发生的事是不可能的〕

‘Do you think you’ll get married?’ ‘Chance would be a fine thing!’

“你觉得你会结婚吗？”“哪有这样的好事啊！”


chance

to do something that you know involves a risk

I wasn’t sure if I’d got quite enough petrol to get me home, but I decided to [chance it](bold).

我不知道开车回家汽油够不够，但我决定冒险一试。

We decided not to [chance](bold) our [luck](bold) in the storm.

我们决定不冒险顶着暴风雨出去。

She’d never played before, but she was ready to [chance](bold) her [arm](bold)(=take a risk by doing something which may fail).

她以前从未玩过，但她准备冒险试一下。

I decided to stay where I was. I couldn’t chance being seen.

我决定留在原处，我不能冒险被人看到。

to happen in a way which is not expected and not planned

She chanced to be passing when I came out of the house.

我从屋里出来时她恰巧经过。

[It chanced that](bold) we both went to Paris that year.

碰巧那一年我们俩都去了巴黎。


chance

A chance meeting with a journalist changed everything.

和一位新闻记者的不期而遇改变了一切。

A [chance remark](bold) by one of his colleagues got him thinking.

一位同事无意中说的一句话让他思考起来。


change

[chop and change](bold) at → [chop](->chop) 1 sense 3

[Change](bold)  belongs to a group of verbs where the same noun can be the subject of the verb or its object.

You can say: They’ve changed the password.  In this sentence, ‘the password’ is the object of [change](bold) .

You can say: The password has changed.  In this sentence, ‘the password’ is the subject of [change](bold) .

Unfortunately, there’s nothing we can do to change the situation.

Being at college has changed her – she’s much more confident now.

to change something so that it is better or more suitable

You can alter the colour and size of the image using a remote control.

to change something slightly in order to improve it or make it more suitable

How much would it cost to adapt the existing equipment?

You can adapt the recipe to suit your own requirements.

to make small changes in the position or level of something in order to improve it or make it more suitable

How do you adjust the volume on the television?

to make small changes to something such as a piece of equipment, a set of ideas, or a way of behaving in order to improve it or use it in a different way

a modified version of the original program

to change a law, system, organization etc so that it is fairer or more effective

Health care needs to be completely reformed.

to change a plan, idea, law etc because of new information and ideas

In July, China revised the rules for foreign investment.

The findings could force the scientists to revise their ideas about climate change.

to change the way that a system or organization works

During the 1980s, the government reorganized the civil service.

to make big changes to the way something is organized, especially a large political or economic system or a big company, in order to make it more effective

The company has been restructured from top to bottom.

to change something completely, especially so that it is much better

Well, you’ve certainly transformed this place – it looks great!

to completely and permanently change the way people do something or think about something, especially because of a new idea or invention

Computers have revolutionized the way we work.

This important discovery revolutionized our understanding of the universe.

to explain facts, statements etc in a way that makes them seem different from what they really are

The judge said that she had deliberately tried to distort the facts.

to dishonestly change the meaning of a piece of information or of something that someone has said, in order to get an advantage for yourself or to support your own opinion

He accused reporters of twisting his words.

In her article she twisted the meaning of what I said.

to give people a wrong idea about someone or their opinions, by what you write or say

I hope I have not misrepresented her opinion.

He’s taking legal action to stop the film, claiming it grossly misrepresents him.

People’s work environment has changed dramatically in the past twenty years.

His life had completely changed since he met Anya.

He has changed considerably in four years.

The legal system has changed significantly since the rule was established.

The political situation has fundamentally changed.

The market for phones is changing rapidly.

The human brain adapts quickly to changing conditions.

Changing attitudes cause traditional ways of life to disappear.

Changing patterns of work mean that more people are able to work from home.

In order to survive, you must adapt to a changing environment.

Children are growing up in a changing world.

(=a period of time when a lot is changing)

to become different, or to make something become different

Susan has changed a lot since I last saw her.

自从我上次见到苏珊之后，她变了许多。

Changing your eating habits is the best way to lose weight.

改变饮食习惯是减肥的最佳方法。

The leaves on trees change colour in the autumn.

He changed from being a nice lad to being rude and unhelpful.

他从一个和气的小伙子变得粗鲁无礼、不肯帮助人。

The hissing sound gradually changed into a low hum.

嘶嘶声逐渐变成了低沉的嗡嗡声。

女巫把他变成了一只老鼠。

Mueller changed his name to Miller when he became a U.S. citizen.

穆勒成为美国公民后，就把自己的名字改为米勒了。

to stop doing or using one thing, and start doing or using something else instead

The company has recently changed to a more powerful computer system.

公司最近换了一套功能更强大的计算机系统。

The ship changed course and headed south.

船改变了航向，朝南驶去。

The company has had to change direction because of developments in technology.

由于技术的发展，这家公司不得不改变方向。

Piper awkwardly tried to [change the subject](bold)(=talk about something else).

派珀笨拙地想要转变话题。

to put or use something new or different in place of something else, especially because it is old, damaged, or broken

Three boys were changing a tyre by the side of the road.

When I lost my keys, we had to change all the locks.

我丢了钥匙之后，我们只好把所有的锁都换了。

The time of the meeting has been changed from 11:00 to 10:30.

开会时间从11点改到10点半。

How often do you change cars (=buy a new car and sell the old one)?

to change your decision, plan, or opinion about something

Her father tried to get her to change her mind.

她父亲试图让她改变主意。

If you change your mind about the job, just give me a call.

如果你对这份工作改变主意，就打电话给我。

to leave one party, group etc and join an opposing party, group etc

It’s quite rare for politicians to change sides.

to take off your clothes and put on different ones

杰伊正在换衣服，弗朗西斯进来了。

Change your dress – that one looks dirty.

把你身上那件连衣裙换掉，看上去很脏。

Sara changed into her swimsuit and ran out for a quick swim.

萨拉换上泳装，跑出去游会儿泳。

You’d better go and [get changed](bold).

to put a clean nappy on a baby, or to put clean clothes on a baby or small child

给〔婴儿或幼儿〕换尿布[衣服]

我给他洗了澡，换了尿布。

to take the dirty sheets off a bed and put on clean ones

to take back to a shop something that you have bought and get something different instead, especially because there is something wrong with it

I bought these gloves for my daughter, but they’re too large. Can I change them for a smaller size?

我给女儿买的这副手套太大了，能换副小一点的吗？

to give a customer something different instead of what they have bought, especially because there is something wrong with it

I’m sure the shop will change them for you.

我想商店肯定会给你换的。

to get smaller units of money that add up to the same value as a larger unit

你能把这20英镑换成零钱吗？

to get money from one country for the same value of money from another country

I want to change my dollars into pesos, please.

我想把美元换成比索，谢谢。

to get off one train, bus, or aircraft and onto another in order to continue your journey

Passengers for Liverpool should change at Crewe.

前往利物浦的乘客要在克鲁中转。

[all change!](bold)(=used to tell passengers to get off a train because it does not go any further)

if property changes hands, it starts to belong to someone else

The house has changed hands three times in the last two years.

在过去的两年中，这座房子已转手三次了。

to give someone your place and take their place

Would you mind changing places with me so I can sit next to my friend?

你能和我换一下座位，让我坐在朋友旁边吗？

to take someone else’s social position or situation in life instead of yours

She may be rich, but I wouldn’t want to change places with her.

她也许很有钱，但我不愿意和她交换身份。

to put the engine of a vehicle into a higher or lower gear in order to go faster or slower

Change into second gear as you approach the corner.

快要转弯的时候换成二挡。

to start expressing a different attitude and reacting in a different way, after something has happened

〔某事发生后〕改变调子，改变态度

The question is, will the president change his tune on taxes?

问题在于，总统在税收问题上是否会改变态度？

if the wind changes, it starts to blow in a different direction

US business has changed its spots in recent years.

美国的商业风貌近几年发生了翻天覆地的变化。


change

[ring the changes](bold) at → [ring](->ring) 2 sense 6

a situation in which someone or something becomes different, or the act of making something different

There was a sudden change in the weather.

We are living in a period of great change.

He was told to make some slight changes to his essay.

a change, especially a small one that happens naturally or gradually, or one that is made in order to improve something

I noticed a slight alteration in her behaviour.

They had to make some alterations to their original theory.

a change made to a system or law in order to improve it

He called for a reform of our outdated voting system.

Many people opposed the economic reforms.

a change, especially in people’s attitudes or in the way they do things, or in the position of someone or something

There has been a noticeable shift in government policy on education.

There needs to be a major shift away from road transport to rail transport.

After he died, there was a dramatic shift in the balance of power.

a big change, especially in someone’s opinions or moods

There has been a big swing toward the Democrats many more people are supporting them.

a change in something – used when something changes often

There has been some fluctuation in productivity levels.

a change in which something or someone becomes completely different

There has been a complete transformation in his attitude since he became a father.

her transformation from shy local girl to famous movie actress

a complete change in ways of thinking or working

The 1970s saw the beginnings of a new technological revolution.

Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity started a revolution in scientific thinking.

a situation in which a lot of changes are very quickly made in a system or organization in order to make it more effective

The department has not performed well and is badly in need of a shake-up.

The Administration is planning a thorough shake-up of the welfare system.

a complete change in the plans of a government or political party so that it decides to do the opposite of what it originally said it would do

The government was forced to do a U-turn after angry protests about their taxation policy.

Going to a new school is a big change for children.

The proposed changes were relatively minor.

There has been a gradual change in the weather.

(=very big, especially in way that is surprising)

The Industrial Revolution was a period of dramatic change.

The change in blood pressure was not significant.

There was a marked change in his behaviour.

Reducing waste requires a fundamental change in attitude.

Demands for political and social change are growing.

(=affecting many things or people, especially because of an official decision)

There are likely to be sweeping changes in the company.

(=important and having a great effect that will last a long time)

The Internet has brought about far-reaching changes in the way we work.

We've had to make some changes to the design.

A number of changes were introduced to the curriculum.

The war brought about radical social change.

Treatment is aimed at effecting a change in the child’s negative behaviour.

I saw a big change in her when I met her again.

The body undergoes a number of changes during this time.

Does this move signal a change in US foreign policy?

People sometimes feel alarmed by the pace of technological change.

the process or result of something or someone becoming different

scientists worried about climatic change

为气候变化感到担忧的科学家们

A change in personality may mean your teenager has a drug problem.

No [major changes](bold) were made to the book.

[change for the better/worse](bold)(=a change that makes a situation better or worse)

There was a change for the better in the patient’s condition.

the sweeping political changes after the fall of communism

She had a [change of heart](bold)(=change in attitude) and decided to stay.

她改变主意，决定留下来。

Family life has [undergone](bold) dramatic [change](bold) in recent years.

近年来家庭生活发生了巨大的变化。

the fact of one thing or person being replaced by another

the gradual change from grasslands to true desert

从草原到真正变成沙漠的逐渐改变

The government has [made](bold) some major policy [changes](bold).

政府作出了一些重大的政策变动。

a situation or experience that is different from what happened before, and is usually interesting or enjoyable

〔有趣或令人愉快的〕变化，变更

The morning was cool; a [welcome change](bold) from the heat of the day before.

早晨凉快了，和前一天的炎热相比好多了。

换换口味出去吃晚饭如何？

[it/that makes a change](bold)(=used to say that something is better than and different from usual)

‘Ron’s buying the drinks.’ ‘That makes a change.’

“罗恩在买饮料。”“这倒是新鲜事。”

[change of scene/air/pace etc](bold)(=when you go to a different place or do something different)

The patients benefit greatly from a change of scenery.

换个环境对病人大有好处。

[a change is as good as a rest](bold)(=used to say that starting to do something different is as good as having a rest)

the money that you get back when you have paid for something with more money than it costs

money in the form of coins, not paper money

Matt emptied the [loose change](bold) from his pockets.

马特把口袋里所有的零钱都掏了出来。

A beggar asked for some [spare change](bold)(=coins that you do not need).

coins or paper money that you give in exchange for the same amount of money in a larger unit

Excuse me, have you got change for a pound?

请问你有1英镑的零钱吗？

[make change](bold) AmE(=give someone change)

你能帮忙换20美元的零钱吗？

coins you have that do not have a high value

I only had about a pound in small change.

我只有大约1英镑的硬币。

used to emphasize that something is a small amount of money when it is compared to a larger amount

The program costs $20 million a year, small change by Washington standards.

该计划一年耗资2,000万美元，按华盛顿的标准来看是个小数目。

an additional set of clothes that you have with you, for example when you are travelling

a situation in which you get off one train, bus, or aircraft and get on another in order to continue your journey

Even with a change of trains, the subway is quicker than a cab at rush hour.

繁忙时段坐地铁即使要换乘也比出租车快。

to get no useful information or help from someone

从某人那儿得不到有用的信息[帮助]

I wouldn’t bother asking Richard – you’ll get no change out of him.

我才不会去问理查德，从他那儿不会得到任何帮助。


channel

NTV is Russia’s leading television channel.

(=using signals sent from a machine in space)

ABC announced its plans for a new cable channel.

Channel 5 is the newest terrestrial channel in the UK.

(=using electronic signals sent out in the form of numbers)

You can’t record one digital channel while watching another.

On commercial channels they have advertisement breaks.

Use the remote control to change channels.

The kids are always watching the cartoon channel.

All the channels are broadcasting the match live.

(=keep changing from one channel to another)

I usually start channel-hopping when the adverts are on.

a television station and all the programmes that it broadcasts

The kids are watching cartoons on the Disney Channel.

孩子们在看迪士尼频道的卡通片。

《仁心仁术》在哪个频道播放？

He [changed channels](bold) to watch the basketball game.

a system or method that you use to send or obtain information, goods, permission etc

〔传递或获得信息、商品、许可等的〕途径，手段，渠道

The U.S. is working through [diplomatic channels](bold) to find a solution.

美国正在通过外交途径寻求解决办法。

The new software will be sold through existing [distribution channels](bold).

新的软件将通过现有的经销渠道销售。

It is important that we open [channels of communication](bold) with the police.

打开和警方沟通的渠道非常重要。

an area of water that connects two larger areas of water

the area of water between France and England

the deepest part of a river,harbour, or sea, especially where it is deep enough to allow ships to sail in

a passage that water or other liquids flow along

a particular range of sound waves which can be used to send and receive radio messages

〔发送和接收无线电信号的〕波段，频道

a long deep line cut into a surface or a long deep space between two edges

The sliding doors fit into these plastic channels.

推拉门装在这些塑料槽内。

a way of expressing your thoughts, feelings, or physical energy

〔表达思想、感情或发泄精力的〕方式，渠道，途径

Art provides a channel for the children’s creativity.

艺术是儿童发挥创造力的一种方式。


channel

[past tense and past participle](italic) [channelled](bold) [present participle](italic) [channelling](bold) ([BrE](bold)) [past tense and past participle](italic) [channeled](bold) [present participle](italic) [channeling](bold) ([AmE](bold))

to control and direct something such as money or energy towards a particular purpose

把〔钱、精力等〕导向〔特定目的〕；引导；把 …用于

Most of his energy was channeled into writing and lecturing.

他把大部分精力都放在写作和讲课上。

Profits are channelled to conservation groups.

The famine relief money was channelled through the UN.

救荒的款项是通过联合国拨出的。

to control or direct people or things to a particular place, work, situation etc

Women were likely to be channeled into jobs as teachers or nurses.

女性有可能被派去做老师或护士一类的工作。

Drugs from government pharmacies were being channeled into illegal drug markets.

政府药房的药品流进了非法药品市场。

Water had channelled grooves in the rock.

An efficient irrigation system channels water to the crops.

有效的灌溉系统把水输送给庄稼。

to allow a spirit to come into your body and speak through you, or to tell people a message that you have received in this way

使〔灵魂〕附身，为 …通灵

She claims to channel the spirit of a 2,000-year-old hunter.

她声称能让一个2,000年前的猎人灵魂附身。

to look or sound like a famous person, especially someone who is dead

模仿〔名人，尤指已故名人〕

In her latest video, Kylie is channelling Marilyn Monroe.

凯莉在最近拍摄的视频里模仿玛丽莲•梦露。


chant

to repeat a word or phrase again and again

〔有节奏地反复〕唱，喊叫

protesters chanting anti-government slogans

反复呼喊反政府口号的抗议者

to sing or say a religious song or prayer in a way that involves using only one note or tone

吟唱〔圣歌〕；吟诵〔赞美诗〕


chant

words or phrases that are repeated again and again by a group of people

Others in the crowd took up the chant (=began chanting).

人群中的其他人开始一遍遍呼喊起来。

“不，我们不去”的呼喊声

a regularly repeated tune, often with many words sung on one note, especially used for religious prayers

反复唱的调子〔尤指圣歌〕


chaos

Snow has caused chaos on the roads this morning.

The game ended in chaos with thunder and heavy rain.

A serious accident has thrown the roads into chaos.

(=gradually become completely confused and disorganized)

After the invasion, the country lapsed into chaos.

(=to be about to become completely confused and disorganized)

The peace talks were on the brink of chaos.

Everyone was trying to talk at once and for a while chaos reigned.

After the party, the whole house was in utter chaos.

Afterwards there was widespread famine and economic chaos.

(=when there are a lot of vehicles on the roads and they cannot move)

The first day of the school holidays brought traffic chaos to the roads.

Nick's bedroom is permanently in a state of chaos.

I came home to a scene of chaos, with food and empty bottles everywhere.

Heavy flooding has created chaos and confusion throughout the country.

a situation in which everything is happening in a confused way and nothing is organized or arranged in order

大混乱；紊乱；无秩序状态

The country was plunged into economic chaos.

这个国家陷入了经济大混乱。

the state of the universe before there was any order

〔天地未形成前〕宇宙的混沌状态


chaotic

a chaotic situation is one in which everything is happening in a confused way


chap

a man, especially a man you know and like

〔尤指你认识和喜欢的〕小伙子，家伙

protective leather covers worn over your trousers when riding a horse


chapel

a small church, or a room in a hospital, prison, big church etc in which Christians pray and have religious services

小教堂；〔医院、监狱、大教堂等中的〕小礼拜堂

a building where Christians who are Nonconformists have religious services

〔英国非国教徒做礼拜的〕教堂

Bethan [goes to chapel](bold) every Sunday.

贝唐每个星期天都去教堂做礼拜。

the members of a union in the newspaper or printing industry

〔报业或印刷业的〕工会会员


chapter

The present chapter deals with the years leading up to the war.

This theme will be developed in the next chapter.

The following chapters will explore this issue.

The method is described in the previous chapter.

All these have been mentioned briefly in earlier chapters.

These points will be explored in more detail in later chapters.

There’s a short introductory chapter giving an outline of the subject matter.

The final chapter summarizes the themes in the book.

I haven’t even read the first chapter yet.

He wrote the first chapter 20 years before the book was published.

(=used in books to direct a reader to a chapter)

His scientific claims were never justified (see chapter 16).

be discussed/described in chapter 1/2/3 etc

These points will be discussed in chapter 8.

Three further chapters deal with soil, water, and air.

The second chapter explores the effects of these changes in more detail.

(=it deals only with a particular subject)

Five whole chapters are devoted to social reform.

His character is introduced at the beginning of the first chapter.

The answers are given at the end of the chapter.

The remainder of this chapter is devoted to a discussion of privatization.

one of the parts into which a book is divided

家庭作业是阅读第11章。

This chapter discusses power, and how people use it.

这一章节讲权力，以及人们如何运用权力。

a particular period or event in someone’s life or in history

〔人生或历史的〕一段时期，篇章

all the priests belonging to a cathedral, or a meeting of these priests

主教座堂的所有教士；主教座堂全体教士的会议

the local members of a large organization such as a club

〔俱乐部等大型组织的〕地方分会

the local chapter of the American Legion

to give someone exact details about where to find some information

给某人提供〔资料的〕确切出处

a series of unlucky events coming one after another

一连串的灾祸[意外事件]


character

Alec is the central character in the play.

(=in a play, film, or television series)

DiCaprio played the lead character in Titanic.

Who’s your favourite television character?

Homer Simpson is a great comic character.

People sometimes forget that television characters are fictional.

In the book, Jeff isn’t a sympathetic character.

I wanted to play the character of Danny.

The main characters are brilliantly portrayed.

(=make a character become more interesting)

The movie didn’t develop his character as well as the book did.

I thought the plot was boring and there wasn’t much character development.

(=an actor who plays interesting or unusual characters)

the particular combination of qualities that makes someone a particular type of person

Children grow up with a mixture of [character traits](bold)(=character qualities) from both sides of their family.

儿童在成长过程中会把父母亲双方的性格特点都继承下来。

his temper and other [character flaws](bold)(=bad qualities)

他的火暴脾气和其他性格缺陷

[in character/out of character](bold)(=typical or untypical of someone’s character)

He swore, which was out of character for him.

他咒骂了起来，这与他的性格不符。

[the English/French etc character](bold)

Openness is at the heart of the American character.

开放是美国人性格的核心特点。

[character sketch](bold)(=a description of someone’s character)

〔书、剧本、电影等中的〕人物，角色

Candida is the most interesting character in the play.

坎迪达是剧中最有趣的人物。

In the story, the main character has left his girlfriend and baby.

故事中，主人公离开了他的女友和孩子。

Everyone recognizes Disney’s cartoon characters.

迪士尼的卡通人物尽人皆知。

a person of a particular type, especially a strange or dishonest one

某一类型的人；〔尤指〕怪人，不诚实的人

a couple of shady characters standing on the corner

站在角落里的几个形迹可疑的人

I’m considered a [reformed character](bold) these days (=someone who has stopped doing bad things).

现在我被认为是改邪归正了。

the particular combination of features and qualities that makes a thing or place different from all others

The whole character of the school has changed.

这所学校的特色已经完全变了。

The southern state became more nationalist in character.

这个南方州的民族主义色彩变得更加鲜明了。

a combination of qualities such as courage, loyalty, and honesty that are admired and regarded as valuable

Schools were created to teach reading and mathematics, not moral character.

那时创办学校是为了教学生识字认数，而不是进行道德教育。

It takes [strength of character](bold) to admit you are wrong.

承认自己的错误是需要勇气的。

Sport can be [character building](bold)(=develop good moral qualities).

体育运动可以培养良好的品格。

a quality that makes someone or something special and interesting

〔使某人或某物特别或有趣的〕特征

the opinion that people have about whether you are a good person and can be trusted

a man [of](bold) previous [good character](bold)

The campaign was accused of [character assassination](bold)(=an unfair attack on someone’s character) because of its negative ads.

这次宣传活动因其负面广告而被指责为诽谤行为。

His defence called several people as [character witnesses](bold)(=people who think that someone has a good character).

他的辩护律师传召了几个人做品德证人。

Mr Wetherby wrote him a [character reference](bold)(=a statement about his good qualities).

韦瑟比先生为他写了一份品德证明书。

a letter, mark, or sign used in writing, printing, or on a computer

〔书写、印刷或计算机上的〕字，字体，符号


characteristic

ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk◂

ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk◂

something that is typical of someone or something and makes them easy to recognize

He had several characteristics which made him different to the rest of his family.

the physical characteristics of the brain

He studied the special characteristics of adult speech addressed to children.

a characteristic of a person, especially a good one such as kindness or intelligence

I’m not sure about his leadership qualities.

Obedience is a quality that my father admires.

an important or interesting characteristic of something

it seems to be a feature of modern society that we tend to judge ourselves by our work above everything else.

A curious feature of the novel is the absence of women.

The building still has many of its original features.

a characteristic of a substance or object, for example hardness or elasticity, or how it behaves – used especially in scientific contexts

We examined the physical properties of various metals.

changes in the electrical properties of cells

I suspected I probably did not quite possess all the attributes required to succeed at the highest level.

All living things are able to reproduce their kind, an attribute which no machine possesses..

good or bad characteristics – used when someone or something has both good and bad characteristics

The seller will obviously emphasize the car’s good points.

Draw up a list of your partner’s good and bad points.

physical characteristics such as your height and weight

What are the personal characteristics that a leader requires?

The power of speech is an entirely human characteristic.

Organization is often seen as a German national characteristic.

A new interest in art was one of the main characteristics of this period.

Successful firms tend to have common characteristics.

(=separating someone or something from others of the same type)

The blue feathers are the distinguishing characteristic of the male bird.

(=one that is necessary in order to be a particular type of person or thing)

Originality is one of the defining characteristics of a great band.

An essential characteristic of good teaching is that it must create interest in the learner.

Intelligence is an inherited characteristic.

Its canals are one of Amsterdam’s most striking characteristics.

He has all the characteristics of a great husband.

A material may exhibit the characteristics of both a liquid and a solid.

The group shared one characteristic - they were all under 25.

(=get a characteristic from your parent)

We all inherit physical characteristics from our parents.

a quality or feature of something or someone that is typical of them and easy to recognize

〔物或人的〕特征，特性，特色

a baby discovering the physical characteristics of objects

[defining/distinguishing characteristic](bold)(=one that separates someone or something from others of the same type)

Violent images are a defining characteristic of his work.

暴力形象是他作品的一个鲜明特征。


characteristic

In everyday English, people usually say [typical](bold)  rather than [characteristic](bold) :

The building is [typical](bold) of those in the area.

very typical of a particular thing or of someone’s character

the [highly characteristic](bold)(=very typical) flint walls of the local houses

当地房子非常有特色的燧石墙

the qualities that were characteristic of the Nixon administration


characterize

also: characterise ([BrE](bold))  [v](bold) <[T](bold)>

to describe the qualities of someone or something in a particular way

The group was characterized as being well-educated and liberal.

该群体被描绘成受过良好教育，思想开明。

to be typical of a person, place, or thing

〔人、地方或事物〕以 …为特征，以 …为典型

Bright colours characterize his paintings.

明亮的色彩是他绘画作品的特点。


charge

[reverse the charges](bold) at → [reverse](->reverse) 1 sense 6

For a small charge guests can use the hotel sauna.

Breakfast may be served in your bedroom at no extra charge.

There’s a fixed charge for having a dental check.

You can use the tennis courts for a nominal charge.

(=an amount that is the least you can pay)

There’s a minimum charge of £10 per person in the Terrace restaurant.

(=for service in a hotel, restaurant etc)

The restaurant’s prices include a 10% service charge.

(=that you must pay a workman to come to your home)

The electrician said there is a £40 call-out charge.

If you change your flight booking, you may have to pay a cancellation charge.

How much is the store’s delivery charge?

(=fees charged by a bank for some services)

You will have to pay bank charges if your account is overdrawn.

The government introduced a charge for water.

I’ve asked the bank to waive the charge this time.

Robins was in jail awaiting trial on drugs charges.

The investigation resulted in criminal charges against three police officers.

Drinking and driving is a very serious charge.

He pleaded not guilty to a felony charge of cocaine possession.

(=make someone be brought to court for a crime)

Sometimes the victim of an assault does not want to press charges.

A farmer is facing charges of cruelty and neglect.

All three men denied the charge of manslaughter.

(=say formally in court that you are guilty)

The youth pleaded guilty to a charge of arson.

(=decide not to go on  with a court case)

The prosecution dropped the charges in 2005.

(=say that a court case should not continue)

If there is insufficient evidence, the court will dismiss the charges.

She had been arrested twice and released without charge.

McCorley was convicted on a charge of assault.

the amount of money you have to pay for goods or services

There is a charge for the use of the swimming pool.

Guided tours are provided [at no charge](bold).

免费提供有导游带队的观光游览。

Your order will be sent [free of charge](bold)(=with no cost).

the position of having control or responsibility for a group of people or an activity

He asked to speak to the person in charge.

the officer in charge of the investigation

Stern [put](bold) Travis [in charge of](bold)(=gave him control of) the research team.

斯特恩让特拉维斯负责研究小组。

Owens came in and [took charge of](bold)(=took control of) the situation.

A commander in each county was to [have charge of](bold) the local militia.

每个县有一名指挥官负责掌管当地的国民卫队。

if someone or something is in your charge, you are responsible for looking after them

teachers that do their best for the children in their charge

为自己所负责的孩子尽心尽力的老师

这些文件是由你负责保管的。

someone that you are responsible for looking after

Sarah bought some chocolate for her three young charges.

萨拉给自己照顾的三个小孩买了些巧克力。

an official statement by the police that someone may be guilty of a crime

He was found guilty of all six charges against him.

Higgins is facing a charge of armed robbery.

希金斯面临持械抢劫的指控。

The following morning, he was arrested on a charge of burglary.

第二天上午，他因入室盗窃罪被捕。

a written or spoken statement blaming someone for doing something bad or illegal

〔书面或口头的〕指责，批评，责备

the charge that tobacco companies target young people with their ads

对烟草公司以青少年为广告对象的指责

a charge of racial discrimination against the company

对该公司有种族歧视的指责

[deny/counter a charge](bold)(=say that a charge is untrue)

Wallace denied charges that he had lied to investigators.

华莱士否认了他对调查人员撒谎的指责。

[lay/leave yourself open to a charge of sth](bold)(=be likely to be blamed for something)

The speech laid him open to charges of political bias.

他也许会因为这场演说而被人指责带有政治偏见。

an attack in which soldiers or animals move towards someone or something very quickly

〔士兵、动物等〕猛冲，猛攻；冲锋

It was small businesses that led the charge against health care changes.

反对卫生保健改革最起劲的正是小企业。

electricity that is put into a piece of electrical equipment such as a battery

on charge (=taking in a charge of electricity)

an explosive put into something such as a bomb or gun

〔装进炸弹或枪炮内的〕炸药

〔情感上的〕冲击力，感染力

Cases of child abuse have a strong emotional charge.

虐待儿童的案例让人非常震惊。

to be excited by something and enjoy it very much

从某事得到快乐[刺激，兴奋]

I got a real charge out of seeing my niece take her first steps.

看到侄女第一次走路，我高兴极了。

The old servant fulfilled his master’s charge to care for the children.

老仆人遵从主人的嘱咐照顾孩子。


charge

to ask someone for a particular amount of money for something you are selling

这家宾馆一晚收费125美元。

The restaurant charged us £40 for the wine.

这家餐厅收我们40英镑的酒水钱。

Calls will be charged at 44p per minute.

电话费为每分钟44便士。

We won’t charge for delivery if you pay now.

如果现在付款，可以免收送货费。

to record the cost of something on someone’s account, so that they can pay for it later

把某物记在某人的账上/房费里等

威尔逊把酒钱记在他的房费里。

Use a courier and charge it to the department.

用快递寄送并把费用记在部门的账上。

‘How would you like to pay?’ ‘I’ll [charge it](bold).’

“你想用什么方式付款？”“刷信用卡。”

to state officially that someone may be guilty of a crime

to say publicly that you think someone has done something wrong

Demonstrators have charged that the police used excessive force against them.

示威者指责警方对他们过度使用武力。

to deliberately run or walk somewhere quickly

The boys charged noisily into the water.

男孩们闹哄哄地冲进水里。

to deliberately rush quickly towards someone or something in order to attack them

Then, with a final effort, our men charged the enemy for the last time.

于是我们的士兵拼尽全力，向敌人发起了最后一次冲锋。

The bear charged towards her at full speed.

if a battery charges, or if you charge it, it takes in and stores electricity

to order someone to do something or make them responsible for it

The commission is charged with investigating war crimes.

该委员会受命调查战争罪行。


charisma

a natural ability to attract and interest other people and make them admire you


charismatic

ˌkærəzˈmætɪk◂

ˌkærəzˈmætɪk◂

有超凡魅力的，有感召力的

Martin Luther King was a very charismatic speaker.

马丁•路德•金是个很有感召力的演说家。

groups of Christians who believe that God can give them special abilities, for example the ability to cure illness

灵恩教会/运动〔自认为能获得特殊神授能力的基督教派〕


charity

I like to give a small amount of what I earn to charity.

She sold all her jewellery and donated the money to charity.

Any profit that she makes from her writing goes to charity.

A huge amount is raised for charity by the festival.

(=one that operates near the place where you live)

All the money raised goes to local charities.

The Red Cross is a well-known international charity.

(=one that operates throughout a country)

Help the Aged is a national charity representing older people.

(=one that raises money to treat or cure cancer)

The event raised thousands of pounds for a cancer charity.

(=one that gives the money it makes to a charity)

Give your old clothes to a charity shop.

(=one organized to collect money for a charity)

She spoke at a charity event in aid of famine relief.

The band appeared at a charity concert for free.

(=someone who works for a charity, often without pay)

Charity workers say these reforms will not help the poor.

(=an act of asking people to give money to a charity)

The organization is launching a charity appeal for a new air ambulance.

an organization that gives money, goods, or help to people who are poor, sick etc

→see THESAURUS at [organization](->organization)

Several charities sent aid to the flood victims.

有几家慈善机构已向洪灾灾民送去了救援物资。

[charity event/walk/concert etc](bold)(=an event organized to collect money for a charity)

All the money raised by the concert will [go to charity](bold).

音乐会筹得的钱款将全部用于慈善事业。

The children raised over £200 for charity.

孩子们募捐到200多英镑善款。

money or gifts given to help people who are poor, sick etc

Her pride wouldn’t allow her to [accept charity](bold).

她的自尊心不允许自己去接受别人的施舍。

kindness or sympathy that you show towards other people

Newspaper reports [showed](bold) him little [charity](bold).

报纸的报道对他毫不宽容。

a phrase meaning that you should take care of your own family, country etc before you help other people

慈善始于家庭，施舍先及亲友


charm

Richard was clever and he had a lot of charm.

She knew when to use her charm in order to get what she wanted.

If you turn on the charm, I’m sure you’ll get the job.

He was getting older, and travel was losing its charm.

(=allow yourself to be influenced by their charms)

Thomas seemed to be succumbing to Sylvie's charms.

(=not allow yourself to be influenced by someone’s charm)

People say that it was impossible to resist Burton’s charm.

The house is a long way from anywhere and that is part of its charm.

Hudson was full of easy charm and smiles.

(=charm that is simple, old-fashioned and typical of the countryside)

She had a quiet natural charm that everyone liked.

a special quality someone or something has that makes people like them, feel attracted to them, or be easily influenced by them – used to show approval

魅力，魔力，吸引力，可爱之处〔含褒义〕

She [turned on the charm](bold)(=used her charm) to all the men.

她对所有那些男人都施展魅力。

The room had no windows and [all the charm of](bold) a prison cell (=used to say that something has no charm).

这房间没有窗，简直就是牢房。

a very small object worn on a chain or bracelet

〔项链或腕饰上的〕小吊饰，小串饰

a small gold horseshoe worn as a [lucky charm](bold)

作为吉祥物的马蹄形金吊饰

a phrase or action believed to have special magic powers

The new sales program has worked like a charm.

新的销售计划如愿奏效了。


charm

to attract someone and make them like you, sometimes in order to make them do something for you

We were charmed by the friendliness of the local people.

我们被当地人的友好吸引住了。

a story that has charmed generations of children

一个吸引了一代又一代儿童的故事

to gain power over someone or something by using magic

向 …施魔法，用魔法控制


charming

迷人的，有魅力的，有吸引力的

一家有吸引力的意大利小餐厅


chart

Their new single went straight to number 1 in the pop charts.

(=of CDs that have only one song on them)

The song reached number 9 in the singles charts.

(=of CDs that have several songs on them)

This put Marley into the album charts for the first time.

(=of music produced by small independent record companies)

The song went straight to the top of the indie charts.

The album entered the UK charts at number 2.

‘Without You’ topped the British charts for five weeks.

It looks like they are set for chart success.

In 1962 'Love Me Do' reached only number 17 in the charts.

information that is clearly arranged in the form of a simple picture, set of figures,graph etc, or a piece of paper with this information on it

显示去年销售情况的一份图表

→ [bar chart](->bar chart) → [flow chart](->flow chart) → [pie chart](->pie chart)

the lists, which come out weekly, of the most popular records

Her new single went straight to number one in the [pop charts](bold).

她新推出的单曲唱片跃居流行歌曲排行榜第一位。

Brooks again [topped the ](bold)[charts](bold)(=was the most popular).

布鲁克斯再次高居排行榜首位。

a detailed map, especially of an area of the sea or the stars

〔详细的〕地图；〔尤指〕海图，航海图，星位图


chart

to record information about a situation or set of events over a period of time, in order to see how it changes or develops

记录，跟踪〔变化或进展〕

Scientists have been charting temperature changes in the oceans.

科学家们一直在记录海洋温度的变化。

to make a plan of what should be done to achieve a particular result

Each team was responsible for making its own decisions and charting its own course.

每个小组都是自己负责作出决定、制订计划。

to make a map of an area of land, sea, or stars, or to draw lines on a map to show where you have travelled

绘制 …的地图[海图，星位图]；〔在地图上〕标出〔经过的路线〕

if a record charts, it enters the weekly list of the most popular records

他们接下来的一支单曲没有上榜。


charter

a statement of the principles, duties, and purposes of an organization

〔组织的〕原则，章程，宪章，宣言

the practice of paying money to a company to use their boats, aircraft etc, or the boat, aircraft etc used in this way

〔船、飞机等的〕包租；包租的船[飞机等]

a signed statement from a government or ruler which allows a town, organization, or university to officially exist and have special rights

〔政府或统治者允许城镇、组织或大学正式成立并享有特权的〕特许状，许可证

该镇的特许状是1838年颁发的。

a law or official decision that seems to give someone the right to do something most people consider morally wrong

授予特权的法令；特许状；特权

Reducing the number of police is just a thieves’ charter.

减少警力等于是给窃贼开了通行证。


charter

to pay a company for the use of their aircraft, boat etc

We chartered a boat to take us to some of the smaller islands.

我们包了一条船带我们到一些较小的岛上去。

to say officially that a town, organization, or university officially exists and has special rights

特许成立〔城镇、组织或大学〕


chase

to quickly follow someone or something in order to catch them

The dogs saw him running and chased him.

那些狗看到他在跑就追他。

The police chased the suspect along Severn Avenue.

警察沿着塞文大街追捕嫌疑人。

A gang of boys chased after her, calling her names.

一帮男孩在她后面一边追一边骂。

to make someone or something leave, especially by following them for a short distance and threatening them

The men were chased off by troops, who fired warning shots.

军队鸣枪警告，把这些人驱散了。

Anne went to chase the dog out of the garden.

to use a lot of time and effort trying to get something such as work or money

Top graduates from the university are chased by major companies.

这所大学的优秀毕业生被大公司争相聘用。

I was chasing around getting everything organized.

我四处奔走安排所有的事情。

to try hard to make someone notice you and pay attention to you, because you want to have a romantic relationship with them

‘Sometimes a girl wants to be chased,’ Amelia said.

“有时候女孩子希望被人追求。”阿梅莉亚说。


chase

→ [paper chase](->paper chase) → [wild goose chase](->wild goose chase)

the act of following someone or something quickly in order to catch them

Police spotted the car and [gave chase](bold)(=chased it).

警察发现那辆汽车就追了上去。

when you use a lot of time and effort trying to get something


chat

[Chat](bold)  is a reciprocal verb. This type of verb is used when saying that two or more people or things do something that involves both or all of them: The boys were chatting.  You can also say: The boys were chatting with each other. He was chatting with the boys.

[past tense and past participle](italic) [chatted](bold) [present participle](italic) [chatting](bold)

to talk in a friendly informal way, especially about things that are not important

John and I sat up until the early hours chatting.

玛丽也在，和她母亲闲聊。

Susie chatted away about her social life.

苏茜聊起了她的社交生活。

to communicate with several people in a chat room on the Internet


chat

Are you free later if I call in for a chat?

Sometimes we go to the cinema or just meet up for a chat.

Why don’t you call her and have a little chat.

My manager said he wanted to have a brief chat with me.

Perhaps I could have a bit of a chat with him.

New students sometimes just need to have a friendly chat with someone.

I made some coffee and we had a cosy chat.

Come and see me any time if you want an informal chat about jobs.

Have a confidential chat with the school nurse.

(=one that other people will not interrupt.)

Let’s go and have a quiet chat over lunch.

(=one had with someone over the internet)

With MSN you can have an online chat with your friends.

I’ve [had](bold) a long [chat](bold) with Vinnie.

She was enjoying their friendly [little chat](bold).

她很喜欢他们那种友好的闲聊。

She used to drop in for a chat quite often.

她以前常常会过来聊聊天。


cheap

[cheaply](bold) adv. eg: a cheaply furnished room eg: They lived as cheaply as possible.

[cheapness](bold) n. <U> eg: the relative cheapness of housing

costing very little money, or less than you expected

My shoes were really cheap – they only cost £25.

The cheapest way to get to Chicago is to take the bus.

low prices, rents, and fees do not cost a lot of money. Do not use [cheap](bold) with these words

You could get equally good accommodation elsewhere at a lower rent.

not expensive – use this especially about things that are of good quality, even though they do not cost a lot

The furniture is inexpensive, but well made.

a hotel that offers air-conditioned rooms at relatively inexpensive prices

a reasonable price seems fair because it is not too high

The restaurant serves good food at reasonable prices.

Only £25 a night? That sounds reasonable.

cheap because you do not need to use a lot of money or fuel

It is usually more economical to buy in large quantities.

cheap enough for most people to be able to buy or pay for

Single mothers often have trouble finding affordable childcare.

The shop sells designer fashions at affordable prices.

competitive prices and rates are as low as those charged by other shops or companies

I think you’ll find our prices are extremely competitive.

The hotel offers a high standard of service at very competitive rates.

budget flights, airlines, hotels etc have especially low prices

You can get a budget flight to Amsterdam for only £19.

a list of budget hotels for under $50 a night

budget accommodation for families with young children

to be worth at least the price you pay for it, so that you feel pleased and think you have spent your money well

The meals at Charlie’s Pizza are really good value.

I got this shirt when I was in Indonesia. It was a real bargain.

[comparative](italic) [cheaper](bold) [superlative](italic) [cheapest](bold)

not at all expensive, or lower in price than you expected

西班牙的房地产比这里便宜。

a cheap shop (=one that sells goods cheaply)

The equipment is [relatively cheap](bold) and simple to use.

这种设备相对比较便宜，而且操作简单。

This coat was [dirt cheap](bold)(= very cheap - an informal expression)

[cheap and cheerful](bold) BrE(=simple and not expensive, but of reasonable quality)

一家价廉物美的意大利餐馆

我喝劣质的葡萄酒会头痛。

The furniture looked [cheap and nasty](bold).

a [cheap imitation](bold) of the real thing

Gas appliances are usually cheaper to run than electric ones.

用燃气设备一般比用电器省钱。

For the employer, a part-time workforce means a [cheap labour](bold) supply.

对雇主来说，兼职工意味着廉价的劳动力。

showing a lack of honesty, moral principles, or sincere feelings, so that you do not deserve respect

She felt cheap and stupid, like a naughty child caught stealing.

她感到自己卑鄙愚蠢，就像个偷东西被逮到的调皮孩子。

You’re lying, aren’t you? You’re so cheap.

你在说谎，对不对？你真不要脸。

His remark was a [cheap shot](bold) at short people.

他的那番话是对矮个子的奚落。

another [cheap](bold) political [stunt](bold)

It was nothing but a [cheap trick](bold)(=unkind trick).

那只不过是个卑鄙的伎俩。

她太小气了，不肯叫出租车的。

excitement that does not take much effort to get

Bella will sleep with anyone for a cheap thrill.

used to say that it is not important if people die

so good, useful, or desirable that the cost is not important


cheap

Air fares to Africa [don’t come cheap](bold)(=are expensive).

I bought this house because it was [going cheap](bold)(=selling for a lower price than usual).

我买下这幢房子是因为它降价了。

She used to [get](bold) meat [cheap](bold) at the butcher’s.

以前她常常在肉店买便宜的肉。

They’re selling linen off cheap in Lewis’s.

路易斯百货店正在特价出售亚麻织品。


cheap

spending less money than is needed to do something properly

A clean environment cannot be had on the cheap.

要想环境清洁是不能省钱的。


cheat

to deceive someone so that they do not get or keep something they have a right to

He used his charm to cheat the old lady out of everything he could get.

He’s afraid they’ll cheat him after he hands over the money.

to get money from someone by telling them lies

They conned her into spending thousands of pounds on useless equipment.

He conned money out of the public by pretending to collect for charity.

to get money from a person or organization by cheating them in a clever way

The painting has been stolen and the art gallery has been swindled out of a large sum of money.

A City businessman who swindled investors out of millions of pounds was jailed for four years.

to commit the crime of getting money from an organization by deceiving them

He admitted attempting to defraud his former employer of $1 million.

Johnson is accused of conspiring to defraud the taxman of hundreds of thousands of pounds.

to dishonestly stop someone from getting or keeping something, especially something they have a right to have

They’ve done me out of three weeks wages!

to behave in a dishonest way in order to win or to get an advantage, especially in a competition, game, or examination

〔尤指在竞赛、游戏或考试中〕舞弊，作弊

He had cheated in the test by using a calculator.

他在考试时作弊，用了计算器。

Don’t look at my cards – [that’s cheating](bold).

to trick or deceive someone so that they do not get or keep something they have a right to have

Illegal workers are often cheated by employers.

非法打工者常常受到雇主的欺诈。

She cheated her aged aunt out of her fortune.

她从年迈的姑妈那里骗得了财产。

to feel that you have been treated wrongly or unfairly and have not got what you deserve

她感觉自己被人欺骗和利用了。

to manage to avoid death or a very bad situation even though it seemed that you would not be able to

The Italian ace cheated death in a spectacular 100 mph crash.

这位意大利名将在100英里时速的惊魂车祸中大难不死。

if you are cheated of victory, success etc, you do not achieve it because of something unfortunate that happens


cheat

His addiction has turned him into a cheat and a liar.

毒瘾把他变成了一个骗子和说谎者。

作弊，欺骗行为；不公平的事

a set of instructions given to a computer that make it easier for someone who is playing a computer game to win

〔电脑游戏玩家为更容易获胜而输入电脑的〕作弊指令，作弊码


check

check in
check off
check on
check out
check over
check up on

I’ll just check the water level in the battery.

The immigration officer checked their passports.

We need to check the building for structural damage.

to look at something carefully and thoroughly because you want to find out something about it

Experts who examined the painting believe it is genuine.

The police will examine the weapon for fingerprints.

to look at something carefully and thoroughly in order to make sure that it is correct, safe, or working properly, especially when it is your job to do this

The building is regularly inspected by a fire-safety officer.

Some insurance people have already been here to inspect the damage caused by the storm.

to examine something such as a document or plan from beginning to end, especially in order to check that it is correct

You should go through the contract before you sign.

I’ve finished my essay, but I just need to go through it to check for spelling mistakes.

to check something again so that you are completely sure it is correct, safe, or working properly

I double-checked all my calculations and they seemed fine.

Travellers should double-check flight information before setting off today.

to examine or use something in order to find out whether it works or what its qualities are, or in order to check that it is satisfactory

Test your brakes to check they are working correctly.

These products have not been tested on animals.

to carefully watch or keep checking someone or something in order to see what happens over a period of time

Doctors monitored her progress during the night.

Observers have been monitoring the situation in Burma closely.

to do something in order to find out whether something really is correct, true, or in good condition

Check the tiles carefully before you buy them.

购买之前要把瓷砖仔细检查一下。

A first rule in solving any mystery is to check the facts.

揭开谜团的第一条规则是核查事实。

Fill in the cash book carefully and always check your calculations.

仔细填写现金账簿，每次都要检查计算结果。

Check that all the doors are locked securely.

检查所有的门是否安全上锁。

Let me just check whether the potatoes are cooked.

我来看看马铃薯煮好了没有。

They paused to check how the other climbers were getting on.

他们停下来看看其他的登山者进展如何。

把龙头打开，检查是否漏水。

check sth against/with sth (=compare something with something else to see whether they are the same)

You must check the evidence against other sources and decide if it is reliable.

你必须把证据和其他资料进行对照，再来判定它是否可靠。

Positive test results are [double-checked](bold)(=looked at twice) to make absolutely sure.

对呈阳性的化验结果要进行复查，以确保绝对准确。

to ask someone whether something is correct, true, or allowed

I’m not authorized to give you a refund – I’ll have to check first.

我无权给你退款——我要先请示一下。

Make a phone call to check that you’re writing to the right person.

打电话去问一下你的信是不是寄对人了。

Call the factory to check whether the beds can be delivered today.

打电话给厂里询问一下那些床今天是否能够送到。

Check with your doctor before going on a diet.

节食之前先咨询一下医生。

to suddenly stop yourself from saying or doing something because you realize it would be better not to

克制〔自己〕；制止[阻止]〔自己〕做〔某事〕

I had to check the urge to laugh out loud.

我只得憋住不让自己大声笑出来。

He grinned, and then checked himself, not wanting to upset Jack.

他咧嘴一笑，然后克制住自己，因为他不想让杰克不开心。

to stop something bad from getting worse or continuing to happen

The police are failing to take adequate measures to check the growth in crime.

警方未能采取适当的措施来阻止犯罪率上升。

to leave your bags at an official place so they can be put on a plane or a train, or to take someone’s bags in order to do this

Any luggage over five kilos must be checked.

超过五公斤的行李都必须托运。

to make a mark (✓) next to an answer, something on a list etc to show you have chosen it, that it is correct, or that you have dealt with it

给〔答案、清单的项目等〕打钩号

say this when someone mentions each thing on a list, to tell them that you have it or have done it

有，办妥〔某人提到清单上列出的东西时的回答〕

“护照？”“有。”“机票？”“有。”


check

I did a quick check of all the windows, locked the door and left.

One of the nurses makes regular checks during the night.

(=especially on something that is strange or suspicious)

You should run a virus check before downloading from the Internet.

The police carried out a check on the car’s registration number.

Always have a final check to make sure you’ve got your ticket and passport.

I’d like you to give the car a careful check.

Keep a check on your baby’s temperature.

She advised me to go for a medical check.

A quick check showed that someone had been in the room.

An engineer gave the computer a thorough check.

(=happening as a normal part of a process)

I went to the doctor for a routine health check.

Customs officials were carrying out random checks on cars.

It’s vital to keep a regular check on your bank balance.

His teacher was keeping a close check on his progress.

The security checks at the airport can take a long time.

People over 60 should have regular medical checks.

(=to get information about someone’s previous work, education, family etc)

The company conducts background checks on security employees.

(=to get information about someone’s financial history)

Banks usually do a credit check before they give you a loan.

(=a quick check of one thing in a group done to obtain information)

They did a spot check on 160 vehicles to see how many passengers were wearing seat belts.

(=a process in which a computer program tells you if you have spelt words wrong)

Have you done a spell check on your essay?

the process of finding out if something is safe, correct, true, or in the condition it should be

the need for tighter checks on arms sales

加强军火销售审查的必要性

Conduct [regular checks](bold) on your water quality.

I decided to run a check on all personnel.

我决定对所有员工进行审查。

I [keep a](bold) careful [check on](bold) my blood pressure.

Have a check in your bag first and see if it’s there.

先检查一下你的袋子，看是否在那儿。

the airport’s routine [security checks](bold)

[health/medical/dental etc check](bold)(=a test done to make sure you are healthy)

[spot check](bold)(=a quick check of one thing among a group of things, that you do without warning)

You must learn to keep your emotions in check.

你必须学会控制自己的情绪。

attempts to keep global warming in check

He made an effort to hold himself in check.

something that controls something else and stops it from getting worse, continuing to happen etc

制止（手段），抑制（手段），控制

Higher interest rates will act as a check on public spending.

提高利率将起到控制公共支出的作用。

a system that makes it possible for some people or parts of an organization to control the others, so that no particular person or part has too much power or influence

a pattern of squares, especially on cloth

〔尤指布料上的〕方格图案

棕色和黑色相间的方格子衬衫

[check suit/jacket etc](bold)(=made with cloth patterned with checks)

a list that you are given in a restaurant showing what you have eaten and how much you must pay

a place in a restaurant, theatre etc where you can leave your coat, bag etc to be guarded

〔餐馆、剧院等的〕衣帽寄存处

a ticket that you are given so you can claim your things from this place

〔衣帽〕存放单，寄存物品的凭证

a mark (✓) that you put next to an answer to show that it is correct or next to something on a list to show that you have dealt with it

〔表示答案正确或某事项已处理的〕钩号

the position of the kingmost important piece in chess where it can be directly attacked by the opponent’s pieces

〔国际象棋中的〕将（军），被“将（军）”的局面


checked

checked cloth has a regular pattern of differently coloured squares


checklist

This is a useful checklist for anyone travelling abroad.

Here’s a quick checklist of things you are likely to need.

I try and keep a mental checklist of jobs I have to do.

A holiday checklist is useful when you are packing.

Can you keep a checklist of what we need to buy?

Interviewers often use a checklist to ensure that they’ve covered everything.

Why not draw up a checklist of things you want to achieve this year?

(=read it to see what still needs doing)

I’ll just run through the checklist one more time.

a list that helps you by reminding you of the things you need to do or get for a particular job or activity

〔核对事项用的〕清单，检查单

The guide contains a useful checklist of points to look for when buying a car.

手册里有一张很有用的清单，列出买车时要注意的一些事项。


checkout

[check out](bold) at → [check](->check) 1

the place in a supermarket where you pay for the goods you have collected

〔超级市场的〕付款处，收银台

Why can’t they have more checkouts open?

他们为什么不多开几处收银台呢？

the time by which you must leave a hotel room


checkpoint

a place, especially on a border, where an official person examines vehicles or people

〔尤指边境的〕关卡，检查站

They had to cross five military checkpoints.

他们得通过五个军事检查站。


cheek

[tongue in cheek](bold) at → [tongue](->tongue) 1 sense 6 → [tongue-in-cheek](->tongue-in-cheek)

the soft round part of your face below each of your eyes

露西伸长了脖子去亲吻他的脸颊。

比利脸颊红润，长着一双蓝眼睛。

Julie’s cheeks flushed with pleasure at the compliment.

听了这赞美的话，朱莉开心得满脸通红。

一个面色红润、胖乎乎的老家伙

disrespectful or rude behaviour, especially towards someone in a position of authority

〔尤指对权威〕无礼[放肆]的行为；厚颜无耻

我对你的放肆已经受够了。

He had the cheek to make personal remarks and expect no reaction.

他竟然有脸进行人身攻击还指望别人会没有反应。

She’s [got a cheek](bold); she just goes on till she gets what she wants.

她脸皮很厚，不达目的决不罢休。

It’s [a bit of a cheek](bold), asking me for money.

真不要脸，竟然问我要钱。

[What a cheek](bold)! Of course I read the instructions!

真是无礼！我当然看过用法说明！

an expensive French restaurant cheek by jowl with a cheap clothes shop

紧挨着一家廉价服装店的高级法国餐馆

to deliberately avoid reacting in an angry or violent way when someone has hurt or upset you

〔对伤害自己的人〕不还手，不加报复，容忍

if two people dance cheek to cheek, they dance very close to each other in a romantic way

one of the two soft fleshy parts of your bottom


cheek

to speak rudely or with disrespect to someone, especially to someone older such as your teacher or parents

对〔尤指老师、家长等〕无礼地说话

You can cheek some teachers and they just don’t do anything.

你可以顶撞有些老师，他们不会怎么样。


cheer

a shout of happiness, praise, approval, or encouragement

A great [cheer went up](bold) from the crowd.

人群中爆发出巨大的欢呼声。

So let’s [give a cheer](bold) to the kids who passed their exams.

那么我们为通过考试的孩子们欢呼吧。

The final whistle was greeted with triumphant cheers from players and spectators.

随着终场哨声的响起，运动员和观众发出胜利的欢呼。

used to tell a group of people to shout three times as a way of showing support, happiness, thanks etc

‘Hello,’ said Auguste cheerily. His [good cheer](bold) was not returned.

“你好啊！”奥古斯特愉快地打招呼，可是他的好心情没有得到回应。

a special chantphrase that is repeated that the crowds at a US sports game shout in order to encourage their team to win

〔美国体育运动中的〕加油口号


cheer

to shout as a way of showing happiness, praise, approval, or support of someone or something

（为 …）欢呼，喝彩；（为 …）加油

Everybody cheered when the firemen arrived.

消防员到达时，大家都欢呼起来。

to make someone feel more hopeful when they are worried

By late afternoon there came news that cheered them all.

傍晚时分传来了使大家都备受鼓舞的消息。

Government policy towards higher education contains little to cheer university students.

政府的高等教育政策没有让大学生感到有什么希望。


cheerful

[cheerfully](bold) adv. eg: He smiled cheerfully. eg: ‘Morning!’ she called cheerfully.

[cheap and cheerful](bold) at → [cheap](->cheap) 1 sense 1

happy, or behaving in a way that shows you are happy

I’m making a real effort to be cheerful despite everything.

尽管发生了这些事，我还是非常努力让自己保持愉快。

‘I’m Robyn,’ she said with a cheerful smile.

“我叫萝宾。”她愉快地笑着说。

看到一张愉快的脸让我感觉很好。

something that is cheerful makes you feel happy because it is so bright or pleasant

一家明亮宜人的意大利餐馆

There was a cheerful picture on the wall.

墙上有一张令人赏心悦目的画。

这幢房子有一种令人愉快的气氛。

She was a cheerful and agreeable companion.

她是个乐观且讨人喜欢的伙伴。

Before the accident he had been cheerful and confident.

出事故之前他乐观又自信。

a cheerful attitude shows that you are willing to do whatever is necessary in a happy way


cheese

→ [big cheese](->big cheese) [chalk and cheese](bold) at → [chalk](->chalk) 1 sense 3

We just had bread and a hunk of cheese for lunch.

(=a piece which is thin at one end and thick at the other)

After the meal we had coffee with cheese and biscuits.

This is one of the strongest French cheeses.

Use a hard cheese such as Cheddar for grating.

(=that has been cut into many small pieces using a special tool)

Cover the vegetables with the grated cheese.

(=a type of soft white cheese with small lumps in it)

(=a type of cheese with blue lines in it and a strong taste)

(=cut it into many small pieces using a special tool)

(=put small pieces of cheese over/on something)

I made a cheese sauce to go with the pasta.

a solid food made from milk, which is usually yellow or white in colour, and can be soft or hard

[piece/bit/slice/lump etc of cheese](bold)

[cow’s/goat’s/sheep’s cheese](bold)(=from the milk of a cow etc)

used to tell people to smile when you are going to take their photograph

笑一笑！说“茄子”！〔照相时叫人微笑说的话〕


chef

a skilled cook, especially the main cook in a hotel or restaurant

厨师；〔尤指酒店或餐馆的〕主厨，厨师长


chemical

Many cleaning products contain chemicals that can be harmful.

There are major problems over the disposal of hazardous chemicals.

The chemicals that were released were highly toxic.

A synthetic chemical is, in theory, identical to that found in nature.

(=containing natural substances including carbon)

Oil and coal are known as organic chemicals.

Some deaths from cancer are related to industrial chemicals.

Farmers use chemicals to kill insects that would destroy their crops.

the dangerous chemicals produced by burning oil

Some of the troops were exposed to chemicals.

The chemical industry is one of the most important industrial sectors.

There has been an explosion at a chemical plant in Germany.

Many crops are grown with chemical fertilizers.

the risks from pollution and chemical waste

a global treaty banning chemical weapons

There is now also the threat of chemical warfare.

a substance used in chemistry or produced by a chemical process


chemical

[chemically](bold) /-kli/  adv. eg: Chemically, the substances are similar.

relating to substances, the study of substances, or processes involving changes in substances

化学的；化学上的；用化学方法制造的


chemist

a scientist who has special knowledge and training in chemistry

someone trained to prepare drugs and medicines, who works in a shop

a shop where you can buy medicines, beauty products etc


chemistry

the science that is concerned with studying the structure of substances and the way that they change or combine with each other

if there is chemistry between two people, they like each other and find each other attractive

It’s obvious that there’s a very real chemistry between them.

很明显他们之间真的非常来电。

the way substances combine in a particular process, thing, person etc


cheque

→ [blank cheque](->blank cheque) → [traveller's cheque](->traveller's cheque)

I had to write a cheque for £360 yesterday.

Can I give you a cheque, or would you prefer cash?

(=write someone's name on a cheque so it is paid to them)

I wrote to the company enclosing a cheque for £49.99.

I went to the bank to pay in a couple of cheques.

(=stop a cheque from being paid to someone)

Don't forget to phone the bank and cancel that cheque.

(=exchange a cheque for the amount of money it is worth)

The company had cashed the cheque but not sent the goods.

We only accept cheques if you have a bank card.

(=use a cheque to withdraw money from an account)

Customers can draw cheques for any amount they like on their accounts.

(=is not paid by a bank because there is not enough money in the account)

The cheque bounced because my account was overdrawn.

Sara was delighted to receive a large cheque in the post.

(=signed but without the amount written on it)

I wasn't sure how much the tickets would be so I gave her a blank cheque.

(=with a date on it that is later than the date you write the cheque)

She wanted a post-dated cheque for the next three months' rent.

My pay cheque arrived at the end of each week.

(=a type of cheque that you can exchange for money in another country)

Are you taking some traveller's cheques on holiday?

(=a book of cheques that your bank gives you to use)

When you open a bank account you will be given your own cheque book.

(=a bank card shown when paying by cheque)

Cheques must be accompanied by a valid cheque card.

(=the part of a cheque that stays in your cheque book when you have written a cheque)

Check your cheque stubs to see when you wrote the cheque.

([BrE](special)) AmE check  [n](bold) <[C](bold)>

a printed piece of paper that you write an amount of money on, sign, and use instead of money to pay for things

他们寄给我一张100英镑的支票。

You could [write](bold) her a [cheque](bold).

[cash a cheque](bold)(=get cash in exchange for a cheque)


cherish

if you cherish something, it is very important to you

I [cherish](bold) the [memory](bold) of that day.

[cherish a hope/an idea/a dream etc](bold)

willingness to re-examine cherished beliefs

愿意重新审视所珍视的信仰

to love someone or something very much and take care of them well

In marriage, a man promises to cherish his wife.

在婚姻中，男人承诺要爱护妻子。


cherry

[another bite/a second bite at the cherry](bold) at → [bite](->bite) 2 sense 8

a small round red or black fruit with a long thin stem and a stone in the middle

the wood of this tree, used for making furniture


chess

Today, many chess players have online games.

There was a chess board set up on the table.

(=a complete group of the different chess pieces)

She gave him a beautifully carved wooden chess set.

You first have to learn the basic chess moves.

Ray's taking part in a chess tournament.

An eight year-old who can beat a chess master is remarkable.

(=the highest title a chess player can get)

Bobby Fischer was an American chess grand master.

a game for two players, who move their playing pieces according to particular rules across a special board to try to trap their opponent’s kingmost important piece

They meet fairly often to [play chess](bold).

他们经常在一起下国际象棋。


chest

a tall man with a broad chest and shoulders

His arms were folded across his powerful chest.

His shirt was unbuttoned, revealing a hairy chest.

(=one that is making you cough or giving you pain)

I'm not going running today - my chest is bad.

There are a number of causes of chest pain.

Every time I get a cold I get a chest infection too.

(=something wrong with your chest and causing you pain)

Older people often suffer from chest complaints.

He suffered serious chest injuries in the accident.

(=a photograph of the inside of your chest, to see if it is healthy)

A chest X-ray showed that there was damage to his lungs.

the front part of your body between your neck and your stomach

a large strong box that you use to store things in or to move your personal possessions from one place to another

→ [chest of drawers](->chest of drawers) → [tea chest](->tea chest) → [war chest](->war chest)

to tell someone about something that has been worrying or annoying you for a long time, so that you feel better afterwards


chew

[bite off more than you can chew](bold) at → [bite](->bite) 1 sense 10

to bite food several times before swallowing it

This meat’s so tough I can hardly chew it!

这肉太老了，我几乎嚼不动！

to bite something continuously in order to taste it or because you are nervous

〔为了品尝或因紧张而〕不停地嚼，咬

我们扔了一只旧鞋给狗去啃。

if a cow or sheep chews the cud, it keeps biting on food it has brought up from its stomach


chew

the act of biting something many times with your teeth

a piece of tobacco that you chew but do not swallow


chewing gum

a type of sweet that you chew for a long time but do not swallow


chick

a word meaning a young woman, that some people think is offensive

小妞儿，小姐〔有些人认为该词具有冒犯性〕


chicken

[don’t count your chickens before they’ve hatched](bold) at → [count](->count) 1 sense 8 → [spring chicken](->spring chicken)

(=from a chicken that moved around outside and ate naturally)

They filled their plates with fried chicken.

For this recipe, you will need a two pounds of skinless chicken.

You will need two chicken pieces per person.

party food, such as sandwiches and chicken drumsticks

I'll make a chicken pie with the leftovers.

(=fill a chicken with a mixture of onion, lemon, herbs etc)

(=cut up a whole chicken that has been cooked)

a common farm bird that is kept for its meat and eggs

a game in which children do something dangerous, for example stand on a railway line when a train is coming, and try to be the one who continues doing it for the longest time

〔儿童玩的〕比试胆量的游戏

which came first, the chicken or the egg?

used to say that it is difficult or impossible to decide which of two things happened first, or which action is the cause and which is the effect

先有鸡，还是先有蛋？〔用于表示先后或因果难以区分〕

a situation in which it is impossible to decide which of two things happened first, or which action is the cause and which is the effect

先有鸡还是先有蛋[因果难定]的状况/问题等

used to say that someone’s bad or dishonest actions in the past have caused the problems that they have now

某人开始遭报应了，恶有恶报，自作自受


chicken

[adj](bold) <[not before noun](bold)> [informal](special)

戴夫胆子太小，不敢约她出去。


chief

He was recently appointed chief economist at the Bank of Scotland.

他最近被任命为苏格兰银行首席经济学家。

→see THESAURUS at [important](->important)   →see THESAURUS at [main](->main) 1

One of the [chief causes](bold) of crime today is drugs.

毒品是如今犯罪的主要诱因之一。

安全问题是我们的头等大事。

The [chief reason](bold) for this is that people are living longer.

这主要是因为人们更长寿了。

和他竞争这份工作的主要对手

She had many reasons for taking the money, but [chief among](bold) them was revenge.

她拿这笔钱的原因有很多，但最主要的是为了报复。

someone who does a lot of small jobs to make sure that an event is successful – used humorously

事必躬亲的负责人，百管部长，当家的〔幽默用法〕


chief

the most important person, or one of the most important people, in a company or organization – used especially in job titles and in news reports

首领，最高领导人〔尤用于职位头衔和新闻报道中〕

Los Angeles Police Chief Willie L. Williams

洛杉矶警察局局长威利•L.威廉斯

Most health chiefs believe the reforms have gone too far.

大多数卫生部领导人都觉得改革搞得过火了。

[commander-in-chief/editor-in-chief etc](bold)(=used in job titles for people with the highest rank)

They offered him the position of editor-in-chief.

the Zulu leader, Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi

祖鲁族首领曼戈苏图•布特莱齐酋长

used to say there are too many people saying how something should be done and not enough people doing it

官多兵少；动嘴的多，动手的少

the person in charge of a group of people, company, organization etc – used humorously

首领，头目，上司〔幽默用法〕


chiefly

The work consists chiefly of interviewing the public.

这份工作主要是采访公众。

I lived abroad for years, chiefly in Italy.

我在国外生活了很多年，主要是在意大利。


child

someone who is not yet an adult. You don’t usually use [child](bold) to talk about babies or teenagers

a child. [Kid](bold) is the usual word to use in everyday spoken English

There’s not much for teenagers to do around here.

a young person who is developing into an adult – used especially when talking about the problems these people have

He changed from a cheerful child to a confused adolescent.

a teenage boy – especially one who is violent and commits crimes

a child or young person – used especially by old people

You youngsters have got your whole life ahead of you.

He’s a bright youngster with a good sense of humour.

It is illegal to sell alcohol to a minor.

A four-year-old child should not be left on their own.

Young children are naturally curious about the world.

My family lived in France when I was a small child.

He was holding the newborn child in his arms.

(=a baby that is still inside its mother)

(=allowed to do or have whatever he or she wants, and behaving badly)

He was a bright child – always asking questions.

Problem children may need to be removed from the classroom.

(=legally made part of a family that he or she was not born into)

I didn’t find out that I was an adopted child until years later.

(=living on the streets because they have no homes)

The organization aims to help street children in Latin America.

The cost of bringing up a child has risen rapidly.

One in four children is growing up in poverty.

(=treating children in a very bad way, especially sexually)

He was arrested on suspicion of child abuse.

The garments were made using child labour.

The hotel is ideal for families with young children.

这家宾馆对带小孩的家庭再合适不过。

The film is not suitable for children under 12.

这部影片不适合12岁以下的儿童观看。

I was very happy [as a child](bold)(=when I was a child).

For a child of five this was a terrifying experience.

对5岁的小孩来说，这是一次可怕的经历。

I have five children, all happily married.

我有五个孩子，他们的婚姻都很幸福。

She lives with her husband, Paul, and three [grown-up children](bold).

她和丈夫保罗及三个成年子女生活在一起。

Annie had always wanted to get married and have children.

Alex is [an only child](bold)(=he has no brothers or sisters).

Our [youngest child](bold), Sam, has just started university.

我们最小的孩子萨姆刚上大学。

[eldest child](bold) especially BrE, [oldest child](bold) especially AmE

the decision to [bring a child into the world](bold)(=have a baby)

someone who is very strongly influenced by the ideas and attitudes of a particular period of history

深受〔某一历史时期观点、思想〕影响的人

someone who behaves like a child and is not sensible or responsible – used to show disapproval

幼稚的人，行为像孩子的人〔含贬义〕

used to say that something is very easy to do

I’ve cooked for 200 people before now. So, tonight is child’s play by comparison.

以前我给200个人做过饭，相比之下今晚真是小菜一碟。

an expression meaning that children should be quiet and not talk – used when you disapprove of the way a child is behaving

大人说话小孩别插嘴〔要小孩安静的用语〕


childcare

an arrangement in which someone who is trained to look after children cares for them while the parents are at work

People earning low wages will find it difficult to pay for childcare.

低收入人群会发现他们难以支付儿童看护费用。

I think more women would work if there were better [childcare facilities](bold).

我觉得如果有更好的儿童看护机构的话，就会有更多的妇女去工作。


childhood

Her parents divorced and her childhood was unhappy.

He had no brothers or sisters and a lonely childhood.

(=without enough money, food, attention etc)

Many children living in these areas have very deprived childhoods.

Experiences in early childhood are very important.

I wish I'd had a happy childhood like yours.

This is the house where the artist spent most of his childhood.

He remembered the place from his childhood.

The smell in the air brought back happy childhood memories.

Our childhood experiences make us who we are.

measles and other common childhood illnesses

大多数感染发生在儿童时期。

She had been writing poems since her childhood.

她童年时代就开始写诗了。

[childhood home/friend/experience etc](bold)(=a home etc that you had when you were a child)

[childhood memories](bold)(=the memories you have of your childhood)

→ [second childhood](->second childhood)

In everyday English, people usually say [when I was a child](bold)  when talking about their [childhood](bold) :

[[During my childhood](bold) we lived by the ocean.](strike)

[When I was a child](bold) we lived by the ocean.

[She’s known him [since childhood](bold).](strike)

She’s known him [since she was a child](bold).


chill

There was a slight [chill in the air](bold).

Suddenly aware of the morning chill, she closed the window.

她突然感觉到清晨的寒意，于是关上窗户。

He sat in the chill of the evening, staring out over the city below.

他坐在夜晚的寒气中，眺望着下面的城市。

I turned on the heater in the hall [to take the chill off](bold) the house (=to heat it slightly).

我开了厅里的暖气给屋子驱寒。

a sudden feeling of fear or worry, especially because of something cruel or violent

The sound of his dark laugh [sent a chill through](bold) her.

他那阴险的笑声使她不禁心生寒意。

[chill of fear/apprehension/disquiet etc](bold)

Fay felt a chill of fear as she watched Max go off with her daughter.

费伊看着马克斯带着她的女儿离开，感到一阵恐惧。

There was something in his tone that [sent a chill down](bold) Melissa’s [spine](bold)(=made her very frightened).

他的语气里有些什么，使梅利莎感到背脊发凉。

an illness which causes a slight fever, headache, and shiveringslight shaking of the body

Let’s get these wet clothes off you before you [catch a chill](bold).

我们来把这些湿衣服脱掉吧，免得你着凉。

a feeling of being cold, caused by being ill


chill

if you chill something such as food or drink, or if it chills, it becomes very cold but does not freeze

Spoon the mixture into a bowl and chill for two hours.

把混合物舀进碗里，冷藏两小时。

The longer this salad chills, the better the flavour.

这种沙拉冷藏时间越长味道越好。

to relax completely instead of feeling angry, tired, or nervous

‘Hold it! Just chill for a second, won’t you!’

“克制一下！冷静一会儿，行不行！”

I spent the afternoon chilling out in front of the TV.

我整个下午都坐在电视机前放松自己。

The wind blew across her body, chilling her wet skin.

风吹在她身上，她湿漉漉的皮肤感到非常寒冷。

[chilled to the bone/marrow](bold)(=extremely cold)

Come and sit by the fire – you look chilled to the bone.

来坐在火边，你看起来都快冻僵了。

to suddenly frighten someone, especially by seeming very cruel or violent

〔尤指因看起来很残忍或暴力而〕使不寒而栗

他脸上的怒气使她感到不寒而栗。

[chill sb to the bone/chill sb to the marrow/chill sb’s blood](bold)(=frighten someone a lot)

He jerked his head round and saw something that chilled his blood.

他猛地转过头去，看到的东西真是让他毛骨悚然。


chill

[adj](bold) <[usually before noun](bold)>


chilli

[plural](italic) chillies ([BrE](bold)) [plural](italic) chilies ([AmE](bold))

a small thin red or green pepper with a very strong hot taste

(also: chilli con carne ([BrE,](bold)) chili con carne ([AmE](bold)) /-kɒn ˈkɑːni
        -kɑːn ˈkɑːrni/ )

a spicy dish made with beans, meat, and chillies

辣味牛肉豆〔一种用豆子、肉和辣椒做成的菜肴〕


chilly

chilly weather or places are cold enough to make you feel uncomfortable

if you feel chilly, you feel uncomfortably cold

The speech met with a [chilly reception](bold).


chimney

a vertical pipe that allows smoke from a fire to pass out of a building up into the air, or the part of this pipe that is above the roof

We can’t light a fire because the chimney hasn’t been swept.

烟囱管没有清扫过，我们生不了火。

a tall vertical structure containing a chimney

a narrow opening in tall rocks or cliffs that you can climb up

〔岩石或悬崖间可容人攀登的〕裂口，裂缝

if someone smokes like a chimney, they smoke a lot of cigarettes or tobacco – used humorously


chimpanzee

also: [chimp](bold) /tʃɪmp/  [n](bold) <[C](bold)>

an intelligent African animal that is like a large monkey without a tail


chin

(=loose skin under your chin that looks like a second chin)

Frank was much fatter now and he had a double chin.

She had a narrow face and a pointed chin.

(=small in proportion to the face, and not square in shape)

He’s grown a beard to cover his weak chin.

(=giving a face a determined appearance)

She had short hair and a determined chin.

A square chin may be taken as a sign of a stubborn character.

(=sloping backwards in an unattractive way)

Half the boys in my college seemed to have receding chins.

(=with short hairs on because a man has not shaved)

His combed hair looked oddly neat against his unshaven chin.

(=stroke it in a way that shows you are thinking about something)

He stroked his chin and then seemed to come to a decision.

the front part of your face below your mouth

他若有所思地抚摸着下巴。

used to tell someone to make an effort to stay brave and confident when they are in a difficult situation

振作点！很快就会过去的。

to accept a difficult or unpleasant situation without complaining – used to show approval

〔毫无怨言地〕承受某事，担当某事〔含褒义〕

One of our great strengths is our ability to [take it on the chin](bold) and come out fighting.

我们的一大长处就是能承受困难，奋起拼搏。


chip

→ [blue-chip](->blue-chip) [cash in your chips](bold) at → [cash in](->cash in)

a long thin piece of potato cooked in oil

a thin flat round piece of food such as potato cooked in very hot oil and eaten cold

a small piece of silicon that has a set of complicated electrical connections on it and is used to store and process information in computers

a small piece of wood, stone, metal etc that has been broken off something

〔木、石、金属等的〕碎片，碎屑

Wood chips covered the floor of the workshop.

a chocolate chip cookie (=one that contains small pieces of chocolate)

a small hole or mark on a plate, cup etc where a piece has broken off

〔物品碰损后留下的〕豁口，缺口

to easily become offended or angry because you think you have been treated unfairly in the past

〔因自觉受过委屈而〕好争吵，好生气；记恨

in a serious or difficult situation, especially one in which you realize what is really true or important

When the chips are down, you’ve only got yourself to depend on.

到了紧急关头就只有靠自己了。

to be very similar to your mother or father in appearance or character

〔外貌或性格〕酷似父亲[母亲]

a small flat coloured piece of plastic used in games such as poker or blackjack to represent a particular amount of money

(also: [chip shot](bold) [chip kick](bold) )

a hit in golf, or a kick in football or rugby, that makes the ball go high into the air for a short distance

〔高尔夫球的〕切球；〔足球或英式橄榄球的〕挑球

to be in a situation in which you no longer have any hope of improvement


chip

[past tense and past participle](italic) [chipped](bold) [present participle](italic) [chipping](bold)

if you chip something, or if it chips, a small piece of it breaks off accidentally

Gary fell and chipped one of his front teeth.

加里摔了一跤，磕坏一颗门牙。

He chipped a bone in his knee and was carried off the pitch.

他撞碎了膝盖骨，被抬出场外。

to remove something, especially something hard that is covering a surface, by hitting it with a tool so that small pieces break off

Archaeologists were carefully chipping away at the rock.

考古学家正小心地在岩石上铲凿。

Chip out the plaster with a steel chisel.

to hit a golf ball or kick a football or a rugby ball so that it goes high into the air for a short distance

〔高尔夫球〕切〔球〕；〔足球或英式橄榄球〕挑〔球〕

United scored just before half-time when Adcock cleverly [chipped](bold) the [ball](bold) over the keeper.

就在上半场即将结束前，阿德科克巧妙地把球挑过守门员，为联队攻入一球。

to cut potatoes into thin pieces ready to be cooked in hot oil

把〔马铃薯〕切成小片[条]

to put a microchip in an animal, person, or thing to identify or give information about them

给〔动物、人或物品〕安装微型芯片


chocolate

ˈtʃɑːkələt, ˈtʃɒːk-

ice-cream inside a milk chocolate coating

(=without milk and with very little sugar)

(=white in colour, with a sweet milky taste)

Serve the cake with a white chocolate sauce.

(=dark chocolate with a strong sharp taste)

Bitter chocolate may be added to meat sauces for extra flavour.

Melt the cooking chocolate and spread it over the tray.

Stir in the eggs and the melted chocolate.

He bought a Coke and a bar of chocolate.

(=a box of small sweets covered with chocolate)

I gave Mum a box of chocolates for her birthday.

I only ate one small square of chocolate.

For her birthday he made a chocolate cake.

My dream job would be working in a chocolate factory.

a sweet brown food that you can eat as a sweet or use in cooking to give foods such as cakes a special sweet taste

I prefer [milk chocolate](bold) to [dark chocolate](bold).

和黑巧克力比起来，我更喜欢牛奶巧克力。

a small sweet that is covered with chocolate

a hot sweet drink made with milk and chocolate, or a cup of this drink

巧克力饮料；一杯巧克力饮料

请来两杯咖啡、一杯巧克力饮料。


choice

The school seems OK, but there isn’t a great choice of courses.

have a choice(=be able to choose from several things)

With her high grades and athletic skill, Celeste had her choice of colleges.

have no choice but to do something(=to be forced to do something because there is nothing else you can choose)

Spooner says he had no choice but to file for bankruptcy.

wide choice(=a lot of things to choose from)

There is a wide choice of hotels and hostels in the town.

one of the things that you can choose to do in a particular situation

He basically has two options: he can have the surgery, or he can give up playing football.

keep/leave your options open(=delay choosing so that you continue to have several things to choose from)

I haven’t signed any contracts yet – I want to keep my options open.

one of two or more ways of doing something

Did you consider other alternatives before you moved in with Lucy?

There is no practical alternative to our current policy.

have no alternative(=to not have a choice)

He says he doesn’t want to see a doctor, but I’m afraid he has no alternative.

something or someone that has been chosen

first/second/third choice(=the thing you wanted most, the thing you wanted most after that etc)

Greece was our first choice for a vacation, but all the flights were full.

a small group of the best things that have been chosen from a larger group

She showed me a selection of her drawings.

a selection of songs from ‘West Side Story’

Students have a choice between German and Spanish.

One of our course advisors can help you to make your choice.

Her doctor gave her a choice: take medicine or lose weight.

I was left with no choice but to resign.

(=make a choice – used especially when talking about someone using their right to choose)

Everyone should have the right to exercise choice in matters of relationships.

(=a choice between two unpleasant things that you must make)

We faced a stark choice: steal or starve.

Students have an entirely free choice of what to study at university.

(=a choice based on knowledge of the facts about something)

The patient should have enough information to make an informed choice.

(=the opportunity for people to choose between different products)

I believe in free trade and consumer choice.

The aim is to extend parental choice in education.

Patients should have more freedom of choice.

Given the choice, I probably wouldn’t work.

The village people had no choice in the matter.

if you have a choice, you can choose between several things

Voters have a choice between three main political parties.

选民可以在三大主要政党之间作选择。

You have a choice of hotel or self-catering accommodation.

你可以选择住宾馆或找自理膳食的住宿处。

他得作出一些重要的抉择。

在这件事情上他们没给我们选择的余地。

the range of people or things that you can choose from

It was a small shop and there wasn’t much choice.

这是家小商店，选择不多。

There is a choice of four different colours.

We offer a [wide choice](bold) of wines and beers.

我们有各种各样的葡萄酒和啤酒供选择。

Consumers these days are spoilt for choice (=have a lot of things to choose from).

如今消费者可选择的东西太多了。

the person or thing that someone chooses

I don’t really like her choice of jewellery.

I think London was a [good choice](bold) as a venue.

我觉得伦敦是个很好的选址。

My first choice of college was Stanford.

我的第一志愿是斯坦福大学。

if you do something by choice, you do it because you want to do it and not because you are forced to do it

她是自己选择一个人生活的。

the person or thing of your choice is the one that you would most like to choose

你最喜欢[最想要]的事物

My children cannot go to the school of their choice.

我的孩子们无法上他们最喜欢的学校。

the thing of choice is the one that people prefer to use

It is the drug of choice for this type of illness.

这是治疗这种病的首选药。


choice

〔食物〕上等的，精选的，品质优良的

We select only the choicest apples for our pies.

我们只挑选最好的苹果做馅饼。

if you use a few choice words, you say exactly what you mean in an angry way

He told us what he thought of the idea in a few choice words.

他很不客气地跟我们说了他对这个观点的看法。


choir

a group of people who sing together for other people to listen to

He joined a church choir at the age of eight.

他八岁时加入了一个教堂唱诗班。

the part of a church in which a choir sits during religious ceremonies


choke

to be unable to breathe properly because something is in your throat or there is not enough air

Six people [choked to death](bold) on the fumes.

if something chokes you, it makes you unable to breathe properly

I felt as if there was a weight on my chest, choking me.

我感觉好像有重物压在胸口，让我喘不过气来。

to prevent someone from breathing by putting your hands around their throat and pressing on it

〔掐住脖子〕使透不过气，使窒息

His hands were round her throat, choking her.

他双手掐住她的喉咙使她无法呼吸。

to be unable to talk clearly because you are feeling a strong emotion

〔因情绪激动而〕说不出话，（使）哽咽

to say something with difficulty because you are very upset or angry

〔因很不安或生气〕哽咽着说

“出去。”她哽咽着说道。

to fill a place so that things cannot move through it

to fail at doing something, especially a sport, because there is a lot of pressure on you

〔尤指体育运动中因紧张而〕失败，发挥失常

People said I choked, but I just had a bad day on the golf course.

人们说我因为紧张而发挥失常，其实我只是这天在高尔夫球场上运气不好罢了。

if one plant chokes another, it kills it by growing all around it and taking away its light and room to grow

〔植物〕扼杀，阻止 …的生长

Weeds can quickly choke delicate garden plants.

野草很快就会使娇弱的园林植物枯死。

if you say that something is big enough to choke a horse, you are emphasizing that it is very big

a wad of bills big enough to choke a horse


choke

a piece of equipment in a vehicle that controls the amount of air going into the engine, and that is used to help the engine start

the sound that someone makes when they cannot breathe properly because something is in their throat or there is not enough air


cholesterol

a chemical substance found in your blood. Too much cholesterol in your body may cause heart disease.


choose

to decide which one of several things you want

to choose something, especially without thinking carefully. [Pick](bold) is more informal than [choose](bold)

to choose something, especially after thinking carefully

The committee will meet to select a new chairman.

All our instructors are carefully selected.

to choose something from many possible things, especially when the decision has been difficult or taken a long time

Thomas had decided on a career as a writer.

to choose one person or thing from a group because they are better, worse, more important etc than the others

Why should he be singled out for special treatment?

One student was singled out for special attention.

to choose anything you want, especially when there are many different things available

You can take your pick from Bodrum’s many bars and restaurants.

[past tense](italic) [chose](bold) /tʃəʊz/ US /tʃoʊz/ [past participle](italic) [chosen](bold) /ˈtʃəʊz/ US /ˈtʃoʊ-/

to decide which one of a number of things or people you want

我们挑选新地毯花了很长时间。

A panel of judges will choose the winner.

会由一个评判小组选出冠军。

He [chose](bold) his [words](bold) carefully as he spoke.

I don’t mind which one we have – you choose.

我们要哪一个我无所谓，你来挑吧。

For pudding we could choose between ice cream and apple tart.

甜点我们可以选冰激凌或者苹果馅饼。

You can choose from a wide range of vehicles.

I chose to learn German rather than French.

我选择学习德语，而不是法语。

他们选唐纳德当他们的领袖。

这家公司选择伦敦作为总部所在地。

你为什么选我来做这项工作？

You can choose what you want to do first.

你可以选择自己想先做什么。

to decide to do something because that is what you prefer to do

You can, if you choose, invest in the stock market.

如果你愿意，可以投资股票市场。

there is little/nothing to choose between sth

used when you think that two or more things are equally good and you cannot decide which is better

两者不相上下[同样好]，难以取舍

There was little to choose between the two candidates.


chop

[past tense and past participle](italic) [chopped](bold) [present participle](italic) [chopping](bold)

He went outside to chop some more wood for the fire.

他出去再砍些木材来生火。

你能帮我切一些胡萝卜吗？

Add two [finely chopped](bold) onions and a clove of garlic.

加上两个切碎的洋葱和一瓣大蒜。

to reduce an amount of money by a large amount

He suddenly found that his income had been chopped in half.

他忽然发现自己的收入减少了一半。

You can’t keep chopping and changing like this!


chop

a small piece of meat on a bone, usually cut from a sheep or pig

if you get or are given the chop, you lose your job

上星期又有六名员工被解雇。

I might be [for the chop](bold)(=lose my job).

if something gets or is given the chop, it is closed or stopped because people do not want to pay for it anymore

〔因人们不愿意出更多的钱而〕被取消，被中止

This factory might now be [for the chop](bold)(=likely to be closed).

这家工厂现在有可能被关闭。

a hard downward movement that you make with your hand

the act of hitting something with a sharp tool in order to cut it

With one last chop he split the log in two.

他最后一下把木头劈成了两半。

the lower part of the face of a person or animal – used humorously

technical skill, especially at music, comedy, acting etc

〔尤指音乐、喜剧、表演等的〕技巧，专门技术

Has she got the chops to carry off such a big role?

她有能力应付这么大的角色吗？