fulfil

([BrE](special)) AmE fulfill  [v](bold) <[T](bold)>

[past tense and past participle](italic) [fulfilled](bold) [present participle](italic) [fulfilling](bold)

if you fulfil a hope, wish, or aim, you achieve the thing that you hoped for, wished for etc

实现〔希望、愿望、目标等〕

Visiting Disneyland has [fulfilled](bold) a boyhood [dream](bold).

Being deaf hasn’t stopped Karen [fulfilling](bold) her [ambition](bold) to be a hairdresser.

失聪并没有阻止卡伦实现当美发师的抱负。

It was then that the organization finally began to [fulfill](bold) the [hopes](bold) of its founders.

直到那时，该组织才终于开始实现其创办人的愿望。

[fulfil an aim/a goal/an objective](bold)

an analysis of how different countries are attempting to fulfill their political goals

对不同国家如何努力实现其政治目标的分析

to do or provide what is necessary or needed

A good police officer is not fulfilling his role if he neglects this vital aspect.

一名好警察若是忽略这一重要方面，就是没有尽到自己的本分。

[fulfil a requirement/condition/obligation etc](bold)

Britain was accused of failing to fulfil its obligations under the EU Treaty.

Much of the electrical equipment failed to fulfill safety requirements.

许多电器未能符合安全要求。

There is little doubt that the scheme [fulfils](bold) a [need](bold) for our community.

毫无疑问，这计划会满足我们社区的需求。

I’d like to see him fulfil his promise to reorganize the army.

我希望看到他履行重组军队的诺言。

to be as successful as you possibly can be

We want to make sure that all children are able to fulfil their potential.

我们想确保所有的小孩子都能充分发挥自己的潜能。

if your work fulfils you, it makes you feel satisfied because you are using all your skills, qualities etc

使有满足感，充分发挥 …的才能

to feel satisfied because you are using all your skills, qualities etc

有满足感，充分发挥自己的才能

She succeeded in fulfilling herself both as an actress and as a mother.

作为演员和母亲，她都非常有成就感。

if a prophesy is fulfilled, something happens that someone said would happen


fulfilling

making you feel happy and satisfied because you are doing interesting, useful, or important things

Nursing is still one of the most fulfilling careers.

护理仍是最令人有成就感的职业之一。


full

→ [fully](->fully) [have your hands full](bold) at → [hand](->hand) 1 sense 29 [draw yourself up to your full height](bold) at → [draw up](->draw up)

containing as much or as many things or people as possible, so there is no space left

He spilled a full cup of coffee on the carpet.

full of something – use this about a container when a lot of things have been put into it

completely full of something – use this about a container when lots of things have been put into it, often in an untidy way

completely full of people – use this about a room, train etc

The courtroom will be packed with journalists.

Her wardrobe was bursting with coats and shoes.

a small garden bursting with fruit and flowers

so full that you cannot fit anyone or anything else in – often used when you think there are too many people or things

In summer, the hotels are crammed with tourists.

The resort’s crammed beaches are uncomfortable in summer.

full of people, animals etc that are all moving around

used about a container that is so full that the liquid or things inside it come out over the top

The drawers were overflowing with magazines.

used about a vehicle or a ship which has too many people or things in it

The trucks are often grossly overloadedfar too overloaded.

嘴里塞满东西时不要说话。

The class is full, but you can register for next term.

这个班已经满了，不过你可以注册下学期的。

[be crammed/stuffed/packed etc full of sth](bold)

Ted’s workshop was crammed full of old engines.

特德的车间里堆满了旧发动机。

McQuaid filled his glass until it was three-quarters full.

麦奎德将杯子倒到四分之三满。

The bath was [full to the brim](bold)(=completely full) with hot water.

[full (up) to bursting](bold) BrE [informal](special)(=completely full)

The filing cabinet was full to bursting.

In everyday English, people often say that a place is [packed](bold)  when it is full of people:

The trains are always [packed](bold) in the rush hour.

complete and including all parts or details

Please write your [full name](bold) and address on the form.

请在表格上填写全名和地址。

The Health Centre offers a [full range of](bold) services.

卫生服务中心提供全套服务。

Lotus will not reveal [full details](bold) until the Motor Show.

路特斯公司要等到车展才会披露全部细节。

The BBC promised a [full investigation](bold).

英国广播公司承诺展开全面调查。

I don’t think he’s telling us [the full story](bold)(=everything he knows about the matter).

我认为他没有告诉我们全部实情。

the greatest amount or highest level of something that is possible

rising prosperity and [full employment](bold)

The charity helps disabled children reach their [full potential](bold).

该慈善机构帮助残障儿童充分发挥自身潜力。

Few customers [take full advantage](bold) of off-peak fares.

很少有顾客充分利用淡季票价。

Parker was driving [at full speed](bold) when he hit the wall.

帕克全速行驶时撞到了墙上。

The music papers were full of gossip about the band.

各家音乐报上全是有关该乐队的传言。

生活中总是有各种意想不到的事，对吧？

to feel, express, or show a lot of a particular emotion or quality

〔感觉、表达或表现出〕充满某种情感[特质]的

[full of excitement/energy/hope etc](bold)

Lucy was a happy child, always [full of life](bold).

露西是个快乐的孩子，总是生气勃勃的。

He was [full of praise](bold) for the work of the unit.

他对该部门的工作赞不绝口。

to talk or think a lot about a particular thing

老是说着某物；一心想着某物

她满脑子都是婚礼的计划。

having eaten so much food that you cannot eat any more

不要了，谢谢。我吃饱了。

used to emphasize an amount, quantity, or rate

[three/six etc full days/years/pages etc](bold)

We devote five full days a month to training.

我们一个月有整整五天时间用于培训。

His pants rose a full three inches off his shoes.

他的裤脚离鞋面足足有三英寸。

busy and involving lots of different activities

Before her illness, Rose enjoyed [a full life](bold).

生病之前，罗丝享受着丰富多彩的生活。

睡觉去吧，你明天的事排得满满的呢。

having or giving all the rights, duties etc that belong to a particular rank or position

Only full members have the right to vote.

只有正式会员才有投票权。

to have a high opinion of yourself – used to show disapproval

My first impression was that he was a bit full of himself.

我的第一印象是他有点自以为是。

a rude expression used to say that someone often says things that are wrong or stupid

别听杰里的，他净胡说八道。

made using a lot of material and fitting loosely

Now you can enjoy Nescafé's [fuller flavour](bold) in a decaffeinated form.

现在可以享受雀巢更香浓的去咖啡因咖啡。

If you’re over 14, you have to pay full price.

如果你超过14岁，就得买全票。

so that all the people in a place can see, especially when this is embarrassing or shocking

在某人眼皮底下〔尤指令人尴尬或震惊〕

The argument happened on stage in full view of the audience.

这场争论就发生在台上，观众看得一清二楚。

if an event or process is in full swing, it has reached its highest level of activity

处于全盛阶段；在热烈进行中

到8点半时，派对进入高潮。

doing something with as much energy and effort as possible

With last season’s misery behind them, it’s full steam ahead for the Bears.

上一赛季惨败后，熊队现在全力以赴。

as strongly, loudly, or quickly as possible

最大马力地；最大音量地；尽快地

The heater was on full blast but I was still cold.

暖气开到最大了，可我还是觉得冷。

a car stereo playing Wagner at full blast

以最大音量播放瓦格纳作品的汽车音响

She [ran full tilt](bold) into his arms.

if a group of people are in full cry, they are criticizing someone very strongly

Anyone who’s seen the world’s press in full cry can understand how Diana felt.

见识过全球媒体猛烈抨击的人都能理解戴安娜的心情。

Ed believes in [living life to the full](bold).

埃德相信生活要尽可能充实。

to be in the same situation in which you began, even though there have been changes during the time in between

〔情形〕兜了一圈回到原处

Fashion has come full circle and denim is back.

时尚兜了一圈又回归原点，牛仔布再次流行。


full

His statement on the handling of prisoners is worth quoting in full.

他关于如何处置囚犯的那番话应该完整地引用。


full

She looked him full in the face as she spoke.


full stop

a point (.) that marks the end of a sentence or the short form of a word

Put a full stop at the end of the sentence.


full stop

used at the end of a sentence to emphasize that you do not want to say any more about a subject

I don’t have a reason. I just don’t want to go, full stop.

我没有理由，我就是不想去，不必多说了。


full-time

for all the hours of a week during which it is usual for people to work, study etc

〔工作、学习等〕全日制的[地]；专职的[地]；全职的[地]

她做全职工作，还有两个孩子。

The success of the series enabled her to concentrate full-time on writing.

这个系列作品的成功使她能够专心从事全职写作。

They’re looking for full-time staff at the library.

图书馆正在招聘专职工作人员。

We aim to double the number of young people in [full-time study](bold).

我们的目标是让全日制学习的年轻人人数翻倍。

to be very hard work and take a lot of time

Keeping pace with changes is a full-time job.

跟上变化的脚步是很难的。


fully

The restaurant is [fully booked](bold) this evening.

Elisa has not [fully recovered](bold) from the incident.

埃莉莎还没有完全从这个事件中恢复过来。

I am [fully aware](bold) of your problems.

The changes in policy are [fully described](bold) in the review.

政策的变化在报告中有全面的描述。

I [fully accept](bold) that what he says is true.

我完全同意，他的话属实。

This concept is [discussed more fully](bold) in Chapter 9.

这一概念在第九章中有更详细的论述。


fumes

strong-smelling gas or smoke that is unpleasant to breathe in

〔气味浓烈或难闻的〕气体，烟雾


fun

[figure of fun](bold) at → [figure](->figure) 1 sense 12 [poke fun at](bold) at → [poke](->poke) 1 sense 6

an experience or activity that is very enjoyable and exciting

Have you ever been windsurfing? It’s really good fun.

It’ll be fun seeing all my old friends again.

Running around a freezing hockey field isn’t my idea of fun.

the feeling you get when you enjoy doing something

I get a lot of enjoyment out of working with young children.

an experience or activity that makes you feel happy and satisfied

One of her greatest pleasures was walking in the mountains.

Ted enjoyed the simple pleasures of life: his family, his home, and his garden.

a very enjoyable experience – a very informal use

things such as performances and films which are intended to be enjoyable

Three musicians provided the entertainment.

What do you do for entertainment around here?

They hired two dancers for entertainment.

Her work left little time for relaxation.

the time when you are not working, when you can enjoy yourself – used especially in compounds

activities that you do to enjoy yourself

The park is not just a place for recreation.

I never realized what good fun fishing could be.

The show is great fun for all the family.

The game’s designer says it’s all a bit of harmless fun, but many parents disagree.

Being stuck in a traffic jam for three hours was no fun.

(=be what someone enjoys doing – used especially when this seems strange to you)

Camping in this rainy weather is not my idea of fun.

(=be a very enjoyable part of doing something)

The kids had a lot of fun singing and dancing.

The show is good clean fun for all the family.

娱乐，有趣的经历[活动]；乐趣

There’s plenty of fun for all the family.

可以让全家人玩得很开心。

The children were having so much fun, I hated to call them inside.

小孩子玩得很开心，我不忍心把他们叫进来。

if you do something for fun, you do it because you enjoy it and not for any other reason

I simply believe that killing animals for fun is wrong.

我就是认为杀死动物取乐是错误的。

Like most people her age, Deborah struck up relationships [just for the fun of it](bold).

像大多数同龄人一样，德博拉谈恋爱只是为了好玩。

used to say that someone is enjoyable to be with because they are happy and amusing

You’ll like her, darling, she’s great fun.

你会喜欢她的，亲爱的，她这人很有意思。

behaviour that is not serious and shows happiness and enjoyment

Jan’s always so cheerful and [full of fun](bold).

简总是那么开心，那么有趣。

Her [sense of fun](bold) made her very popular at college.

她的幽默感使她在学院里很受欢迎。

Evelyn would tease her, but only [in fun](bold).

伊夫林会取笑她，但只是闹着玩的。

activities, behaviour etc that are not serious – often used to show disapproval

to make unkind insulting remarks about someone or something

嘲弄某人/某物；拿某人/某物开玩笑

I’m not making fun of you. I admire what you did.

我不是拿你开心，我很欣赏你的作为。

used to say that something is not true or will not happen

‘I’m going to Barbara’s house.’ ‘Like fun you are! Come and finish your chores first.’

“我要去芭芭拉家。”“开什么玩笑！先来把家务干完。”


fun

[Fun](bold)  is not used with ‘very’. You say: It was really fun.
Don’t say: [It was very fun.](strike)

Try snowboarding – it’s a really fun sport.

试试单板滑雪——是个很好玩的运动。

a fun person is enjoyable to be with because they are happy and amusing

〔人〕有趣的，令人快乐的


function

the purpose that something has, or the job that someone or something does

〔事物的〕功能，作用；〔某人的〕职责

In your new job you will perform a variety of functions.

在新的工作岗位上，你将要履行许多不同的职责。

The church fulfils a valuable social function.

The nervous system regulates our [bodily functions](bold)(=eating, breathing, going to the toilet etc).

神经系统控制着我们身体的功能。

Bauhaus architects thought that function was more important than form.

包豪斯学派的建筑师认为功能重于形式。

This room may be hired for weddings and other functions.

这个房间可以租来举办婚礼或其他活动。

a quantity or quality whose value changes according to another quantity or quality that is related to it

The degree of drought is largely a function of temperature and drainage.

干旱程度大体为气温和排水的函数。

one of the basic operations performed by a computer


function

Flights in and out of Taipei are functioning normally again.

Her legs have now [ceased to function](bold).

她的双腿现在已经丧失正常功能了。

You know I [can’t function](bold)(=cannot perform normal activities) without a coffee in the morning.

你知道的，我早上不喝杯咖啡就无法工作。

In everyday English, people usually say that something [works](bold)  rather than [functions](bold) :

If the system is [working](bold) as it should, you’ll be paid within two weeks.

if something functions in a particular way, it works in that way

〔以某种方式〕运作，运转

an understanding of how the economy functions

对于经济如何运行的一种看法


functional

designed to be useful rather than beautiful or attractive

buildings that are sensitively designed, not [purely functional](bold)

设计细腻而非单纯实用的建筑

something that is functional is working correctly

By 2004, the Supertram is expected to be [fully functional](bold).

The two departments have slight functional differences.

这两个部门功能稍有不同。


fund

They have set up a fund to build a memorial to all those who died.

The fund is managed by an investment company.

They plan to launch an investment fund by raising $40m from investors.

(=money that belongs to one person, but is controlled by another)

Proceeds from the sale of the house will go into a trust fund for the children.

the country’s largest private pension fund

(=for buying shares, property, etc in order to make a profit)

The building is currently owned by Argo Partnership, a Toronto-based investment fund.

(=for helping a political party or person to get elected)

These social events help to raise campaign funds.

(=for remembering the life of someone who has died)

The work is being paid for out of the memorial fund launched after Morris’s death.

He contributed the sum of £1,500 to the benevolent fund.

(=money collected to help people who are in a very bad situation)

The appeal fund has now reached £65,000.

an amount of money that is collected and kept for a particular purpose

The fund was set up to try to save the cathedral.

→ [funding](->funding) → [trust fund](->trust fund)

〔机构需要或拥有的〕资金

A sale is being held to [raise funds](bold) for the school.

正在举行拍卖为该校筹集资金。

claims that ministers had misused public funds

部长们滥用公共资金的说法

The park remains unfinished due to [lack of funds](bold).

由于缺乏资金，公园一直没有完工。

The Museum is so [short of funds](bold)(=has so little money) it may have to sell the painting.

博物馆资金极其紧缺，可能不得不卖掉那幅藏画。

an organization that collects money, for example to help people who are ill, old etc

We give to the Children’s Fund every Christmas.

我们每年圣诞节向儿童基金会捐款。

He had a fund of stories about his boyhood.


fund

to provide money for an activity, organization, event etc

为〔活动、组织、事件等〕提供资金，资助

The project is jointly funded by several local companies.

这个项目由几家当地公司联合出资。


fundamental

A fundamental change is needed in the voting system.

There is no fundamental difference between people of different races.

(=a clear difference between two similar things)

A fundamental distinction exists between knowing a fact and understanding it.

Charity could not solve the fundamental problem of unemployment.

To reach a solution several fundamental questions need to be answered.

This report raises a number of fundamental issues.

The fundamental reason for the project’s failure was the lack of funds.

A burst tyre was the fundamental cause of the crash.

The government made at least one fundamental mistake when drawing up this legislation.

She points out the fundamental weaknesses in his argument.

There is a fundamental flaw in the current tax system.

(=moral rules or beliefs about what is right and wrong)

Let me state a couple of fundamental principles which we value highly.

It is of fundamental importance that justice should be seen to be done.

relating to the most basic and important parts of something

We have to tackle the fundamental cause of the problem.

我们必须从根源上解决问题。

Novice programmers sometimes make fundamental errors.

新手程序员有时会犯根本性的错误。

the [fundamental principles](bold) of liberty and equality

自由和平等这两个基本原则


fundamentally

The conclusions of the report are [fundamentally wrong](bold).

这份报告的结论从根本上来说就是错误的。

The political culture of the US is [fundamentally different](bold).

美国的政治文化迥然不同。


funding

money that is provided by an organization for a particular purpose

College directors have called for more government funding.

学院董事呼吁增加政府拨款。


funeral

a religious ceremony for burying or crematingburning someone who has died

The [funeral](bold) will be [held](bold) at St. Martin’s Church.

葬礼将在圣马丁教堂举行。

Hundreds of mourners [attended](bold) the [funeral](bold) of the two boys.

数百名哀悼者参加了那两个男孩的葬礼。

the minister who conducted the [funeral service](bold)

Nelson’s [funeral procession](bold) down the Thames

沿泰晤士河而下为纳尔逊送葬的队伍

Ramdas set fire to the [funeral pyre](bold).

拉姆达斯点燃了火葬柴堆。

used to warn someone that they, and no one else, must deal with the results of their actions

这是你自作自受〔用于警告〕


fungus

[plural](italic) fungi /-dʒaɪ, -ɡaɪ/ or [plural](italic) funguses

a simple type of plant that has no leaves or flowers and that grows on plants or other surfaces.mushrooms and mould are both fungi.


funny

funny and enjoyable. [Amusing ](bold) is more formal than [funny](bold). It is often used when something is a little funny and makes you smile, rather than laugh

He found the whole incident rather amusing.

intended to be funny – used about stories, films, articles etc that have situations that are a little funny

It was hysterical! You should have seen his face!

funny in a strange or silly way – often used when something is not intended to be funny

It was quite comical watching him trying to dance.

a comic film, play, novel etc is intended to be funny

done for amusement or enjoyment, and not intended to be serious

The programme is a light-hearted look at recent political events.

a film, play, or television programme that is intended to be funny

She has appeared in several television comedies.

[comparative](italic) [funnier](bold) [superlative](italic) [funniest](bold)

使人发笑的，有趣的；滑稽的

Do you remember any funny stories about work?

你能想起工作上的什么趣事吗？

影片中恶作剧似的滑稽场面

If this is your idea of a joke, I don’t [find](bold) it at all [funny](bold).

如果你觉得这是个玩笑，那我认为它一点也不好笑。

Luckily, when I explained the situation, he [saw the funny side](bold)(=recognized that it was partly funny).

好在我把情况解释了以后，他看到了好笑的一面。

His laughter stopped her mid-sentence. [‘What’s so funny?’](bold) she demanded.

他的笑声打断了她的话。“有什么好笑的？”她厉声问道。

[It’s not funny](bold)(=don’t laugh), Paul; poor Teresa was nearly in tears.

没什么好笑的，保罗，可怜的特雷莎都快哭了。

→ Do not use [funny](bold) to mean ‘enjoyable’. Use [fun](bold)[The picnic was really fun.](italic)

unusual, strange, or difficult to explain

→see THESAURUS at [strange](->strange) 1

I had a [funny feeling](bold) something was going to happen.

我有种奇怪的感觉，有什么事情要发生。

[It’s funny how](bold) you remember the words of songs, even ones you don’t really like.

真是奇怪，歌词你怎么都记得，就连不喜欢的也能记住。

[That’s funny](bold). I was sure I had $5 in my purse, but it’s not there now.

奇怪，我皮夹里明明有5美元，可现在不见了。

People tell me I ran the greatest race of my life, but [the funny thing is](bold) I can’t remember much about it.

大家都说我跑了平生最好的一场比赛，但奇怪的是，我竟然记不太清了。

[It’s a funny old world](bold)(=strange or unusual things happen in life).

appearing to be illegal, dishonest, or wrong

非法的；不老实的；错误的

There’s [something funny going on](bold) here.

这里正进行着某种非法勾当。

Remember, Marvin, no [funny business](bold) while we’re out.

记住，马文，我们不在的时候别胡闹。

if you give someone a funny look, you look at them in a way that shows you think they are behaving strangely

I hunkered down, ignoring the funny looks from passers-by.

我蹲下身，不去管路人投来的古怪目光。

I always [feel funny](bold) after a long car ride.

长时间坐汽车后我总觉得不大舒服。

有点疯癫的；精神有点失常的

After his wife died he [went](bold) a bit [funny](bold).

妻子去世以后他就变得有点怪怪的。

if a machine, piece of equipment etc goes funny, it stops working properly

I just turned it on and the screen went all funny.

我刚开机，屏幕就出问题了。

used when someone is laughing at you or playing a trick and you do not think it is amusing

〔反话〕真滑稽！一点也不好笑！

有什么好笑的！谁藏了我的汽车钥匙？

used when you are serious or do not want to offend someone

我不是想开玩笑（但 …）

I’m not being funny, but we haven’t got much time.

我不是在开玩笑，我们时间不多了。

used to describe something you like because it is small, unusual, or interesting

The town centre is crammed with funny little shops.

镇中心挤满了千奇百怪的小店。

(AmE [funny weird/strange or funny ha-ha?](bold) )

used when someone has described something as funny and you want to know whether they mean it is strange or amusing

‘Tim’s a funny guy.’ ‘Funny weird or funny ha-ha?’

“蒂姆是个奇人。”“是奇怪还是有趣？”


fur

the thick soft hair that covers the bodies of some animals, such as cats, dogs, and rabbits

〔猫、狗、兔子等动物的〕软毛

the skin of a dead animal with the fur still attached

a ban on [fur farming](bold)(=keeping and killing animals for their fur)

Lady Yolanda was swathed in elegant furs.

约兰达夫人穿着一身雅致的毛皮大衣。

a material that looks and feels like fur

a harmful or unpleasant substance that sometimes forms on surfaces that are always wet, such as water pipes

〔水管等内的〕水垢，水锈

used to say that an angry argument or fight starts

If you’re both feeling frustrated, the fur may fly.

如果你们俩都觉得不顺心，就有可能会发生争吵。


fur

[furred](bold) adj. eg: Symptoms include dry lips and a furred tongue.

BrE also: [fur up](bold)  [v](bold) <[I](bold)>

[past tense and past participle](italic) [furred](bold) [present participle](italic) [furring](bold)

to become covered with an unwanted substance


furious

Residents in the area are furious at the decision.

该地区的居民对这一决定感到愤怒。

She was furious with herself for letting things get out of hand.

她生自己的气，怪自己把事情搞得不可收拾。

Her family are furious that her name has been published by the press.

她的名字被媒体曝光，她的家人为此很恼火。

done with a lot of energy, effort, or speed

There was a [furious row](bold) over the proposals.

关于这些提议的争论非常激烈。


furnace

a large container for a very hot fire, used to produce power, heat, or liquid metal

a piece of equipment used to heat a building


furnish

[furnished](bold) adj. eg: The bedrooms are elegantly furnished. eg: a [fully furnished](bold) flat

to put furniture and other things into a house or room

为〔房屋或房间〕配备家具

Having bought the house, they couldn’t afford to furnish it.

买下房子后，他们没有钱买家具了。

a room furnished with a desk and swivel chair

摆了一张书桌和一把转椅的房间

Will these finds furnish more information on prehistoric man?

这些发现是否能提供更多有关史前人类的资料？

John was furnished with a list of local solicitors.

约翰得到了一张当地事务律师的名单。


furniture

[Furniture](bold)  is an uncountable noun and is not used in the plural. You say: The house has some beautiful old furniture.
Don’t say: [The house has some beautiful old furnitures.](strike)

[Furniture](bold)  is always followed by a singular verb: The furniture [was ](bold) in good condition.

When talking about one chair or table, you say a [piece of furniture](bold)  or an [item of furniture](bold) : There was only one piece of furniture in the room.

large objects such as chairs, tables, beds, and cupboards

I helped him choose the furniture for his house.

我帮他挑选房子里用的家具。

I can’t think of a single [piece of furniture](bold) in my house that I bought new.

我想不出家里有哪件家具是新买的。


further

A spokesman declined to comment until the evidence could be studied further.

一位发言人拒绝在证据得到进一步验证之前发表评论。

The flavour of the wine is further improved during the aging period.

葡萄酒口感在陈酿过程中进一步提升。

Whaling in Australia was stopped. But the Australian government [went further](bold)(=said or did something more extreme) and proposed a global ban.

澳大利亚已停止捕鲸，但是澳大利亚政府更进一步建议全球禁捕。

Marcus sank [further and further](bold) into debt.

to take action at a more serious or higher level, especially in order to get the result you want

进一步做某事〔尤为取得所需结果〕

The police do not propose to [take](bold) the [matter further](bold).

警方不打算进一步追查此事。

Critics want the government to take this a stage further and ban the film altogether.

批评人士希望政府的这一举动能更进一步，全面禁止这部影片。

a greater distance, or beyond a particular place

His farm is located further away from Riobamba than his brother’s.

他的农场比他兄弟的农场离里奥班巴更远。

他的手在她背上继续往下滑。

They’ve never been further south than San Diego.

他们从没有到过比圣迭戈更往南的地方。

〔过去或未来〕更久远，较远

Five years further on, a cure has still not been found.

五年过去了，仍未找到对症的疗法。

The records don’t go any further back than 1960.

记录没有1960年以前的。

It might be a sign, much [further down the road](bold)(=in the future), of a change in policy.

这可能是未来政策改变的一个迹象。

used to introduce something additional that you want to talk about

Butter sales have fallen because margarine has improved in flavor. Further, butter consumption has decreased because of links to heart disease.

黄油销量下滑是因为人造黄油的味道有了改进。此外，因为与心脏疾病有关，黄油的消耗量也减少了。

used in letters to mention a previous letter, conversation etc about the same matter

关于某事物〔用于书信，提及上次有关同一事件的信件、谈话等〕

Further to your letter of February 5th, we can confirm your order.

关于贵方2月5日来函，我们确认贵方之订单。

used when you want to say that something is completely untrue

People often described him as a bitter academic, but nothing could be further from the truth.

人们经常说他是个爱发牢骚的书呆子，但事实完全不是那样。

nothing could be/is further from sb’s mind/thoughts

used to emphasize that someone is not thinking about or intending something

某人根本没这种想法[打算]

used to say that something you are telling someone is secret or private


further

We have decided to take [no further action](bold).

我们决定不采取进一步行动。

欲知详情，请访问我们的网站。

[a further 10 miles/5 minutes etc](bold)

until you are told that something has changed

Lacunza ordered the suspension of the elections until further notice.

拉昆萨下令暂停选举，等待另行通知。


further

to help something progress or be successful

He dedicated his life to furthering the cause of world peace.

他一生致力于推动世界和平事业。

Alan had been using her to [further](bold) his [career](bold).

艾伦一直在利用她来发展自己的事业。


furthermore

ˈfɜːrðərmɔːr

[adv](bold) <[sentence adverb](bold)> [formal](special)

in addition to what has already been said

此外；而且；不仅如此；更有甚者

He is old and unpopular. Furthermore, he has at best only two years of political life ahead of him.

他年纪已老，又不得人心，而且他最多也只有两年的政治生命了。


fury

Jo stepped forward, her [eyes blazing with fury](bold).

The report was leaked to the press, much to the president’s fury.

报告被泄露给了媒体，令总统大为光火。

‘Go on then!’ shouted Jamie [in a fury](bold). ‘See if I care!’

“那就请便！”杰米怒吼道，“我才不在乎呢！”

a state of very busy activity or strong feeling

〔活动、感情等的〕激烈，热烈；狂热

She was listening with such a fury of concentration that she did not notice Arthur had left.

她听得如此入迷，甚至没有注意到阿瑟走了。

In a fury of frustration and fear Nina bit his hand.

尼娜一时间又恼又怕，咬了他的手。

used to describe very bad weather conditions

狂暴，猛烈〔用于形容坏天气〕

At last the [fury of the storm](bold) lessened.

one of the three snake-haired goddesses in ancient Greek stories who punished crime

〔古希腊神话中的〕复仇三女神之一


fuss

anxious behaviour or activity that is usually about unimportant things

〔通常指对小事的〕紧张不安，大惊小怪，小题大做

James said he’d better be getting back or there’d [be a fuss](bold).

詹姆斯说他最好回来，否则就会有人小题大做了。

The Steamatic enables you to clean any carpet [with](bold) the [minimum of fuss](bold).

attention or excitement that is usually unnecessary or unwelcome

They wanted a quiet wedding without any fuss.

他们想安安静静地举行婚礼，不大事铺张。

Until I heard her sing I couldn’t see [what all the fuss was about](bold)(=why people liked it so much).

听到她的演唱之后，我才明白她为什么会引起这么大的轰动。

to complain or become angry about something, especially when this is not necessary

（因某事物）大吵大闹；（因某事物）大惊小怪

Josie kicked up a fuss because the soup was too salty.

乔西因为汤太咸而大吵大闹了一番。

I don’t know why you’re [making such a fuss](bold) about it.

我搞不懂你为什么对此大惊小怪。

to pay a lot of attention to someone or something, to show that you are pleased with them or like them

Make a fuss of your dog when he behaves properly.

狗儿守规矩的时候就要宠宠它。


fuss

to worry a lot about things that may not be very important

I wish you’d stop fussing – I’ll be perfectly all right.

我希望你别再瞎操心了——我会很好的。

to pay too much attention to small unimportant details

Paul was fussing with his clothes, trying to get his tie straight.

保罗在不厌其烦地整理衣服，试图把领带弄直。

宝宝醒过来，开始哭闹了。


futile

[futility](bold) /fjuːˈtɪləti/  n. <U> eg: This sums up Owen’s thoughts on the futility of war.

actions that are futile are useless because they have no chance of being successful

a futile attempt to save the paintings from the flames

试图将那些画从大火中抢救出来的徒劳之举

My efforts to go back to sleep proved futile.

我努力想再次入睡，但怎么也睡不着。

It was futile to continue the negotiations.


future

likely to happen or exist at a time after the present

We are now more able to predict future patterns of climate change.

我们现在更有能力预测未来气候的变化模式了。

We’ve been able to save this land from development and preserve it for [future generations](bold).

我们保全了这块土地，没有去开发，而是把它留给子孙后代。

the debate over the [future development](bold) of the European Union

[future wife/husband/son-in-law etc](bold)(=someone who will be your wife, husband, son-in-law etc)

the form of a verb used for talking about things that are going to happen

〔语法中的〕将来式[时]的

something kept for future reference is kept in order to be used or looked at in the future


future

The company is hoping to expand in the near futuresoon.

used when saying that something will always happen in the future, starting from now

From now on, I’m not letting anyone borrow my car.

The meetings will be held once a month from now on.

From now on, you will have to make your own lunch.

From now on, homeowners will have to get a city permit if they want to build an addition onto their homes.

In years to come, people will look back on the 20th century as a turning point in history.

Nuclear power stations will still be needed for a long time to come.

use this to talk about what will happen over a period from now until a long, short etc time in the future

We don’t know what will happen in the long term.

Aid to these countries is bound to run into billions of dollars in the long term.

used when talking about what is likely to happen in the future

There are some big changes on the horizon.

what will happen to someone or something

Shareholders will meet to decide the company’s future.

someone or something’s future – used especially when you are worried that something bad could happen

The fate of the hostages remains uncertain.

The show’s fate lies in the hands of TV bosses.

what will happen to someone in their life, especially something important

Sartre believed that everyone is in charge of their own destiny.

He thinks that it is his destiny to lead the country.

what will happen, especially concerning business, the economy, or the weather

Here is the weather outlook for tomorrow.

the idea or possibility that something will happen

the awful prospect of another terrorist attack

Prospects for a peace settlement don’t look too good.

what will happen to a person, organization etc in the future – used especially when talking about whether or not they will be successful

Fans are hoping for a change in the club’s fortunes.

Two years ago, my financial fortunes took a turn for the better they improved.

In 1680 he decided that his fortune lay in the theatre.

No-one can predict the future of boxing.

(=say or show what will happen in the future)

Some people think that dreams can foretell the future.

She could now look to the future with confidence.

(=think carefully about the future and decide what you are going to do)

As soon as she knew she was pregnant, she started to plan for the future.

Your boss is the one who writes your evaluations, recommends you for promotions and shapes your future.

The country’s economic future lies with its skilled workforce.

Her future as a tennis player looks promising.

(=without anything to make you feel hopeful)

The theatre is losing money and its future looks bleak.

There will be no major changes in the immediate future.

A new product launch is planned for the near future.

I don't worry about what might happen in the distant future.

He plans to get married in the dim and distant future.

(=as far into the future as you can possibly know)

The population is expected to keep growing for the foreseeable future.

We’re planning to go there again in the not too distant future.

their worries about the future of the English countryside

He is worried about what the future holds for the company.

It may be useful at some time in the future.

以后什么时候也许用得着。

the form of a verb that shows that something will happen or exist at a later time. In the sentence, ‘I will leave tomorrow,’ the verb is in the future.

〔语法中的〕将来式[时]

what someone or something will do or what will happen to them in the future

The islands should have the right to decide their own future.

这些岛屿应当有权决定自己的未来。

Ferguson is optimistic about the future of the business.

弗格森对公司的前途很乐观。

a leader who will shape the organization’s future

将决定该组织未来的一位领导者

In future, staff must wear identity badges at all times.

从今以后，员工必须时时刻刻佩戴身份牌。

to have a chance or no chance of being successful or continuing

有/没有前途，有/没有未来

used to say that something is likely or not likely to be successful

goods, money, land etc that will be supplied or exchanged in the future at a time and price that has already been agreed


gain

[nothing ventured, nothing gained](bold) at → [venture](->venture) 2 sense 3

The government of mainland China gained control of the island in 1683.

Many women wanted to gain power in a male-dominated world.

Jamaica has had this flag since 1962, when it gained independence from Britain.

(=become famous, especially for doing something bad)

He gained notoriety as the author of a controversial novel.

Governments gain popularity by cutting taxes.

The theory has gradually gained acceptance among scientists.

(=start to be believed or trusted, or start to be thought of as good)

Screen actors feel that they gain credibility when they perform on stage.

In her first job, she gained experience as a programme manager.

Knowledge gained from the research will be used directly to help patients.

The managers were gaining confidence in their ability to take calculated risks.

He is beginning to gain strength again after his illness.

(=get knowledge based on learning and experience)

Drama is one of the key ways in which children can gain an understanding of themselves and of others.

(=get a chance to understand more about something)

You can gain an insight into horses’ feelings by the physical signs they give out.

In the 1850s and 1860s, the British colonisation of India gained momentum.

Adam quickly gained the respect of the soldiers under his command.

The king was steadily gaining more support.

He is gradually gaining confidence in his own abilities.

to obtain or achieve something you want or need

获得，赢得，取得〔想要或需要的东西〕

Radical left-wing parties gained control of local authorities.

激进的左翼政党控制了地方当局。

After gaining independence in 1957, it was renamed ‘Ghana’.

1957年获得独立后，该国改名为“加纳”。

He gained a doctorate in Chemical Engineering.

他获得了化学工程博士学位。

In everyday English, people usually say [get](bold)  rather than [gain](bold) :

to gradually get more and more of a quality, feeling etc, especially a useful or valuable one

逐渐获得〔有用或宝贵的品质、感觉等〕

She has [gained](bold) a [reputation](bold) as a good communicator.

她获得了善于沟通的美名。

Many of his ideas have [gained](bold) popular [support](bold).

他的许多主张都得到了广泛支持。

an opportunity to [gain experience](bold) in a work environment

在工作环境中获得经验的一个机会

The youngsters gradually [gain confidence](bold) in their abilities.

青少年对自己的能力越来越有信心。

The sport has [gained in popularity](bold) in recent years.

这项体育运动近年来日益普及。

to get an advantage from a situation, opportunity, or event

〔从局势、机会或事件中〕受益，获得（好处）

There is much to be gained from seeking expert advice early.

尽早征求专家意见大有好处。

an attempt to gain a competitive advantage over their rivals

获得竞争优势以超越对手的努力

Who really [stands to gain](bold)(=is likely to get an advantage) from these tax cuts?

谁才是这些减税计划的真正获益者？

[There’s nothing to be gained](bold)(=it will not help you) by losing your temper.

to increase in weight, speed, height, or value

增加〔重量、速度、高度或价值〕

Carrie’s [gained](bold) a lot of [weight](bold) recently.

卡丽的体重最近增加了很多。

The dollar has gained 8% against the yen.

gain access/entry/admittance etc (to sth)

to manage to enter a place, building, or organization

New ramps will help the disabled gain better access.

新建的坡道将方便残疾人进出。

methods used by burglars to gain entry to houses

gain an understanding/insight/impression etc

We are hoping to gain a better understanding of the underlying process.

我们希望对基本过程有进一步了解。

This enabled me to gain an overall impression of the school.

这使我对这所学校有了一个总体的了解。

to make steady progress and become more popular, more successful etc

稳步发展，变得更受欢迎[更成功]

The anti-smoking lobby has steadily gained ground in the last decade.

反吸烟游说团体在过去十年中持续发展壮大。

to deliberately do something to give yourself more time to think

赢得[争取]时间〔以思考〕

if a clock or watch gains, or if it gains time, it goes too fast

走太快，快 …〔分钟等〕

to reach a place after a lot of effort or difficulty

〔经过很大努力或困难之后〕到达

The swimmer finally gained the river bank.


gain

an advantage or improvement, especially one achieved by planning or effort

〔尤指靠计划或努力得到的〕好处，利益，改进

The party [made](bold) considerable [gains](bold) at local elections.

该党在地方选举中的成绩明显提高了。

the potential gains from improved marketing

营销方法改进后的潜在好处

There are obvious gains for the student.

an increase in the amount or level of something

零售额显示有0.4%的增长。

The Democratic Party needed a [net gain](bold) of only 20 votes.

Eating too many fatty foods could cause [weight gain](bold).

食用过多高脂食物会导致体重增加。

financial profit, especially when this seems to be the only thing someone is interested in

〔尤指某人一味追求的〕收益，利润

They are seeking to realize the maximum financial gain.

他们追求实现财务收益最大化。

2,000万美元的税前收益

Such research should not be for personal gain.

这种研究不应该是为了个人利益。

money or advantages obtained dishonestly – used humorously

不义之财，以不正当手段获得的好处〔幽默用法〕


galaxy

one of the large groups of stars that make up the universe

the large group of stars which our Sun and its planets belong to

a large number of things that are similar


gale

The tree was blown down during a fierce gale in 1987.

The ship was drifting towards the shore in a howling gale.

Severe gales disrupted road and rail travel throughout Britain.

(=a measurement showing that a wind is extremely strong)

It was a grey winter’s day with an Atlantic gale blowing.

[it’s blowing a gale](bold) BrE(=it’s very windy)


gallery

→ [press gallery](->press gallery) → [shooting gallery](->shooting gallery)

a guide to the city's museums and art galleries

The picture gallery is full of treasures.

The portrait was to be sold to a private gallery in the United States.

The children visited the gallery on a school trip.

Many of her pictures hang in the National Gallery of Canada.

The gallery is showing a series of watercolour works.

It was the first time that the paintings had been exhibited in a gallery.

She exhibited her work in the gallery space of the Institute of Art and Technology.

a large building where people can see famous pieces of art

an exhibition of African art at the Hayward Gallery

海沃德美术馆的非洲艺术展览

a small privately owned shop or studio where you can see and buy pieces of art

〔陈列并出售艺术品的〕私人画廊

an upper floor or balcony built on an inner wall of a hall, theatre, or church, from which people can watch a performance, discussion etc

〔大厅、剧场或教堂里的〕楼座，楼上旁听席

We could only afford seats up in the gallery.

我们只买得起楼座里的位子。

to do or say something just because you think it will please people and make you popular

a level passage under the ground in a mine or cave

〔矿坑或洞穴里的〕水平巷道[坑道]


gallon

a unit for measuring liquids, equal to eight pints. In Britain this is 4.55 litres, and in the US it is 3.79 litres

加仑〔液量单位，英制合4.55升，美制合3.79升〕

The car does about 50 [miles per gallon](bold).

这辆车每加仑油能开50英里左右。


gallop

if a horse gallops, it moves very fast with all its feet leaving the ground together

A neighbour’s horse came galloping down the road, riderless.

邻居家的一匹马在路上飞奔，没人骑在上面。

if you gallop, you ride very fast on a horse or you make it go very fast


gallop

the movement of a horse at its fastest speed, when all four feet leave the ground together

The horses [broke into a gallop](bold)(=begin to go very fast).


gamble

[gambler](bold) n. <C> eg: Stevens was a [compulsive gambler](bold).

to try to win money, for example by playing cards or guessing which horse will win a race

Eddie loved to gamble, and would spend most evenings at the roulette table.

A growing number of people are gambling online.

to try to win money by guessing who will win a race or game

He liked to smoke, drink, and bet on horses.

to gamble £10, $20 etc on the horse or team that you think will win a race or competition

to gamble a small amount of money, especially on the result of a horse race – used especially when someone does not gamble very often

I’m not a heavy gambler, but I like to have a flutter from time to time.

I had a little flutter on the Grand National and won £5.

to gamble money on the result of a game which you are playing

‘Are we playing for money here, gentlemen?’ he said as he approached the pool table.

You’re allowed to play cards in the bar, but not for money.

to gamble money on a particular horse, team etc that you think will win a race or competition

When I back a horse, it always seems to finish second.

to risk money or possessions on the result of something such as a card game or a race, when you do not know for certain what the result will be

Their religion forbids them to drink or gamble.

他们的宗教禁止饮酒和赌博。

to do something that involves a lot of risk, and that will not succeed unless things happen the way you would like them to

投机，冒险，（在 …上）碰运气

They’re gambling on Johnson being fit for Saturday’s game.

他们把赌注押在约翰逊身上，指望星期六的比赛他能够出场。

Potter gambled everything on his new play being a hit.

波特把一切都押在他的新戏上，希望它卖座。

She was gambling that he wouldn’t read it too carefully.

她抱着侥幸心理，觉得他不会看得太仔细。

We can’t relax our safety standards – we’d be gambling with people’s lives.

我们不能放松安全标准——否则就是拿人命来冒险。


gamble

The publishers took a gamble on an unknown author, and the books have sold well.

She gave up a career in law to become an actor, but the gamble has paid off.

It's a big gamble for any presenter to leave such a successful show.

Giving him the job seemed like a huge gamble at the time.

(=one in which you consider the risks very carefully)

He made a calculated gamble that an early election would return his party to power.

The parents took a desperate gamble by throwing their baby out of the burning building.

His determination to go ahead with the plan, despite the unrest, was a huge political gamble.

It was a bit of a gamble putting him on the field, but he played well.

A few years ago, launching a weekly magazine for men would have been something of a gamble.

an action or plan that involves a risk but that you hope will succeed

[It was a](bold) big [gamble](bold) for her to leave the band and go solo.

她离开乐队单飞是巨大的冒险。

[The gamble](bold) on the harvest had paid off (=succeeded).

在收成上冒的这次险算是成功了。

Ellen had to admit the [gamble](bold) had [paid off](bold)(=succeeded).

埃伦不得不承认这一次赌赢了。

In a depressed market, we cannot afford to [take a gamble](bold) on a new product.

在市场不景气的情况下，我们不能在新产品上冒险。


gambling

when people risk money or possessions on the result of something which is not certain, such as a card game or a horse race

The lottery is probably the most popular form of gambling.

彩票可能是最普遍的一种赌博形式。

The police raided a number of illegal [gambling dens](bold)(=places for illegal gambling).

警方突击搜查了几个非法赌窟。


game

→ [fair game](->fair game) [fun and games](bold) at → [fun](->fun) 1 sense 5 [the name of the game](bold) at → [name](->name) 1 sense 10 [a mug’s game](bold) at → [mug](->mug) 1 sense 5

A.C. Milan won the game with a last-minute goal.

Arsenal lost the game because of a mistake by their goalkeeper.

(=both teams or players had the same score)

(=end the game with the same score as the opposing team or player)

We played badly and were lucky to draw the game.

He was up all night playing computer games.

board games such as Monopoly and Scrabble

I wasn't very good at team games when I was at school.

Next Saturday Liverpool have a home game against Manchester United.

(=played at an opposing team's sports field)

We didn't win any away games last season.

(=played as part of a league competition)

There's a big league game against Chelsea on Saturday.

He hopes to play in the cup game on Wednesday.

(=one of a series of games played by the best teams in a competition to decide the final winner )

This is the first of their five playoff games.

(=played to decide the winner after a previous game ended with both teams having equal points)

There is a hall for indoor games and social functions.

Outdoor games are affected by the weather.

It's against the rules of the game to pick up the ball.

→ [ball game](->ball game) → [board game](->board game) → [video game](->video game) → [war game](->war game)

an activity or sport in which people compete with each other according to agreed rules

〔有规则的〕游戏，体育活动

We used to love playing games like chess or backgammon.

我们以前喜欢玩国际象棋或双陆棋这样的游戏。

你昨晚看了电视转播的那场比赛吗？

Would you like to have a game of tennis?

England’s World Cup game against Holland

英格兰对阵荷兰的世界杯赛

organized sports as a school subject or lesson

one of the parts into which a single match is divided, for example in tennis or bridge14

a children’s activity in which they play with toys, pretend to be someone else etc

The boys were [playing](bold) a [game](bold) in the backyard.

how well someone plays a particular game or sport

某人的比赛技巧，某人的运动技能

Liam’s taking lessons to improve his game.

利亚姆在参加课程提高运动技能。

to spoil a surprise or secret by doing or saying something that lets someone guess what the secret is

〔通过行为或言语〕泄露秘密

Lynn gave the game away by laughing when Kim walked in.

林恩在金走进来的时候笑出了声，泄露了秘密。

(BrE also: [play sb at their own game](bold) )

to beat someone or fight back against them by using the same methods that they use

to be something that you do to enjoy yourself rather than for a serious purpose

[It’s](bold) just [a game](bold) to them. They don’t care what happens.

这对他们来说只是儿戏，他们并不在乎会有什么样的后果。

to behave in a dishonest or unfair way in order to get what you want

欺骗（某人），（跟某人）耍花招

Are you sure he’s really interested, and not just [playing silly games](bold) with you?

你确信他是真的感兴趣，而不是在跟你耍鬼把戏？

（跟某人）玩游戏，（跟某人）闹着玩

We want a deal. We’re not interested in playing games.

我们要的是达成协议，没有兴趣闹着玩。

wild animals, birds, and fish that are hunted for food, especially as a sport

野禽，野味〔尤指捕猎运动的猎物〕

used to say that something is the only possible choice in a situation

The Church of England is no longer the only game in town.

英格兰圣公会不再是唯一的选择。

I’ve been in this game for over ten years.

我干这一行已经有十多年了。

used to ask what the true reason for someone’s behaviour is

她/你等为什么这样做？她/你等在搞什么名堂？

Reg is being very nice all of a sudden. What’s his game?

雷吉一下子变得非常友好，他在耍什么花招？

used to tell someone that something wrong or dishonest that they have done has been discovered

出来吧，唐，戏该收场了。

a game in which you risk money on the result

碰运气的游戏，赌钱的游戏

扑克牌是一种碰运气的游戏。

used to say that someone is very skilful at doing something, especially a sport

某人很在行〔尤指体育运动〕

干那种行当，当妓女，卖淫

said when the balance of a sports match or competition changes, and both sides suddenly have a chance of winning

〔体育比赛或竞赛中因形势突变〕输赢未见分晓，胜负难料，悬念继续

said to emphasize that an event or activity is completely finished

游戏结束了〔用于强调某个事件或活动已全部结束〕


game

willing to try something dangerous, new, or difficult

愿意尝试〔危险、新鲜或困难之事〕的


game

to use rules or laws to get what you want in an unfair but legal way


gang

He had links with drug smuggling and criminal gangs.

An armed gang stole jewels worth more than five million pounds.

Fighting between rival gangs left dozens of people injured.

(=which spends a lot of time on the streets)

He belonged to a notorious street gang which terrorized a Chicago suburb.

At age nine, Pedro joined one of the youth gangs in his neighborhood, just to survive.

Gang members are thought to be responsible for up to 20% of murders in the city.

Gang leaders used cellphones to order the attacks.

Residents say that gang violence is common.

Gang warfare is wrecking the neighborhood.

The initiative aims to cut gang crime in Los Angeles.

In most areas, gun crime is linked to gang activity.

He was only eight when he joined the gang.

Eleven men belonging to a local gang were arrested.

a group of young people who spend time together, and who are often involved in crime or drugs and who often fight against other groups

一帮年轻人，帮派〔尤指犯罪团伙〕

The parents have denied that their son is a gang member.

那对父母否认自己的儿子是流氓团伙成员。

a group of young people together in one place, especially young people who might cause trouble

一帮，一群〔尤指可能肇事的年轻人〕

There were always gangs of kids hanging around the mall.

购物中心一带总有一帮帮年轻人在游荡。

黑帮；〔犯罪分子的〕一帮，一伙

Several gangs were operating in the area.

有好几个犯罪团伙在这个地区活动。

[Armed gangs](bold) have hijacked lorries.

武装犯罪团伙劫持了卡车。

a group of friends, especially young people

The whole gang will be there next weekend.

下个周末大伙儿都会去那里。

a group of workers or prisoners doing physical work together

〔一起干体力活的〕一群工人，一群囚犯


gangster

a member of a violent group of criminals


gap

There’s a big gap between the two test scores.

A huge gap exists between the life styles of the rich and the poor.

There’s only a narrow gap between the two candidates in the polls.

There’s a yawning gap between the earnings of men and women.

There is a widening gap in the academic performance of boys and girls.

He felt that there was an unbridgeable gap between the negotiating positions of the two sides.

(=the difference between the amount a country imports and exports)

Britain’s trade gap almost doubled last month.

The gender gap was visible in the way men and women voted during the presidential elections.

(=the difference in attitudes, tastes etc between older and younger people)

Taste in music is a good indicator of the generation gap.

(=a difference in age between two people)

Despite the age gap, they became good friends.

There is a cultural gap between Europe and America on this subject.

(=reduce the amount or importance of a difference)

The book aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice.

The policies are designed to close the gap between rich and poor.

Polls show the gap between the two candidates has narrowed.

Technology has widened the gap between people with and without computer skills.

The gap is widening between the incomes of the rich and the less well-off.

A cultural gap exists between the older and the younger generations.

a space between two objects or two parts of an object, especially because something is missing

The neighbors’ dog got in through a gap in the hedge.

邻居的狗从树篱的缺口钻了进来。

a big difference between two situations, amounts, groups of people etc

〔大的〕差距，差额，差别

the widening gap between the rich and the poor

something missing that stops something else from being good or complete

There are huge gaps in my knowledge of history.

我的历史知识有很大的欠缺。

Frank’s death has left a big gap in my life.

弗兰克的去世给我的生活留下一大片空白。

He filled the gap left by Hirst’s retirement.

赫斯特退休后，他填补了空缺。

a period of time when nothing is happening, that exists between two other periods of time when something is happening

谈话中间一次令人尴尬的冷场

The gaps between his visits got longer and longer.

他探望的时间间隔越来越长了。

a low place between two higher parts of a mountain

a product or service that does not exist, so that there is an opportunity to develop that product or service and sell it


garage

ˈɡærɪdʒ, -ɑːʒ

Dad's just putting the car in the garage.

Wait here while I get the car out of the garage.

A single garage could boost the price of a house by 8%.

The house benefits from a large detached garage.

(=part of a house and not a separate building)

The house has huge gardens and an integral garage.

(=that you rent to keep a car or goods in)

They kept the car in a lock-up garage round the corner.

a building for keeping a car in, usually next to or attached to a house

〔通常紧靠房屋的〕车库，停车房

I’ll just go and put the car in the garage.

Their house had a [double garage](bold).

他们的房子有一个双车位车库。

(also: [parking garage](bold) ([especially AmE](bold)) )

a building in a public place where cars can be parked

〔公共场所的〕停车场，车库

We parked in an [underground garage](bold) near the hotel.

我们把车停在酒店附近的一个地下车库里。

a place where motor vehicles are repaired

a type of popular music played on electronic instruments, with a strong fast beat and singing

车库乐〔一种电子音乐，节奏很快很强〕

a collection of the latest dance and garage hits

最新舞曲和车库乐金曲合辑


garage

将〔汽车〕开进[停放在]车库


garbage

waste material, such as paper, empty containers, and food thrown away

Can you [take out the garbage](bold) when you go?

你走的时候把垃圾带出去好吗？

used to say that if the datainformation you put into a computer is bad, the results you get back will be bad, even if the computer program you use works properly

无用输入，无用输出〔即如果向计算机中输入错误数据，那么输出的也是错误数据〕


garden

→ [kitchen garden](->kitchen garden) → [market garden](->market garden) [lead sb up the garden path](bold) at → [lead](->lead) 1 sense 12

They were sitting on the front lawn of the house.

an area of ground where you grow flowers

an area of a garden where there are rocks with small flowers growing between them

a row of small bushes or trees growing close together, used for dividing one garden from another

a part of a garden where you grow vegetables

a flat stone area next to a house, where people sit outside

a flat wooden area in a garden, where people can sit

a small pool or structure with water running through it, used to make a garden look more attractive

a glass building where you can grow plants that need protection from the weather

a small wooden building in a garden, where you can store things

to make a hedge look neater by cutting small pieces off it

Hedges need to be trimmed regularly in summer.

to cut pieces off a bush in order to make it grow better

March is the ideal time for pruning roses.

The children had been sowing sunflower seeds.

to put a plant or tree in the ground so that it will grow

to remove the dead or dying flowers from a plant

When deadheading roses, make sure you use sharp pruning scissors.

(=covered with plants that have grown in an uncontrolled way)

There was a small untidy garden behind the house.

The children are playing in the back garden.

The cottage was surrounded by a flower garden.

The kitchen garden supplies vegetables to the manor house.

Rows of lettuces had been sown in the vegetable garden.

(=a garden with rocks that have plants growing between them)

She helped me choose plants for the rock garden.

It hasn’t rained for a week – I should water the garden.

They planted a beautiful rose garden in her memory.

(=a small building in the garden for storing tools and equipment)

We keep the lawnmower in the garden shed.

(=tools that you use for digging, planting etc in the garden)

Choose the right garden tool and you’ll do the job properly.

(=a shop selling plants and things for the garden)

I bought the plants at the garden centre.

Garden furniture sells well when the weather is warm.

(=a long rubber tube used for watering a garden)

He accidentally left the garden hose running.

(=a stone or plastic figure in a garden, which looks like a little old man with a pointed hat)

Somebody had stolen one of their garden gnomes.

(= the gate between a garden and the street)

Elaine walked up the garden path and into the house.

(=grass, leaves etc that you have cut and do not want)

(=the end of the garden, away from the house)

There was a trampoline at the bottom of the garden.

the area of land next to a house, where there are flowers, grass, and other plants, and often a place for people to sit

〔屋子旁边的〕花园，园子

Grace brought us some flowers from her garden.

格雷丝给我们送来一些她花园里的花。

[back/front garden](bold)(=at the back or front of the house)

a part of the area next to a house, which has plants and flowers in it

〔屋子旁边的〕园地，庭园

那房子有一个美丽的百草园。

a large area of land where plants and flowers are grown so that the public can go and see them


garden

to work in a garden, keeping it clean, growing plants etc


gardener

someone who enjoys growing flowers and plants

妈妈一直很擅长侍花弄草。


garlic

[garlicky](bold) adj. eg: his garlicky breath

a plant like a small onion, used in cooking to give a strong taste

Add a crushed [clove of garlic](bold)(=single section of it).


garment

She pulled the garment on and zipped it up.

She works in the garment district of Manhattan.

她在曼哈顿的服装加工区工作。

The outer garment was a loose-fitting robe.

[Garment](bold)  is used in business contexts, especially in American English, to talk about the business of making and selling clothes. In everyday English, people usually say [clothes](bold)  (plural):

What kind of [clothes](bold) was she wearing?


gas

(=gas used for cooking and heating, taken from under the earth or from under the sea)

The main part of natural gas is methane.

Carbon monoxide is the main poisonous gas in car exhaust.

A noxious gas was discovered to be leaking from the pipe.

(=a gas, especially carbon monoxide or methane, that is thought to trap heat above the Earth and cause the Earth's surface to become warmer)

We need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

(=a poisonous gas used in war to kill or paralyse people)

Troops were exposed to low levels of nerve gas during the conflict.

(=a gas that stings your eyes, used by the police to control crowds)

Police using tear gas had clashed with protestors.

Gas cookers are more efficient than electric ones.

(=an object that burns gas to heat a room)

The gas bottles need to be stored in a safe place.

(=an escape of gas through a hole in something)

If you suspect a gas leak, do not strike a match or even turn on an electric light.

(=a system for supplying gas to someone's house)

The engineers had quite a challenge to install the new gas supply.

(=a supply of gas kept to be used when it is needed)

Norway has far greater gas reserves than the UK.

The Chinese and Russian governments are cooperating in gas pipeline projects.

(=a bill you have to pay for gas you have used)

Household gas bills have increased dramatically.

The company expanded its gas production facilities.

There are plans to nationalize the country's gas industry.

[plural](italic) gases or [plural](italic) gasses

a substance such as air, which is not solid or liquid, and usually cannot be seen

[a gas cylinder/bottle](bold)(=for storing gas)

a clear substance like air that is burned for heating or cooking

The explosion was caused by a [gas leak](bold) from the water heater.

这次爆炸是热水器燃气泄漏造成的。

a measurement of the temperature of a gas oven

〔测量燃气烤箱温度的〕燃气刻度4/5/6等

a liquid made from petroleum, used mainly for producing power in the engines of cars, trucks etc

I probably spend over $200 a month on gas.

我一个月大概要花200多美元汽油钱。

The mechanic found a hole in the [gas tank](bold).

汽车修理工发现油箱上有一个洞。

We [stepped on the gas](bold)(=pushed down the gas pedal and made the car go faster) and sped away.

我们踩下油门，迅速开走了。

a clear substance like air that is used for medical reasons, for example to make people feel less pain or make them sleep during an operation

a type of gas used as a weapon, because it harms or kills people when they breathe it in

→ [nerve gas](->nerve gas) → [poison gas](->poison gas) → [tear gas](->tear gas)

the condition of having a lot of air in your stomach

something that is fun and makes you laugh a lot


gas

[past tense and past participle](italic) [gassed](bold) [present participle](italic) [gassing](bold)

to talk for a long time about unimportant or boring things


gasoline

a liquid obtained from petroleum, used mainly for producing power in the engines of cars, trucks etc


gasp

to breathe in suddenly in a way that can be heard, especially because you are surprised or in pain

〔尤因惊讶或疼痛而〕大声吸气，倒抽气

Ollie gasped with pain and slumped forward.

奥利疼得直抽气，往前栽倒下去。

The audience gasped at the splendour of the costumes.

‘My leg!’ he gasped. ‘I think it’s broken!’

“我的腿！”他倒抽一口气喊道，“我觉得腿断了！”

to breathe quickly in a way that can be heard because you are having difficulty breathing

〔由于呼吸困难而〕急促吸气

Brendan climbed slowly, gasping for breath.

布伦丹上气不接下气地缓慢攀爬。

to feel that you urgently need something such as a drink or cigarette


gasp

when you take in a breath suddenly in a way that can be heard, especially because you are surprised or in pain

〔尤指惊讶或疼痛引起的〕大声吸气，倒抽气

With a gasp of pure horror, Lewis jumped up and ran.

刘易斯吓得倒抽了一口气，跳起来就跑。

She [gave a](bold) little [gasp](bold) and clutched George’s hand.

她轻轻地倒抽一口气，抓住了乔治的手。

when you breathe in air quickly because you are having difficulty breathing

〔呼吸困难引起的〕急促吸气

the time when someone is about to die, or when something is about to stop happening or existing

一个没落行业的最后一口气


gate

They went through the gate into the orchard.

Someone left the gate open, and the dog got out.

(=the gate in front of or at the back of a building)

She stood outside the front gate of the cottage.

Ellie ran down the path towards the garden gate.

I carefully shut the farm gate behind me.

Lots of parents were waiting outside the school gate.

Their way was barred by huge wrought-iron gates.

the part of a fence or outside wall that you can open and close so that you can enter or leave a place

We went through the gate into the orchard.

I left the engine running and ran back to close the gate.

我没让发动机熄火，跑回去关上了大门。

Make sure that the back gate is locked, please.

The children poured out of the school gates.

the place where you leave an airport building to get on a plane

Air France flight 76 leaves from gate 6A.

法航76号航班从6A登机口起飞。

the number of people who go in to see a sports event, especially a football match

〔体育比赛，尤指足球赛的〕观众人数

the amount of money that these people pay

〔体育比赛，尤指足球赛的〕门票收入


gate

to prevent a student from leaving a school as a punishment for behaving badly

禁止 …离校外出〔作为对学生不良行为的处罚〕


gateway

the opening in a fence, wall etc that can be closed by a gate

〔栅栏或围墙上的〕出入口，大门口

a place, especially a city, that you can go through in order to reach another much bigger place

圣路易斯是通往西部的门户。

To me a home in the country is a gateway to happiness.

对我来说，在乡间有个家就是幸福。

a way of connecting two computer networks

〔连接两个计算机网络的〕网关


gather

to come together and form a group, or to make people do this

A [crowd gathered](bold) to watch the fight.

Thousands of people gathered outside the embassy.

大使馆外面聚集了数千人。

Gather round, everyone, so that you can see the screen.

大家都聚过来，好看到屏幕。

During the air raids, we gathered the children around us and sang songs.

空袭期间，我们把孩子们聚集在身边唱歌。

Could the bride’s family all gather together for a photo?

请新娘一家人聚在一起拍个照，好吗？

Dozens of photographers were gathered outside Jagger’s villa.

多名摄影记者聚集在贾格尔的别墅外面。

to believe that something is true because of what you have seen or heard

I gather you’ve had some problems with our sales department.

我猜你对我们的销售部有意见。

[from what I can gather/as far as I can gather](bold)(=this is what I believe to be true)

She’s his niece, from what I can gather.

据我所知，她是他的侄女。

to get things from different places and put them together in one place

→see THESAURUS at [collect](->collect) 1

The researcher’s job is to gather information about people.

这位研究人员的工作是收集人们的信息。

They had gathered 440,000 signatures to support their demand.

他们征集了44万人的签名来支持他们的要求。

to move faster, become stronger, get more support etc

加快速度/加大力量/增强势头等

The cart gathered speed as it coasted down the hill.

手推车沿着山坡下滑，速度越来越快。

The international relief effort appears to be gathering momentum.

国际救灾行动的力度似乎在日益加强。

if something gathers dust, it is not being used

to pull material or a piece of clothing closer to you

拢起，提起〔材料或衣服〕

Moira gathered her skirts round her and climbed the steps.

莫伊拉提起裙子登上台阶。

gather yourself/your strength/your thoughts

to prepare yourself for something you are going to do, especially something difficult

I took a few moments to gather my thoughts before going into the meeting.

我整理了一会儿思绪才进去开会。

to gradually become more cloudy or get darker

Storm [clouds](bold) were [gathering](bold) so we hurried home.

暴风云开始积聚，我们便急忙回家了。

[the gathering darkness/dusk/shadows etc](bold)

to take someone into your arms and hold them in order to protect them or show them love


gather

a small fold produced by pulling cloth together


gathering

the process of collecting information from many different places


gauge

The fuel gauge read a little over half full.

He checked the pressure gauge on the oxygen cylinder.

The oil temperature gauge was twice its normal reading.

A depth gauge is essential for telling you how deep you are when diving.

The gauge showed an abnormal increase in radiation.

an instrument for measuring the size or amount of something

汽油表显示油箱仍是满的。

a measurement of the width or thickness of something such as wire or metal

〔电线等的〕直径；〔金属等的〕厚度，宽度

something that helps you make a judgment about a person or situation

Retail sales are a gauge of consumer spending.

零售额是衡量消费者支出的一个标准。

The tests will give parents a gauge of how their children are doing.

这些考试可以让家长对孩子的学习状况有一个衡量。

the distance between the lines of a railway or between the wheels of a train

〔铁道的〕轨距；〔火车的〕轮距

[broad/narrow gauge](bold)(=with more/less than the standard distance between the rails)


gauge

to judge how people feel about something or what they are likely to do

判定，判断〔人们的情感或意图〕

It is difficult to gauge what the other party’s next move will be.

很难判定对方的下一步行动是什么。

I looked at Chris, trying to gauge his reaction.

我看着克里斯，琢磨着他会作出什么样的反应。

to measure or calculate something by using a particular instrument or method

〔用某种仪器或方法〕测量，测出

The thermostat will gauge the temperature and control the heat.

恒温器可测量温度并控制热量。


gay

if someone, especially a man, is gay, they are sexually attracted to people of the same sex

a campaigner for [gay rights](bold)(=equal treatment for gay people)

in a careless way, without careful thought

stupid or not good. Some people think that this word is offensive.

愚蠢的，无趣的〔有些人认为该词具有冒犯性〕


gay

someone who is homosexual, especially a man


gaze

to look at someone or something for a long time, giving it all your attention, often without realizing you are doing so

〔常指无意识地〕凝视，盯着看

Nell was still gazing out of the window.

Patrick sat [gazing into space](bold)(=looking straight in front, not at any particular person or thing).

帕特里克坐着，茫然地看着前方。


gaze

Her eyes met his and she immediately dropped her gaze.

Miller averted his eyes from the beggars that lined the streets.

(=look at someone who is looking at you)

(=keep looking at someone who is looking at you)

He held her gaze for a few seconds, then continued eating.

I avoided his gaze and just looked out of the window.

(=look at someone or something continuously)

He fixed his gaze on the wall behind her.

I kept my gaze fixed on the television and didn’t look at him as he left the room.

(=someone looks at someone or something)

sb’s gaze moves/travels/shifts/sweeps etc

His gaze travelled over the still water to the other side of the lake.

Jess felt embarrassed under his steady gaze.

(=when someone looks at someone or something with concentration)

(=a look that seems to see what you are thinking)

He fixed the boy with a piercing gaze and waited for his response.

She felt embarrassed under his steady gaze.

他持久的注视让她觉得很不好意思。

Ellen smiled uncomfortably and lowered her gaze.

埃伦很不自在地笑笑，垂下了目光。

[meet sb’s gaze](bold)(=look directly at someone who is looking at you)


gear

The heavy traffic meant that we seldom got out of second gear.

You should use a low gear when going up a hill.

Hamilton slipped effortlessly into top gear.

The car trundled slowly forward in bottom gear.

It takes some time to learn when to change gear.

put the car etc into (first/second/third etc) gear

He put the car into gear, and they moved slowly forwards.

The straining noises from the engine told him that he was in the wrong gear.

(=change gear in a way that makes an unpleasant noise)

the machinery in a vehicle such as a car, truck, or bicycle that you use to go comfortably at different speeds

他的山地自行车有18挡。

Andy drove cautiously along [in third gear](bold).

安迪挂着三挡小心地行驶。

Does this thing have a [reverse gear](bold)?

Any cyclist can climb a difficult hill; you just [change gear](bold).

谁都能骑上难爬的山坡，只要换挡就行了。

Don’t turn off the engine while you’re still [in gear](bold).

还挂着挡的时候不要关发动机。

It’s a good habit to take the car [out of gear](bold) while you’re at a stoplight.

等红灯时换空挡的习惯很好。

used to talk about the amount of effort and energy that someone is using in a situation

〔某种情形下所花的〕精力，努力

During this period, Japan’s export industries were in [top gear](bold)(=were as active as they could be).

在这个时期，日本的出口工业如日中天。

The Republican’s propaganda machine moved into [high gear](bold).

共和党的宣传机器开足了马力。

[step up a gear](bold) BrE(=increase the level of effort)

United stepped up a gear in the second half.

联队在下半场加强了拼抢。

(AmE [change/switch/shift gears](bold) )

to start doing something in a different way, especially using more or less energy or effort

改变做事方式〔尤指改变力度〕

The boss expects us to be able to change gear just like that.

老板希望我们能够随时随地调整工作节奏。

a set of equipment or tools you need for a particular activity

〔用于某种活动的〕一套设备[工具]

He’s crazy about photography – he’s got all the gear.

他对摄影很着迷——所有的器材他都有。

a set of clothes that you wear for a particular occasion or activity

〔为某个场合或活动而穿的〕成套服装

a piece of machinery that performs a particular job

〔做某种用途的〕机器，机械

a word meaning illegal drugs, used by people who take drugs

You’d better get your ass in gear – you’re late.

你最好快点——要迟到了。


gear

to be organized in a way that is suitable for a particular purpose or situation

The typical career pattern was geared to men whose wives didn’t work.

这种典型的职业模式是为妻子不工作的男性设计的。

The course curriculum is geared to span three years.

这门课程设计为三年学完。


gel

a thick wet substance that is used in beauty or cleaning products

〔美容或清洁产品中的〕凝胶，冻胶


gel

[past tense and past participle](italic) [gelled](bold) [present participle](italic) [gelling](bold)

if a thought, plan etc gels, it becomes clearer or more definite

〔想法、计划等〕成形，变明确

Don’t start writing until the idea has gelled in your mind.

脑子里有了明确想法后再动笔写。

if two or more people gel, they start working well together as a group

〔人〕开始结为一体，开始联手

他和查普曼没能顺利合作。

After two days, the group gelled into a team.

两天之后，这群人就组成了一支团结的队伍。

if a liquid gels, it becomes firmer or thicker

〔液体〕形成胶体，胶化，胶凝


gel

[n](bold) <[C](bold)> ([BrE](special)) [old-fashioned](special)

used to represent the word ‘girl’, when it is said in this way


gem

a beautiful stone that has been cut into a special shape

something that is very special or beautiful

Every single ad in the campaign has been a gem.

这次活动中的每一个广告都是精品。

The Fortune is [a](bold) tiny [gem of a](bold) theatre.

时运剧院是一座小巧精致的剧院。

难能可贵的人；特别好的人


gender

Research has shown that there are gender differences in the way alcohol affects the brain.

The gender gap was visible in the way men and women voted during the presidential elections.

(=the positions of men and women in society)

It is a country where gender roles have remained largely unchanged.

Her research investigates gender bias in the classroom.

(=when men and women are treated in the same way)

Organizations have a duty to promote gender equality.

(=the way in which men and women behave towards each other)

The best way to understand gender relations is to study children.

(=a fixed idea of what men or women are like)

The characters in the novel were criticized for being gender stereotypes.

(=the way in which men and women compete with each other for power)

Much of the discussion of gender politics is rather simplistic.

(=ideas and problems related to being male or female)

Businesses seem to pay more attention to gender issues in senior positions.

Gender identity refers to our inner feeling of being masculine or feminine.

Discrimination on grounds of race or gender is forbidden.

严禁种族歧视和性别歧视。

There may be [gender differences](bold) in attitudes to paid work.

对待有偿劳动的态度可能存在着性别差异。

toys that do not reinforce [gender stereotypes](bold)

不强化性别模式化观念的玩具

a science fiction story dealing with [gender issues](bold)

以性别问题为题材的科幻故事

the system in some languages of marking words such as nouns, adjectives, and pronouns as being masculine,feminine, or neuter

性〔指某些语言中名词、形容词和代词分为阳性、阴性或中性的语法体系〕

a group such as feminine into which words are divided in this system


gene

(=a gene that has its effect when there is only one copy of it)

The disease occurs when a child inherits a single dominant gene from a parent with the disease.

(=a gene that has its effect only when there are two copies of it)

The disease is caused by a defective gene.

The actual number of human genes is still in dispute.

(=have a gene that causes a medical condition which you can pass on to your children)

Some women carry a gene which makes them more likely to develop breast cancer.

All animals try to maximize their chances of passing on their genes to the next generation.

Children who inherit the defective gene seem normal at birth apart from a deformity of the toe.

(=find a particular gene which is responsible for something)

Scientists have identified a gene which seems to protect Chinese people from some types of cancer.

(=all the genes in a particular species)

It is hoped that these new wolves will mate with the native population and increase the wolves' gene pool.

Scientists have successfully treated the disease using gene therapy.

a part of a cell in a living thing that controls what it looks like, how it grows, and how it develops. People get their genes from their parents.


general

used when saying that something is usually true in most situations, or about most people or things

In general, temporary jobs are less well-paid.

In general, the bigger a company becomes, the harder it is to maintain customer satisfaction.

another way of saying ‘in general’, which is often used before a verb. [Generally](bold) can also be used to say that most people have a particular opinion

Newton is generally regarded as the father of modern science.

Generally speaking, large breeds of dog are becoming less popular.

He’s a singer who doesn’t do interviews, as a rule.

The graduates are, generally speaking, a confident and articulate group of young people.

used when saying that something is true about most people or things, or about most of something. [Largely](bold) is slightly more formal than [mostly](bold) or [mainly](bold)

Their attempts were largely unsuccessful.

The students were mostly French and German, but there were a few Japanese students too.

used when saying that something is true in most cases, but not in every case

These problems have for the most part been resolved.

For the most part, the gangs were made up of boys aged between 11 and 16.

used for saying that something is true in most ways or in most cases

The project was, by and large, a success.

On the whole, people were very friendly.

[adj](bold) <[usually before noun](bold)>

describing or relating to only the main features or parts of something, not the details

I skimmed through it to get a general impression of the text.

我把文章浏览了一下，让自己有个大致的了解。

I have a [general idea](bold) of what I want to express.

我对自己想要表达什么有个大致的想法。

He spoke [in general terms](bold) about greater competitiveness.

他大致地说了说要加强竞争力。

In general, about 10% of the candidates are eventually offered positions.

一般说来，大约10%的申请者最终能获得职位。

used when talking about the whole of a situation, group, or thing, rather than specific parts of it

a feeling of dissatisfaction with life in general

These policies are unpopular with politicians and people in general.

这些政策在政治家和老百姓中普遍不受欢迎。

We’re trying to raise awareness about the environment [in general and](bold) air pollution [in particular](bold).

我们在努力提高人们总的环境意识，尤其是对空气污染的意识。

involving the whole of a situation, group, or thing, rather than specific parts of it

There has been a general decline in standards.

I hate paperwork [as a general rule](bold).

一般情况下我是讨厌做文案工作的。

shared by or affecting most people, or most of the people in a group

These courses are based around topics of [general interest](bold).

这些课程涉及大家普遍感兴趣的话题。

How soon can the drug be made available for general use?

这种药要多久才能被广泛使用？

not limited to one use, activity, subject etc

〔用途、活动、主题等〕广泛的，综合的

The next ten minutes passed in general conversation.

接下来的十分钟里大家就随便交谈。

这是一种很有效的多用途肥料。

This type of microphone is suitable for general use.

used to talk about an approximate area or direction

〔区域或方向〕大致的，大概的

Pat and his friend were in the [general area](bold) of the crime when it happened.

案发时帕特和他朋友就在附近。

They started walking [in the general direction of](bold) the pub.

他们开始朝酒吧的大致方向走去。

used in the name of a job to show that the person who does it has complete responsibility


general

an officer of very high rank in the army or air force

〔陆军或空军的〕上将，将军


generalization

ˌdʒenərəlaɪˈzeɪʃən

a statement about all the members of a group that may be true in some or many situations but is not true in every case

You can’t [make generalizations](bold) about what men and women are like.

男人什么样，女人什么样，不能一概而论。

a sweeping generalization based on speculation


generalize

to form a general principle or opinion after considering only a small number of facts or examples

She has a tendency to generalize from her husband to all men.

她总爱把自己对丈夫的看法推及所有男人。

to make a general statement about the whole of a group or thing

It is difficult to generalise about the kind of people who come on these courses.

很难笼统地说参加这些课程的都是什么类型的人。

to say that an idea, result etc is related to a larger group

这个原理可以推而广之吗？

Can the research findings be generalized to a wider population?

这个研究的结果适用于更广泛的人群吗？


generally

considering or relating to the whole of a thing or group, rather than to details or specific cases or parts

It was generally a positive conversation.

总的来说，这是一次积极的谈话。

She’s not really ill, just generally run-down.

她并不是真的生病，只是感到全身疲惫。

Generally, part-timers work in low-status, low-wage occupations.

总体上看，兼职人员从事的是低级、低薪的工作。

The second survey was concerned with working-class culture more generally.

第二次调查涉及更广泛的工薪阶层的文化。

The plants are generally regarded as weeds.

这些植物一般都被当作杂草。

It could be five years before the drug is [generally available](bold).

这种药可能要过五年才能广泛投入市场。

我通常8点之前到上班的地方。

used to introduce a statement that is true in most cases but not always

Generally speaking, the more expensive the stereo, the better it is.

一般说来，立体声音响越贵的越好。


generate

a useful technique for generating new ideas

The program would generate a lot of new jobs.

这个项目将创造许多新的就业岗位。

Tourism generates income for local communities.

旅游业为当地社区创造了收益。

The project generated enormous interest.

这个项目引起了人们极大的兴趣。

to produce heat, electricity, or another form of energy

Wind turbines generate electricity for the local community.


generation

ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃən

ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃən

I consider myself a typical Japanese woman of my generation.

We need to preserve the planet for future generations.

The party needs to make its policies appeal to the younger generation too.

These beliefs were common among the older generation.

(=younger people, especially people who use new ways of doing something)

He is one of the new generation of English players.

People want to pass on money to the next generation when they die.

This medical textbook has been used by successive generations of medical students and doctors.

As with earlier generations of his family, he had been educated at Bootham School, York.

He was the equal of any of the previous generation of great explorers.

For later generations, however, the chances of getting work on leaving school were much lower.

Healthcare expenses are expected to rise as the baby-boom generation reaches retirement.

(=the difference between people of different generations)

This study explores the generation gap between parents and their teenage children.

hand sth down from generation to generation

Native Australians hand down stories and songs from generation to generation.

pass sth from one generation to the next

Traditional customs are passed from one generation to the next.

Like most of my generation, I had never known a war.

和我们这一代的大多数人一样，我并没有经历过战争。

In my generation the divorce rate is very high.

我们这一代人离婚率很高。

the need to preserve the planet for [future generations](bold)

为子孙后代保护地球的必要性

[the younger/older generation](bold)(=the younger or older people in society)

The younger generation don’t know what hard work is.

更年轻的一代不知道什么叫艰苦劳动。

The story has been handed down [from generation to generation](bold).

这个故事是一代一代传下来的。

In this meaning, [generation](bold)  is usually followed by a singular verb: This generation [has](bold) grown up using Internet technology.

In British English, you can also use a plural verb: This generation [have](bold) grown up using Internet technology.

all the members of a family of about the same age

In those days it was common for three generations of the same family to live together.

那时候，三代同堂是很平常的。

[first-generation/second-generation etc](bold)(=being a member of the first, second etc generation to live or be born in a country)

the average period of time between the birth of a person and the birth of that person’s children

一代人的时间〔指一个人的出生与其孩子出生之间的平均时间〕

Some families have lived here for generations.

有些人家祖祖辈辈都住在这里。

The country’s attitude toward government is harsher than it was a generation ago.

a group of things that were developed from something else, or from which better things were developed

the [new generation](bold) of mobile phones

the first generation of nuclear power stations

the process of producing something or making something happen


generic

relating to a whole group of things rather than to one thing

Fine Arts is a generic term for subjects such as painting, music, and sculpture.

a generic product does not have a special name to show that it is made by a particular company


generosity

a generous attitude, or generous behaviour

I shall never forget the [generosity shown](bold) by the people of Bataisk.

我永远也不会忘记巴泰斯克人的慷慨大方。


generous

[generously](bold) adv. eg: Please [give generously](bold) to the refugee fund.

someone who is generous is willing to give money, spend time etc, in order to help people or give them pleasure

It was generous of them to ask Anna along.

他们邀请安娜一起去，真是大方。

my employer’s generous offer to pay the bill

larger or more than the usual size or amount

大的，大量的，丰富的〔指超出通常的规格或数量〕

sympathetic in the way you deal with people, and tending to see the good qualities in someone or something

She was generous enough to overlook my little mistake.

她非常宽宏大量，不计较我的小过失。


genetic

[genetically](bold) /-kli/  adv. eg: genetically determined characteristics


genetics

[Genetics](bold)  is followed by a singular verb: [Genetics is](bold) the study of genes.

the study of how the qualities of living things are passed on in their genes


genius

a very high level of intelligence, mental skill, or ability, which only a few people have

这部影片展现了费里尼的天赋。

温福德是一名天才建筑师。

[a stroke of genius](bold)(=a very clever idea)

At the time, his appointment seemed a stroke of genius.

当时，他的任命似乎是个高明之举。

someone who has an unusually high level of intelligence, mental skill, or ability

我父亲是个讲故事的天才。

That woman [has a genius for](bold) organization.

那个女人的组织能力超乎常人。


genocide

[genocidal](bold) /ˌdʒenəˈsaɪdl◂/  adj. eg: a genocidal regime

the deliberate murder of a whole group or race of people

The military leaders were accused of genocide.

军方领导人被指控实施种族大屠杀。


genre

a particular type of art, writing, music etc, which has certain features that all examples of this type share

〔艺术、写作、音乐等的〕类型，体裁


gentle

kind and careful in the way you behave or do things, so that you do not hurt or damage anyone or anything

和蔼友善的，温和的，温柔的

Arthur was a very gentle, caring person.

阿瑟是一个非常温柔体贴的人。

‘Where does it hurt?’ she asked in a gentle voice.

“哪里痛？”她柔声问道。

定期进行舒缓运动的锻炼计划

the [gentle pressure](bold) of Jill’s hand

After a little [gentle persuasion](bold), she agreed to go back to her family.

经过几句温和的劝说，她同意回到家里去。

Melt the butter over a [gentle heat](bold)(=low heat).

a gentle hill or slope is not steep or sharp

〔山或坡〕不陡的，平缓的


gentleman

a polite word for a man, used especially when talking to or about a man you do not know

先生〔对男士客气的称呼，尤用于不认识的人〕

Could you serve this gentleman please, Miss Bath?

巴思小姐，请你接待一下这位先生好吗？

Good morning, [ladies and gentlemen](bold).

早上好，女士们，先生们。

An elderly gentleman was asleep next to the fire.

一位老先生在火炉旁边睡着了。

a man who is always polite, has good manners, and treats other people well

Martin – always the [perfect gentleman](bold) – got to his feet when my mother walked in.

马丁在我母亲进来时站了起来——他一向绅士派头十足。

菲尔德先生是位真正的君子。

a man from a high social class, especially one whose family owns a lot of property

有身份的人；〔尤指〕富绅


gently

‘You go back to bed now,’ he said gently.

“你回去睡觉吧。”他温柔地说道。

Gently cook the peppers for 10–15 minutes.

用文火将辣椒煮10到15分钟。

雨点轻轻拍打着上面的屋顶。

used to tell someone to be careful when they are handling something, moving something etc

小心点！〔用于提醒某人拿或移动某物时当心〕

Gently, Sammy, you don’t want to break it.

小心点，萨米，别把它打破了。


genuine

used about a feeling, thing, or person that really is what they seem to be

Experts believe that the painting is genuine.

a genuine reason for taking time off work

If a student has genuine religious objections to a school activity, they do not have to participate.

authentic  food, music, clothes etc are correct for the place or the period in history that they are supposed to be from

It’s a friendly restaurant offering authentic Greek food.

The dancers wore authentic Native American designs.

having all the qualities you would expect a particular type of person or thing to have

Being a true Red Sox fan, he never missed a game.

True Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God.

bona fide people or things are really what they say they are, especially when this can be checked by looking at official documents

This club is only open to bona fide members.

evidence or facts that are genuine and can be proved

There was no hard evidence to support the theory.

a genuine feeling, desire etc is one that you really feel, not one you pretend to feel

〔感情、欲望等〕真正的，真实的

The reforms are motivated by a genuine concern for the disabled.

这些改革是出自对残疾人真切的关心。

‘Did he really?’ Her surprise seemed genuine.

“他当真如此？”她好像真的很惊讶。

something genuine really is what it seems to be

〔人或事物〕真的，真正的

We need laws that will protect genuine refugees.

我们需要有法律来保护真正的难民。

someone who is genuine is honest and friendly and you feel you can trust them

She is the most genuine person I’ve ever met.

a person or thing that is a true example of their type

〔某类人或物中〕真正的代表

If you want to meet a real Southerner, Jake is the genuine article.

如果你想认识真正的南方人，杰克就是货真价实的一位。

something that is real and is not a copy intended to deceive people

Some fake designer clothes are so good that people have no idea they’re not buying the genuine article.

有些假的名牌衣服做得太好了，人们根本不知道自己买的不是真品。


genuinely

He was genuinely concerned for the children.

他真心为孩子们感到担忧。

His victims [genuinely believed](bold) that he was helping them.

受害者是真的相信他会帮助他们。

used for emphasizing a particular quality

很，十分，非常〔用于强调〕

马蒂斯是一位广受欢迎的画家。


geographical

ˌdʒiːəˈɡræfɪkəl◂

ˌdʒiːəˈɡræfɪkəl◂

relating to the place in an area, country etc where something or someone is

their geographical proximity to Japan (=nearness to Japan)

它们和日本相邻的地理位置


geography

dʒiˈɒɡrəfi, ˈdʒɒɡ-

the study of the countries, oceans, rivers, mountains, cities etc of the world

→ [physical geography](->physical geography) → [political geography](->political geography)

the geography of a building, city etc is the way all its parts are arranged

〔建筑物、城市等的〕布局

The geography of the flats made it hard to get to know our neighbours.

公寓的布局使得我们邻里之间很难认识。


geology

[geological](bold) /ˌdʒiːəˈlɒdʒɪk/ US /-ˈlɑː-/  adj.

the study of the rocks, soil etc that make up the Earth, and of the way they have changed since the Earth was formed


geometry

the study in mathematics of the angles and shapes formed by the relationships of lines, surfaces, and solid objects in space


germ

→ [wheatgerm](->wheatgerm) → [germ warfare](->germ warfare)

a very small living thing that can make you ill

Put disinfectant down the toilet to kill any germs.

在抽水马桶里投放消毒剂杀菌。

the early stage of an idea, feeling etc that may develop into something bigger and more important

观念/理论/感情等的萌芽

The germ of a story began to form in his mind.

一个故事开始在他的头脑里成形。

the part of a plant or animal that can develop into a new plant or animal


gesture

Luke made a rude gesture with his finger.

The player was fined for making an obscene gesture at the referee.

One of the men made a threatening gesture, and I ran.

It would be a nice gesture if we gave them something to say 'thank you'.

He had made a very generous gesture to the school.

Ella bought him a drink as a friendly gesture.

(=something you do to make people notice you)

Love is not about grand gestures and expensive gifts.

In politics, dramatic gestures are sometimes necessary.

(=something you do that shows you are not scared of taking risks)

Appointing one of his opponents to the government was seen as a bold gesture of reconciliation.

(=something you do that shows people how you feel)

In a symbolic gesture, he renounced his $10,000 monthly presidential salary.

(=something you do that does not achieve anything important)

The president's attempt at negotiation was an empty gesture which failed to satisfy his critics.

(=something you do so that you can pretend that you are dealing with a problem)

The inclusion of just one woman on the committee was seen as a token gesture.

(=something you do to stop someone from arguing with you)

The government made several conciliatory gestures to the protestors.

(=something you do to show you want to be helpful)

As a gesture of goodwill, customers will be offered a full refund.

He invited the two men to his house as a gesture of friendship.

She wrote a letter to the prime minister as a gesture of support.

(=something you do to show loyalty and support)

People sent food parcels to the strikers as a gesture of solidarity.

(=something done to show that you will not do what someone tells you to do)

The rebels launched an attack as a gesture of defiance.

(=do something to show that you have some respect for someone or something)

The drinks industry has made a gesture towards reducing alcohol misuse by setting up a research group.

a movement of part of your body, especially your hands or head, to show what you mean or how you feel

〔表达意思或感觉的〕手势，姿势

Jim raised his hands in a despairing gesture.

吉姆举起双手，做出绝望的姿势。

Luke [made](bold) an obscene [gesture](bold) with his finger.

卢克用手指做了一个下流的手势。

She shook her head with a gesture of impatience.

something that you say or do, often something small, to show how you feel about someone or something

〔表明态度的〕表示，姿态

They decided it would be a [nice gesture](bold) to send her a card.

他们认为给她寄一张卡片会是一种友好的表示。

Tearing up the price list was simply a [symbolic gesture](bold).

撕碎价格表只是一种象征性的表示。

As a [gesture of goodwill](bold), we have decided to waive the charges on this occasion.

这次我们已经决定免除费用，以示友好。

The Queen has now [made](bold) a [gesture](bold) towards public opinion.


gesture

to move your hand, arm, or head to tell someone something, or show them what you mean

Brad gestured towards the door. ‘Get out.’

布拉德指着门口说: “出去。”