compose

to be formed from a number of substances, parts, or people

Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.

The legal system is composed of people, and people make mistakes.

法律体制由人组成，而人是会犯错误的。

→ Do not say that something ‘is composed by’ or ‘is composed with’ things or people. Say that it [is composed of](bold) things or people.

More than 17.6 million firms compose the business sector of our economy.

Barrington has composed the music for a new production of ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’.

巴林顿为新版的《仲夏夜之梦》谱了曲。

to write a letter, poem etc, thinking very carefully about it as you write it

Compose a letter to your local paper stating your views on an issue of your choice.

给当地的报纸写信，就所关心的话题发表意见。

to try hard to become calm after feeling very angry, upset, or excited

〔生气、烦躁或激动后〕极力使自己平静下来

Lynn took several deep breaths to compose herself.

林恩深深吸了几口气，使自己平静下来。

When asked a question, give yourself a second to compose your thoughts.

当被问到问题时，首先让自己冷静片刻。

to arrange the parts of a painting, photograph, or scene in a way that achieves a particular result

〔为达到特殊效果而〕为〔绘画、照片或场景〕构图

I like the way he composes his photographs.


composition

ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃən

the way in which something is made up of different parts, things, or members

The composition of the group that is studied depends on the interests of the researcher.

被研究群体的组成取决于研究者的兴趣。

Some minerals have complex chemical compositions.

有些矿物的化学构成很复杂。

a piece of music, a poem, or a piece of writing

〔音乐、诗歌或文字〕作品

a composition by jazzman Dave Brubeck, called ‘Chromatic Fantasy’

爵士音乐家戴夫•布鲁贝克的作品《半音阶幻想曲》

a mixture of traditional songs and original compositions

传统歌曲和原创作品的混合体

the art or process of writing pieces of music, poems etc

〔音乐、诗歌等的〕创作；作曲；写作

The Journals contain accounts of literary composition.

《期刊》中有关于文学创作的报道。

the way in which the different parts that make up a photograph or picture are arranged

Martin starts by lightly sketching in the compositions for his paintings.

马丁先浅浅地勾勒出画作的构图。

a short piece of writing about a particular subject, that is done at school

I had to write a composition about the Royal visit.

我得写一篇关于王室出访的作文。

the process of arranging words, pictures etc on a page before they are printed


compound

the organic compounds of which living things are made

(=formed by a chemical process involving two or more elements)

Use a copper compound to protect the trees from pests.

(=containing poisonous or harmful substances)

Atoms combine in specific ways to form chemical compounds.

This compound contains two atoms of nitrogen and four atoms of hydrogen.

a substance containing atoms from two or more elements

Sulphur dioxide is a compound of sulphur and oxygen.

二氧化硫是硫和氧的化合物。

a combination of two or more parts, substances, or qualities

Teaching is a compound of several different skills.

教书是多种不同技能的综合。

an area that contains a group of buildings and is surrounded by a fence or wall

四周有篱笆[围墙]的建筑群

a noun, adjective etc that is made up of two or more words. The noun ‘flower shop’ and the adjective ‘self-made’ are compounds.


compound

to make a difficult situation worse by adding more problems

[compound a problem/difficulty etc](bold)

Helmut’s problems were compounded by his lack of concentration.

注意力不集中使得赫尔穆特的问题更加严重。

to make a bad action worse by doing more bad things

He compounded the offence by calling his opponents liars.

他骂对手是骗子，攻击又升级了。

a smell compounded of dust and dead flowers

to pay interest that is calculated on both the sum of money and the interest


compound

a single eye, leaf etc that is made up of two or more parts

a noun, adjective etc that is made up of two or more words. For example, ‘ice cream’ is a compound noun.

a sentence that has two or more main parts


comprehend

[Comprehend](bold)  is often used in the negative, especially with [can’t/cannot](bold) : I cannot comprehend why anyone would do that.

[Comprehend](bold)  is not used in the progressive.
Don’t say: [I am not comprehending why anyone would do that.](strike)

to understand something that is complicated or difficult

理解，领悟〔复杂或困难的事物〕

→see THESAURUS at [understand](->understand)

She cannot comprehend the extent of the disaster.

她无法理解这场灾难的严重程度。

I did not [fully comprehend](bold) what had happened.

我没有完全理解发生了什么事。

It may be hard to comprehend how much this gift means for my country.

可能很难明白上天的这个恩赐对我们国家来说意义有多大。

Finally, she comprehended that he wanted his pay.

她终于明白了他是想要工钱。

In everyday English, people usually say [understand](bold)  rather than [comprehend](bold) :

I could [understand](bold) most of what she was saying.


comprehension

They don’t have the least comprehension of what I’m trying to do.

他们一点都不理解我想要干什么。

The research project will focus on children’s comprehension of pretence.

这项研究将集中于儿童对假象的理解。

Why you let her talk you into doing such a foolish thing is [beyond](bold) my [comprehension](bold)(=impossible for me to understand).

你怎么会被她说服去做这种蠢事，我实在是无法理解。

an exercise given to students to test how well they understand written or spoken language

new methods of testing reading comprehension


comprehensive

[comprehensively](bold) adv. eg: No system has failed as comprehensively as the prison system.

The town has a comprehensive range of sporting facilities.

The report includes a comprehensive study of the company’s training needs.

He wrote a fairly comprehensive account of the islands at that time.

You’ll need to have a comprehensive guide to university courses.

Here is a comprehensive list of the good hotels in the area.

Our professional staff provide a comprehensive service.

Your holiday will include a comprehensive programme of sightseeing trips.

He promised a comprehensive approach to health care reform.

The police still do not have a comprehensive picture of what happened.

The information we have is fairly comprehensive.

The report does not claim to be fully comprehensive.

The available data on world population is reasonably comprehensive.

The instruction manual is extremely comprehensive.

including all the necessary facts, details, or problems that need to be dealt with

We offer our customers a comprehensive range of financial products.

我们为客户提供全面的金融产品。

a [comprehensive guide](bold) to British hotels and restaurants

一本介绍英国酒店和餐厅的详尽指南

The following guidelines do not aim to be totally comprehensive.

以下指导原则并非想要面面俱到。

a thorough and comprehensive review of the case

→ Do not confuse with [comprehensible](bold) (=able to be understood) or [understanding](bold) (=sympathetic about people’s problems)[His report was barely comprehensible.](italic)[My parents are very understanding.](italic)

motor insurance that pays for damage whether it is caused by you or someone else

a system of education in Britain in which children of different abilities go to the same school and are taught together

综合教育/制度〔英国的一种教育制度，让不同资质的儿童在同一学校一起接受教育〕


comprise

[Comprise](bold)  is not used in the progressive. You say: The exam comprises four questions.
Don’t say: [The exam is comprising four questions](strike) .

The participle form [comprising ](bold) is often used: Food exports are very important, comprising 74% of the total.

[Comprise](bold)  is often used in the passive with [of](bold) : The organization is comprised of four parts.
Don’t say: [The organization comprises of four parts.](strike)

to consist of particular parts, groups etc

The house comprises two bedrooms, a kitchen, and a living room.

这座房子有两间卧室、一间厨房和一间起居室。

The committee is comprised of well-known mountaineers.

委员会由知名的登山运动员组成。

to form part of a larger group of people or things

Women comprise a high proportion of part-time workers.

兼职人员中妇女占了很大一部分。


compromise

After a bitter political fight, a compromise was finally reached.

The negotiations took place and they arrived at a compromise.

It would be advantageous for both countries to accept a compromise.

Both Democrats and Republicans are seeking a compromise on the issue.

Marriage involves being tolerant and making compromises.

They met again Wednesday night to try to forge a compromise.

(=find one that everyone can accept, especially with difficulty)

They admitted that their efforts to negotiate a compromise had failed.

Negotiations between the residents and the council led to a compromise.

By 1982 an acceptable compromise had been reached.

The strikes continued and there seemed to be no chance of a sensible compromise.

(=one that people are not very happy with)

The deal represented an uneasy compromise.

The House of Representatives accepted a compromise proposal from the administration.

Hopes are rising for a European compromise deal.

The president was under increasing pressure to reach a compromise solution with his political opponents.

an agreement that is achieved after everyone involved accepts less than what they wanted at first, or the act of making this agreement

Compromise is an inevitable part of marriage.

妥协是婚姻生活中必不可少的。

To stop the argument they decided on a compromise.

为停止争吵，他们决定妥协。

Fresh attempts at compromise with the legislature were also on the agenda.

日程表上还有一项安排，就是向立法机关再次寻求折中办法。

a compromise between government and opposition

If moderates fail to [reach](bold) a [compromise](bold), the extremists will dominate the agenda.

如果温和派不能达成妥协，激进派就会主宰议事日程。

Be prepared to [make compromises](bold).

a solution to a problem in which two things or situations are changed slightly so that they can exist together

a happy compromise between the needs of family and work

家庭和工作之间让人满意的折中办法


compromise

to reach an agreement with someone in which both of you accept less than you really want

The employers will have to be ready to compromise if they want to avoid a strike.

The president might be willing to compromise on defense spending.

to do part of what someone wants if they do part of what you want, in order to reach an agreement

Is the president ready to meet these senators halfway?

The asking price is £270,000. If the sellers won’t accept £250,000, maybe they would be prepared to meet us halfway and take £260,000?

if one group in a disagreement makes concessions, they let their opponents have something that they are asking for, in order to reach an agreement

The company has already made significant concessions on pay and conditions.

There is a policy of making no concessions to terrorists.

The journalist would not compromise his integrity by revealing the source for the story.

The government says the plans will not compromise its environmental principles.

Universities should not have to compromise their academic standards.

Anti-war activists were put in prison for refusing to compromise their beliefs.

to reach an agreement in which everyone involved accepts less than what they wanted at first

She admitted that she was unable to compromise.

His workmates demanded that he never compromise with the bosses.

他的同事们要求他决不要对老板让步。

The new regime was prepared to compromise on the oil dispute.

新政权打算在石油争端上作出让步。

to do something which is against your principles and which therefore seems dishonest or shameful

放弃〔原则〕，在 …方面妥协

[compromise your principles/standards/integrity etc](bold)

As soon as you compromise your principles you are lost.

一旦在原则问题上妥协，你就会迷失自己。

She had already compromised herself by accepting his invitation.

接受他的邀请，她就已经是放弃了原则。


compulsory

if something is compulsory, you must do it because of a rule or law

Maths and English are compulsory for all students.

Compulsory education was introduced in 1870.

It is now compulsory for anyone claiming state benefit to register with a job centre.

if something is obligatory, you must do it because of a rule or law. [Obligatory](bold) is more formal than [compulsory](bold)

It is now obligatory for all competitors to wear face protectors.

Evening dress is usual, but not obligatory.

Military service is obligatory for all men between 18 and 27.

if something is mandatory, you must do it because it is the law. [Mandatory](bold) is more formal than [compulsory](bold) and sounds stronger

Drug smuggling carries a mandatory death sentence.

In some countries, wearing helmets is mandatory for all cyclists.

if something is optional, you can choose whether to do it or not

You don’t have to do French – it’s optional.

The holiday price includes optional excursions such as an evening cruise on the lake.

General Studies is optional for sixth-form students.

done because you want to do it and not because you have to – used especially about things that you do because you think they will help other people or be useful

The programme is entirely voluntary, and no one will be forced to join.

The charity is funded by voluntary donations.

something that is compulsory must be done because it is the law or because someone in authority orders you to

规定的；强制的，强迫的；义务的

→see THESAURUS at [necessary](->necessary) 1

the threat of [compulsory redundancies](bold)


computer

I’m having problems starting up my computer.

to start using a computer system by typing your name and password

to press a button on a computer mouse to choose a program, file etc from the screen

When you click on the link, it sends you to the company’s website.

to add new software to a computer so that the software is ready to be used

All users should install anti-virus software.

to move information, pictures, or music from the Internet onto your computer

to move information, pictures, or music from your computer to a different computer across the Internet

Sites such as YouTube allow you to upload your own videos.

Open a new file and type in the information.

to move information on a computer screen up or down so that you can read it

Scroll down to read the questions and answers.

The program requires you to enter a password.

When you delete a file, it first gets moved to the recycle bin.

to remove information from one place and put it in another place

Tutors are looking out for students who cut and paste their essays from the Internet.

to make a computer keep the work that you have done on it

Make sure you save any work you do before you shut the computer down.

to stop having a file or program ready to use

To close the window, click on the ‘X’ in the top right-hand corner of the screen.

to stop using a computer system by giving it particular instructions

Employees should shut their computers down at the end of each day.

Wait a few minutes before rebooting your computer.

Most people do jobs in which they have to use a computer.

Next time you log onto your computer, you will have to use a new password.

(=stop using a computer system that requires a password)

Always switch off your computer at the end of the day.

(=close the programs and stop it working)

The problem sometimes disappears if I restart my computer.

(=give it instructions so that it will do a particular job)

This  data is all held on a central computer.

My computer takes ages to start up in the morning.

(=is working again after stopping working)

You’ll need the appropriate software running on your computer.

Our office is installing a new computer system.

Make sure your computer screen is at the right height.

The computer keyboard is shaped to put less strain on your wrists.

(=a set of computers connected to each other)

A virus had infected the entire computer network.

(=a set of instructions stored inside a computer)

At school, we’re learning how to write simple computer programs.

Microsoft Corp is the world’s largest maker of personal computer software.

There’s a massive market for high-speed computer graphics.

the rapid progress in computer technology

(=the study of computers and what they can do)

You  can make a lot of money in the computer industry.

Technology now allows computer users to talk to each other over the Internet.

(=someone who writes the instructions a computer uses to do a particular job)

You don’t need to be a computer expert to use the programme.

(=someone who tries to break into a computer system)

(=a system of instructions used to program a computer)

(=a program that secretly destroys information stored on computers)

Computer viruses do a lot of damage every single day.

The mistake was caused by a computer error.

an electronic machine that stores information and uses programs to help you find, organize, or change the information

Shoppers can send in their orders by computer and pick up their goods later.

购物者可以通过电脑提交订单，稍后再提货。


computing

the use of computers as a job, in a business etc

你以前干过计算机编程的工作吗？

computing facilities for language research

用于语言研究的计算机应用设备


conceal

[concealment](bold) n. <U> eg: deliberate concealment of his activities

The shadows concealed her as she crept up to the house.

她借着阴影蹑手蹑脚地走向房子。

隐藏，隐瞒〔真实感情或真相〕

She tried to [conceal the fact that](bold) she was pregnant.

她想掩盖自己怀孕的事实。

She was taking drugs and trying to conceal it from me.


concede

to admit that something is true or correct, although you wish it were not true

‘That’s the only possible solution.’ ‘Yes, I suppose so,’ Charles conceded.

“那是唯一可行的解决办法。”“对，我想是。”查尔斯承认道。

I conceded that I had made a number of errors.

我承认自己犯了一些错误。

to admit that you are not going to win a game, argument, battle etc

承认（失败），认（输），让步

The Georgian forces defended the capital but were finally obliged to concede.

格鲁吉亚军队奋起保卫首都，但最终被迫投降。

In May 1949, Stalin [conceded defeat](bold) and reopened land access to Berlin.

to not be able to stop your opponent from getting a goal etc during a game

The team has conceded only 19 goals in 28 games.

球队在28场比赛中只失了19个球。

to give something to someone as a right or privilege, often unwillingly

The King finally agreed to concede further powers to Parliament.

国王终于同意向议会交出更多的权力。

Finally the company conceded wage increases to their workers.

公司最终作出让步，给员工增加工资。


conceited

someone who is conceited thinks they are very clever, skilful, beautiful etc – used to show disapproval

自负的，骄傲自满的，自高自大的

You’re the most conceited selfish person I’ve ever known.

你是我认识的人当中最自负、最自私的。


conceivable

[conceivably](bold) adv. eg: Conceivably, interest rates could rise very high indeed.

[It is conceivable that](bold) you may get full compensation, but it’s not likely.

你可能会得到全额赔偿，但可能性不大。

We were discussing the problems from [every conceivable](bold) angle.

我们正在从各个能想到的角度对问题进行讨论。


conceive

to imagine a particular situation or to think about something in a particular way

Many people can’t conceive of a dinner without meat or fish.

许多人无法想象正餐怎么可以没有肉或鱼。

He could not conceive that anything really serious could be worrying his friend.

他想象不出能有什么非常严重的事情让他的朋友操心。

I can hardly conceive what it must be like here in winter.

我无法想象这里的冬天会是什么样子的。

Language may be conceived of as a process which arises from social interaction.

语言可以被看作社会交流的产物。

to think of a new idea, plan etc and develop it in your mind

构思；设想；想出〔新的主意、计划等〕

Scientists first conceived the idea of the atomic bomb in the 1930s.

在20世纪30年代，科学家第一次有了原子弹的设想。

fertility treatment for women who have difficulty conceiving

对受孕困难的妇女进行的不孕治疗


concentrate

to think very carefully about something that you are doing

Adrian was finding it difficult to concentrate.

阿德里安觉得自己很难集中注意力。

Be quiet – let me concentrate on my homework.

安静点，让我专心做家庭作业。

You [concentrate on](bold)  something: I’m trying to concentrate on my work.
Don’t say: [I’m trying to concentrate in my work.](strike)

to be present in large numbers or amounts somewhere, or to cause people or things to be present in large numbers or amounts somewhere

（使）集中于；（使）汇集于

Italian industry is concentrated mainly in the north.

意大利的工业主要集中在北部。

Construction of the aircraft is being concentrated at Prestwick.

飞机制造正在向普雷斯特威克集中。

Women concentrate in a small number of occupations.

女性集中在一小部分行业里。

[Concentrate](bold)  is usually passive in this meaning, when used as a transitive verb.

if something concentrates the mind, it makes you think very clearly

Relaxing in a Jacuzzi concentrates the mind wonderfully.

在按摩浴缸里放松放松可以让头脑非常清醒。

to make a substance or liquid stronger by removing some of the water from it


concentrate

a substance or liquid which has been made stronger by removing most of the water from it


concentration

Playing a musical instrument takes a lot of concentration.

Writing an exam requires great concentration.

Halfway through the game, he seemed to lose concentration.

The telephone rang and broke my concentration.

She slipped out of the room, trying not to disturb his concentration.

(=someone’s ability to concentrate hard)

Great athletes are known for their powers of concentration.

A  lack of concentration when you are driving can be fatal.

(=a short time when you do not concentrate)

That brief lapse of concentration resulted in a goal for the other team.

The boy had behavioural problems and suffered from poor concentration.

I was impressed by her total concentration on the game.

(=the length of time that you are able to concentrate)

Young children have a short concentration span.

the ability to think about something carefully or for a long time

She needed all her [powers of concentration](bold) to stop herself from slipping on the icy road.

她需要集中全部注意力才能不让自己在结冰的路上滑倒。

Lack of concentration was a real problem.

注意力不集中是个大问题。

I [lost](bold) my [concentration](bold) and fell asleep.

a process in which you put a lot of attention, energy etc into a particular activity

concentration on providing value and service

a large amount of something in a particular place or among particular people

the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

the concentration of power in the hands of a few

权力集中在一小部分人手里的现象

the amount of a substance contained in a liquid

Additives are expensive but are used in very low concentrations.

添加剂很昂贵，但都以很低的浓度使用。

allowable concentrations of pesticides in drinking water

饮用水中允许的杀虫剂浓度


concept

Part of a  teacher’s job is to introduce new concepts to students.

The children are taught the basic concepts of mathematics.

The title tells you something about the central concept of the poem.

Difficult concepts can sometimes be explained by diagrams or graphs.

Cause and effect is a fairly simple concept.

Some people reject the whole concept of evolution.

The book begins with some general historical concepts.

(=based on general ideas rather than on something that exists)

He finds it hard to grasp abstract concepts.

The theoretical concepts of psychology, for example Freud’s ideas, are also useful in the study of literature.

a legal/mathematical/marketing etc concept

Democracy is a very important political concept.

(=an idea that is very strange or that does not exist)

In many countries, queuing for a bus is an alien concept.

(=one that is not clear or is hard to define)

Animals have no concept of their own mortality.

The class will help you understand the basic concepts of physics.

Children often grasp new concepts more quickly than adults.

The first year of the course introduces the basic concepts of management.

The Greeks developed the concept of a scientific theory.

an idea of how something is, or how something should be done

the concept that we are citizens of one world

我们是同一个世界的公民的观念

a [new concept](bold) in business travel

our [basic concepts](bold) of decent human behaviour

我们对得体的人类行为的基本观念

It’s very simple, once you [grasp](bold) the [concept](bold).

你一旦掌握了这个概念之后就很简单了。


conception

an idea about what something is like, or a general understanding of something

the conception of parliamentary democracy

They have no conception of what women really feel and want.

他们对女性真正的感受和需求一无所知。

a process in which someone forms a plan or idea

the process by which a woman or female animal becomes pregnant, or the time when this happens


concern

The announcement will cause concern in the Middle East.

A lot of people felt some concern about the proposal.

Police officials expressed concern about robberies, which have increased by 23%.

Some people have voiced concern about the state of the president's health.

The incident has raised concerns over safety at the power station.

Of course, this is of great concern to parents.

Rising global temperatures are a cause for serious concern.

Elderly people in particular feel that crime is a matter of concern for them.

(=because there is concern about something)

Shares fell slightly amid concern that the economy is slowing.

The spread of the disease is an issue of considerable concern.

This disagreement was a matter of grave concern to the US.

Pensions are a genuine concern to many people.

Noise is a particular concern of those living near the airport.

Growing concern has been expressed over the pollution of the North Sea.

Rising food prices are a common concern.

Public concern about the destruction of the rain forests could harm the timber business.

The lack of good cheap public transport is a matter of national concern.

There seems to be widespread concern about the state of our hospitals.

The president said his primary concern was the welfare of the American people.

Our organization's central concern is to help people at all levels of society.

(=much more important than anything else)

An artist's overriding concern is to achieve the highest standard possible.

Rick's only concern was having a good time at the weekend.

Her two immediate concerns were to find a home and a job.

a feeling of worry about something important

The recent rise in crime is a matter of considerable public concern.

近来犯罪增多是民众极为关切的事。

the rise of concern about the environment

对通货膨胀日益增加的忧虑

对社会治安每况愈下的担心

increased concern that the war could continue for a long time

怕战争会长期继续下去而日益增加的担心

[be a cause for concern/cause concern](bold)

The activities of the far right have been a cause for concern for a while now.

极右分子的活动引起关注已经有一段时间了。

In her last days the poet [expressed concern](bold) for her father.

在生命最后的日子里，诗人表达了她对父亲的关切。

One of the concerns that people have is the side effects of treatment.

人们担心的问题之一是治疗的副作用。

Education remains the electorate’s main concern.

教育仍是选民主要关心的问题。

the [concerns expressed](bold) by parents

something that is important to you or that involves you

His main concern is to be able to provide for his family.

他最为关心的事就是能够养家。

The consumer has become a major concern for this government.

消费者成了这届政府关注的重点。

对电视观众来说很重要的话题

a feeling of wanting someone to be happy and healthy

parents’ loving concern for their children

if something is your concern, you are responsible for it

The money side of the business is your concern.

这件事钱的方面由你负责。

if something is not your concern, you are not interested in it and you do not need to worry about it or become involved in it

某人不感兴趣的事；与某人无关的事

这家餐馆是一个家族企业。

We will continue to run the company as [a going concern](bold)(=a business that is financially successful).

我们将继续保持公司赢利的势头。


concern

if a story, book, report etc concerns someone or something, it is about them

〔故事、书、报告等〕与 …有关，关于

This study concerns couples’ expectations of marriage.

这项研究是关于夫妻对婚姻的期望。

The report concerns the drug traffic on the Mexican–US border.

这篇报告讲的是墨西哥和美国边境的毒品交易。

In everyday English, people usually say something [is about](bold)  something or, in British English, [is/has to do with](bold)  something, rather than say it [concerns](bold)  something:

The book [is about](bold) women’s experiences of war.

Issues like food additives do concern me.

食品添加剂这类事情确实使我很担心。

if an activity, situation, rule etc concerns you, it affects you or involves you

〔活动、情况、规则等〕对 …有影响；与 …相关

The tax changes will concern large corporations rather than small businesses.

税收变化影响到的将是大公司，而不是小企业。

[Concern](bold)  is never passive in this meaning.

to become involved in something because you are interested in it or because it worries you

He told them not to concern themselves about him.

He loved his wife, and concerned himself with her needs and desires.

他爱妻子，关心她的需求和愿望。

an expression written at the beginning of a formal letter when you do not know the name of the person you want to communicate with

敬启者〔写在正式信函开头的一句套话，用于写信人不知道收信人的姓名时〕


concerned

〔与某事〕有关的，有牵连的

Divorce is very painful, especially when children are concerned.

离婚是非常痛苦的，涉及孩子的话更是如此。

Some of the farmers concerned suffer particularly from the low prices.

涉及的农民当中，有些人因低价受到的损失尤为惨重。

We are trying to reach an agreement with [all concerned](bold)(=everyone who is involved or affected).

我们试图与相关各方达成协议。

all the people concerned with children’s education

There was no evidence that he was concerned in any criminal activity.

没有证据显示他与任何犯罪活动有牵连。

She is concerned about how little food I eat.

她见我吃得那么少，很是担忧。

He called the police because he was concerned for Gemma’s safety.

他担心杰玛的安全，就打电话报了警。

Pamela was concerned that her schoolwork had deteriorated despite her hard work.

让帕梅拉担心的是，自己尽管很努力，但功课却越来越糟。

The drug came under strong attack from concerned professional observers.

该药品受到忧心的行业观察员的强烈批评。

used to show what someone’s opinion on a subject is or how it affects them

As far as Americans are concerned, a lot of our hotels are below average.

在美国人看来，我们的很多宾馆连普通标准都达不到。

As far as I’m concerned, you can forget about it.

依我看，你可以把这事忘了。

used to show which subject or thing you are talking about

就某事而言〔用来表明你在谈论一件什么样的事情〕

As far as traffic is concerned there are no delays at the moment.

交通方面目前没有造成延误。

Many politicians are more concerned with power and control than with the good of the people.

许多政客更关心权力和控制，而不是人民的利益。

Mr Quinn is simply concerned to hold on to his job.

奎因先生只想保住他的工作。

caring about someone and whether they are happy and healthy

He was genuinely concerned for the children.

if a book, story etc is concerned with a person, subject etc, it is about that subject

〔书、故事等〕关于某人/某事物，与某人/某事物有关

This chapter is concerned with the mental health of older people.

这一章讲的是老年人的精神健康。


concerning

calls from young children concerning lost pets

小孩子打来的有关宠物走失的电话

In everyday English, people usually say [about](bold)  rather than [concerning](bold) :

I’ve already written to him [about](bold) the problem.


concert

Do you want to go to the concert in the park this weekend?

The group gave concerts for charity throughout Europe.

I'm playing in a jazz concert on Saturday night.

The music club puts on regular concerts throughout the year.

There were 150,000 people at the rock concert in Frankfurt.

an orchestral concert/a symphony concert

Tickets for orchestral concerts range from $15 to $35.

(=that you watch as the performers play, rather than as a recording)

Clapton thrilled fans at a huge outdoor concert in New York.

600 tickets have already been sold for the charity concert in June.

(=performed to celebrate a special occasion)

She gave a number of concert performances in Berlin.

(=a journey made by musicians to perform in different places)

This year we did a concert tour of the United States.

On the last night, the concert hall was packed.

Concert tickets are available from $17.50.

Her ambition was to become a concert pianist.

a performance given by musicians or singers

We were going to a concert in Bath Abbey.

我们要去听一场在巴斯修道院内举行的音乐会。

She still does about 100 concerts every year.

她每年仍然举行100场左右的演唱会。

people who do something in concert do it together after having agreed on it

Britain has to pursue policies in concert with other EU members.

It appeared that both the accused were [acting in concert](bold) in the attack upon the deceased.

两名被告看来是合力袭击死者的。

They’re appearing in concert tonight at the Royal Concert Hall.

他们今晚将在皇家音乐厅登台演出。


concession

The government made some concessions in order to satisfy the rebels.

The King was prepared to offer some concessions to France.

In the end, the strikers returned to work having won few concessions.

The Indian government was able to extract concessions on the price of oil.

We made some major concessions in order to protect national security.

Israel refused to give up Sinai without some significant concession on Egypt's part.

Washington made a few minor concessions in the climate talks.

They refused any further concessions in the argument over agricultural exports.

In the past they have tried to exchange territorial concessions for peace.

something that you allow someone to have in order to end an argument or a disagreement

a policy of no concessions to terrorists

对恐怖分子决不让步的政策

The British were not prepared to [make](bold) any [concessions](bold).

英国人没有打算作出让步。

his readiness to make concessions on many of the issues raised

他对提出的许多问题准备随时让步的态度

We will try to force further concessions from the government.

我们打算迫使政府作出进一步的让步。

The committee has [won](bold) a number of major [concessions](bold) from the prison authorities.

委员会已经从监狱当局那里争取到一些重大让步。

a special right that a particular person or group of people is allowed to have, for example by the government or an employer, or the act of giving or allowing something as a right

〔政府或雇主等许可的〕特权；特许（权）

the ending of [tax concessions](bold) for home owners

the import/export [concessions](bold) that had been [granted](bold) to the island

同意给该岛的进出口特许权

the concession of autonomy to the universities

a reduction in the price of tickets,fees etc for certain groups of people, for example old people or children

〔对老人或儿童等特殊群体在票价等费用上的〕优惠价，减价

To qualify for travel concessions you have to be 60.

要到60岁才能够享受旅行优惠价。

Open daily, adults £4, concessions £2(=people who have the right to a concession pay £2).

每天开放。成人票价四英镑，优惠票价两英镑。

a change in your behaviour that you make because of a particular situation or idea

He took off his jacket [as a concession to](bold) the heat.

因为气温高，他只好脱掉了夹克衫。

He [made](bold) no [concessions to](bold) fashion.

the right to have a business in a particular place, especially in a place owned by someone else

The company owns valuable logging and mining concessions.

该公司拥有宝贵的伐木和采矿特许经营权。

a small business that sells things in a place owned by someone else

Joe runs a hamburger concession in the mall.

乔在商场内经营一个汉堡包摊位。


concise

Your summary should be as [clear and concise](bold) as possible.

你的总结应该尽可能地明白简洁。

shorter than the original book on which something is based

〔书籍〕简略的，简缩的，简明的

the ‘Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese’


conclude

to decide that something is true after considering all the information you have

The report concluded that the school should be closed immediately.

报告的结论是这所学校应该立刻关闭。

Richardson concluded from his studies that equality between the sexes is still a long way off.

理查森从他的研究中得出结论，两性之间的平等仍有很长的路要走。

In more formal English, you can say [it is concluded that](bold)  something is true: It was concluded that the treatment should be stopped.

to complete something you have been doing, especially for a long time

完成，结束〔尤指做了很长时间的事〕

When the investigation is concluded, the results will be sent to the US Attorney’s office.

等到调查结束后，结果会被送到联邦检察官办公室。

Francis, having concluded his business with James, left for Miami.

弗朗西斯完成了和詹姆斯的买卖后就去了迈阿密。

to end something such as a meeting, book, event, or speech by doing or saying one final thing

结束，终止〔会议、书、活动或演说〕

Each chapter concludes with a short summary.

每一章节都以一个简短的总结作为结束。

She concluded by saying she was proud to be from Salford.

她结束时说，身为索尔福德人她感到很自豪。

[To conclude](bold), I’d like to express my thanks to my family.

最后，我要对我的家人表示感谢。

‘So now,’ she concluded, ‘I’m trying to bring some order to the garden.’

“所以现在，”她最后说道，“我在想办法把花园整理一下。”

conclude an agreement/treaty/contract etc

to finish arranging an agreement etc successfully

达成协议/缔结条约/签订合同等

That same year, France concluded a trading agreement with Spain.

同年，法国与西班牙达成了一项贸易协定。


conclusion

something you decide after considering all the information you have

Doctors failed to reach a conclusion on the exact cause of death.

The report’s main conclusion was that global warming was a serious threat.

the information that someone has discovered as a result of their study, work etc

Surveys conducted in other countries reported similar findings.

the answers that are provided by a scientific study or test

Have you had the result of your blood test yet?

I eventually came to the conclusion that I wanted to study law.

(=decide something from what you learn or see)

We tried not to draw any conclusions too early in the investigation.

(=decide something is true without knowing all the facts, especially when you are wrong)

Everyone jumped to the conclusion that we would get married.

(=make you decide that something is true)

All the data led to only one conclusion.

The evidence supports the conclusion that his death was an accident.

All her symptoms led to the obvious conclusion – she was pregnant.

Reporters saw the couple together and leapt to the wrong conclusion.

I am sure that you came to the right conclusion.

A lot of scientific evidence supports the opposite conclusion.

(=one that is very obvious, although you may not like it)

The inescapable conclusion was that the country needed a change of leadership.

(=one that makes sense when you think about it carefully)

The logical conclusion is that short commercials are just as effective as longer ones.

At the end of the day, no firm conclusion had been reached.

After years of research, he reached a startling conclusion.

(=one that you reach too quickly, so that you are probably wrong)

Researchers must beware of drawing hasty conclusions.

These are the report’s main conclusions.

这些就是这篇报告的主要结论。

I soon [came to the conclusion that](bold) she was lying.

我很快就得出了她在撒谎的结论。

It is still too early to [reach](bold) a [conclusion](bold) on this point.

在这一点上作出结论还为时过早。

There are perhaps two main [conclusions](bold) to be [drawn](bold) from the above discussion.

从以上的讨论也许可以得出两个主要结论。

All the evidence [pointed to the conclusion](bold) that he was guilty.

所有证据都表明他是有罪的。

It’s important not to [jump to conclusions](bold).

不要贸然下结论，这很重要。

The police came to the [inescapable conclusion](bold) that the children had been murdered.

警方得出了无法回避的结论: 这些儿童被谋杀了。

At the conclusion of the meeting, little progress had been made.

会议开到最后，没有取得多少进展。

used in a piece of writing or a speech to show that you are about to finish what you are saying

最后〔用于文章或讲话的末尾，表示即将结束〕

In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.

最后，我想说我今天很开心。

You say: In conclusion, education reinforces democracy.
Don’t say: [As a conclusion ...](strike)  [As conclusion ...](strike)

the final arrangement of an agreement, a business deal etc

〔条约、贸易协定等的〕缔结，签订

to be certain to happen, even though it has not yet officially happened

The outcome of the battle was a foregone conclusion.


concrete

First, the police must have concrete evidence of an offence.

I can illustrate this point with a concrete example.

People talked a lot but made few concrete proposals.

The negotiations failed to achieve any concrete results.

In order to solve this problem, the government must take concrete action.

A society's culture is expressed in a concrete form in the arts.

Let me explain what I mean in more concrete terms.

The country has to take concrete steps to end the violence.

What does that mean [in concrete terms](bold)?

具体来说那到底是什么意思？

the lack of any [concrete evidence](bold)

a dialogue about concrete issues and problems

有关具体事情和问题的对话


concrete

a substance used for building that is made by mixing sand, small stones,cement, and water


concrete

to cover something such as a path, wall etc with concrete

用混凝土铺砌[浇筑]〔小路、墙等〕


condemn

This procedure was strongly condemned by the opposition.

Last week’s violence was roundly condemned by foreign governments.

The laws have been widely condemned by human rights groups.

(=with the agreement of all the people involved)

The committee unanimously condemned the idea.

The educational reforms were vehemently condemned by teachers.

We utterly condemn any acts of violence.

to say very strongly that you do not approve of something or someone, especially because you think it is morally wrong

→see THESAURUS at [criticize](->criticize)

Politicians were quick to condemn the bombing.

政治家们立即对爆炸事件进行了谴责。

The law has been condemned as an attack on personal liberty.

这项法律被指责侵犯人身自由。

She knew that society would condemn her for leaving her children.

她知道社会会因为她离开孩子而谴责她。

to give someone a severe punishment after deciding they are guilty of a crime

He was found guilty and [condemned to death](bold).

他被裁定有罪，判了死刑。

if a particular situation condemns someone to something, it forces them to live in an unpleasant way or to do something unpleasant

迫使〔某人〕处于不幸的境地；迫使〔某人〕做不愿做的事

His occupation condemned him to spend long periods of time away from his family.

他的职业迫使他长时间地离开家人。

to state officially that something is not safe enough to be used

一幢已被宣布为危房的老房子

The pool was closed after being condemned as a health hazard.

这座游泳池被宣布有健康隐患后便关闭了。


condemnation

an expression of very strong disapproval of someone or something, especially something you think is morally wrong

There was widespread international condemnation of the bombing.

这次爆炸受到了国际社会的广泛谴责。


condense

if a gas condenses, or is condensed, it becomes a liquid

the mist which condensed on every cold surface

每个冰冷的表面上凝结的水汽

The gaseous metal is cooled and condenses into liquid zinc.

气态金属被冷却并凝结成液态锌。

to make something that is spoken or written shorter, by not giving as much detail or using fewer words to give the same information

This whole chapter could be condensed into a few paragraphs.

这一整章可以压缩成几个段落。

to make a liquid thicker by removing some of the water


condition

how something looks and whether it is damaged, working etc or not

The price of used cars varies according to their condition.

How well your plants will grow depends on the quality and condition of the soil.

the condition of something at a particular time – use this especially when something is in bad condition because it has not been well looked after

One of the things people complain of most is the state of the sidewalks.

When I got back home, I was horrified to see what a terrible state the kitchen was in.

(also: in a bad state (especially BrE) )

if something is in bad condition, it is damaged, dirty, not working properly, etc

The inspectors said the bridge was in a bad state and potentially dangerous.

used especially about clothes, furniture, or buildings that are in bad condition because they are old and have been used a lot

His clothes were shabby and ill-fitting.

They lived in a shabby one-room apartment.

used about clothes or books that are old and torn

The old man clutched a tattered copy of ‘War and Peace’.

The shirt was now tattered beyond recognition.

used about a building that is in very bad condition because it has not been looked after

He shared a dilapidated house with five other people.

used about a building or area that is in bad condition, especially because the people who live there do not have enough money to look after it properly

We lived in a run-down part of the city.

used about something such as a house or piece of land that is in very bad condition, because it has been empty for a very long time

In the middle of town is a derelict building that used to be the school.

The land behind the factory is stony and derelict.

used about something that is old and in bad condition because it has been used a lot and treated roughly

There was nothing in his office except for a few battered chairs.

Alex and Lisa used to drive around town in a battered old Fiat Uno.

used about furniture and other structures that are in such bad condition that they look as if they would break if you tried to use them

They sat around the card table on rickety old chairs.

used about a vehicle or machine that is so old that it does not work properly

He was using a clapped-out old typewriter.

if something is falling apart, it is gradually breaking into pieces, because it is old or badly made

I need some new shoes. These are falling apart.

if a vehicle or machine is on its last legs, it has been used so much and is in such bad condition that you will soon not be able to use it anymore

The washing machine was on its last legs.

if something has seen better days, it is not in as good condition as it was

The carpets, curtains, and cushions had all seen better days but still looked quite pretty.

She lived in an old Victorian house that had certainly seen better days.

something that is  in good condition  is not broken and has no marks or other things wrong with it

The car hadn’t been used much, and was in very good condition.

The charity is accepting toys and clothing in good condition.

in good condition – used especially about a person or part of their body, or about something that has had a lot of use or is rather old

Doctor Morrissey told her that her leg was healing well, and was now in very good shape.

To avoid accidents, it’s important to check that all your tools are in good shape before starting.

something that is in perfect  or mint condition  looks as good or works as well as when it was new, especially because it has not been used or touched very much

The book is over 100 years old, but it’s still in perfect condition.

The car had been kept in the garage for 20 years and was in mint condition.

something that is as good as new is almost as good as when it was new – used about things that have recently been cleaned or repaired

I’ve just had the bike serviced, and it looks as good as new.

They laid down certain conditions before agreeing to the ceasefire.

(=say that an agreement depends on something)

Only one condition was attached to this agreement.

He refused to accept the conditions set by the rebel leader.

In order to get a state pension, you must satisfy certain conditions.

You must agree to comply with the bank’s conditions before you can get a loan.

The US agreed to give financial aid, with a number of strict conditions.

(=only if a particular thing is agreed to)

The police released him on condition that he return the following week.

(=only if one particular thing is agreed to)

You can go, but only on one condition - you have to be back by eleven.

He said we could rent the house from him on certain conditions.

Before you buy online, make sure you read the terms and conditions.

(=depend on a particular thing that must be done)

Permission to build on the land will be subject to certain conditions.

(=an act of not doing what has been agreed)

You can sue the company for a breach of condition.

I’m taking some medicine for a heart condition.

(=continuing for a long time and not possible to cure)

People with chronic medical conditions need long-term care.

He had a rare condition which made all his hair fall out.

The disease is a genetic condition that eventually causes blindness.

The surgery repaired a potentially life-threatening heart condition.

He has suffered from this condition for many years.

An office must be able to provide safe working conditions.

Living conditions in the camp were dreadful.

Many teachers have to work in poor physical conditions.

The refugees are living in camps in very poor conditions.

Some of the animals were being kept in appalling conditions.

Families here are living in dirty, overcrowded conditions.

Diseases spread quickly among people living in insanitary conditions.

The hostages were held in extremely cramped conditions.

Live animals were transported under inhumane conditions.

the situation in which people live or work, especially the physical things that affect the quality of their lives

Conditions in the prison were atrocious.

an attempt to improve living conditions for the working classes

为工人阶级改善生活条件的努力

[Poor working conditions](bold) lead to demoralized and unproductive employees.

工作条件差导致雇员士气低落，生产力低下。

[in appalling/overcrowded/dreadful etc conditions](bold)

These children work 70 metres below ground in appalling conditions.

In May, staff went on strike, demanding better [pay and conditions](bold).

五月份员工举行了罢工，要求提高工资和改善工作条件。

the weather at a particular time, especially when you are considering how this affects people

天气情况〔尤指对人产生影响的某一特定时间的天气情况〕

The conditions during the first half of the match were appalling.

比赛上半场的天气情况很糟糕。

In cold conditions you’ll need a sleeping bag with a hood.

在寒冷的天气情况下，你需要一个带风帽的睡袋。

all the things that affect the way something happens

〔影响某事发生的〕情况，条件

Under normal conditions, people will usually do what requires least effort.

在通常的情况下，人们一般都会做最省力的事。

Under these conditions, the fire can be rapidly controlled.

在这样的情况下，火势很快就能被控制住。

Profits increased by £1.5m, despite the difficult economic conditions.

尽管经济形势不佳，利润还是增长了150万英镑。

The combination of rain and greasy surfaces made driving conditions treacherous.

下雨再加上路面有油污，使驾车行驶充满了隐患。

the state that something is in, especially how good or bad its physical state is

[in (a) good/poor/excellent/terrible etc condition](bold)

The car has been well maintained and is in excellent condition.

汽车一直保养得很好，状况极佳。

The condition of nuclear plants is a matter of great concern.

核电厂的情况很让人担忧。

She is being treated at Walton Hospital, where her condition is described as ‘satisfactory’.

她正在沃尔顿医院接受治疗，健康状况据说“还不错”。

[in (a) critical/stable/satisfactory condition](bold)

One of the victims was in a critical condition after suffering severe burns.

其中一名受害者被严重烧伤，情况危急。

If you are uncertain about your physical condition, check with your doctor before trying these exercises.

如果你对自己的身体状况不是很确定，尝试这些锻炼之前先咨询一下你的医生。

‘I’m so [out of condition](bold)(=unfit),’ she panted.

“我的身体状况很差。”她气喘吁吁地说。

in no condition to do sth (=too drunk, ill, or upset to be able to do something)

I was in no condition to cope with a train journey.

我的身体状况不好，坐不了火车。

Mark can’t possibly drive home [in that condition](bold)(=when he is so drunk, ill, or upset).

马克这样的身体状况不可能开车回家。

something that you must agree to in order for something to happen, especially when this is included in a contract

〔尤指合同中的〕条款，条件

She [laid down](bold) only one [condition](bold): that her name not be revealed.

她只提出一个条件: 不可透露她的名字。

There were [strict conditions](bold) for letting us use their information.

我们使用他们的资料有严格的条件限制。

The bank agreed to extend the loan if [certain conditions](bold) were [met](bold).

银行同意，如果某些条件符合，就可以延长这项贷款的期限。

A statement of your [terms and conditions](bold) of employment can be found in the Personnel Handbook.

员工手册中有关于雇用条款的说明。

He was released on bail [on condition that](bold) he did not go within half a mile of his mother’s address.

他被保释，条件是不得进入他母亲住址半英里的范围内。

The application was approved, [subject to](bold) certain [conditions](bold).

申请批准了，但有一些条件限制。

something that must exist or happen first, before something else can happen

Our goal is to create the conditions for a lasting peace.

我们的目标是为持久的和平创造条件。

Investment is a [necessary condition](bold) of economic growth.

投资是经济增长必要的先决条件。

an illness or health problem that affects you permanently or for a very long time

People [suffering from](bold) this [condition](bold) should not smoke.

患有这种疾病的人不应该吸烟。

Was he being treated for any [medical condition](bold)?

他当时是否因某种疾病在接受治疗？

the situation or state of a particular group of people, especially when they have problems and difficulties

〔尤指处于困境中的人群的〕状况

All my paintings are ultimately about the [human condition](bold).

我所有的画作归根结底都是有关人类生存状况的。

On no condition should untrained personnel use the equipment.

未经训练的人员绝对不可使用这一设备。


condition

to make a person or an animal think or behave in a certain way by influencing or training them over a period of time

〔通过影响或训练〕使习惯于，使适应

Many women are conditioned from birth to be accepting rather than questioning.

许多女性从出生开始就逐步习惯于顺从而不是质疑。

to control or decide the way in which something can happen or exist

What I buy is conditioned by the amount I earn.

我买什么是由我挣多少钱决定的。

to keep hair or skin healthy by putting a special liquid on it

〔涂抹特殊液体〕保养，养护〔头发、皮肤〕

a shampoo that washes and conditions all in one


conditional

if an offer, agreement etc is conditional, it will only be done if something else happens first

〔提议、协议等〕有条件的

His agreement to buy our house was conditional on our leaving all the furniture in it.

他同意买我们的房子，条件是要我们把所有家具留下。

in grammar, a conditional sentence is one that begins with ‘if’ or ‘unless’ and expresses something that must be true or happen before something else can be true or happen

〔语法上〕条件的〔条件句以if或unless开头〕


conditional

a sentence or clause that is expressed in a conditional form


condom

a thin rubber bag that a man wears over his penissex organ during sex, to prevent a woman having a baby or to protect against disease


condominium

[n](bold) <[C](bold)> ([especially AmE](special))

one apartment in a building with several apartments, each of which is owned by the people living in it

公寓〔楼里的一套私有住宅〕

a building containing several of these apartments


conduct

He’s conducting educational research at the University of Washington.

They conducted a survey of students’ careers one year after graduation.

Scientists conducted a study of the area affected by the nuclear disaster.

Experts conducted an investigation into the causes of the crash.

Here are a few guidelines on how to conduct an interview.

The party was criticized for the way it had conducted its election campaign.

Investigators will be conducting tests to determine how the man died.

The Spanish authorities conducted a nationwide search for the girl.

The company had been conducting a lot of business in Latin America.

to carry out a particular activity or process, especially in order to get information or prove facts

〔尤指为获取信息或证实某事时〕进行；实施；执行

[conduct a survey/investigation/review etc](bold)

We are conducting a survey of consumer attitudes towards organic food.

我们在进行一项顾客对有机食品态度的调查。

Is it really necessary to conduct experiments on animals?

在动物身上做实验是否真有必要？

They conducted a campaign of bombings and assassinations.

他们实施了一系列的爆炸和暗杀活动。

这次面试是用英语进行的。

The memorial service was conducted by the Rev. David Prior.

这次追悼仪式由戴维·普赖尔牧师主持。

It was the first time that I had conducted business in Brazil.

那是我第一次在巴西做生意。

In everyday English, people usually say [do](bold)  or [carry out](bold)  rather than [conduct](bold) :

They’re [doing](bold) a survey of opinions about organic food.

to stand in front of a group of musicians or singers and direct their playing or singing

The orchestra is conducted by John Williams.

这支管弦乐队由约翰•威廉斯指挥。

to behave in a particular way, especially in a situation where people judge you by the way you behave

The players conducted themselves impeccably, both on and off the field.

这些选手无论在场上还是场下表现都无懈可击。

if something conducts electricity or heat, it allows electricity or heat to travel along or through it

Aluminium, being a metal, readily [conducts heat](bold).

铝这种金属导热性能很好。

On arrival, I was conducted to the commandant’s office.

到达以后，我被带到了司令官办公室。

[conducted tour (of sth)](bold)(=a tour of a building, city, or area with someone who tells you about that place)


conduct

There are strict rules that regulate lawyers’ professional conduct.

The politician’s sexual conduct had caused scandal.

Their goalkeeper was sent off the field for violent conduct.

(=behaving in a noisy or violent way in public)

Her husband was arrested for drunkenness and disorderly conduct.

In some cases of bullying, pupils may be guilty of criminal conduct.

(=correct/incorrect behaviour according to the normal rules or standards)

There was no evidence of improper conduct on the part of the police.

You are expected to maintain a high standard of personal conduct at work.

(=behaviour that is not acceptable in a fair competition)

He swore at the referee, and was penalized for unsportsmanlike conduct.

Societies have certain rules for normal human conduct.

(=a set of rules stating how you must behave)

In war, there are established rules of conduct.

The court said that when Harris had embarked on this course of conduct, he knew that it would put lives at risk.

the way someone behaves, especially in public, in their job etc

〔尤指在公共场合、工作岗位上等的〕行为，举止

→see THESAURUS at [behaviour](->behaviour)

The Senator’s conduct is being investigated by the Ethics Committee.

该参议员的行为正受到道德委员会的调查。

an inquiry into the conduct of the police

the Law Society’s Code of Professional Conduct

his arrest for [disorderly conduct](bold)(=noisy violent behaviour)

他因妨害治安行为而遭拘捕

the way in which an activity is organized and carried out

某活动的组织安排[执行方式]

complaints about the conduct of the elections

Disclosure of information would compromise the proper conduct of the investigation.

信息泄露将影响此项调查的正常进行。


conductor

someone who stands in front of a group of musicians or singers and directs their playing or singing

someone whose job is to collect payments from passengers on a bus

someone who is in charge of a train and collects payments from passengers or checks their tickets

something that allows electricity or heat to travel along it or through it

→ [lightning conductor](->lightning conductor)


cone

a solid or hollow shape that is round at one end, has sloping sides, and has a point at the other end, or something with this shape

an object shaped like a large cone that is put on a road to prevent cars from going somewhere or to warn drivers about something

〔公路上阻止车辆通行或向司机发出警示的〕圆锥形路标

a piece of thin cooked cake, shaped like a cone, that you put ice cream in, or a cone like this with ice cream in it

〔用来盛冰激凌的〕圆锥形蛋卷筒；蛋筒冰激凌

a cell in your eye that is shaped like a cone, that helps you see light and colour


confer

[past tense and past participle](italic) [conferred](bold) [present participle](italic) [conferring](bold)

to discuss something with other people, so that everyone can express their opinions and decide on something

Franklin leant over and conferred with his attorneys.

富兰克林俯身和他的律师商谈。

to officially give someone a title etc, especially as a reward for something they have achieved

An honorary degree was conferred on him by the University.

该大学授予他一个名誉学位。


conference

Hundreds of delegates are attending the conference.

Their annual conference was held in Chicago.

In June, Japan hosted a peace conference.

The administration organized a conference on Africa.

a national conference on school violence convened by the U. S. Department of Education

He received a warm welcome when he addressed the conference.

an international climate conference in Sweden

In Northern Africa, there have been important regional conferences on education.

the biggest annual conference for teachers of English

The heads of most Arab states met in Amman for a summit conference.

The hotel has conference facilities for 100 people.

(=a building or group of buildings used for conferences)

Thousands of people demonstrated outside the conference hall, demanding government action.

a large formal meeting where a lot of people discuss important matters such as business, politics, or science, especially for several days

〔尤指持续几天的大型、正式的〕会议

Representatives from over 100 countries attended the International Peace Conference in Geneva.

来自一百多个国家的代表出席了在日内瓦举行的国际和平大会。

→ [press conference](->press conference)

a private meeting for a few people to have formal discussions

〔几个人的〕商谈，讨论，会谈

After a brief conference with his aides, he left for the airport.

他和助手进行简短的商谈后，就动身去机场。

The meeting will be held in the conference room at 10 am.

会议将于上午十点在会议室举行。

a group of teams that play against each other to see who is the best


confess

to admit, especially to the police, that you have done something wrong or illegal

〔尤指向警方〕坦白，招认，招供

Edwards confessed to being a spy for the KGB.

爱德华兹承认自己是克格勃间谍。

Occasionally people confess to crimes they haven’t committed just to get attention.

偶尔人们会承认自己并未犯过的罪行，那只是为了引人注意。

My husband confessed he’d been having an affair with a woman in his office.

酷刑用过之后菲安就招供了。

to admit something that you feel embarrassed about

承认〔使自己尴尬的事情〕

Marsha confessed that she didn’t really know how to work the computer.

玛莎承认自己其实并不会使用计算机。

He confessed to having a secret admiration for his opponent.

他承认私底下很钦佩他的对手。

[I (have to/must) confess](bold)(=used when admitting something you feel slightly embarrassed about)

I must confess I don’t visit my parents as often as I should.

我必须承认我没有尽责经常去看望父母。

In everyday English, people usually say [admit](bold)  rather than [confess](bold) :

I know it was him – he [admitted](bold) it.

I [admit](bold) I’m not very good with money.

to tell a priest or God about the wrong things you have done so that you can be forgiven

〔向神父或上帝〕忏悔，告解

He knelt and [confessed](bold) his [sin](bold).

他跪下来为自己的罪过忏悔。


confession

The police interviewed him for five hours before he finally made a confession.

Threats must not be used in order to obtain confessions.

(=get one with difficulty, or by using violence)

Torture was sometimes used to extract confessions.

He had signed a confession in front of witnesses.

(=say that a confession you made was not true)

Though he had confessed to the police, Gerrards later retracted his confession.

The killer had made a full confession to the authorities.

A police interview may lead to a written confession.

The officers were accused of extracting false confessions from some of the prisoners.

(=used humorously when you want to admit to doing something)

I have a confession to make – I’ve eaten all the chocolates.

a statement that you have done something wrong, illegal, or embarrassing, especially a formal statement

Sanchez’s confession was read out to the court.

桑切斯的供词在法庭上宣读了出来。

At 3 a.m. Higgins broke down and [made](bold) a full [confession](bold).

凌晨三点，希金斯崩溃了，交代了一切。

I [have a confession](bold) – I like Britney Spears’ music.

我得承认，我喜欢布兰妮•斯皮尔斯的音乐。

when you tell a priest or God about the bad things that you have done

〔对神父或上帝作的〕忏悔，告解

a statement of what your religious beliefs are


confide

to tell someone you trust about personal things that you do not want other people to know

He confided to his friends that he didn’t have much hope for his marriage.

他私下告诉朋友，他对自己的婚姻不抱太大希望。

to give something you value to someone you trust so they look after it for you

He confided his money to his brother’s safekeeping.

他把钱托付给他弟弟保管。


confidence

→ [vote of confidence](->vote of confidence) → [vote of no confidence](->vote of no confidence)

the feeling that you have the ability to do things well, and to not make mistakes or be nervous in new situations

You need patience and confidence to be a good teacher.

‘We have the confidence to beat Brazil,’ said Sampson.

After the accident it took a long time before she had the confidence to get back in a car again.

I went into the test full of confidence, but it was more difficult than I had imagined.

a strong belief that you can do things well and that other people will like you, which means you behave confidently in most situations

He’s new in the job but he has plenty of self-confidence.

Studies show that girls tend to lose some of their self-confidence in their teenage years.

Students who get some kind of work experience develop greater self-confidence and better communication skills.

the level of confidence, satisfaction, and hope that people feel, especially a group of people who work together

keep up morale(=keep it at a high level)

They sang songs to keep up their morale until the rescuers arrived.

a feeling of calm confidence in your own abilities, especially because you have a lot of experience

Danby spoke to the committee with the self-assurance of an expert.

the feeling that you are someone who deserves to be liked and respected

Getting a job did a lot for her self-esteem.

Sports should build a child’s self-esteem, not damage it.

The people no longer have any confidence in their government.

Employees are losing confidence in the company.

As team captain, he soon won the confidence of the players.

Our education system should inspire public confidence.

Interest rate reductions would restore business confidence.

The government is keen to boost consumer confidence and spending.

The stock market fall has shaken the confidence of investors.

The situation in the US was undermining foreign confidence in the dollar.

A further crisis has destroyed public confidence in the bank.

have every/complete/absolute confidence in sb/sth

A manager must be able to have complete confidence in his staff.

the public’s lack of confidence in the National Health Service

(=a situation in which people no longer trust a government, system etc)

the crisis of confidence over food safety

The changes should improve public confidence in the system.

(=that ordinary people have when the economic situation is good)

Consumer confidence has fallen to its lowest for two years.

(=that businesses have when the economic situation is good)

The region has gained 46,000 jobs and business confidence is high.

(=that investors have when the economic situation is good)

A fall in the value of shares damages investor confidence.

Young teenagers often don’t have a lot of confidence.

Clive walked into the room, brimming with confidence as usual.

As the leader, you have to exude confidence and authority.

She lacked the confidence to talk to people.

He’d been out of work for six months and had lost all his confidence.

I had really good teachers who gave me a lot of confidence in myself.

Paul did well in the job and gained a lot of confidence.

One of my stories was published, which really boosted my confidence.

When you’ve had an accident, it takes a while to build up your confidence again.

His constant criticism was undermining my confidence.

A bad experience like that can dent your confidence.

When she failed her degree, it shattered her confidence.

Since she started her new school, her confidence has grown a lot.

They offered me the job immediately, which was a real confidence boost.

Training for a big match is all about confidence building.

She had always suffered from insecurity and a lack of confidence.

As people age, they may suffer from a loss of confidence.

the feeling that you can trust someone or something to be good, work well, or produce good results

Public confidence in the government is at an all-time low.

公众对政府的信任度处于有史以来的最低点。

She had complete confidence in the doctors.

Opinion polls show that voters have lost confidence in the administration.

民意调查显示选民对政府已失去信任。

the belief that you have the ability to do things well or deal with situations successfully

我对自己一点信心都没有。

Good training will give a beginner the confidence to enjoy skiing.

良好的训练会给初学者带来享受滑雪乐趣的自信心。

I felt I was doing well and my confidence began to grow.

我觉得自己干得不错，自信心就开始增加了。

Our goal is to prepare students to go into the business world with confidence.

我们的目标是帮助学生做好准备，满怀信心地进入商界。

the feeling that something is definite or true

[say/speak/predict etc with confidence](bold)

How can anyone say with confidence that the recession is over?

谁能够有把握地说萧条局面已经结束？

I have complete confidence in Mr Wright’s analysis of the situation.

我完全相信赖特先生对形势的分析。

I have [every confidence](bold) that the job will be completed satisfactorily on time.

我有充分的信心，这项工作能够按时圆满完成。

if you tell someone something in confidence, you tell them something on the understanding that they will not tell anyone else

I’ll tell you about Moira – in confidence, of course.

我把莫伊拉的事告诉你吧，当然，这是秘密，不能外传。

[in strict/the strictest confidence](bold)

Any information given during the interview will be [treated in the strictest confidence](bold).

面试时提供的任何资料都将绝对保密。

[breach of confidence](bold)(=when someone tells someone something that they were told in confidence)

Lawyers are satisfied that no breach of confidence took place.

to tell someone your secrets or private or personal details about your life

Elsa took me into her confidence and told me about some of the problems she was facing.

埃尔莎向我吐露心事，跟我说了她面临的一些问题。

a secret or a piece of information that is private or personal

They spent their evenings drinking wine and sharing confidences.

晚上他们就喝喝酒，说说知心话。

I have never [betrayed](bold) a [confidence](bold).

我从未泄露过别人的秘密。


confident

You are [confident about](bold)  something: I’m quite confident about my English.
Don’t say: [I’m quite confident of my English.](strike)

You are [confident of](bold)  victory or success, or [confident of doing](bold)  something: The team is confident of victory. The team is confident of winning.

sure that you have the ability to do something well or deal with situations successfully

She seemed confident that she would pass.

George was very confident about his abilities as a writer.

Baldwin is confident of victory in this year’s senate race.

confident, and not shy or nervous in social situations

Jess was only 12, but she was very self-confident.

He was very self-assured and spoke without notes.

I eventually became more self-confident as a public speaker.

She was supremely self-confident, with the gift of being able to talk on any subject whenever the camera was rolling.

confident, calm, and in control of your feelings even in a difficult situation

confident enough to say what you think and want, so that people take notice of you

The course helps women learn how to be more assertive in the workplace.

confident that you are right, even when other people do not agree with you

He sounded so sure of himself that I didn’t bother to argue.

Jenny was younger than her sister but seemed much more sure of herself.

someone who behaves in a confident way in social situations and likes talking and being with other people

Jan says her twin babies are completely different: Kelly is a real extrovert while Jessie is quiet and thoughtful.

He’s a total extrovert who will talk to any stranger.

lack confidence/be lacking in confidence

to not be confident about your abilities or appearance

Francine is lacking in confidence and needs a lot of encouragement.

I was fat, had no friends, and lacked confidence.

While girls lack confidence, boys often overestimate their abilities.

not confident about meeting or speaking to people who you do not know

He had been painfully shyvery shy as a child.

not confident about yourself or your relationships, especially because you are worried that you are not good enough

His childhood had left him very insecure.

Ben’s parents’ divorce left him lonely and insecure.

Models can make young women feel insecure about their own bodies.

not confident, especially because you are young or you do not have much experience

At first, Chris seemed nervous and unsure of herself.

He was only 21 and still very unsure of himself with girls.

not confident that you can succeed, because you have had problems trying to do something

Students can become discouraged very easily if they are not given the help they need.

I was very discouraged at the time, but I still hoped we could find a solution.

Discouraged by her failed marriages, she gradually withdrew from the world.

Hartman was so discouraged about the way his performing career was going, that he gave up acting for writing.

someone who is demoralized has lost all their confidence and wants to give up

The team were completely demoralized after losing a series of games.

Many employees became demoralized and cynical when the company announced another round of job cuts.

sure that something will happen in the way that you want or expect

We are confident next year’s profits will be higher.

我们确信明年的利润会增加。

He is [quietly confident](bold) that there will be no problems this time.

他心中很有把握，这次不会有问题了。

The Prime Minister appeared relaxed and [confident of winning](bold) an overall majority.

首相显得很轻松，对赢得压倒性多数的支持充满了自信。

The company is [confident of success](bold).

这家公司对成功很有把握。

I [feel](bold) quite [confident](bold) about the future.

sure that you have the ability to do things well or deal with situations successfully

Despite her disability, Philippa is very confident.

菲莉帕虽然有残疾，却很自信。

I [feel](bold) much more [confident](bold) about myself and my abilities these days.

近来我对自己以及自己的能力感到自信多了。

He began to read in a calm confident voice.

他开始读起来，声音镇定自信。

We are confident we have done nothing wrong.

He began to [feel confident](bold) that Zaborski was only guessing.

他开始确信扎博尔斯基只是在猜测。

It is not possible to give a confident answer to the question of whether the delay was unreasonable.

出现此次延误是否不合情理，这个问题不可能有明确的答案。


confidential

ˌkɒnfɪˈdenʃəl◂

spoken or written in secret and intended to be kept secret

Doctors are required to [keep](bold) patients’ records completely [confidential](bold).

医生必须对病人的病历完全保密。

The information will be regarded as [strictly confidential](bold)(=completely confidential).

这一信息将被视为绝对机密。

a confidential way of speaking or behaving shows that you do not want other people to know what you are saying

〔言谈举止〕神秘的，隐秘的

His voice sank into a confidential whisper.

他的声音变成了耳语，显得神神秘秘的。


confidentiality

a situation in which you trust someone not to tell secret or private information to anyone else

The relationship between attorney and client is based on confidentiality.

律师和委托人之间的关系是建立在保密的基础之上的。

[breach of confidentiality](bold)(=when someone gives away information they have promised to keep secret)

It’s a breach of confidentiality for a priest to reveal what someone has said in the confessional.

神父把一个人告解时说的事情泄露出来是违反保密原则的。


confine

to keep someone or something within the limits of a particular activity or subject

把 …局限于；把 …限制于

The police cadet’s duties were confined to taking statements from the crowd.

这位警校生的任务只是记录那群人的口供。

我们把研究限定在十个案例。

Owen did not confine himself to writing only one type of poem.

欧文没有让自己局限于只写一种类型的诗。

to keep someone in a place that they cannot leave, such as a prison

Any soldier who leaves his post will be confined to barracks (=made to stay in the barracks).

任何擅离职守的士兵都要受到在营房里关禁闭的处罚。

He was allegedly confined in a narrow dark room for two months.

据说他在一个既狭窄又黑暗的房间里监禁了两个月。

to stop something bad from spreading to another place

Firefighters managed to confine the fire to the living room.

消防队员设法把火势控制在起居室内。

if you are confined to a place, you have to stay in that place, especially because you are ill

限制，使离不开〔尤因生病〕

Vaughan is [confined to](bold) a [wheelchair](bold).

[Confine](bold)  is usually passive in this meaning.


confirm

if a piece of new information confirms  an idea or belief that people already have, it shows that it is definitely true

Police have found new evidence that confirms his story.

The discovery seems to confirm that people lived here over 10,000 years ago.

to show that something is definitely true by providing facts

DNA tests proved that he was the father of the child.

I think we’ve proved that we are a good team.

to provide additional information to help prove that a statement, belief, or explanation is correct

When you write a history essay, you should back up all your points with facts.

Wright was accused of pretending to be injured, and this was backed up by video evidence.

to help to prove that a belief, idea etc is probably true

Do you have any evidence to support these claims?

The notion that women are worse drivers than men is simply not supported by the facts.

if facts or information bear out a claim or opinion, they suggest that something is likely to be true

Most of the available evidence bears out the view that students learn better in small classes.

Marriage is not always easy; a fact that is clearly borne out in divorce statistics.

to provide additional information which supports or agrees with something – used in scientific and legal contexts

Levine claims that a third car was involved in the accident and witnesses have corroborated this.

Professor Carling’s findings have been corroborated by more recent research.

to provide additional information that helps to prove that a statement is correct, especially if the statement is difficult to believe

A police investigation failed to substantiate the claim that he had been sexually abused.

to prove that information or results are correct by using scientific tests or very careful checking – used in scientific or technical contexts

All the information used in this report has been validated by an independent panel of experts.

to show that something is definitely true, especially by providing more proof

〔尤指通过提供更多证据〕证实，证明

New evidence has confirmed the first witness’s story.

新的证据证实了第一个证人的说法。

To confirm my diagnosis I need to do some tests.

为了证实我的诊断，我要做一些化验。

Research has confirmed that the risk is higher for women.

研究已经证实，这种风险在女性中的比例更高。

The new results confirm what most of us knew already.

新的结果证实了我们大多数人已经知道的情况。

In more formal English, you say[ it is confirmed that ](bold) something is true: It was confirmed that the bone was broken.

to say that something is definitely true

The president refused to confirm the rumor.

Managers have so far refused to [confirm or deny](bold) reports that up to 200 jobs are to go.

到目前为止，经理们对要裁员200人的传闻仍然不置可否。

Walsh confirmed that the money had been paid.

沃尔什证实那笔钱已经支付。

My brother will confirm what I have told you.

我弟弟将证实我跟你说过的话。

to tell someone that a possible arrangement, date, or situation is now definite or official

肯定，确认〔安排、日期或情况〕

Could you confirm the dates we discussed?

你能确认我们商讨过的日期吗？

Smith was confirmed as the club’s new manager yesterday.

史密斯昨天已被确定将担任俱乐部新任主教练。

I am writing to confirm a booking for a single room for the night of 6 June.

我写此信是想确认预订的6月6日晚上的一个单人房。

to make you believe that your idea or feeling is right

证实〔自己的想法或意见〕

[confirm your fears/doubts/suspicions etc](bold)

这就证实了我最大的担心。

[confirm you in your belief/opinion/view etc (that)](bold)(=make you believe something more strongly)

The expression on his face confirmed me in my suspicions.

他脸上的表情证实了我的怀疑。

to be made a full member of the Christian Church in a special ceremony

受坚信礼，受坚振礼〔从而正式成为基督教会成员〕


confirmation

ˌkɒnfəˈmeɪʃən

a statement, document etc that says that something is definitely true

There has still been no [official confirmation](bold) of the report.

这则报道仍未得到官方证实。

verbal confirmation that payment has been made

a letter etc that tells you that an arrangement, date, time etc is now definite

Most hotels require confirmation from a prospective guest in writing.

大多数宾馆都要求预订房间的客人写书面确认函。

a religious ceremony in which someone is made a full member of the Christian Church


confiscate

[confiscation](bold) /ˌkɒnfəˈskeɪʃ/ US /ˌkɑːn-/  n. <C,U> eg: the confiscation of pornographic material

to officially take private property away from someone, usually as a punishment

Miss Williams confiscated all our sweets.

威廉斯老师没收了我们所有的糖果。

Many opposition supporters had their goods confiscated.

许多反对党支持者的财产被充公了。


conflict

Local people have often come into conflict with planning officials.

Some of her actions have brought her into conflict with her managers.

Sometimes very small disagreements can cause conflict within a family.

You may need a lawyer to resolve a serious conflict between neighbours.

The prime minister wants to avoid a conflict over the issue.

Widespread unemployment often leads to social conflict.

The industrial conflict resulted in a series of strikes.

The ethnic conflict in the region has become violent.

There are various techniques you can use to try and avoid family conflict.

Lack of money is often a source of conflict between spouses.

(=a subject or matter that causes conflict)

There may be many areas of conflict between parents and teenagers.

The children are learning methods of conflict resolution to use on the playground.

a state of disagreement or argument between people, groups, countries etc

〔意见等的〕抵触，冲突，矛盾

the conflict between tradition and innovation

normal kids who are in conflict with their parents

social and political conflict in the 1930s

20世纪30年代的社会和政治冲突

the threat of industrial conflict in the coalfields

Marx points out the potential conflicts below the surface of society.

马克思指出了隐藏在社会表层之下的潜在矛盾。

His views on the literal truth of the Bible [brought](bold) him [into conflict with](bold) other Christian leaders.

他对《圣经》叙事真实性的看法使他与其他的基督教领袖发生了冲突。

Doctors exercise considerable power and often [come into conflict](bold) with politicians.

医生行使很大的权力，常常和政客们发生冲突。

a lawyer specializing in [conflict resolution](bold)

For years the region has been torn apart by armed conflicts.

多年来这一地区被武装冲突搞得四分五裂。

UN troops intervened to avert a threat of violent conflict.

联合国部队出面干预，以避免发生暴力冲突的危险。

a situation in which you have to choose between two or more opposite needs, influences etc

〔在对立的需要或影响之间作选择的〕矛盾，冲突

As women increasingly went out to work, the possibility of a [conflict of loyalties](bold) became stronger.

随着越来越多的女性出去工作，家庭和事业之间的冲突也变得越来越多发。

a conflict between the demands of one’s work and one’s family

工作和家庭需要之间的矛盾

The principles of democracy are sometimes in conflict with political reality.

a situation in which you have two opposite feelings about something

something that you have to do at the same time that someone wants you to do something else

I’ve got a conflict on Friday. Can we make it Monday?

星期五我有件事情时间上有冲突，我们改到星期一行不行？

a situation in which you cannot do your job fairly because you will be affected by the decision you make

There is a growing conflict of interest between her position as a politician and her business activities.

她的从政者身份和商务活动之间的利益冲突日益严重。

a situation in which different people want different things

〔不同人之间的〕利益冲突


conflict

if two ideas, beliefs, opinions etc conflict, they cannot exist together or both be true

new evidence which conflicts with previous findings

与先前的发现相矛盾的新证据


conflicting

There are conflicting opinions on what causes the disease.

(=different things that people, countries etc want or think are important)

The two groups have conflicting interests.

I left home with conflicting emotions of sadness and excitement.

the conflicting demands of work and family life

The witnesses at the trial gave conflicting evidence.

Scientific tests have produced conflicting results.

There’s a lot of conflicting information about what is best for you to eat.

I’ve seen two doctors and been given conflicting advice.

When questioned, the boys gave conflicting accounts of what they were doing that night.

There are conflicting theories about the origin of the universe.

conflicting ideas, beliefs, opinions etc cannot exist together or both be true

〔想法、信仰、观点等〕冲突的，矛盾的

It can be difficult to balance the conflicting demands on our time.

对我们时间的要求彼此冲突，难以平衡。


conform

to behave in the way that most other people in your group or society behave

the pressure on schoolchildren to conform

中小学生要顺应社会的压力

people who do not conform to traditional standards of behaviour

遵守，遵从〔法律、规定等〕

Students can be expelled for refusing to conform to school rules.

学生不遵守校规可能会被开除。

All new buildings must conform with the regional development plan.

所有新建房屋都必须遵从地方上的开发规划。

products which conform to international safety standards

to be similar to what people expect or think is usual

遵照某种模式/范例/典范等

Joseph does not conform to the stereotype of a policeman.

约瑟夫不同于人们一般印象中的警察形象。


confront

if a problem, difficulty etc confronts you, it appears and needs to be dealt with

〔问题、困难等〕临到 …头上，使面对

The problems confronting the new government were enormous.

新政府面临的难题是巨大的。

Customers are confronted with a bewildering amount of choice.

顾客面前有令人眼花缭乱的商品供选择。

to deal with something very difficult or unpleasant in a brave and determined way

We try to help people [confront](bold) their [problems](bold).

我们试图帮助人们正视他们的问题。

to face someone in a threatening way, as though you are going to attack them

与军队对峙的是一帮愤怒的群众。

to accuse someone of doing something, especially by showing them the proof

和 …对质，和 …当面对证

I confronted him with my suspicions, and he admitted everything.

我当面向他提出我的怀疑，他什么都承认了。

这件事我还没有和她当面对质过。


confrontation

a situation in which there is a lot of angry disagreement between two people or groups

She had stayed in her room to avoid another confrontation.

她待在自己的房间里，以避免再次发生冲突。

an ideological confrontation between conservatives and liberals

保守派和自由派在意识形态上的冲突

Japan seemed unlikely to risk military confrontation with Russia.

日本似乎不大可能冒险去和俄罗斯发生军事冲突。


confuse

to make someone feel that they cannot think clearly or do not understand

使困惑，把〔某人〕弄糊涂

I understand the text but the diagrams are confusing me.

文字我理解，但是图表把我弄糊涂了。

to think wrongly that a person or thing is someone or something else

People might well confuse the two products.

人们很容易混淆这两种产品。

I always confuse you with your sister – you look so alike.

我总是把你和你妹妹搞错，你们俩太像了。

Donald Regan, not to be confused with former President Ronald Reagan

唐纳德•里根，不要把他与前总统罗纳德•里根混淆

to make it even more difficult to think clearly about a situation or problem or to deal with it

使问题/事情/争论等更加复杂

He kept asking unnecessary questions which only confused the issue.

他不停地问些无关紧要的问题，反而使这个问题更为复杂。


confused

unable to understand what someone is saying or what is happening

With the huge range of computers on the market, it’s easy to get confused.

She felt hurt and confused when her husband left her.

confused because you cannot understand something, especially because it is different from what you expect

The doctor was puzzled by the man’s symptoms and ordered several further tests.

He had a puzzled expression on his face.

Ross looked perplexed when the audience laughed.

very confused and unable to understand something, even though you have tried hard for a long time

Detectives admit they are baffled by the case.

very confused and surprised when something unusual and unexpected happens to you

He was bewildered to find three policemen at the front door.

Bewildered train passengers watched as the man was arrested.

At first she was bewildered by all the noise and activity of the city.

confused and surprised by what has happened, or by what someone has said

Local residents seem bemused by the sudden arrival of all the tourists.

She told him to leave, but he just sat there with a bemused expression.

to have difficulty thinking clearly, for example because you are too tired, too busy, or because a lot of things are happening around you

I can’t think straight with all this noise going on.

unable to understand or think clearly about what someone is saying or what is happening

I’m totally confused. Could you explain that again?

我完全糊涂了，你能再解释一遍吗？

If you’re confused about anything, phone me.

如果你对什么事有疑问，打电话给我。

All the roads looked the same and he felt thoroughly confused.

所有的路看上去都一样，他完全糊涂了。

不清楚的，混乱的；难懂的

Witness statements presented a confused picture of the incident.

证人的证词把事情的经过说得很混乱。


confusing

The road signs were very confusing and we ended up getting lost.

confusing, especially because something is different from what you expect

Jan's decision not to take part in the race was very puzzling.

It was the trivial details which he found so perplexing.

extremely difficult to understand even though you have tried for a long time

Police are close to solving one of Australia's most baffling murder cases.

The failure was baffling, given the success of his previous businesses.

very confusing, especially because something is strange or new, or because there are a lot of different things

Brain diseases can cause many bewildering changes in a person's emotions and behaviour.

There is a bewildering number of mobile phone deals on offer.

令人困惑的，模糊不清的，难懂的

这些用法说明实在是让人摸不着头脑。


confusion

English spelling often causes confusion for learners.

The differing instructions led to confusion.

There were a lot of rumours, which added to the confusion.

The unexpected news threw us all into confusion.

The chairman said that he would try to clear up the confusion.

The confusion arose because of a complete misunderstanding.

We looked at each other in great confusion.

Candy's eyes showed her total confusion.

The movie jumps backwards and forwards in time, which causes considerable confusion.

There was general confusion about the effects of the new law.

Mental confusion is one of the symptoms of the disease.

People were in a state of confusion and close to panic.

Doctors should explain their instructions to patients carefully, to avoid any confusion.

when you do not understand what is happening or what something means because it is not clear

There was some confusion as to whether we had won or lost.

我们究竟是赢是输，情况不太清楚。

The diversion led to [considerable confusion](bold).

这次改道造成了相当大的混乱。

a situation in which someone wrongly thinks that a person or thing is someone or something else

To avoid confusion, the teams wore different colours.

为了避免混淆，各队穿着不同颜色的服装。

There is a confusion in the public mind between psychology and psychiatry.

大众往往会把心理学和精神病学混为一谈。

a feeling of not being able to think clearly about what you should say or do, especially in an embarrassing situation

His confusion at meeting her there was quite apparent.

在那里和她不期而遇，他明显有些不知所措。

a very confusing situation, that usually has a lot of noise and action, so that it is difficult for someone to understand it or control it

There was a confusion of shouts and orders as the ship prepared to depart.

船准备起航了，呼喊声和命令声乱成一片。


congested

London’s roads are [heavily congested](bold)(=very congested).

a part of your body that is congested is very full of liquid, usually blood or mucus

〔身体某部位〕充血的，黏液阻塞的


congestion

the problem of too much traffic in a place

Councillors are looking at ways to reduce [traffic congestion](bold) in the town centre.

市政委员们正在审议缓解城中心交通拥挤的办法。

the condition of part of your body being very full of liquid, usually blood or mucus

〔身体部位〕充液〔一般指充血或充满黏液〕


congratulate

kənˈɡrætʃəleɪt

kənˈɡrætʃəleɪt

[congratulatory](bold) /kənˌɡrætʃəˈleɪt/ US /-ˈɡrætʃələtɔːri/  adj. eg: congratulatory messages

You [congratulate](bold)  someone [on](bold)  something: I’d like to congratulate you on your new job.
Don’t say: [I’d like to congratulate you for your new job.](strike)

You can also say: Congratulations on your new job!

You [congratulate](bold)  someone [for doing](bold)  something: She congratulated me for getting a new job.

to tell someone that you are happy because they have achieved something or because something nice has happened to them

He never even stopped to congratulate me.

他甚至没有过来向我祝贺。

She congratulated me warmly on my exam results.

她热情地祝贺我考试取得好成绩。

All three are to be congratulated for doing so well.

三位表现那么好，都值得祝贺。

to feel pleased and proud of yourself because you have achieved something or something good has happened to you

（因某事）为自己感到高兴[自豪]

I congratulated myself on my good fortune.

我为自己的好运气感到高兴。


congratulation

kənˌɡrætʃəˈleɪʃən

kənˌɡrætʃəˈleɪʃən

used when you want to congratulate someone

‘I’ve just passed my driving test!’ ‘Congratulations!’

“我刚通过了驾驶考试！”“恭喜恭喜！”

Congratulations on a superb performance!

words saying you are happy that someone has achieved something

请向奥斯卡转达我的祝贺。

when you tell someone that you are happy because they have achieved something or because something nice has happened to them


congregation

ˌkɒŋɡrəˈɡeɪʃən

[Congregation](bold)  is usually followed by a singular verb: At this point in the service the congregation [stands](bold).

In British English, you can also use a plural verb: At this point in the service the congregation [stand](bold).

a group of people gathered together in a church

会众〔在教堂里聚集的人群〕

the people who usually go to a particular church

会众〔通常去某教堂做礼拜的人群〕

Several members of the congregation are away.


conjunction

kənˈdʒʌŋkʃən

kənˈdʒʌŋkʃən

working, happening, or being used with someone or something else

与某人/某物共同，连同某人/某物

The worksheets are designed to be used in conjunction with the new coursebooks.

这些活页练习题专门用来与新课本配套使用。

a combination of different things that have come together by chance

〔几件事情巧合下的〕同时发生

几件事情令人高兴的同时发生

a word such as ‘and’, ‘but’, or ‘because’ which joins parts of a sentence


conjure

to perform clever tricks in which you seem to make things appear, disappear, or change by magic

变魔术，变戏法；用魔术变出

The magician conjured a rabbit out of his hat.

魔术师从帽子里变出一只兔子来。

to make something appear or happen in a way which is not expected

使〔某物〕突然出现[发生]

He has conjured victories from worse situations than this.

在比这更糟的情况下，他都出人意料地取得过胜利。


connect

The railway link would connect Felixstowe with Fishguard.

这条铁路线将连接费利克斯托和菲什加德。

将扬声器连接到激光唱机上。

We’d like two rooms with [connecting doors](bold)(=doors that join the rooms).

我们想要两个有门相通的房间。

to realize or show that a fact, event, or person is related to something

I didn’t connect the two events in my mind.

我心里没把这两件事联系起来。

There is no evidence to connect them with the attack.

没有证据把他们和这次袭击联系在一起。

to join something to the main supply of electricity, gas, or water, or to a telephone or computer network

The power supply should be connected by a qualified electrician.

电源应该由有资格的电工来接通。

if one train, flight etc connects with another, it arrives just before the other one leaves so that you can continue your journey

〔火车、航班等〕转接，衔接

This train connects with the one to Glasgow.

这班火车与去格拉斯哥的那班衔接。

From Toronto you can connect to all other Air Canada destinations.

从多伦多可以转机到加拿大航空公司所有其他目的地。

to join two telephone lines so that two people can speak

Please hold the line. I’m trying to connect you.

请不要挂断，我正在为您接通。

to succeed in hitting someone or something

He swung at the ball, but didn’t connect.

他挥棒击球，却没有击中。

if people connect, they feel that they like each other and understand each other

They valued her ability to empathize and connect with others.

他们欣赏她体恤和理解别人的能力。


connected

to be joined to something else or joined to a large system or network

a series of artificial lakes connected by waterfalls

由瀑布连接起来的一串人工湖

if two facts, events, people etc are connected, there is some kind of relationship between them

everyone connected with the film industry

Mr Edelson was [closely connected](bold) with Trinity College.

埃德尔森先生和三一学院关系密切。

having important or powerful friends or relatives


connection

A lot of social problems have a direct connection to alcohol or drug use.

It's easy to see a connection between stress and illness.

In learning to read, children make a connection between a written sign and a known sound or word.

Scientists have attempted to establish a connection between these two theories.

This is the first official investigation to find a connection.

There is nothing to suggest a connection between the hospital food and the illness.

We must break the connection between money and politics.

We cannot sever our connection with the past.

Many people see a direct connection between these events.

the close connection between maths and physics

There is an intimate connection between political liberty and economic freedom.

(=that causes or is caused by something else)

Psychologists have established a causal connection between behaviour and rewards.

There is an obvious connection between this painting and his earlier works.

(=one that is not strong, close, or obvious)

There seemed to be only a loose connection between the questions and the answers.

the way in which two facts, ideas, events etc are related to each other, and one is affected or caused by the other

〔两个事实、观点、事件等之间的〕联系，关联

the [causal connection](bold) between smoking and cancer

[There is a connection](bold) between pollution and the death of trees.

污染和树木死亡之间有关系。

Mr O'Hara [had](bold) no known [connection](bold) with terrorist activity.

从已知情况来看，奥哈拉先生与恐怖活动没有关系。

Williams apparently [has](bold) no [connection](bold) to the case.

威廉斯显然和此案没有关系。

Police have so far failed to [establish](bold) a [connection](bold) between the two murders.

到目前为止警方尚未确定两宗凶杀案之间有关联。

The evidence was there in the file but no one [made the connection](bold).

证据就在档案里，但没有人把它们联系起来。

Students often [see](bold) little [connection](bold) between school and the rest of their lives.

学生往往看不到上学和今后生活的联系。

He demonstrated [the close connection](bold) between social conditions and health.

他证明了社会条件和健康之间的密切联系。

when two or more things are joined together or when something is joined to a larger system or network

a digital telephone connection via satellite

They’re offering free Internet connection.

他们提供免费的因特网连接。

这个插口能和个人计算机连接。

There’s a £25 connection charge (=money you pay to be connected to a service such as telephones, electricity etc).

[arrest/charge/question etc sb in connection with a crime](bold)

Two men have been arrested in connection with the attack.

两名男子因涉嫌此次袭击而被捕。

visits made to Spain in connection with her business

与她的生意有关的几次西班牙之行

a wire or piece of metal joining two parts of a machine or electrical system

There’s a [loose connection](bold)(=wires which are not joined correctly).

a train, bus, or plane which is arranged to leave at a time that allows passengers from an earlier train, bus, or plane to use it to continue their journey

联运火车[公共汽车，飞机等]

If this train gets delayed we’ll miss our connection to Paris.

如果这辆火车晚点，我们就会赶不上去巴黎的联运火车。

a road, railway etc that joins two places and allows people to travel between them

〔公路、铁路等连接两地的〕交通线

Cheshunt has good rail connections to London.

切森特有便利的铁路交通线通往伦敦。

people who you know who can help you, especially because they are in positions of power

〔能够提供帮助的〕人际关系，人脉

We have good connections in the advertising industry.

我们在广告行业有很好的人脉关系。

people who are related to you, but not very closely

He is English, but has Irish connections.

他是英格兰人，但是也有爱尔兰的亲戚。

the network of [family connections](bold) in Italy


connotation

ˌkɒnəˈteɪʃən

[connotative](bold) /ˈkɒnəteɪtɪv/ US /ˈkɑːn-, kəˈnoʊtətɪv/  adj.

a quality or an idea that a word makes you think of that is more than its basic meaning

The word ‘professional’ has connotations of skill and excellence.

“专业”一词让人联想到技能和出色。


conquer

[conquering](bold) adj. eg: conquering heroes

诺曼人于1066年征服英格兰。

Egypt was conquered by the Persian King Kambyses.

埃及被波斯国王冈比西斯征服。

The Zulus conquered all the neighbouring tribes.

祖鲁人打败了所有相邻的部落。

to gain control over something that is difficult, using a lot of effort

She was determined to conquer her fear of flying.

她决心克服对乘飞机的恐惧。

to succeed in climbing to the top of a mountain when no one has ever climbed it before

成功登上〔从未有人攀登过的山顶〕，征服

an attempt to conquer the peaks of Everest

在〔某地〕大获成功；征服

In the last few years, the company has succeeded in conquering the European market.

近几年里这家公司成功地征服了欧洲市场。


conquest

the act of getting control of a country by fighting

the Norman Conquest (=the conquest of England by the Normans)

西班牙人对印加帝国的征服

someone that you have persuaded to love you or to have sex with you – often used humorously

爱情的俘虏〔常为幽默用法〕

他吹嘘自己征服了许多女孩的心。

when you gain control of or deal successfully with something that is difficult or dangerous

〔对艰难、危险事物的〕攻克，征服