emphasis

We need to put greater emphasis on planning.

The airline is accused of placing more emphasis on profit than on safety.

The coach has placed the emphasis firmly on youth by including three teenagers in the team.

Since league tables were introduced, schools have given even greater emphasis to exam results.

(=change the emphasis to something else)

With drug addicts, we need to shift the emphasis from punishment to treatment.

(=make an opinion or fact seem more important)

Put bullet points before each statement to add emphasis.

The emphasis is now shifting away from oil towards renewable sources of energy.

The company places great emphasis on customer care.

There is a strong emphasis on research in the university.

The main emphasis must be on quality, not quantity.

The new legislation places particular emphasis on energy conservation.

Recently, there has been an increasing emphasis on creating more jobs.

Most religions put considerable emphasis on the importance of marriage.

There has been a change of emphasis in the government’s foreign policy.

In Japan there is a lot of emphasis on politeness.

The course places emphasis on practical work.

a [change of emphasis](bold) in government policy

special importance that is given to a word or phrase by saying it louder or higher, or by printing it in a special way

〔单词或短语的〕重读，重音；强调

The emphasis should be on the first syllable.

‘And I can assure you,’ she [said with emphasis](bold), ‘that he is innocent.’

“我可以向你保证，”她加重语气说道，“他是无辜的。”


emphasize

to say strongly or show clearly that a fact, idea etc is especially important

Our company emphasizes the need for good communication between staff.

to emphasize something when you are talking about a subject

Most schools stress the importance of parental involvement in their child’s learning.

He stressed the need for parents to listen to their children.

to show that something is important, so that people will pay special attention to it

This case highlights the need for tougher laws on gun ownership.

The report highlights the decline in the numbers of native plants and insects.

to help to show clearly that a fact is true, especially a fact that is already known

These attacks underline the fact that the security situation here remains fragile.

The president’s speech repeatedly underscored the progress that has been made.

to show something clearly and make it easier to notice

The recent economic crisis has accentuated the gap between the rich and the poor.

The relation between food and health is often overemphasized in my view.

to emphasize something and make it seem more important than it really is, especially to get advantages for yourself

The story has been played up by the media.

The Labour party had a great time playing up the Conservatives’ problems.

also: emphasise ([BrE](bold))  [v](bold) <[T](bold)>

The report [emphasizes](bold) the [importance](bold) of improving safety standards.

报告强调了改进安全标准的重要性。

Logan made a speech [emphasizing](bold) the [need](bold) for more volunteers.

洛根发表演讲，强调需要更多的志愿者。

The prime minister emphasized that there are no plans to raise taxes.

to say a word or phrase louder or higher than others to give it more importance

The dress emphasized the shape of her body.

这条连衣裙凸显了她的身姿。


empire

The emperor Claudius ruled a vast empire stretching from Persia to Britain.

The city was the centre of a great empire.

The Barbarians finally overthrew the Roman empire.

(=a group of countries ruled by another country that is far away)

The Persian empire was founded by Cyrus the Great.

As the empire grew, its new territories needed to be protected.

In A.D.476, the western part of the Empire collapsed.

The vast empire was beginning to crumble.

(=the gradual decrease in an empire's power)

The next two hundred years saw the gradual decline of the Roman empire.

After the battle of Waterloo, the collapse of Napoleon's empire was inevitable.

His business empire is now worth over $20 billion.

He created a vast financial empire worth billions of dollars.

She built her clothing empire from one small shop to an international chain.

When the business empire collapsed, thousands of employees lost their jobs.

He left the country after the collapse of his construction empire.

a group of countries that are all controlled by one ruler or government

a group of organizations controlled by one person


empirical

based on scientific testing or practical experience, not on ideas

以实验[经验]为依据的；经验主义的


employ

这家工厂雇用了2,000多名员工。

We have been employed to look at ways of reducing waste.

我们受雇研究减少浪费的方法。

In everyday English, people usually say [give](bold)  someone a [job ](bold) rather than [employ](bold)  someone, and [have a job](bold)  rather than [be employed](bold) :

They [gave him a job](bold) delivering furniture.

to use a particular object, method, skill etc in order to achieve something

[employ a method/technique/tactic etc](bold)

The report examines teaching methods employed in the classroom.

这个报告探讨了课堂教学方法。

In everyday English, people usually say [use](bold)  a method rather than [employ](bold)  a method.

to spend your time doing a particular thing

Her days are employed in gardening and voluntary work.

她的时间都花在搞园艺和做义工上。

[Employ](bold)  is usually passive in this meaning.


employ

He had a number of servants in his employ.

他雇了几个仆人替他干活。


employee

Some of the temporary employees were later hired as permanent staff.

The company also offers substantial bonuses to senior employees.

The majority of the female employees are under 30.

The company is being sued by three former employees.

They are for an increase in pension payments to retired employees.

The Birmingham-based company has over 200 employees.

We are recruiting employees for our IT division.

(=stop employing them because there is no work for them to do)

Unions fear that many part-time employees will be laid off.

Crossways was nearing bankruptcy and had to make 720 employees redundant.

(=stop employing them because they have behaved badly or broken a rule)

Seven employees were dismissed for misconduct.

Employees who join the firm after April receive a percentage of the annual bonus.

When a senior employee leaves the company, we hold an exit interview.

someone who is paid to work for someone else


employer

a person, company, or organization that employs people

The shoe factory is the largest employer in this area.

这家制鞋厂是本地区最大的雇主。


employment

51% of women return to paid employment within 5 years of having a child.

Mike is in full-time employment, but his wife is not working.

university graduates entering permanent employment for the first time

(=working for the same company for a long time)

She finally found regular employment at a hospital in York.

(=working all the time, without any periods being unemployed)

You can join the pension scheme after two years of continuous employment with the company.

He was offered employment in the company’s main office.

The new power station will provide employment for around 400 people.

The government is trying to stimulate the economy and create employment.

The men hope to find employment in the construction industry.

He found it difficult to obtain employment because of his criminal record.

My son had to leave the farm and seek employment elsewhere.

(=jobs that are available for people to apply for)

There are very few employment opportunities in the area.

Better qualifications will improve your employment prospects.

(=the rights that someone has in their job)

Part-time workers don’t have the same employment rights as full-time staff.

(=the number of people employed in an area )

Employment levels in the region are above the national average.

(=details about someone’s employment such as how much they are paid, how much holiday they get etc)

All workers have a right to a fair wage and decent conditions of employment.

(=an official document stating the details about someone’s employment)

There is a clause in your employment contract covering holiday entitlement.

(=the details about someone’s employment that are written in their employment contract, including rules that they must follow)

It’s in the terms of their employment that they can’t go on strike.

Closure of the factory will lead to a substantial loss of employment.

They had a long journey to their place of employment.

She was offered employment in the sales office.

The employment prospects for science graduates are excellent.

理科毕业生的就业前景非常好。

Steve’s still looking for [full-time employment](bold).

史蒂夫还在寻找全职工作。

the needs of women who combine [paid employment](bold) and care for their families

兼顾有偿工作和照料家庭的女性的需要

21.7% of all those in employment were in part-time jobs.

所有在业人员中有21.7%的人从事兼职工作。

the act of paying someone to work for you

Mexican law prohibits the employment of children under 14.

墨西哥的法律禁止雇用不满14岁的儿童。

Nationwide employment now stands at 95%.

目前全国就业率为95%。

[full employment](bold)(=a situation in which everyone has a job)

Many economists consider full employment an unrealistic goal.

许多经济学家认为充分就业是不现实的目标。

the use of a particular object, method, skill etc to achieve something


empower

to give someone more control over their own life or situation

The Voting Rights Act was needed to empower minority groups.

需要《选举权法》赋予少数民族自主权。

to give a person or organization the legal right to do something

授权〔某人或某组织做某事〕

The president is empowered to appoint judges to the Supreme Court.

总统有权任命最高法院的法官。


empty

used about something that has nothing inside

used about a computer screen or a piece of paper that has no writing or pictures on it, or a CD, DVD etc with nothing recorded on it

He stared at the blank screen for a few minutes.

used about a room or cupboard that has very little in it

His room was bare except for a bed and a wardrobe.

used about something that has an empty space inside

used about a place that has no one in it or no one using it

There were no lights on and the house looked empty.

used about a seat, space, or room that is available to use because no one else is using it

There are never any parking spaces free at this time of day.

used about a room or building that is available for people to pay to use

The next guesthouse we tried had a couple of rooms vacant.

used about a place that is quiet because there is no one there, or because the people who used to be there have left

It was three o'clock in the morning and the streets were deserted.

/ˌʌnɪnˈhæbətəd◂/

used about a place that has no people living in it, especially permanently

used about a house, room, or office that no one is living in or using at the moment

Burglaries frequently happen when people are on holiday and their house is unoccupied.

[comparative](italic) [emptier](bold) [superlative](italic) [emptiest](bold)

an empty place does not have any people in it

我讨厌回家时屋子里空荡荡的。

The building [stood empty](bold) for several years.

这大楼有好几年没人住了。

我发现角落里有一张空桌子。

unhappy because nothing in your life seems interesting or important

The divorce left him [feeling empty](bold) and bitter.

离婚让他感到空虚，并心生怨恨。

她感到生活既空虚又无聊。

not containing a particular type of thing, or not having a particular quality

没有某事物；缺乏某种特性

words etc that are not sincere, or have no effect

空话/做样子/空头许诺等

His repeated promises to pay them back were just empty words.

他一再答应还钱给他们，但只是说空话而已。

to do something without having eaten any food first

I can’t work properly on an empty stomach.

我饿着肚子就做不好事情。

a situation in which parents become sad because their children have grown up and moved out of their house

空巢(综合征)〔指父母因子女长大离家而难过〕

a politician or manager who does not achieve much or does not have much ability

政绩平平的从政者；能力不强的管理者

to continue doing something even though you no longer have supplies of something you need in order to do it properly

没有了供给[储备]仍在运转

With the country running on empty, the president has no hope of winning the election.

国家已在空转，总统没有希望赢得竞选。


empty

[past tense and past participle](italic) [emptied](bold) [present participle](italic) [emptying](bold) [third person singular](italic) [empties](bold)

to remove everything that is inside something

Elinor emptied the contents of the envelope onto the table.

埃莉诺把信封里的东西全倒在桌子上。

Ruth [emptied her glass](bold)(=drank all the liquid left in it) in one gulp.

露丝将玻璃杯里的东西一饮而尽。

The stores were closing, and the streets began to empty.

商铺陆续关门，街道开始变得空荡荡的。


emulate

to do something or behave in the same way as someone else, especially because you admire them

〔尤因为仰慕而〕效仿，模仿

He hoped to [emulate](bold) the [success](bold) of Wilder.

他希望效仿怀尔德的成功。


enable

to make it possible for someone to do something, or for something to happen

There are plans to enlarge the runway to enable jumbo jets to land.

有计划扩建飞机跑道，让大型客机可以降落。


enclose

to put something inside an envelope as well as a letter

Please enclose a cheque with your order.

[please find enclosed](bold)(=used in business letters to say that you are sending something with a letter)

Please find enclosed an agenda for the meeting.

to surround something, especially with a fence or wall, in order to make it separate

〔尤指用篱笆或围墙〕将 …围起来

The pool area is enclosed by a six-foot wall.

游泳区用六英尺高的高墙围了起来。

[Enclose](bold)  is usually passive in this meaning.


encompass

to include a wide range of ideas, subjects, etc

The study encompasses the social, political, and economic aspects of the situation.

这项研究涵盖了这一局势的社会、政治和经济三方面。

to completely cover or surround something

The houses encompassed about 100 square metres.

这些房屋占地约100平方米。


encounter

to experience something, especially problems or opposition

遇到，遭遇〔尤指问题或反对〕

They encountered serious problems when two members of the expedition were injured.

远征队遇到了严重的问题，两名队员受伤。

The government has encountered strong opposition to its plans to raise income tax.

政府欲提高所得税的方案遭到了强烈反对。

The doctor had encountered several similar cases in the past.

那位医生过去曾碰到过好几个类似病例。

In everyday English, people usually say [come across problems/difficulties](bold)  rather than [encounter problems/difficulties](bold)  and [come up against opposition/resistance](bold)  rather than [encounter opposition/resistance](bold) :

Did you [come across](bold) any problems?

We [came up against](bold) quite a lot of opposition from local people.

I first encountered him when studying at Cambridge.

我第一次遇到他是在剑桥读书时。


encounter

an occasion when you meet someone, or do something with someone you do not know

She didn’t remember our encounter last summer.

她不记得我和她去年夏天那次邂逅了。

His [first encounter](bold) with Wilson was back in 1989.

他第一次遇到威尔逊是在1989年。

Bernstein began training the young musician after a [chance encounter](bold) at a concert (=a meeting that happened by chance).

在一次音乐会上偶然相遇之后，伯恩斯坦便开始培养这位年轻的音乐家。

casual [sexual encounters](bold)(=occasions when people have sex)

hostile encounters between supporters of rival football teams

互为对手的足球队球迷之间的冲突

an occasion when you meet or experience something

a [close encounter](bold) with a snake (=a frightening situation in which you get too close to something)


encourage

[encouraged](bold) adj. <not before noun> eg: She felt encouraged by the many letters of support.

to give someone the courage or confidence to do something

I want to thank everyone who has encouraged and supported me.

我要感谢每一位鼓励和支持过我的人。

Cooder was encouraged to begin playing the guitar by his father.

库德在他父亲的鼓励下开始弹吉他。

Fleur encouraged Dana in her ambition to become a model.

弗勒尔对达娜当模特的抱负给予了鼓励。

→see THESAURUS at [persuade](->persuade)

Cantor didn’t mind if they worked late; in fact, he [actively encouraged](bold) it.

坎托并不介意他们工作到很晚；事实上，他积极鼓励他们这样做。

A 10p rise in cigarette prices is not enough to encourage smokers to stop.

香烟价格上涨十便士并不足以促使吸烟者戒烟。

to make something more likely to exist, happen, or develop

Violent TV programmes encourage anti-social behaviour.

暴力的电视节目助长反社会行为。


encouragement

My father always gave us a lot of encouragement.

My parents offered encouragement and support.

She got a lot of encouragement from her friends.

We drew encouragement from the letters we received from well-wishers.

These kids just need some encouragement, that's all.

(=encouraging someone by saying positive things)

It's important to balance punishment with positive encouragement.

The scheme was set up with the active encouragement of the local authority.

We took considerable encouragement from our early success.

(=the things you say to someone as encouragement)

The rest of the team shouted out words of encouragement.

when you encourage someone or something, or the things that encourage them

鼓励，鼓舞；起激励作用的事物

With encouragement, Sally is starting to play with the other children.

萨莉受到了鼓励，开始和其他孩子玩起来。

She [needed no encouragement](bold) to continue (=did not need any encouragement).

她不需要鼓励也会继续做下去。


encouraging

The [encouraging news](bold) is that typhoid is on the decrease.

令人鼓舞的消息是伤寒发病率在下降。

The [signs](bold) are [encouraging](bold) — but there’s a long way to go.

这些迹象令人振奋，但是还有很长的路要走。


encyclopedia

BrE also: encyclopaedia  [n](bold) <[C](bold)>

a book or CD, or a set of these, containing facts about many different subjects, or containing detailed facts about one subject

百科全书；〔某一学科的〕专科全书，大全


end

→ [dead end](->dead end) → [odds and ends](->odds and ends) [be-all and end all](bold) at → [be](->be) 2 sense 15 [to the bitter end](bold) at → [bitter](->bitter) 1 sense 6 [burn the candle at both ends](bold) at → [burn](->burn) 1 sense 19 [jump/be thrown in at the deep end](bold) at → [deep](->deep) 1 sense 17 [go off at the deep end](bold) at → [deep](->deep) 1 sense 18 [be at a loose end](bold) at → [loose](->loose) 1 sense 14 [make sb’s hair stand on end](bold) at → [hair](->hair) sense 8 [be on/at the receiving end (of sth)](bold) at → [receive](->receive) sense 5 [be on the sharp end of](bold) at → [sharp](->sharp) 1 sense 19 [come to a sticky end](bold) at → [sticky](->sticky) sense 6 [the tail end of sth](bold) at → [tail](->tail) 1 sense 6 [at your wits’ end](bold) at → [wit](->wit) sense 7 [get the wrong end of the stick](bold) at → [wrong](->wrong) 1 sense 16

You use [at the end](bold)  when talking about the last part of a story, book, film, game etc: At the end, the hero dies. There is a summary at the end of the chapter.

You often use [at the end of](bold)  when talking about the last part of a period of time: Marco Polo travelled through Asia at the end of the 13th century.
Don’t say: [in the end of the 13th century](strike)

[In the end](bold)  means the same as ‘eventually’. You use it when saying that something happens or after a long period of time or a lot of other things have happened: In the end, she got her money back. I’m sure we’ll win in the end.

the part of a place or object that is furthest from the centre or the beginning

the end of something, especially something pointed

Karen’s returning to the States at the end of the month.

The two men met once again before the end of the war.

(=be the end of a period of time in history that is known for a particular event, or for particular qualities)

The principal’s death marked the end of an era at the college.

Michael Jordon led the race from beginning to end.

Arsenal’s ten-match unbeaten run came to an end with a 3–2 defeat at United.

The 40 year-old power station has now reached the end of its operating life.

A shoulder injury put an end to his baseball career.

They began peace talks aimed at bringing an end to the civil war.

(=publicly ask for something to happen or be done)

The union is calling for an end to discrimination.

After the news leaked out, his political career came to a sudden end.

Hopes of an early end to the conflict are fading.

(=right for a particular situation or occasion)

The fireworks display was a fitting end to the celebrations.

If you think that’s the end of the matter, you’re mistaken.

After a three year wait, the end is finally in sight.

Jon and his girlfriend were sitting at the opposite end of the bar.

He walked to the far end of the room and sat at his desk.

(=used about the ends of a swimming pool where the water is deepest or least deep)

The kids were splashing about in the shallow end.

The government exploited the situation for political ends.

(=to get what you want, used to show disapproval)

Some people would do almost anything to achieve their own ends.

Our first priority is safety, and the airline is working to that end.

The programme is not an end in itself, but rather the first step the prisoner takes towards a new life.

(=used to say that something bad is acceptable, if it achieves a good result)

Their defence, that the end justifies the means, is not acceptable.

To Joe, work was a means to an end, nothing more.

We need to reduce costs, so with this end in view, the company is switching supplier.

the last part of a period of time, event, activity, or story

Costs are expected to double by the end of 2012.

What would she find at the end of her journey?

她在旅程结束时会有些什么发现？

Hooker’s death marked [the end of an era](bold).

胡克的逝世标志着一个时代的终结。

I played the tape [from beginning to end](bold).

我把磁带从头到尾播放了一遍。

a situation in which something is finished or no longer exists

It’s hoped the talks may bring an end to the violence.

The EU is demanding an end to the ivory trade.

At last it seemed the war might be [coming to an end](bold).

终于，战争似乎即将结束。

The spacecraft is nearing the [end of](bold) its useful [life](bold).

该航天器的使用寿命快要终结。

He rose to indicate that the conversation was at an end.

他站起身，示意谈话结束。

Well, I hope that’s [the end of the matter](bold).

好啦，我希望事情到此为止。

Another year has passed, with [no end in sight](bold) to the suffering.

又过了一年，痛苦还是看不到尽头。

the part of a place or object that is furthest from its beginning or centre

We sat at [opposite ends](bold) of the table.

He wore spectacles perched on [the very end](bold) of his nose.

铅笔的笔尖啪的一声断了。

[the far end](bold)(=furthest from you) of the room

The channel measures 20 feet [from end to end](bold).

这条管道全长为20英尺。

[stand/place sth on end](bold)(=in an upright position)

[lay/place sth end to end](bold)(=in a line, with the ends touching)

one of the two points that begin or end a scale

At the [opposite end of the](bold) political [spectrum](bold) are the Marxist theories.

在政治领域与之截然相反的是马克思主义理论。

Some teenagers are just a nuisance, but [at the other end of the scale](bold) there are kids who pose a real threat.

有些少年只不过是讨人嫌，而有些则与之相反，他们根本就是个威胁。

one of two places that are connected by a telephone call, journey etc

〔电话、旅程等的〕端点，终点

Sometimes, all you need is a calm voice on the end of the phone.

有时候你只需要电话另一端有一个平静的声音和你说说话。

We’ll get a bus connection [at the other end](bold).

我们到了那边终点站会转乘公共汽车的。

Any problems at your end (=where you are)?

a small piece of something that is left after you have finished with it

an aim or purpose, or the result you hope to achieve

40% of all research is undertaken for military ends.

正在进行的所有研究项目中，40%用于军事目的。

She’ll do anything to [achieve](bold) her [own ends](bold).

她为了实现自己的目标，什么都会去做。

Every task has a clear [end in view](bold).

每一项任务都要有明确的目标。

He wants to cut costs, and to that end is looking at ways of cutting the company’s operations.

他想降低成本，并在为此设法削减公司的经营项目。

[an end in itself](bold)(=something you do because you want to, not in order to get other advantages)

IT is a tool for learning, not merely an end in itself.

信息技术本身不是目的，而是一种学习工具。

[the end justifies the means](bold)(=used to say that doing bad things is acceptable if they achieve an important result)

part of a job, activity, or situation that involves or affects one person or group of people

〔工作、活动、处境的〕部分，方面

a word meaning death – used to avoid saying this directly

生命的尽头〔死亡的委婉说法〕

He [met](bold) his [end](bold)(=died) in a car accident.

used to give your final opinion after considering all the possibilities

最终；到头来；不管怎么说

At the end of the day, it’s his decision.

不管怎么说，这是他的决定。

for many days, weeks etc without stopping

after a period of time, or after everything has been done

used to mean that you will not say any more about something, or that the situation cannot be changed

情况就是这样，就这么办〔用于表示不想再说某事，或情况无法改变〕

the point at which you are so angry and tired of a situation that you can no longer deal with it

Frustrated and bitter, Hogan had [reached the end of](bold) his [tether](bold) with politics.

霍根遭受了挫折和痛苦，在政治上已经穷途末路。

the end of a process, activity, or state

…的尽头；活动[状态]的结束

Our marriage had [reached the end of the line](bold).

to have only just enough money to buy the things you need

使收支仅能相抵，勉强维持生计

When Mike lost his job, we could barely make ends meet.

迈克失业以后，我们几乎难以维持生计。

used to tell someone that a problem is not as bad as they think

还未到世界末日〔用于告诉某人事情并不那么可怕〕

to stay brave and hopeful in a difficult situation

〔在困境中〕坚持，不泄气

这会引起无穷无尽的麻烦。

used as an expression of slight disapproval – often used humorously

What will she do next? She’s the living end!

她下一步要干什么？她这混蛋！

to do everything possible to achieve something

I’d go to the ends of the earth to be with him.

哪怕走到天涯海角，我也要和他在一起。


end

[End](bold)  belongs to a group of verbs where the same noun can be the subject of the verb or its object.

You can say: We will end the session with questions.  In this sentence, ‘the session’ is the object of [end](bold) .

You can say: The session will end with questions.  In this sentence, ‘the session’ is the subject of [end](bold) .

if a event, activity, or story ends, it stops happening

to end – use this about an organized event such as a meeting, party, or lesson, especially when saying what time it ends

What time does your Spanish class finish?

if an event, activity, or period of time is over, it has ended

The long summer vacation was almost over.

to finally end – used about a period of time, a situation, or an activity that has continued for a long time

The war finally came to an end six years later.

to end gradually over a period of time – used in written descriptions

These problems still remained as the twentieth century drew to an end.

if time is up, you are not allowed any more time to do something

I wasn’t able to finish the test before the time was up.

if time runs out, there is no more time available to do something, especially something important

The desperate search for survivors continues, but time is running out.

if a ticket, bank card, legal document etc expires, the period of time during which you can use it has ended

I’m afraid we can’t accept this credit card – it expired last week.

We both knew that our marriage was at an end.

if an event, activity, or story ends, it stops happening

第二次世界大战于1945年结束。

The festival will end with a spectacular laser show.

节庆活动将以壮观的激光表演结束。

The talks are aimed at ending the conflict.

我看我们今天就到这儿吧。

I’d like to end by inviting questions from the audience.

if a road, path, line etc ends, it reaches its final point

〔道路、线条等〕结束，到头

to reach the final point in a period of time in a particular condition

〔以某种状态〕到〔一段时间〕的终点

They ended the game with a score of 63-42.

他们以63比42结束了比赛。

The company ended the year with record profits.

到年底时公司获得了创纪录的收益。

to spend the last part of your life in a particular place or doing a particular thing

〔在某处或做某事〕度过余生

used to describe something that is the best, most important, or most exciting of its kind

最佳的 …；最重要的 …；最激动人心的 …

the movie with the car chase to end all car chases

有极其刺激的汽车追逐场面的影片

used to refer to the year etc that ends on a particular date

到某一天为止的那一年/那一周等

the financial results for the year ending 31 Dec 2008


endanger

[endangerment](bold) n. <U> [law](italic) eg: charges of child endangerment

to put someone or something in danger of being hurt, damaged, or destroyed

Smoking during pregnancy [endangers](bold) your baby’s [life](bold).

孕期吸烟会危及胎儿生命。


endangered

an endangered animal, bird etc is one that may soon no longer exist because there are so few of them

〔动物、鸟类等〕濒危的，濒于灭绝的

The lizards are classed as an [endangered species](bold).

这种蜥蜴被列入濒危物种。


endeavour

([BrE](special)) AmE endeavor  [v](bold) <[I](bold)>

We always endeavor to please our customers.

我们总是竭尽全力让顾客满意。


endeavour

([BrE](special)) AmE endeavor  [n](bold)

an attempt to do something new or difficult

an outstanding example of [human endeavor](bold)

They [made every endeavour](bold) to find the two boys.

他们竭尽全力寻找那两个男孩。

Despite our [best endeavours](bold), we couldn’t start the car.

我们虽然尽了最大努力，但还是无法发动汽车。


ending

the way that a story, film, activity etc finishes

〔故事、电影、活动等的〕结局，结尾

when a process stops or is finished, or when you finish it

the first elections since the ending of the dictatorship


endless

[endlessly](bold) adv. eg: This city is endlessly fascinating.

无止境的；无数的；无限的

The [possibilities](bold) are [endless](bold).

He’s been in a lot of trouble – drugs, guns, blackmail – [the list is endless](bold).

他麻烦太多了——毒品、枪支、敲诈——说都说不完。

something that is endless seems to continue forever

无休止的；无穷尽的；永久的

an [endless round of](bold) boring meetings


endorse

to express formal support or approval for someone or something

（正式）赞同，认可，支持

→see THESAURUS at [support](->support) 1

[endorse a proposal/an idea/a candidate etc](bold)

The prime minister is unlikely to endorse this view.

首相不可能赞同这一观点。

if a famous person endorses a product or service, they say in an advertisement that they use and like it

〔名人在广告中〕宣传，代言〔某一产品或服务〕

→see THESAURUS at [recommend](->recommend)

to sign your name on the back of a cheque to show that it is correct

〔在支票背面〕签名，背书

if your driving licence is endorsed for a driving offence, an official record is made on it to show that you are guilty of the offence

在〔驾驶执照〕上记录违章事项

[Endorse](bold)  is usually passive in this meaning.


endorsement

an expression of formal support or approval for someone or something

〔正式的〕赞同，认可，支持

the official endorsement of his candidacy

对他候选人资格的官方认可

To say it is the least bad system is hardly a [ringing endorsement](bold)(=a statement showing strong support).

说它是最不坏的制度，这可算不上什么强烈认同。

a statement made by a famous person in an advertisement saying that they like and use a particular product

〔名人所作的〕广告宣传，代言

an official record made on someone’s driving licence to show that they are guilty of a driving offence

〔驾驶执照上的〕违章记录


endure

to be in a difficult or painful situation for a long time without complaining

It seemed impossible that anyone could endure such pain.

似乎谁都不可能忍受这样的疼痛。

In everyday English, people usually say [stand](bold)  rather than [endure](bold) :

to remain alive or continue to exist for a long time

friendships which endure over many years


enemy

someone who does not like you because you have had a big disagreement with them in the past or someone who opposes you in business or politics

If that’s how he treats his friends, I’d hate to be his enemy.

In business, it’s best not to make too many enemies.

When he retired, he was replaced by his old adversary.

He made the fatal mistake of underestimating his adversary.

A guard called out ‘Who goes there – friend or foe?’

In the movie, Batman goes into battle with his arch enemy the Joker.

someone you are competing against, for example in a sports game, competition, or election

You win the game if you are left with more cards than your opponent.

He is admired even by his political opponents.

an enemy or opponent that is impossible to defeat – a rather formal use

In the final, he met his old nemesis, Rafael Nadal.

a country or army that you are fighting against in a war

Soldiers who were captured by the enemy suffered terribly.

Henry prepared to fight his great enemy, the king of France.

The comic book character Lex Luthor is Superman’s arch enemy.

(=enemies who hate each other very much)

When these former friends quarrelled over money, they became bitter enemies.

(=enemies who will always hate each other)

The men have been sworn enemies for many years.

The North Vietnamese army proved to be a formidable enemy.

(=enemies who try to harm each other as much as possible)

France and Germany, once deadly enemies, are now partners in the European Union.

In 1548, Scotland moved towards an alliance with her traditional enemy, England.

We must work together against the common enemy.

During her long and turbulent career, she made many enemies.

defend/protect yourself from your enemies

Our country has a right to protect itself from its enemies.

We will never defeat our enemies unless we stop fighting each other.

General Hunt ordered an air strike on the enemy positions.

(=behind the edge of an area that is controlled by an enemy army)

Men from the First Airborne Division were dropped behind enemy lines.

someone who hates you and wants to harm you

Cats and dogs have always been [natural enemies](bold).

a ruthless businessman who made a lot of enemies

the unforgettable sight of the president shaking hands with his [sworn enemy](bold)(=an enemy you will always hate)

董事长与其死敌握手的难忘情景

[sb’s worst enemy](bold)(=the person they hate most)

I [wouldn’t wish](bold) this [on](bold) my [worst enemy](bold).

即使是我的死对头，我也不愿看到他发生这样的事情。

someone who opposes or competes against you

He was imprisoned for being ‘an enemy of the revolution’.

他作为“革命的敌人”被监禁了。

the country against which your country is fighting in a war

He was accused of collaboration with the enemy.

[The enemy](bold)  is usually followed by a singular verb: The enemy [was](bold) defeated.

In British English, you can also use a plural verb: The enemy [were](bold) defeated.

something that people think is harmful or damaging

The usual enemies, cigarettes and alcohol, are targeted for tax rises.

常见危害物，如香烟和酒类，将成为增税的对象。

The [common enemy](bold) that united them was communism.

to behave in a way that causes problems for yourself

someone famous who has done something bad and who a lot of people do not like

His views made him public enemy number one in the eyes of the media.

他的观点使他成为媒体眼中的头号公敌。

people in a society etc that other people think are trying to secretly destroy or damage it

〔试图在暗地里搞破坏活动的〕内部敌人，内奸

efforts to label environmentalists as the enemy within

想给环境保护论者贴上“内奸”标签的行为

if one thing is the enemy of another, the second thing cannot exist because the first thing destroys it


energetic

ˌenəˈdʒetɪk◂

[energetically](bold) /-kli/  adv. eg: He fought energetically against apartheid.

If you’re feeling energetic, we could go out for a run.

energetic and ready to work hard or do a lot of things

I admire her because she’s so full of energy and enthusiasm.

When she first started at the college she was bursting with energy and full of new ideas.

very energetic and always wanting to do new things

What this country needs is a dynamic new leader.

having more energy than is normal or good, because you cannot keep still or quiet for very long – used especially about children

Our youngest daughter was hyperactive, and it had a damaging effect on the whole family.

working with a lot of energy in a determined way, especially to achieve a particular thing

She was a tireless campaigner against apartheid in South Africa.

feeling energetic and happy and showing this in the way you behave

He’s one of those people who leap out of bed full of beans every morning.

having or needing a lot of energy or determination

an energetic drive to get more customers

We need to be more energetic in promoting ourselves abroad.

我们需要更积极地向国外宣传自己。


energy

a power plant that generates energy from household waste

The wind farm will provide enough energy for 100,000 homes.

Batteries store the energy from the solar panels.

An efficient boiler will conserve energy and save you money.

The water pump is powered by solar energy.

The windmill uses wind energy to crush grain and pump water.

(=energy such as solar or wind energy that can be replaced naturally)

Switching to sources of renewable energy will reduce carbon emissions.

(=energy from sources other than oil, coal, or nuclear energy)

It is the first form of public transport to be powered by alternative energy.

Iceland possesses sufficient quantities of clean energy sources that it does not need to rely on fossil fuels.

30% of all our energy use is in the home.

This guide provides advice on ways of improving energy efficiency.

We all need to reduce our energy consumption.

65% of the country’s energy needs are met by imported oil.

hydroelectricity and other methods of energy production

The world’s energy resources are being used up at an alarming rate.

California experienced energy shortages that in turn led to power outages.

Europe could soon face an energy crisis.

We must secure the country’s future energy supplies.

We are looking at ways of cutting our energy bill.

Energy prices are likely to rise significantly in the near future.

Coal is more expensive than other sources of energy.

The demand for energy in developing countries will continue to grow.

(=use most of your energy doing something)

She should channel more of her energy into her studies.

The lions spend much of the day sleeping, conserving energy for the hunt.

The players seemed to be running out of energy.

Climbing with a full backpack takes a lot of energy.

After eight laps of the running track, my energy began to flag.

be full of energy/be bursting with energy

Common symptoms include a loss of appetite and a lack of energy.

He tried to summon up one final burst of energy, but his legs wouldn’t respond.

The children ran up and down the beach with boundless energy.

(=energy that young people naturally have)

She is very talented and full of youthful energy.

(=that makes you want to write, draw, paint etc)

We have seen an explosion of creative energy from the band this year.

(=energy that comes from being nervous or excited)

Regular exercise increases your energy levels.

power that is used to provide heat, operate machines etc

The water is heated using energy from the sun.

The problem with nuclear energy is dealing with the waste.

核能的问题就是要处理核废料。

the physical and mental strength that makes you able to do things

Where do those kids get their energy from?

那些孩子哪来这么多精力？

Are you suffering from [a lack of energy](bold)?

The city is full of [creative energy](bold).

I really [put](bold) a lot of [energy into](bold) what I do.

我做起事来总是投入很大精力。

He wants to [conserve](bold) his [energy](bold) for next week's game (=use as little energy as possible now, so that you have more energy to use later).

他想为下周的比赛保存体力。

a special power that some people believe exists in their bodies and in some buildings

There was a lot of energy in the room this morning – did you feel it?

今天早上这房间里充满活力，你感觉到了吗？

in physics, the ability that something has to work or move

the effort and interest that you use to do things

[apply/devote/channel your energies into/to sth](bold)

She’s devoting all her energies to the wedding plans.

她把所有精力都花在筹备婚礼上了。


enforce

[enforceable](bold) adj. eg: The recommendations are not [legally enforceable](bold).

He wants the police to enforce the law and arrest the men.

The president called for UN action to enforce the agreement.

The ban on commercial whaling can only be enforced with the international cooperation.

The EU has threatened to enforce sanctions by blockading the port.

You have to enforce classroom discipline or there is chaos.

The new parking restrictions will be strictly enforced.

Rules are only effective if they are properly enforced.

Governments make laws and the police enforce them.

政府制定法律，警察负责执行。

Parking restrictions will be [strictly enforced](bold).

to make something happen or force someone to do something

It is unlikely that a record company would enforce its views on an established artist.

唱片公司未必能强迫一位已出名的艺人接受他们的意见。


enforcement

when people are made to obey a rule, law etc


engage

to be doing or to become involved in an activity

Only 10% of American adults engage in regular exercise.

只有10%的美国成年人定期锻炼。

The two parties engaged upon an escalating political struggle.

两党之间的政治斗争日益加剧。

Despite her illness, she remains [actively engaged](bold) in shaping policy.

尽管有病在身，她还是积极参与政策的制定。

to attract someone’s attention and keep them interested

The toy didn’t engage her interest for long.

这个玩具对她的吸引力没有维持多久。

[engage sb in conversation](bold)(=start talking to them)

to get involved with other people and their ideas in order to understand them

与某人/某事物建立密切关系

Are you so tired you don’t have the energy to engage with your kids?

你难道累得都没有精力陪你的孩子们了吗？

to employ someone to do a particular job

Her father engaged a tutor to improve her maths.

她爸爸请了一位家庭教师给她补习数学。

We’d be able to engage local people as volunteers.

我们可以请当地人做志愿者。

if you engage part of a machine, or if it engages, it moves so that it fits into another part of the machine

（使）〔机器部件〕啮合，（使）接合

She engaged the clutch and the car moved.

她踩下离合器，汽车便开动了。

The wheel engages with the cog and turns it.

轮子咬住轮齿并带动它转动。

American forces did not directly engage.


engaged

if two people are engaged, they have agreed to marry

Have you heard? Sally and Ray are [getting engaged](bold).

你听说了吗？萨莉和雷要订婚了。

You are or get [engaged to](bold)  someone: He is engaged to a lovely woman.
Don’t say: [He is engaged with a lovely woman.](strike)

if you call someone on the telephone and their line is engaged, they are already speaking to someone else

She rang Mrs Tavett but the [line](bold) was [engaged](bold).

她打电话给塔韦特夫人，但电话占线。

[engaged tone/signal](bold)(=the sound you hear when the phone is engaged)

a public toilet that is engaged is being used

to be unable to do something because you are doing something else


engagement

ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt

ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt

The couple are expected to announce their engagement today.

Were you surprised when Toni broke off your engagement?

(=a long period between getting engaged and getting married)

Neither of them wanted a long engagement.

They were married last month after a short engagement.

Jerry bought her a beautiful sapphire engagement ring.

Last year, the princess carried out over 300 official engagements.

He instructed his secretary to cancel all his engagements.

This is the prime minister's first official engagement since the elections.

She appeared with her husband at many public engagements.

He had an important engagement with his solicitor.

I'm sorry I can't be there, but I have a previous engagement.

I've been turning down speaking engagements to concentrate on writing my memoirs.

an agreement between two people to marry, or the period of time they are engaged

Their [engagement](bold) was [announced](bold) in the paper.

他们订婚的消息在报上公布了。

Tony was stunned when Lisa suddenly [broke off](bold) their [engagement](bold)(=finished it).

托尼对莉萨突然解除他俩的婚约感到震惊。

[engagement ring](bold)(=a ring that a man gives a woman to show that they are engaged)

an official arrangement to do something, especially one that is related to your work

〔尤指与工作有关的〕约定，约会

The princess will continue to [carry out](bold) royal [engagements](bold).

公主将继续履行王室的约定。

This is his only public [speaking engagement](bold) on the tour.

这是他此行唯一一场公开演讲。

His excuse of a [prior engagement](bold) was accepted.

他事先另有安排的理由被接受了。

when you become involved with someone or something in order to understand them

a strategy of engagement and cooperation with China

与中国保持联系和合作的策略

Many students pass without any real engagement in learning.

许多学生没怎么学习就通过了考试。

an official arrangement to employ or pay someone to do a particular job

Please sign to indicate your acceptance of the [terms of engagement](bold).

请签名表示你接受聘用条款。

the fitting together of the working parts of a machine


engine

I fastened my seat belt and turned on the engine.

Maggie pulled over and switched off the engine.

As the lights turned green, Chris gunned the engine and we surged forward.

He parked outside the bank and kept the engine running.

(=runs slowly while the vehicle, machine etc is not moving)

The taxi waited at the kerb, its engine idling noisily.

The newer model has a more powerful engine.

The engine is small, so it's quite economical to run.

I heard the sound of a car engine in the distance.

When the boat developed engine trouble, the crew had to abandon ship.

(=when an engine stops working suddenly)

Their aircraft suffered engine failure and crashed into the sea.

The engine capacity of motorcycles ranges from 50cc to 1800cc.

the part of a vehicle that produces power to make it move

[stop/turn off/switch off an engine](bold)

He switched off the car’s engine and waited.

他关掉汽车的发动机等着。

We were stranded with [engine trouble](bold) on a deserted highway.

我们因发动机故障而被困在空无一人的公路上。

something powerful that causes great changes in society

The Marshall Plan was the engine of post-war economic growth.

马歇尔计划是战后经济发展的原动力。


engineer

someone whose job is to design or build roads, bridges, machines etc

He trained as a [civil engineer](bold)(=one who designs and builds roads, bridges etc).

他接受过土木工程师培训。

someone whose job is to take care of the engines on a ship or aircraft

〔船上的〕轮机手；〔飞机上的〕机械师

someone whose job is to repair electrical equipment or machines


engineer

to make something happen by skilful secret planning

powerful enemies who engineered his downfall

密谋导致他垮台的强大敌人

Perhaps she could engineer a meeting between them?

或许她可以好好安排一下让他们见一面？

to change the genetic structure of a plant, animal etc

改变〔动植物等〕的基因结构

the dangers of engineering native plants

改变本地植物基因结构的风险

to design and plan the building of roads, bridges, machines, etc

设计〔公路、桥梁、机器等〕

The car is engineered to drive smoothly at high speeds.

这款汽车设计得可以高速平稳驾驶。

[Engineer](bold)  is often passive in this meaning.


engineering

ˌendʒəˈnɪərɪŋ

→ [civil engineering](->civil engineering) → [genetic engineering](->genetic engineering)

the work involved in designing and building roads, bridges, machines etc


enhance

[enhancer](bold) n. <C> eg: flavor enhancers

良好的照明能给房间增色不少。

The publicity has [enhanced](bold) his [reputation](bold).

这次宣传提高了他的声誉。


enjoy

[Enjoy](bold)  is usually transitive. You [enjoy](bold)  something: I enjoyed the game. Did you enjoy it?
Don’t say: [I enjoyed.](strike)  [Did you enjoy?](strike)

You [enjoy doing](bold)  something: I enjoyed watching the game on TV.

[Enjoy](bold)  is never followed by an infinitive.
Don’t say: [I enjoyed to watch the game on TV.](strike)

In informal English, you sometimes use [Enjoy!](bold)  on its own, when saying that you hope someone enjoys something: Here’s your pizza. Enjoy!

桑德拉很喜欢她在城里的这份工作。

Young children enjoy helping around the house.

小孩子喜欢在家里帮着做点事。

enjoy yourself (=be happy in a particular situation)

Julia was just starting to enjoy herself.

to have a particular ability or advantage

These workers enjoy a high level of job security.

这些工人的工作非常稳定。

used to say that you hope someone gets pleasure from something you give them

你的牛排来了，好好享用吧！


enjoyment

the feeling of pleasure you get from having or doing something, or something you enjoy doing

Acting has [brought](bold) me enormous [enjoyment](bold).

演戏给我带来莫大的快乐。

Unfortunately, a small minority want to [spoil](bold) everyone else’s [enjoyment](bold).

很遗憾，少数几个人想令其他所有人扫兴。


enlarge

if you enlarge something, or if it enlarges, it increases in size or scale

Police will have the pictures enlarged in an attempt to identify the thief.

为了确认窃贼的身份，警方会将这些照片放大。

[enlarge sb’s understanding/knowledge etc](bold)

A good way to enlarge your vocabulary is to read a daily newspaper.

一个扩大词汇量的好方法是阅读日报。


enlist

to persuade someone to help you to do something

He has enlisted the help of a sports psychologist for the team.

他为球队请了一位运动心理学家来帮忙。

At the outbreak of war, he was enlisted in the army.

战争爆发后，他参加了陆军。


enormous

〔尺寸、数量〕巨大的，庞大的

The team made an [enormous effort](bold).

[Enormous](bold)  is not used with ‘very’. You say: Their garden is absolutely enormous.
Don’t say: [Their garden is very enormous.](strike)


enormously

The project has benefited enormously from Jan’s knowledge.

这个项目深深得益于简的学识。


enough

[fair enough](bold) at → [fair](->fair) 1 sense 14 [sure enough](bold) at → [sure](->sure) 2 sense 1

You use [enough](bold)  after an adjective or adverb: It’s small enough to fit in your pocket. We’re not going fast enough.
Don’t say: [It’s enough small to fit in your pocket.](strike)  [We’re not going enough fast.](strike)

[adv](bold) <[always after a verb, adjective, or adverb](bold)>

to the degree that is necessary or wanted

He just hadn’t thought enough about the possible consequences.

他就是没有充分考虑可能造成的后果。

You can go to school when you’re old enough.

埃文斯的身体状况能够参加比赛吗？

The rooms are all large enough to take a third bed.

这些房间都很大，足够放下第三张床。

Surely no one would be foolish enough to lend him the money?

肯定没有人会傻到把钱借给他吧？

You’re late. It’s just [not good enough](bold)(=not satisfactory or acceptable).

你迟到了，这确实不像样。

I was happy enough in Bordeaux, but I missed my family.

我在波尔多过得不错，但还是想家。

他是一个相当不错的小伙子。

used to say that a situation is already bad and you do not want it to get any worse

够糟糕的/困难的/艰苦的等〔用于表示不希望情况变得更糟〕

Life’s difficult enough without you interfering all the time.

没有你成天搅和，生活就已经够艰难的了。

lucky/unfortunate etc enough to be/do sth

used to say that someone is lucky or unlucky that something happens to them

幸运/不幸等遇到/做某事

They were unlucky enough to be caught in the storm.

would you be good/kind enough to do sth?

used to ask someone politely to do something for you

Would you be good enough to hold the door open?

帮忙把住门，别让它关上好吗？

used to say that a fact or something that happens is strange or surprising

Strangely enough, I didn’t feel at all nervous when I faced the audience.

奇怪的是，我面对听众时一点也不感到紧张。

used when you are guessing a number, amount, time etc because you cannot be exact

几乎，差不多〔用于猜测数字、数量、时间等〕

The full cost comes to £3,000, near enough.

全部费用差不多有3,000英镑。


enough

You use [enough](bold)  before uncountable and plural nouns: There isn’t enough time. There aren’t enough books.

as much or as many as necessary, or as you want

My family never had enough money for holidays abroad.

The police did not have sufficient evidence to justify a charge.

The accuracy of the older technique was sufficient for our needs.

enough in quantity or good enough in quality for a particular purpose

All staff must be given adequate training in health and safety.

Local residents will be given ample opportunity to express their views.

People used to think that 1 GB of memory was ample for the average personal computer.

an amount that is enough or more than enough

Allow yourself plenty of time to get to the airport.

Your daughter won’t need much cash at camp ($20-$25 will be plenty).

used to say that a particular number or amount will be enough for what you need

‘How many envelopes do you want?’ ‘Ten should do.’

as many or as much as is needed or wanted

足够(的)，充足(的)，充分(的)

Not enough is known about what happened.

对所发生的事情了解得还不够多。

There aren’t enough chairs for everyone.

Erica was worried that the children weren’t getting enough to eat.

埃丽卡担心孩子们会吃不饱。

The police didn’t have enough evidence to convict him.

警方没有足够的证据给他定罪。

He didn’t even earn enough to pay the rent.

他挣的钱甚至连付房租都不够。

You’ve had [more than enough](bold) time to make all the preparations.

你已经有足够多的时间来做好一切准备。

[enough to go round](bold)(=enough of something for everyone to have some)

Do you think we’ve got enough pizza to go round?

你觉得我们的比萨饼每人一份够吗？

[not nearly/nowhere near enough](bold) [informal](special)(=much less than you need)

We only had $500, and that was nowhere near enough to buy a new camcorder.

我们只有500美元，要买一台新的便携式摄像机是远远不够的。

[time/reason/trouble etc enough](bold) [old-fashioned](special)

Come on – there’ll be time enough to chat later.

好了，以后有的是时间可以再聊。

used to say that a situation is already bad and you do not want it to get any worse

够多(的)〔用于表示不希望情况变得更糟〕

She has enough problems without you two getting into fights.

你们俩就算不打架，她面对的问题也够多的了。

I don’t want to bother him – he has enough to worry about.

我不想麻烦他，他要担心的事够多的了。

used to say you are tired or angry about a situation and want it to stop

When I got home I just sat down and cried. I’d had enough.

我回到家就坐下哭了起来。我受够了。

I’ve just about had enough of your stupid remarks.

used to say that something that is happening should stop

够了〔用于表示正在发生的事情应当停止〕

There comes a point when you say enough is enough.

是时候了，你不该再忍下去了。

(also: [enough already](bold) ([AmE](bold)) )

used to tell someone to stop doing something

行了〔用于叫某人停止做某事〕

Now, you two, that’s quite enough. Sit down and be quiet.

喂，你们俩，到此为止吧。坐下来安静一会儿。

used to tell someone that they do not need to say any more because you understand the point they are making

不用再说了〔用于表示都明白了〕

‘He’s the sort of man who wears a lot of jewellery.’ ‘Enough said.’

“他是那种浑身戴满首饰的人。”“不用再说了。”

to enjoy something so much that you want more and more of it

Her millions of fans can’t get enough of her.

她的无数崇拜者对她如痴如狂。


enrich

[enrichment](bold) n. <U> eg: curriculum enrichment

[enriched](bold) adj. eg: enriched uranium

to improve the quality of something, especially by adding things to it

Education can greatly [enrich](bold) your [life](bold).

to increase the number of atoms in a nuclear fuel so that it produces more power


enrol

([BrE](special)) enroll ([AmE](bold))  [v](bold) <[I,T](bold)>

[past tense and past participle](italic) [enrolled](bold) [present participle](italic) [enrolling](bold)

to officially arrange to join a school, university, or course, or to arrange for someone else to do this

招(生)，吸收(成员)；注册(课程)

I decided to enrol for ‘Art for Beginners’.

我决定注册修读“艺术入门”课程。

Californians are rushing to enroll in special aerobics classes.

加利福尼亚人在争先恐后地报名参加专门的有氧运动课。


ensue

to happen after or as a result of something

problems that ensue from food and medical shortages

食品和药品短缺引起的问题


ensure

([especially BrE](special)) also: [insure](bold) ([AmE](bold))  [v](bold) <[T](bold)>

to make certain that something will happen properly

facilities to ensure the safety of cyclists

The hospital tries to ensure that people are seen quickly.

这家医院尽量确保人们可以迅速就诊。

In everyday English, people usually say [make sure](bold)  rather than [ensure](bold) :

Please [make sure](bold) all the windows are closed.

[Make sure](bold)  is followed by a clause (with or without [that](bold) ), never a direct object:

[regulations to [ensure their safety](bold)](strike)

regulations to [make sure (that) they are safe](bold)


enter

You [enter](bold)  a place: They entered the building through the front door.
Don’t say: [They entered into the building](strike) .

You usually use [enter into](bold)  when talking about starting agreements or discussions with someone.

You [go into](bold)  a place: They went into the building through the front door.

to go or come into a place. [Enter](bold) is more formal than [go in](bold)

It appears the burglars entered the house through a back window.

Occupying troops entered the town on 8th April.

to enter a place. [Go in/into](bold) is the usual phrase to use in everyday English

He went into the cafe and ordered a drink.

to enter a place – used when you are already in that place

When you come into the village, you’ll see the church on your right.

to succeed in entering a place, especially when it is difficult or it takes a long time

You can’t get into the club if you are under 18.

to enter a building using force, for example in order to steal something

If anyone tries to break in, the alarm will go off.

to enter a room or building very suddenly and noisily

Two men with guns burst in and told us to lie on the floor.

He burst into my office laughing and screaming like a maniac.

to suddenly enter a room where you are not wanted because you are interrupting someone or you were not invited

She just barged into my room without knocking.

to enter a place quietly and secretly hoping that no one will notice you

If you’re late, just try and sneak into the back of the class.

Maggie opened the door silently and slipped in.

to enter an area of land that belongs to someone else without permission

The sign said ‘Trespassers will be prosecuted’.

Trespassing on the railway is a criminal offence in the UK.

我一进去，屋里就静下来了。

Few reporters dared to enter the war zone.

没有几个记者敢进入战区。

if an object enters part of something, it goes inside it

to start working in a particular profession or organization, or to start studying at a school or university

开始从事〔某职业〕；加入〔某组织〕；考上〔学校或大学〕

她于1996年进入政界。

He [entered the Church](bold)(=became a priest) as a young man.

to start to take part in an activity, or become involved in a situation

He entered the election as the clear favourite.

他参加竞选时显然最有希望获胜。

The rebels were prepared to [enter negotiations](bold)(=start discussing something).

to put information into a computer by pressing the keys

Press the return key to enter the information.

if you enter a computer system, you are given permission to use it by the computer

It won’t let you enter without a password.

to write information on a particular part of a form, document etc

〔在表格、文件等中〕写下，填上

别忘了填上你的邮政编码。

to arrange to take part in a race, competition, examination etc, or to arrange for someone else to take part

报名参加；安排〔某人〕参加

At least 30 schools entered the competition.

至少有30所学校参加了竞赛。

Decisions about when he or she is entered for an examination should be taken very carefully.

应慎重决定其何时参加考试。

to begin a period of time when something happens

The economy has entered a period of recession.

[enter its third week/sixth day/second year etc](bold)

The talks have now entered their third week.

if a new idea, thought etc enters your head, or a new quality enters something, it suddenly starts to exist there

〔新的想法、观念等〕突然产生于；〔新的特质〕突然出现于

她的声音突然透出一丝恐慌。

[it never entered sb’s head/mind](bold)(=used to say that someone never considered a particular idea, especially when this is surprising)

It never entered his head that she might be seeing someone else.

他从未想到过她或许会另有相好。

if someone or something enters your life, you start to know them or be affected by them

By the time Angie entered his life, he was almost 30.

安吉走进他的生活时，他已差不多30岁了。

Wilson [entered](bold) a [plea](bold) of not guilty (=said that he was not guilty at the beginning of a court case).

威尔逊在法庭上否认有罪。

Residents entered a number of objections to the scheme.

居民对该方案提出了一些反对意见。


enterprise

The company has grown into a large-scale enterprise that employs hundreds of people.

The tax will affect owners of small-scale enterprises consisting of up to ten people.

She is the owner of an extremely successful enterprise.

If you are setting up your own business enterprise, your bank can help.

It's an economic enterprise, not a charity.

New Zealand Rail is a state-owned enterprise.

(=an area created by the government to attract businesses)

Many firms relocate to enterprise zones because of tax incentives.

(=an economic system in which there are many private businesses)

An enterprise economy can generate wealth and reduce unemployment.

[commercial enterprises](bold) such as banks and food manufacturers

银行和食品制造厂等商业企业

[state/public enterprise](bold) especially BrE(=one owned by the government)

the activity of starting and running businesses

the management of [state enterprise](bold)(=done by the government)

→ [free enterprise](->free enterprise) → [private enterprise](->private enterprise)

a large and complicated project, especially one that is done with a group of other people

〔尤指与其他团队合作的〕项目，事业

The programme is a [joint enterprise](bold) with the London Business School.

这一计划是与伦敦商学院的合作项目。

the ability to think of new activities or ideas and make them work

创业精神；事业心；进取心

We’re looking for young people with enterprise and creativity.

我们在寻找有事业心和创造力的年轻人。


entertain

to amuse or interest people in a way that gives them pleasure

（使）感到快乐；（使）有兴趣

She entertained the children with stories, songs and drama.

她又讲故事又唱歌，还演戏，把孩子们逗得很开心。

A museum should aim to entertain as well as educate.

博物馆应该致力于成为娱乐和教育功能并重的场所。

to invite people to your home for a meal, party etc, or to take your company’s customers somewhere to have a meal, drinks etc

Mark usually does the cooking when we entertain.

我们招待客人时通常都是马克下厨。

Do you get an allowance for [entertaining clients](bold)?

to consider an idea etc, or allow yourself to think that something might happen or be true

怀有某种想法/希望/看法等

She could never entertain the idea of living in the country.

她绝不可能有住到乡下去的想法。


entertaining

ˌentəˈteɪnɪŋ◂

Children’s TV nowadays is much more entertaining.

如今的儿童电视节目要比过去有趣多了。


entertaining

when you invite people for meals or to parties, at home or for business reasons

The hotel is used for [corporate entertaining](bold)(=for business reasons).

这家酒店可举办商务宴请。


entertainment

(=performed while people watch, not recorded and watched later)

There are three bars, all with live entertainment.

The holiday village has plenty of family entertainment on offer.

Reality TV has been a very successful form of mass entertainment.

(=shows etc that are funny and easy to understand rather than serious)

He believes that children can appreciate more than just light entertainment.

The evening’s entertainment concluded with a firework display.

Dancers and musicians were on hand to provide entertainment.

The organizers laid on some entertainment for the children.

video games and other modern forms of entertainment

(=a place where people can go to enjoy entertainment)

Clubs and other places of entertainment must close by 3am.

The union represents people who work in the entertainment industry.

The films provide great entertainment value for kids.

things such as films, television, performances etc that are intended to amuse or interest people

The town provides a wide choice of entertainment.

该镇提供各式各样的娱乐活动。

There will be [live entertainment](bold)(=performed then, not recorded) throughout the day.

The dolphins give good [entertainment value](bold)(=a lot of amusement and interest).

海豚具有很高的娱乐价值。

when you entertain someone at home, or for business


enthusiasm

The younger children showed little enthusiasm for the game.

The diet started well, but I lost enthusiasm after a while.

The changes to the timetable failed to arouse enthusiasm amongst the staff.

I’m afraid I don’t share my husband’s enthusiasm for camping.

At high school, Mr Jones really fired my enthusiasm for history.

There was considerable enthusiasm for the idea of a party.

He always plays with tremendous enthusiasm.

She talked about the project with genuine enthusiasm.

I’d like to thank the design team for their boundless enthusiasm.

In the nearby villages, there’s little enthusiasm for the airport.

(=happening at the beginning, but not lasting)

After a few months, their initial enthusiasm had started to wane.

(=starting again, with increased energy or interest)

After lunch, she went about the task with renewed enthusiasm.

(=enthusiasm that is typical of young people)

The team has just the right mix of youthful enthusiasm and experience.

The proposal has been greeted with enthusiasm by both parties.

He entered politics full of enthusiasm, but that gradually disappeared.

be brimming/bursting/bubbling with enthusiasm

Andrea’s voice was brimming with enthusiasm when she told John her plans.

(=be very enthusiastic and keen to do something)

She came back from the course fired up with enthusiasm.

The new year began with a fresh wave of enthusiasm.

My lack of enthusiasm for his suggestion made him angry.

a strong feeling of interest and enjoyment about something and an eagerness to be involved in it

Gillian and Darren greeted the speakers [with great enthusiasm](bold).

吉利恩和达伦非常热情地接待了演讲者。

We went along to the local diving club, [full of enthusiasm](bold).

我们兴高采烈地去了当地的潜水俱乐部。

They go about their tasks [with little enthusiasm](bold).

他们执行任务时没多大干劲。

Britain’s apparent [lack of enthusiasm](bold) for such a scheme

英国对这样的计划显然兴趣不大

Employers [showed little enthusiasm](bold) for the new regulations.

雇主们对新法规显得比较冷淡。

He [shares](bold) your [enthusiasm](bold) for jazz.

I left university [fired with enthusiasm](bold) for work.

我大学毕业时对参加工作充满了热情。

A delay of two hours did not [dampen](bold) their [enthusiasm](bold).

耽误了两小时没有减弱他们的热情。

an activity or subject that someone is very interested in


enthusiast

someone who is very interested in a particular activity or subject

热衷者，爱好者，热心的人

an enthusiast for the latest management thinking


enthusiastic

ɪnˌθjuːziˈæstɪk◂

feeling or showing a lot of interest or excitement about something

He’s really enthusiastic about his new job.

An enthusiastic crowd cheered the team onto the pitch.

wanting to do something or know about something very soon

He was eager to hear every detail of her day.

She was always eager for her turn on the catwalk.

She hasn’t much experience but she’s very keen.

John was a keen student who worked very hard.

doing something in a very enthusiastic way, especially supporting something or making sure that people obey rules

She was a zealous supporter of the revolution.

The company has been extremely zealous in defending its interests.

Officials have been very zealous in the application of the new regulations.

used when you want to emphasize that someone does something a lot or is very interested in something

I’ve become an avid collector of his work.

As a schoolboy he had an avid interest in birds.

believing or feeling something very strongly and sincerely

Galinsoga was one of Franco’s most fervent supporters.

One of Allen 's fervent admirers was Richard Nixon.

her fervent belief in promoting the work of good women artists

to like something very much and be very interested in it

Since you’re so mad about clothes, you can help me choose a wedding dress.

to feel pleased and excited because you know that something is going to happen soon

The Irish are very enthusiastic about horse racing.

I wanted to go, but Helen seemed less enthusiastic.

‘I’m sure we can do it,’ she said, trying to sound enthusiastic.

Your husband doesn’t look too enthusiastic about the idea.

His policies won him the enthusiastic support of middle-income voters.

He is an enthusiastic supporter of the war.

The proposal has received an enthusiastic response from the union.

The audience gave him an enthusiastic reception.

It’s nice to see such an enthusiastic crowd at the match.

His speech was greeted by enthusiastic applause.

(=someone with a fairly low level of skill who tries hard)

There are a few professionals in the race, but most are enthusiastic amateurs.

feeling or showing a lot of interest and excitement about something

All the staff are enthusiastic about the project.

全体员工对这个项目都很感兴趣。

The singer got an enthusiastic reception.

那位歌手受到了热烈欢迎。


entire

used when you want to emphasize that you mean all of a group, period of time, amount etc

那是我一生中最糟糕的一天。


entirely

The ridge consists entirely of volcanic rock.

这处山脊完全由火山岩构成。


entitle

to give someone the official right to do or have something

Full-time employees are entitled to receive health insurance.

全职雇员都有资格享受健康保险。

Membership entitles you to the monthly journal.

凭会员身份可以获取月刊。

[Entitle](bold)  is often passive in this meaning.

if a book, play etc is entitled something, that is its name

a documentary entitled ‘The Price of Perfection’

一部名为《完美的代价》的纪录片


entitlement

the official right to have or do something, or the amount that you have a right to receive

〔拥有或获得某物的〕权利；应得的数额

Do you need advice on your entitlement to state benefits?

关于你可享受的国家津贴，你是否需要一些建议？

The paid holiday entitlement is 25 days.

可享有的带薪假期为25天。


entity

something that exists as a single and complete unit

The mind exists as a [separate entity](bold).

思想作为一个独立的实体存在。

Good design brings a house and garden together as a [single entity](bold).

优秀的设计能把一所房子和花园合为一体。


entrance

She found a parking space close to the hospital's main entrance.

There is a long drive with steps leading to the front entrance.

I could see part of the yard through the narrow entrance.

There was a wide entrance at the front of the building.

Our taxi pulled up outside the hotel entrance.

We watched as the ferry approached the harbour entrance.

At high tide, the tunnel entrance is totally submerged.

People passed in single file through the narrow entrance.

A large stone blocked the entrance to the tomb.

He walked through the front door into the entrance hall.

(=an area at the entrance to a large building)

There was no sign of her in the entrance foyer.

Soldiers were guarding the entrance gate.

a door, gate etc that you go through to enter a place

大门(口)；入口(处)；通道

the act of entering a place or room, especially in a way that people notice

进入，进门〔尤指以引起人们注意的方式〕

Bridget [made](bold) a dramatic [entrance](bold) into the room.

布里奇特动作夸张地进了房间。

Reporters even managed to [gain entrance](bold) to her hotel.

记者们甚至设法进入了她入住的酒店。

How much is the [entrance fee](bold)(=money you pay to get in somewhere)?

permission to become a member of or become involved in a profession, university, society etc

〔某行业、大学、社团等的〕进入许可

the initial interview for entrance to the Civil Service

when a person, country, organization etc first becomes involved in a particular area of activity

The referendum blocked Switzerland’s entrance into the European Economic Area.

全民投票阻止了瑞士加入欧洲经济区。


entrance

[entranced](bold) adj. eg: She stopped, entranced.

[entrancing](bold) adj. eg: entrancing stories

if you are entranced by someone or something, you give them all your attention because they are so beautiful, interesting etc

I was entranced by the sweetness of her voice.


entrepreneur

ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜː

ˌɑːntrəprəˈnɜːr

someone who starts a new business or arranges business deals in order to make money, often in a way that involves financial risks


entrust

to make someone responsible for doing something important, or for taking care of someone

She entrusted her son’s education to a private tutor.

她把儿子的教育托付给了一位私人教师。

I was entrusted with the task of looking after the money.


entry

Burglars use various methods to gain entry to houses.

(=get into a building by breaking a door, window etc)

The church was locked, but he managed to force an entry.

(=enter in a way that makes other people notice you)

She waited until everyone was sitting down before she made her entry.

(=when someone gets into a building illegally)

The two men were later arrested and charged with illegal entry.

(=when someone gets into a place where they are not allowed)

There was a big sign on the door saying NO UNAUTHORIZED ENTRY.

(=when someone gets into a building illegally by breaking a door, window etc)

There were no signs of a forced entry, but several paintings were missing.

(=a place where people can enter a country)

The 2,000 mile border is the main entry point into the country for illegal aliens.

You need good exam results to gain entry to the best universities.

(=stop someone taking part in something)

Tariffs on trade have the effect of restricting entry into the market.

Japan has one of the highest rates of college and university entry in the world.

Applicants must satisfy the normal entry requirements for the school.

What are the entry qualifications for the course?

Guests have free entry to the hotel spa and gym.

(=a visa which allows you to enter a country)

Visitors to the United States must first obtain an entry visa.

(=a ticket that allows you to enter a place)

The holiday includes a 2-day entry ticket to the Euro Disneyland Theme Park.

The number of people applying for entry into the country is increasing every year.

Citizens of most EU countries are allowed automatic entry into Britain.

He was refused entry to the club because he was wearing trainers.

The door had ‘No Entry’ written in large letters.

It was dark and their entry into the camp had gone unnoticed.

天很黑，没人看见他们进入营地。

Harry [made](bold) his [entry](bold) into the village.

There was no sign of a [forced entry](bold).

How did the thieves [gain entry](bold)(=get in)?

when someone starts to take part in a system, a particular kind of work etc, or the permission they need in order to do this

the minimum height for entry into the police force

This enabled European banks to [gain entry](bold) into new markets.

这使得欧洲各银行能够进入新的市场。

the entry requirements for a degree course

the right to enter a place, building etc

Entry to the gardens is included in the price of admission.

进入花园的费用包括在门票里。

The refugees were repeatedly [refused entry](bold) into (=not allowed in) the country.

难民一再被拒绝进入该国。

[no entry](bold)(=written on signs to show that you are not allowed to go somewhere)

something that you write, make, do etc in order to try and win a competition

The [winning entry](bold) will be published in our April issue.

获奖作品将登在我们的四月刊上。

提交参赛作品的截止日期是几号？

the number of people or things taking part in a competition

We’ve attracted a record entry this year.

今年我们吸引来的参赛者数量空前。

a piece of writing in a diary, or in a book containing information such as a dictionary

〔日记的〕一则；〔词典等的〕条目

the act of putting information into a computer

a door, gate, or passage that you go through to enter a place


envelope

I opened the envelope, pulled out the document and read it.

My fingers trembled as I tore open the envelope.

She sealed the envelope and stuck on a stamp.

(=to put letters or documents into many envelopes, for example as part of a political campaign)

We need volunteers to stuff envelopes and deliver leaflets.

(=with a stamp/a stamp and an address already on it)

A copy of the rules can be obtained by sending a stamped-addressed envelope to the above address.

(=one with your own name and address on)

Enclose a self-addressed envelope with your application form.

There was a large brown envelope on his desk.

The contract was delivered by special messenger in a sealed envelope.

(=used to describe a calculation or plan that is written down quickly on any available small piece of paper)

She scribbled a few ideas on the back of an envelope.

a thin paper cover in which you put and send a letter

She tore open the envelope and frantically read the letter.

He got a job [stuffing envelopes](bold)(=filling them with letters) at the campaign headquarters.

他找了一份在竞选总部装信封的工作。

a layer of something that surrounds something else

to try to go beyond the normal limits of something

a musician who pushes the envelope of improvisation

突破即兴演奏界限的音乐家


environment

the air, water, and land on Earth, which is affected by man’s activities

We need to do more to protect the environment.

How much does air travel damage the environment?

all the animals and plants that exist in a place, considered as a single system with parts that depend on each other

The rapid decline in the number of great sharks is disrupting the marine ecosystem.

The tree can grow to be 120 feet tall in its natural habitat.

the Earth’s surface and atmosphere where animals and plants can live

Scientists are monitoring changes in the global biosphere.

the scientific study of the way in which the animals, plants, and natural features of a place affect and depend on each other

relating to the environment or to protecting the environment

Voters are becoming more concerned about green issues.

The party is keen to demonstrate its green credentials show that it thinks the environment is important.

relating to the environment and protecting the environment

eco-friendly productswhich do not harm the environment

eco-tourismwhich does not harm the environment

eco-warriorsomeone who protests to try to save the environment

eco-sensitive landwhere the environment is easily damaged

We need to take drastic steps to protect the environment.

(=protect it and prevent it from changing or being damaged)

People need to live in harmony with nature and conserve the environment.

The government insists that the dam will not harm the environment.

We need to find ways of producing energy without destroying the environment.

Nuclear waste will pollute the environment for centuries.

It’s about time that we started cleaning up the environment.

Current methods of farming are damaging the natural environment.

(=the sea and the creatures that live there)

Fish farming poses a threat to the marine environment.

Plastic bags are bad for the environment.

Emissions from cars are harmful to the environment.

In developing countries, protection of the environment is not a primary concern.

There are many organizations dedicated to conservation of the environment.

A lot of chemicals used in industry cause harm to the environment.

Logging has led to the destruction of the natural environment.

The waste material must be stored safely to avoid pollution of the environment.

The building’s design will minimize its impact on the environment.

(=the place where you live or work, including buildings, furniture etc)

Improvements to the physical environment range from removing graffiti to planting trees.

(=the building in which you live or work, and the area very close to it)

Most accidents happen to young children within the immediate environment of their home.

The playground provides a safe environment for children.

They argued that being married helps provide a stable environment for bringing up children.

The restaurant offers a stylish and friendly environment with first-class service.

People who live in a very clean environment may have a lower immunity to germs.

Our business has to operate in an increasingly competitive environment.

Most people prefer a quiet working environment.

A lot of children suffer because of problems in their home environment.

The economic environment has changed, and many countries are sliding into recession.

In today’s fast-moving business environment, companies must be flexible.

Ministers are having to make these decisions in a difficult political environment.

Changes in the cultural environment affect people’s attitudes and values.

a coastal/desert/mountain etc environment

The storm caused significant damage to the coastal environment.

(=one where the conditions make life difficult)

The freezing climate makes this one of the most inhospitable environments on the planet.

It is difficult to see how anything can survive in such a hostile environment.

Many people are worried about the impact of tourism on the region’s fragile environment.

Some of these chemicals are very damaging to the environment.

这些化学品中有些对环境非常有害。

the effects of acid rain on the environment

the government minister for the environment

You always say [the environment](bold)  in this meaning: Pollution from cars is bad for the environment.
Don’t say: [Pollution from cars is bad for environment.](strike)

the people and things that are around you in your life, for example the buildings you use, the people you live or work with, and the general situation you are in

The company had failed to provide a safe environment for its workers.

该公司没有为员工提供安全的工作环境。

the natural features of a place, for example its weather, the type of land it has, and the type of plants that grow in it

a very adaptable creature that will eat different foods in different environments

一种能在不同环境中吃不同食物的适应能力很强的生物


environmental

[environmentally](bold) adv. eg: environmentally damaging projects

Environmental issues, such as cliff erosion and pollution, directly affect people’s lives.

Is environmental protection more important than economic growth?

the environmental damage caused by opencast mining

Power stations cause a lot of environmental pollution.

Acid rain is one of the major environmental problems associated with burning coal.

Residents have raised some valid environmental concerns about the nuclear plant.

(=how aware people are of environmental issues)

Schools are crucial in helping to raise environmental awareness.

a campaign by environmental groups to protect the Antarctic

(=all the groups concerned about the environment)

There are differences of opinion about nuclear power within the environmental movement.

Don’t underestimate the environmental impact logging has on the rainforest.

The environmental effects of building the dam will be felt by generations to come.

concerning or affecting the air, land, or water on Earth

the environmental damage caused by the chemical industry

化学工业对环境造成的破坏

an international meeting to discuss [environmental issues](bold)

the environmental impact of pollution from cars

汽车造成的污染对环境的影响

an [environmental group](bold)(=group of people who want to protect the environment)

concerning the people and things around you in your life, for example the buildings you use, the people you live or work with, and the general situation you are in

environmental risks to employees’ health


environmentalist

someone who is concerned about protecting the environment

环境保护主义者，环境保护论者


environmentally friendly

Cycling is very environmentally friendly.

Is there such a thing as an environmentally friendly car?

not harmful to the environment – used especially about products

We always try to use eco-friendly cleaning products.

eco-friendly coffins made from newspapers

not harmful to the environment – used especially in the following phrases

It was voted the greenest building in Britain.

clean fuels or forms of energy do not release any harmful substances into the atmosphere

We need cleaner fuels for cars and other road vehicles.

clean energy sources such as solar panels and wind turbines

renewable energy comes from sources that can be easily replaced naturally, so that there is always more available

The building is heated using renewable energy from the sun.

The government needs to invest more in renewable energy sources.

Wind power is renewable and produces no greenhouse gases during operation.

using the Earth’s resources, without causing damage to the environment – used especially about farming, ways of living, and development

The flowers are produced to high environmental standards using sustainable farming methods.

Many people want to lead more sustainable lifestyles and to conserve the planet’s resources.

sustainable use of the world’s resources

balancing the amount of carbon gases that you put into the Earth’s atmosphere with other activities that will effectively reduce the amount of carbon gases, for example by planting trees

Stirling is aiming to become the UK’s first carbon neutral city.

Research is being done into the development of low-carbon electricity.

We will need to have a low-carbon economy.

low-energy buildings and lightbulbs use very little energy

Position is a key factor in the design of a low-energy house.

also: [en#vironment =friendly](bold)  [adj](bold)


envisage

to think that something is likely to happen in the future

The scheme cost a lot more than we had originally envisaged.

该计划的花费大大超出了我们最初所预想的数额。

I don’t envisage working with him again.

我想象不出有再和他共事的可能。


envoy

someone who is sent to another country as an official representative

The United Nations is sending a special envoy to the area.

联合国将向该地区派遣一位特使。


envy

[past tense and past participle](italic) [envied](bold) [present participle](italic) [envying](bold) [third person singular](italic) [envies](bold)

to wish that you had someone else’s possessions, abilities etc

I really envy you and Ian, you seem so happy together.

我真是羡慕你和伊恩，你俩在一起看起来多幸福。

She has a lifestyle which most people would envy.

她的生活方式会令大多数人感到羡慕。

He envied Rosalind her youth and strength.

他羡慕罗莎琳德的青春和活力。

used to say that you are glad that you are not in the bad situation that someone else is in

我庆幸自己没遇到你/她等所处的糟糕情况


envy

the feeling of wanting something that someone else has

他对那年轻人所获成功的羡慕

I felt a twinge of envy when I saw them together.

我看到他们在一起就感到一阵嫉妒。

She could see that all the other girls were [green with envy](bold)(=feeling a lot of envy).

她看得出其他女孩都很眼红。

to be something that other people admire and want to have very much

是令某人羡慕[嫉妒]的事物

an education system that is the envy of all European countries

令所有欧洲国家羡慕的教育制度


epic

a book, poem, or film that tells a long story about brave actions and exciting events

长篇叙事性小说[诗歌，电影]；史诗般的作品


epic

an epic book, poem, or film tells a long story about brave actions and exciting events

英雄的，英勇的；史诗般的

关于公海哗变的惊心动魄的故事

an epic event continues for a long time and involves brave or exciting actions

他远赴南美洲的漫长而艰险的旅程

He had produced a meal [of epic proportions](bold).


epidemic

[epidemic](bold) adj. <only before noun> eg: Violent crime is reaching [epidemic proportions](bold) in some cities.

a large number of cases of a disease that happen at the same time

Over 500 people died during last year’s flu epidemic.

去年流感大暴发期间有五百多人死亡。

a sudden increase in the number of times that something bad happens

〔坏事的〕发生次数陡增，频率突增

Britain is suffering an epidemic of petty crime.


episode

an event or a short period of time during which something happens

She decided she would try to forget the episode by the lake.

她决心尽量忘掉湖边的那次经历。

one of the most interesting episodes in his career

他职业生涯中最有趣的时期之一

a television or radio programme that is one of a series of programmes in which the same story is continued each week

〔电视连续剧或广播连载节目中的〕一集


equal

The food is shared out in exactly equal portions among all members of the community.

The number of buyers and sellers must be roughly equal before trading begins.

They are about equal in height and weight.

Both candidates received an equal number of votes.

The population of each town is roughly equal in size.

Your pension will be equal in value to two thirds of your final year salary.

In higher education, women are equal in numbers to men.

He is remembered for his novels, but his scientific work is of equal importance.

In many countries, women do not have equal rights with men.

The government must make sure that all children have equal opportunities in education.

The workers’ demands include equal pay for equal work.

(=the same right to do or receive something)

The law states that disabled people must have equal access to employment.

Everyone should get equal treatment under the law.

It is a myth that all men are born equal.

They believe that everyone is created equal by God.

the same in size, number, amount, value etc as something else

〔在大小、数字、数量、价值等方面〕相等的，相同的

两位候选人的得票数相等。

They believe that all work is of equal value.

他们认为一切工作都有同等价值。

The two towns are roughly equal in size.

这两个城镇的大小差不多。

The rent was equal to half his monthly income.

这租金相当于他半个月的收入。

having the same rights, opportunities etc as everyone else, whatever your race, religion, or sex

Our constitution states that all men are equal.

我们的宪法规定人人平等。

Our education system should provide [equal opportunities](bold) for all children.

我们的教育制度应该为所有儿童提供平等的机会。

The government is committed to achieving [equal rights](bold) for women.

政府致力于实现妇女的平等权利。

to have the ability to deal with a problem, piece of work etc successfully

能胜任某事物，能应付某事物

I’m not sure he’s [equal to the task](bold).

我不确定他是否能胜任这项任务。

Are you [equal to](bold) this [challenge](bold)?

与某物同样出色，比得上某物

The architecture here is equal to any in the world.

这里的建筑堪与世界上任何建筑媲美。

with neither side having any advantage over the other

This law will help small businesses to compete on equal terms with large multinational corporations.

这项法规有助于小公司与跨国大公司展开平等的竞争。

if things are as you normally expect them to be

如果所有(其他)条件相同

All things being equal, a small car will cost less than a larger one.

在同等的条件下，小汽车要比大一点的汽车便宜。


equal

[past tense and past participle](italic) [equalled](bold) [present participle](italic) [equalling](bold) ([BrE](bold)) [past tense and past participle](italic) [equaled](bold) [present participle](italic) [equaling](bold) ([AmE](bold))

to be exactly the same in size, number, or amount as something else

〔在大小、数字、数量上〕等于，与 …相同

Prices become more stable when supply equals demand.

供需相当时价格就变得较为稳定。

to be as good as something else, or get to the same standard as someone or something else

used to say that two things are as strong or as important as each other

Her distaste for books was equalled only by her dislike of people.

她讨厌书，其程度之深只有她对人的厌恶可以相比。

to produce a particular result or effect

产生，得出〔特定结果或效果〕

A highly-trained workforce equals high productivity.

训练有素的劳动力能创造高生产力。


equal

someone who is as important, intelligent etc as you are, or who has the same rights and opportunities as you do

他对所有员工都一视同仁。

在智力上，她没法和他相比。

to be as good as someone or something else

The company proved to be the equal of its US rivals.

事实证明该公司可与其美国竞争对手抗衡。

to be better than everyone or everything else of the same type


equality

Women have not yet achieved full equality with men.

The minister is a well-known campaigner for racial equality.

Black people had to fight for social and economic equality with whites.

He praised the generations who struggled to achieve racial equality.

(=ask for it firmly because it is your right)

She marched alongside her mother, demanding equality for women.

Women fought for equality throughout the twentieth century.

The Equal Opportunities Commission was established to promote equality between the sexes.

the people who led the struggle for equality in the United States

The government must ensure equality of opportunity for all children.

a situation in which people have the same rights, advantages etc

All people have the right to equality of opportunity.

人人都有获得均等机会的权利。

Women have yet to achieve full equality with men in the workplace.

女性仍未在职场中实现与男性完全平等。

The government must promote racial equality.


equally

You must have a good education, but practical training is equally important.

你必须接受良好的教育，不过实际培训也同样重要。

We agreed to divide the money equally between everyone.

我们同意把钱平分给每个人。

used when introducing a second idea or statement that is as important as your first one

We want the economy to grow, but equally we want low inflation.

我们希望经济发展，但也同样希望保持低通胀率。


equate

to consider that two things are similar or connected

大多数人把财富等同于成功。


equation

For homework, solve the equations on page 56.

I spent over an hour trying to work out the equation.

(=one that involves an unknown quantity that is multiplied by itself)

(=the letters and numbers on one side of an equals sign)

Find the square root of both sides of the equation.

the left-hand/right-hand side of an equation

Add up what you've got on the right-hand side of the equation.

New factors are beginning to affect what is an already complex equation.

Consumer confidence also enters the equation.

(=introduce a new idea for people to consider )

It all becomes more complicated once you bring money into the equation.

The tourist industry is a crucial part of the country’s overall economic equation.

We need to discuss the financial side of the equation.

a statement in mathematics that shows that two amounts or totals are equal

在方程式2x+1=7中，x的值为多少？

the set of different facts, ideas, or people that all affect a situation and must be considered together

〔须综合考虑的〕影响因素；〔多种因素的〕综合体

The tourist industry forms a crucial [part of](bold) the region’s economic [equation](bold).

旅游业构成该地区经济总量中至关重要的一部分。

The question of cost has now [entered the equation](bold).

成本问题现已成为影响因素。

when you consider that two things are similar or connected


equilibrium

a balance between different people, groups, or forces that compete with each other, so that none is stronger than the others and a situation is not likely to change suddenly

The government is anxious not to upset the economic equilibrium.

政府急切希望不要打乱经济平衡。

a state in which you are calm and not angry or upset

〔心情、情绪的〕平静，安宁；心理平衡

She struggled to recover her equilibrium.


equip

[past tense and past participle](italic) [equipped](bold) [present participle](italic) [equipping](bold)

to provide a person or place with the things that are needed for a particular kind of activity or work

They spent a lot of money equipping the school with new computers.

他们花了很多钱给学校配备新计算机。

He equipped himself with a hammer and nails.

他带了一把锤子和一些钉子。

The rooms are equipped with video cameras.

The emergency services are equipped to deal with disasters of this kind.

应急服务机构的人员配有装备，可处理此类灾难事件。

to give someone the information and skills that they need to do something

We equip students with the skills they will need once they leave college.

我们向学生传授大学毕业后所需要的技能。

training that will equip you for the job

能使你胜任这份工作的培训

We must equip young teachers to deal with difficult children.

我们必须指导年轻教师如何应付不听话的孩子。


equipment

the machines, tools, or objects that you use for doing something

All the camping equipment is in the garage.

You’ll do a better job if you have the right equipment.

We are raising money for equipment for our playgroup.

equipment and clothes for an activity that you do in your spare time

We loaded all our gear into the boat, and set off to go fishing.

things for a particular purpose or activity, especially ones kept together in their own container

You can buy a special kit for damp-proofing your home.

tools and machines used for scientific, medical, and technical purposes

This experiment can be performed using the apparatus shown in the diagram.

Astronauts have special breathing apparatus.

The builders have left all their stuff round the back of the house.

the equipment or clothes that you need for a particular activity

She went into the shed where her father kept his gardening things.

They got all the Christmas things out of the loft.

a lot of small things that are used for a particular purpose

All the paraphernalia for making tea and coffee stood on the bedside table.

The police found drug paraphernalia all over the house.

When you buy an expensive piece of equipment, you need to insure it.

The factory has some of the most up-to-date equipment available.

The sale of military equipment to the regime is banned.

The store sells a wide range of electrical equipment.

Ageing computer equipment should be replaced, not upgraded.

A compass is essential equipment when hiking.

(=the equipment that is in a car, which does not cost extra to have)

Standard equipment on this model includes airbags, climate control and cruise control.

You don’t need any special equipment, just a pair of running shoes.

office equipment, such as photocopiers and printers

The truck has to be able to carry tanks and other heavy equipment.

Employers must provide safety equipment, and make sure it is used.

Can you help me load the camping equipment into the boot, please?

Mr Gomez will now demonstrate how to use the equipment safely.

a contract to supply drilling equipment to the mine

We are installing new computerized equipment in place of the old machines.

For scuba diving, you’ll need specialized equipment.

the tools, machines etc that you need to do a particular job or activity

a very useful [piece of equipment](bold)

In everyday English, people usually say [stuff](bold)  or, in British English, [things](bold)  rather than [equipment](bold) :

[Equipment](bold)  is an uncountable noun and is not used in the plural. You say: The laboratory has all the latest equipment.
Don’t say: [The laboratory has all the latest equipments.](strike)

[Equipment](bold)  is always followed by a singular verb: All our equipment [has ](bold) been carefully tested.

When talking about one machine or tool, you say [a piece/an item of equipment](bold) : A good compass is an essential piece of equipment when you are hiking.

the process of equipping someone or something

A lot of money was spent on the equipment of the new hospital.


equitable

[equitably](bold) adv. eg: The work should be shared more equitably.

treating all people in a fair and equal way

an equitable distribution of food supplies


equivalent

having the same value, purpose, job etc as a person or thing of a different kind

a qualification which is equivalent to a degree

I had no dollars, but offered him an equivalent amount of sterling.

我没有美金，但给了他等值的英镑。


equivalent

The word has no direct equivalent in English.

The corner store was the closest equivalent we had to a supermarket when I was young.

the modern/modern-day equivalent (of sth)

Horror films are the modern-day equivalent of morality tales.

an English/American/French etc equivalent

Savings and loan associations are the American equivalent of Britain’s building societies.

This institution has no equivalent in any other European country.

something that has the same value, purpose, job etc as something else

这个单词在英语中没有对应词。

He had drunk the equivalent of 15 whiskies.


era

The talks signalled a new era of cooperation between the two countries.

People feel much less secure in the present era of international terrorism.

a collection of romantic paintings from the Victorian era

(=the time when a particular political leaders was in power, used especially in journalism)

The end of the Bush era was defined, at least in part, by the war in Iraq.

(=a time in the past, usually when something was good)

The buildings have the elegance of a bygone era.

(=a time when something is at its most successful)

a collection of songs from the golden era of rock 'n' roll

We have entered an era of instant global communication.

His death ushered in an era of political instability.

A new era began for Northern Ireland with the signing of the peace agreement.

The closure of the last coal mine marked the end of an era in Wales.

(=the time when something important first begins)

The fall of the Berlin Wall marked the dawn of a new era in Europe.

a period of time in history that is known for a particular event, or for particular qualities

We live in an era of instant communication.

我们生活在一个信息即时交流的时代。

His death marked [the end of an era](bold).

他的去世标志着一个时代的终结。


eradicate

[eradication](bold) /ɪˌrædɪˈkeɪʃ/  n. <U>

to completely get rid of something such as a disease or a social problem

We can eradicate this disease from the world.

我们能把这种疾病从世界上根除。

为消除通货膨胀所作的努力

This problem has now been completely eradicated.


erase

to remove information from a computer memory or recorded sounds from a tape

删除〔计算机文件〕；抹去〔磁带录音〕

The computer crashed, and all our records were erased.

计算机瘫痪了，我们所有的记录都被删除了。

Some of the names had been accidentally erased.

有几个名字无意中被擦掉了。

to get rid of something so that it has gone completely and no longer exists

Their dream is to erase poverty and injustice from the world.

他们的梦想是消除世上的贫困和不公。

He couldn’t erase the image from his mind.

She had tried to [erase the memory](bold) of that day.


eraser

a small piece of rubber that you use to remove pencil or pen marks from paper


erect

to build something such as a building or wall

一座气势宏伟的市政厅，建于1892年

Police have erected barriers across the main roads into the town.

警察在进城的主要道路上设立了路障。

to fix all the pieces of something together, and put it in an upright position

It took a couple of hours to erect the tent.

to establish something such as a system or institution

创建，确立〔体系或制度〕


erect

Martin [stood erect](bold) on the platform.

马丁在讲台上笔直地站着。

an erect penis or nipple is stiff and bigger than it usually is because a person is sexually excited

〔阴茎〕勃起的；〔乳头〕挺起的


erode

also: erode away  [v](bold) <[I,T](bold)>

if the weather erodes rock or soil, or if rock or soil erodes, its surface is gradually destroyed

〔气候〕侵蚀，腐蚀；〔岩石、土壤〕风化

The cliffs are being constantly eroded by heavy seas.

悬崖正不断受到汹涌海浪的侵蚀。

to gradually reduce something such as someone’s power or confidence

逐步损害，渐渐削弱〔权力或信心〕

Our personal freedom is being gradually eroded away.

Repeated exam failure had eroded her confidence.

考试屡屡不及格削弱了她的自信心。