successor

(=someone who is good and deserves to be someone's successor)

He is proving to be a worthy successor to his father in the business.

He had been tipped as a possible successor to the president.

Who is his most likely successor as Director of the BBC World Service?

Murray was viewed as the natural successor to Henman as Britain's top player.

He doesn't have an obvious successor as leader.

(=the person who has their job or position next)

Valentinian's immediate successor, Petronius Maximus, was killed in 455.

Non-executive director John Evans will act as chairman until a permanent successor is found.

Ghanaians went to the polls to elect President Rawlings's successor.

(=tell people who the successor will be)

The company is expected to name a successor for Corbett in May.

(=be said to be a possible or likely successor)

When Tizard was about to retire as chairman, Cockcroft was tipped as his successor.

someone who takes a job or position previously held by someone else

His successor died after only 15 months in office.

他的继任者就任仅15个月就去世了。

I’m sure she will be a [worthy successor](bold)(=someone who is very good and deserves to be someone’s successor).

我确信她会是个当之无愧的接班人。

Sloan will be Barrett’s successor as treasurer.

斯隆将接替巴雷特担任财务主管。

a machine, system etc that exists after another one in a process of development

〔机器、操作系统等的〕换代产品，接替的事物

the transistor’s successor, the microchip

晶体管的换代产品——微芯片


such

You use [such a](bold)  before an adjective and a noun, or before a singular noun: I’m lucky to have such a wonderful teacher. He gave me such a fright.
Don’t say:[a such wonderful teacher](strike)  [a such fright](strike)

of the same kind as the thing or person which has already been mentioned

上述一类，诸如此类，这种，这类〔用于指已提到的人或事物〕

Such behavior is just not acceptable in this school.

这类行为在本校绝不允许。

The rules make it quite clear what should be done in such a situation.

条例中明确规定了在这种情况下应当如何处理。

A victory for Brazil had been predicted, and such indeed was the result.

人们预测巴西队获胜，结果果真如此。

She needs to see a psychiatrist [or some such](bold) person.

她得去找个心理医生之类的人看看。

‘You said you’d be finished by today.’ ‘I said [no such](bold) thing!’

“你说过你今天能完成的。”“我从来没这样说过！”

There is now a greater awareness of problems such as these.

现在大家对这类问题的意识提高了。

[treated/recognized/accepted etc as such](bold)

Birth is a natural process, and should be treated as such.

分娩是一个自然的过程，也应该自然对待。

used when giving an example of something

像，诸如，例如〔用于举例〕

Cartoon characters such as Mickey Mouse and Snoopy are still popular.

米老鼠、史努比等卡通人物仍然流行。

large electrical goods such as television sets and washing machines

电视机和洗衣机等大型电器

[such as?](bold)(=used to ask someone to give an example)

‘There are lots of useful things you could do.’ ‘Such as?’

“有很多有益的事你可以做。”“举例来说呢？”

used to emphasize your description of something or someone

这样，如此，非常〔用于强调〕

used to mention the result of a quality that something or someone has

如此，这么〔用于谈到某个品质带来的结果〕

It’s such a tiny kitchen that I don’t have to do much to keep it clean.

这么小的厨房我不用怎么收拾就干净了。

He came to such a sudden stop that we almost hit him.

他突然停下来，我们差点撞上他。

used to say that something is so great, so bad etc that something else happens

The force of the explosion was such that windows were blown out.

巨大的爆炸力震得窗户都碎了。

His manner was such as to offend nearly everyone he met.

他态度很恶劣，几乎见谁得罪谁。

[in such a way/manner that/as to do sth](bold)

He lectured in such a way that many in the audience found him impossible to understand.

他这样讲课，听众中有许多人都觉得很难懂。

Her condition deteriorated to such an extent that a blood transfusion was considered necessary.

她的病情恶化到了被认为有必要输血的地步。

used to show that you think that something is not good enough or that there is not enough of it

〔用于表示你认为某事不够好或不够多〕

[such as it is/such as they are etc](bold)

We will look at the evidence, such as it is, for each of these theories.

我们会仔细研究这每一个说法的证据，虽然这些证据都不怎么样。

Such food as they gave us was scarcely fit to eat.

他们给我们的那些食物简直无法下咽。

used to refer only to people or things of a particular group or kind

Such individuals who take up this role often find life frustrating.

承担这种角色的人常常觉得生活令人沮丧。

Such of you as wish to leave may do so now.

你们想走的现在可以走了。

there’s no such person/thing etc as sb/sth

used to say that a particular person or thing does not exist

没有如某人/某物这样的人/物等

魔法这类东西是不存在的。

used to say that the word you are using to describe something is not exactly correct

并不是真正的 …，并非名副其实的 …

There isn’t a garden as such, just a little vegetable patch.

哪有什么花园，只是一块小小的菜地而已。

used to say that something does not include or is not related to all things or people of a particular type

〔用于表示并不包括全部某类人或物，或并非与全部某类人或物有关〕

我们对这样的男人并不反感。

used to say that other people or things like the ones you have just mentioned are included

It won’t be anything special – just a few cakes and sandwiches and such.

不会是什么特别的东西，就是几块蛋糕、几个三明治之类的。


suck

to take air, liquid etc into your mouth by making your lips form a small hole and using the muscles of your mouth to pull it in

Michael put the cigarette to his lips and sucked in the smoke.

迈克尔把香烟放到唇边吸了一口。

Jennie sucked up the last bit of milk shake with her straw.

詹妮用吸管喝完最后一点奶昔。

to hold something in your mouth and pull on it with your tongue and lips

to pull someone or something with great power and force into or out of a particular place

〔以强大的力量〕抽，吸；吞没，把 …卷入

A bird was sucked into one of the jet’s engines.

有只鸟被吸进喷气式飞机的一个引擎里。

used when you dislike something very much or think something is very bad

某事物真差劲，某事物糟透了

要我说的话，整件事糟透了。

to use something or do something for a short time, to find out if it works, if you like it etc


sudden

happening, coming, or done quickly or when you do not expect it

突然的，忽然的，迅速而意外的

Life is cruel, she thought, with a [sudden rush of](bold) anger.

生活真残酷，她想，心头突然涌上一股怒气。


suddenly

used when something happens very quickly and unexpectedly

Her husband died suddenly at the age of 64.

suddenly – used especially in stories or descriptions of past events

All of a sudden, he takes a gun out of his pocket and shoots.

He just all of a sudden decided to leave.

suddenly and with no signs that it was going to happen – used about bad or dangerous things

Then, without warning, her husband left her.

suddenly and unexpectedly – used especially when you hear from someone you have not seen for a long time or when someone tells you something that surprises you

She turned up on my doorstep, out of the blue.

The offer had come completely out of the blue.

suddenly, so that there is not much time to prepare or change arrangements

He came into the side at short notice, when another player was injured.

Occasionally, tours may have to be cancelled at short notice.

used when talking about things you decide to do suddenly, without planning them beforehand

We all buy things on the spur of the moment.

On the spur of the moment, I decided to go and talk to her about it.

突然，迅速而意外地，突如其来地

I [suddenly realized](bold) that there was someone following me.

我突然意识到有人跟着我。


sue

to make a legal claim against someone, especially for money, because they have harmed you in some way

〔尤指为要求赔偿金而〕控告，起诉，告 …的状

If the builders don’t fulfil their side of the contract, we’ll sue.

如果建筑商不履行合同，我们就要提出起诉。

该公司正在起诉一名前雇员。

[sue (sb) for libel/defamation/negligence/slander etc](bold)

Miss James could not afford to sue for libel.

詹姆斯小姐没钱提出诽谤诉讼。

She was suing doctors for negligence over the loss of her child.

她正在为她孩子的死控告医生失职。

The railway may [sue for damages](bold)(=in order to get money) because of loss of revenue.

铁道部门可能会因收入损失而提出起诉，要求赔偿。

He is being [sued for divorce](bold)(=in order to end a marriage) by his wife.

他的妻子对他提出起诉，要求离婚。

if a country or army sues for peace, they ask for peace, especially because there is no other good choice

They had hoped to force the North to sue for peace.

他们原本是希望能迫使北方求和的。


suffer

You [suffer from](bold)  an illness, disease, or condition: He is suffering from pneumonia. She suffers from anxiety.
Don’t say: [He is suffering pneumonia.](strike)  [She suffers anxiety.](strike)

You [suffer](bold)  injury, loss, damage, or pain: He suffered terrible injuries.

He died after suffering a massive heart attack.

The team has now suffered five successive defeats.

Her preparations for the Olympic Games suffered a setback when she injured her leg during training.

(=experience a situation or event that causes difficulty or sadness)

The government suffered another blow when a report claimed that standards in education were falling.

Both companies have suffered heavy financial losses.

Research shows that children of alcoholic parents are more likely to suffer problems in adulthood.

If they cannot learn to adapt, they will suffer the consequences.

The museum suffered financially under his administration.

〔身体或精神上〕受苦，遭受（痛苦）

At least he died suddenly and didn’t suffer.

至少他死得突然，没有遭罪。

to have a particular disease or medical condition, especially for a long time

克雷格罹患了一种罕见骨病。

The writer suffered from ill health for most of his life.

这位作家大半生饱受病痛之苦。

In everyday English, people usually say that someone [has](bold)  a medical condition, rather than [suffers from](bold)  it:

if someone suffers an unpleasant or difficult experience, or is in a difficult situation, it happens to them or they experience it

遭受（困难）；吃苦头，受损害

London employers were suffering from a desperate shortage of school-leavers.

伦敦的雇主正面临中学毕业生严重短缺的困境。

Most of us have [suffered the consequences](bold) of stupid decisions taken by others.

我们大多数人都承受过因他人的愚蠢决定而造成的后果。

In June 1667, England [suffered](bold) a humiliating [defeat](bold) by the Dutch.

1667年 6月，荷兰让英格兰遭受了耻辱性的失败。

They are unlikely to suffer any further loss of business.

他们不太可能再遭受经营亏损。

A man who suffered serious brain damage during an operation is suing the hospital.

Small businesses have suffered financially during the recession.

小公司在经济衰退期间资金紧缺。

to become worse in quality because a bad situation is affecting something or because nobody is taking care of it

如果削减成本，可能会影响安全。

I’m worried and my work is beginning to suffer.

我忧心忡忡，工作开始受到影响。

to not be patient with people you think are stupid

对愚蠢的人没有耐心，不能耐着性子与蠢人相处

He was a perfectionist who didn’t suffer fools gladly.

他是个完美主义者，对笨人没有耐心。


suffering

〔肉体或精神上的〕痛苦，苦难，折磨

the suffering of the refugees after the war

the [pain and suffering](bold) caused by road accidents


suffice

A few brief observations will suffice for present purposes.

简单的几回观察就足以满足现时的目的。

A few more statistics will suffice to show the trends of the time.

再有一些统计数字就足以看出目前的趋势。

used to say that the statement that follows is enough to explain what you mean, even though you could say more

无须多说，只要说 …就够了

Suffice it to say that they’re having marital problems.

他们的婚姻遇到了问题，无须多言。


sufficient

[sufficiently](bold) adv. eg: Students must reach a sufficiently high standard to pass.

as much as is needed for a particular purpose

We can only prosecute if there is sufficient evidence.

有了足够的证据，我们才能提出起诉。

Unauthorized absence is sufficient reason for dismissal.

旷工足以成为解雇的理由。

We need sufficient time to deal with the problem.

我们需要足够的时间来处理这个问题。

The money is not sufficient to cover everything that needs doing.

这些钱不足以支付所有要做的事情。

The recipe is sufficient for six people.

这份食谱的量足够六个人吃。


sugar

The drink contains seven teaspoons of sugar per can.

He put three lumps of sugar in his coffee.

a sweet white or brown substance that is obtained from plants and used to make food and drinks sweet

the amount of sugar that a small spoon can hold

How many sugars do you want in your tea?

one of several sweet substances formed in plants

糖〔植物中所形成的甜味物质〕

used to address someone you like very much

亲爱的，心肝，宝贝〔用于称呼自己非常喜爱的人〕


sugar

[sugared](bold) adj. eg: sugared almonds

to add sugar or cover something with sugar


suggest

You [suggest ](bold) something [to](bold)  someone: He suggested a solution to us.
Don’t say: [He suggested us a solution.](strike)

You [suggest doing](bold)  something: I suggested going for a walk in the park.
Don’t say: [I suggested to go for a walk in the park.](strike)

In everyday English, you [suggest that](bold)  someone [does](bold)  something: I suggest that she waits a few weeks.
Don’t say: [I suggest her to wait a few weeks.](strike)

In more formal English, you [suggest that](bold)  someone [do](bold)  something, using the base form of the verb (= the infinitive without ‘to’) : I suggest that she wait a few weeks.

You can also use the base form of the verb when talking about the past: I suggested that she wait a few weeks.

You [suggest that](bold)  someone [should do](bold)  something: The doctor suggested that she should sit down.

In more formal English, you can say [it has been suggested that](bold)  something is true: It has been suggested that the substance can cause cancer.

'Why don’t you come with us?', Alan suggested.

It was a sunny afternoon and so I suggested going to the beach.

to suggest that someone goes somewhere, tries something etc because you know that it is good and you think they will like it

Can you recommend a good restaurant near here?

It’s a brilliant book - I’d recommend it to anyone.

to formally suggest a plan or course of action, especially at a meeting

The government has proposed building a new town just north of the city.

I propose that we send a delegation to London to discuss our concerns.

The party has put forward new proposals to reduce the number of cars in the town centre.

The idea was first put forward by Aristotle.

A number of reasons have been put forward to explain these negative results.

to officially suggest someone for an important job or position, or a person, film etc for a prize, especially when people will vote to make a decision

He’s been nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature several times.

Three candidates have been nominated for the position of chairman.

to tell someone your ideas about what they should do, where they should go etc

The zoo asked its visitors to suggest a name for the new baby panda.

动物园请游客提建议，给刚出生的大熊猫起一个名字。

Her mother suggested that she should go and see the doctor.

她妈妈建议她去找医生看看。

[It has been suggested that](bold) the manager will resign if any more players are sold.

有人提议，如果再有球员被出售，球队主教练就辞职。

Johnson suggested to Boswell that they should buy the island.

约翰逊跟博斯韦尔提议他们买下这座岛。

Tracey suggested meeting for a drink after work.

特雷西提议下班后一起喝一杯。

Can you suggest what kind of tool I should use?

我该用哪种工具，你能不能给点建议？

[can/may I suggest](bold)(=used to politely suggest a different idea)

May I suggest that you think carefully before rushing into this?

我建议你三思而后行，好吗？

to make someone think that a particular thing is true

Trends in spending and investment suggest a gradual economic recovery.

消费和投资趋势显示经济在逐渐复苏。

Opinion polls suggest that only 10% of the population trust the government.

[evidence/results/data/studies etc suggest(s) that](bold)

The evidence suggests that single fathers are more likely to work than single mothers.

证据显示，单身父亲比单身母亲更有可能去工作。

to tell someone about someone or something that is suitable for a particular job or activity

推荐〔某职务或活动的合适人选〕

John Roberts has been suggested for the post of manager.

约翰·罗伯茨被推荐担任经理一职。

Are you suggesting my husband’s been drinking?

你言下之意是说我的丈夫一直在喝酒吗？

to remind someone of something or help them to imagine it

The stage was bare, with only the lighting to suggest a prison.

舞台上空无一物，只有灯光表明这是监狱。

if an idea suggests itself, you think of it

I’ll look at my cookbooks and see if anything suggests itself.

我来看看食谱，有没有什么可以考虑的。

used to say that what you have said is not exactly what you intended to say

我并不是说〔用于表示自己所说的并非完全是原来想表达的意思〕

I’m not suggesting for one moment that these changes will be easy.

我绝不是说作这些变革很容易。


suggestion

an idea, plan, or possibility that someone suggests

We welcome any suggestions as to how to improve our service.

Sally made a few useful suggestions about places we could visit.

They will consider our proposal at their next meeting.

The proposal to build a new airport has finally been rejected.

an official suggestion about what to do, especially one that is contained in a report

The safety board has made some recommendations.

The Government decided to accept the recommendation of the Lockwood Report.

The issue was finally settled when Amelia’s suggestion was adopted.

The government rejected the suggestion of a referendum.

We don’t have a firm plan yet, so we’re open to suggestions.

We welcome your comments and suggestions.

This was the first sensible suggestion she had heard from him.

(=involving helpful ideas, not criticism)

Any evaluation should be fair and linked to positive suggestions for improvement.

(=based on real situations, not just ideas)

What practical suggestions can you offer to teachers of children with learning difficulties?

an idea, plan, or possibility that someone mentions, or the act of mentioning it

The committee rejected the suggestion that houses should be built on this site.

委员会否决了在这个位置建造房屋的提议。

Here are some suggestions for further activities.

以下是有关更多活动的一些建议。

我提出的有关菜单的建议没人理睬。

There was never any suggestion of criminal involvement.

没有任何迹象表明有犯罪活动。

The government have denied any suggestion of involvement in her death.

There’s some suggestion that the intruder was the same person that killed Angie.

有一些迹象表明闯入者和杀死安吉的凶手是同一个人。

微量的某事物；某事物的细微迹象

There was just a suggestion of a smile on her face.

她脸上只有微微的一丝笑意。

an indirect way of making you accept an idea, for example by hypnotism


suicide

Most people who commit suicide have had depressive illnesses.

(=think that you might try to kill yourself)

I contemplated suicide on several occasions after my daughter died.

He was admitted to a psychiatric facility after a suicide attempt.

(=a suicide attempt – used in news reports)

The singer was rushed to hospital after an apparent suicide bid.

(=a letter in which someone explains their reasons for killing themselves)

He left a suicide note for his two teenage children saying ‘Please forgive me.’

(=when someone says that they will kill themselves)

Depression may sometimes lead to suicide threats.

(=an agreement that two or more people make to kill themselves at the same time)

She shot her husband and herself in a suicide pact.

(=the number of people who kill themselves)

The suicide rate among former soldiers is very high.

(=when many people commit suicide together)

He ordered his followers to commit mass suicide.

(=when someone such as a doctor helps a very ill person commit suicide)

Thirty-four other states have adopted similar laws banning assisted suicide.

More people [commit suicide](bold) at Christmas than at any other time.

My mother [attempted suicide](bold) on many occasions.

He apparently left a [suicide note](bold) on his desk(=letter explaining his reasons for killing himself).

他显然在桌上留了封绝笔信。

something you do that ruins your good position in politics or the economy

断送政治前程/经济发展之举

He said a vote for Labour would be a vote for economic suicide.

他说投工党的票等于是自毁经济。

an attack etc in which the person who carries out the attack deliberately kills himself or herself in the process of killing other people

自杀性攻击/任务/爆炸等

an occasion when someone deliberately threatens a police officer in order to make the police officer shoot, as a way of committing suicide


suit

[in your birthday suit](bold) at → [birthday](->birthday) sense 3 [follow suit](bold) at → [follow](->follow) sense 14

a set of clothes made of the same material, usually including a jacket with trousers or a skirt

套装，一套衣服〔通常包括用相同衣料做的短上衣和裤子或裙子〕

a piece of clothing or a set of clothes used for swimming, running etc

→ [boiler suit](->boiler suit) → [shell suit](->shell suit) → [sweat suit](->sweat suit) → [tracksuit](->tracksuit) → [wet suit](->wet suit)

a problem or complaint that a person or company brings to a court of law to be settled

Johnson has [filed suit](bold) against her.

a man, especially a manager, who works in an office and who has to wear a suit when he is at work

〔上班时必须穿套装的〕办公室职员〔尤指经理〕

I bought myself a mobile phone and joined the other suits on the train to the City.

我给自己买了一部手机，和其他上班族一起坐火车到伦敦商业区去上班。

one of the four types of cards in a set of playing cards

〔一副纸牌中，四种花色牌中的一种〕同花色牌

某人擅长的事，某人的专长，某人的特长


suit

The building has been adapted to suit the needs of older people.

Users can customize the home page to suit their personal tastes.

It suited her purpose to let him believe the lie.

You can adjust the colour of the lighting to suit your mood.

Choose a racket that suits your style of play.

When writing emails, most people vary the style to suit the circumstances.

I thought a simple black dress would suit the occasion.

(=cost as much as they feel they can pay)

The choice is wide, with something to suit everyone's pocket.

Either Monday or Tuesday would suit me fine for our meeting.

Country life suits you down to the ground.

to be acceptable, suitable, or convenient for a particular person or in a particular situation

适合；中 …的意；对 …方便

Whatever your reason for borrowing, we have the loan that [suits](bold) your [needs](bold).

不管您因何贷款，我们都会有满足您需要的贷款。

There’s a range of restaurants to [suit all tastes](bold).

有各种各样的餐馆可以满足所有口味。

There are countryside walks to [suit everyone](bold).

有适合每个人的乡村步行路径。

We have gifts to [suit every pocket](bold)(=of all prices).

Either steak or chicken would [suit](bold) me [fine](bold).

The climate there will [suit](bold) you [down to the ground](bold)(=suit you very well).

那儿的天气你会非常满意。

She had the ability to suit her performances to the audience.

她有能力使自己的表演迎合观众的口味。

clothes, colours etc that suit you make you look attractive

Jill’s new hairstyle doesn’t really suit her.

吉尔的新发型不太适合她。

[Suit](bold)  is never passive in this meaning.

best/well/ideally/perfectly etc suited to/for sth

to have the right qualities to do something

非常适合做某事；具备做某事的特质

The activity holidays on offer are really best suited to groups.

目前推出的活动度假产品最适合团体出游。

the candidate most ideally suited to doing the job

used to tell someone they can do whatever they want to, even though it annoys you or you think they are not doing the right thing

随你的便吧；你想怎样就怎样吧

‘Mind if I sit here?’ he said gently. ‘Suit yourself.’

“我坐在这儿行吗？”他轻声说。“随便。”

适合某人的计划，合某人的心意


suitable

having the right qualities for a particular purpose or person

They don’t consider him a suitable husband for their daughter.

It’s a nice house, but it isn’t right for us.

suitable for a particular purpose. [Appropriate](bold) is more formal than [suitable](bold)

She filled out all the appropriate forms.

It may not be an appropriate time to ask him about it.

It’s not appropriate to wear a short skirt for an interview.

the appropriate way to end a business letter

the proper tool, piece of equipment, or way of doing something is the one that most people think is most suitable

You can’t change a wheel without the proper tools.

if someone is suited to something, he or she has the right qualities to do it

This exercise is very suitable for back pain sufferers.

The resort is particularly suitable for families.

I wanted a shoe that was equally suitable for both racing and training.

The programme is perfectly suitable for children of all ages.

having the right qualities for a particular person, purpose, or situation

We are hoping to find a suitable school.

我们希望能找到一所合适的学校。

The house is not really suitable for a large family.

这所房子并不适合大家庭居住。

[suitable place/time etc to do sth](bold)

These crayons are not suitable to use in very hot weather.

这些彩色蜡笔不适合在非常炎热的天气使用。

In everyday English, people usually say that someone or something is [the right](bold)  person or thing for them, instead of using [suitable](bold) :

We think this is [the right](bold) school for our child.


suitably

wearing the right clothes, having the right information, equipment etc for a particular situation

衣着得体/准备妥当/装备完善等

We were relieved that Gordon had arrived at the wedding suitably dressed.

看到戈登穿着得体的衣服来参加婚礼，我们松了一口气。

having the amount of a feeling or quality you would hope for in a particular situation

合乎情理地；如常人所期望地

‘He owns three hotels.’ The others looked [suitably impressed](bold).

“他拥有三家酒店。”其他人都露出了应有的钦佩之情。


suitcase

a large case with a handle, used for carrying clothes and possessions when you travel


suite

a set of rooms, especially expensive ones in a hotel

套房〔尤指酒店豪华套房〕

a [suite of rooms](bold) for palace guests

[three-piece suite](bold)(=a large seat and two chairs)

a piece of music made up of several short parts

the people who work for or help an important person

〔要人的〕一批随员[随从]


sum

We urge people not to keep large sums of money in their houses.

He lost a substantial sum of money on the deal.

The company has invested huge sums in research.

a five-figure/six-figure/seven-figure etc sum

(=an amount in the ten thousands, hundred thousands etc )

The newspaper paid a six-figure sum for the photograph of the princess.

Each year the inhabitants had to pay a small sum for the use of the pasture.

She had paid a modest sum for the paintings.

He sold the company for an undisclosed sum.

The total sum lost is believed to be around £2 million.

(=a large amount – often used humorously to mean a small amount)

They were surviving on the princely sum of £50 a week.

For the princely sum of $8 million you too could live in a mansion like this.

He owes me a large [sum of money](bold).

Bill wants to spend a large sum on modernizing the farm.

比尔想花一大笔钱将农场现代化。

We should be happy to buy it for a modest sum.

要是能花不太多的钱就把它买下来，我们会很高兴。

→ [lump sum](->lump sum) [princely sum](bold) at → [princely](->princely) sense 1

the total produced when you add two or more numbers or amounts together

You will have to pay the sum of the two sets of costs.

你得支付那两笔费用的总额。

greater/more/better etc than the sum of its parts

having a quality or effectiveness as a group that you would not expect from the quality of each member

（总体）大于部分之和，个体相加不如集体的力量大

The team is greater than the sum of its parts.

球队只有团结起来才最强大。

a simple calculation by adding, multiplying, dividing etc, especially one done by children at school

简单的计算，算术〔尤指加减乘除运算〕

to calculate whether you have enough money to do something

Do your sums first before you decide how much to spend.

算一算你有多少钱再决定花多少钱。

used before a statement that gives the main information about something in a few simple words

In sum, soul music is important to the record industry.

总之，灵乐对于唱片业十分重要。


sum

[past tense and past participle](italic) [summed](bold) [present participle](italic) [summing](bold)


summarize

BrE also: summarise  [v](bold) <[I,T](bold)>

to make a short statement giving only the main information and not the details of a plan, event, report etc

The authors summarize their views in the introduction.

作者在序言里概述了他们的观点。

To summarize, in most cases the schools were achieving the standards set.

总的说来，在大多数情况下这些学校都达到了所定的标准。


summary

a short statement that gives the main information about something, without giving all the details

A brief summary is given on a separate sheet.

The group produces a monthly summary of their research.

该小组每个月出一份研究总结。

总之，不要卖掉你的股份。


summary

done immediately, and not following the normal process

立即的；速决的〔未遵循惯常的程序〕

a summary report, statement etc gives the main facts in a report etc without any of the details or explanations

总结性的，概括的，概要的


summer

You use [in summer](bold)  or [in the summer](bold)  when saying that something happens at that time: In summer we get six weeks’ vacation. He worked as a lifeguard in the summer.

You say [last summer](bold) : We went to Italy last summer.
Don’t say: [We went to Italy in last summer.](strike)

You say [this summer](bold) : Do you plan to travel this summer?
Don’t say: [Do you plan to travel in this summer?](strike)

You say [next summer](bold) : We will graduate next summer.
Don’t say: [We will graduate in next summer.](strike)

You say [ that summer](bold) : That summer she met Jeff.
Don’t say: [In that summer she met Jeff.](strike)

In the late summer of 1931, Joe returned to Oxford.

Where are you going for your summer holiday?

The garden is open daily in the summer months.

The resort was crammed with holidaymakers for the whole of the summer season.

Crowds of shoppers are sweltering in the summer heat.

They lay on the beach, soaking up the summer sun.

Even in the height of summer, it’s cool in here.

the time of the year when the sun is hottest and the days are longest, between spring and autumn

1976年炎热漫长的夏天

The children play on the beach during the summer.

夏天孩子们在海滩上玩耍。

Miriam likes to relax in her garden in summer.

夏天米丽娅姆喜欢在她的花园里休息。

明年夏天我们要去意大利。

The tourist season lasts through late summer.

旅游季节一直持续到夏末。

Parts of Spain are extremely hot in [high summer](bold)(=the hottest part of summer).

盛夏时节，西班牙的部分地区极其炎热。

二十岁/五十岁等，二十个/五十个春秋等


summer

to spend the summer in a particular place


summit

an important meeting or set of meetings between the leaders of several governments

首脑会议，最高级会议，峰会

The two presidents agreed to [hold](bold) a [summit](bold) in the spring.

两位总统商定在春天举行一次首脑会议。

Many people have now reached the summit of Mount Everest.

the greatest amount or highest level of something

某事物的顶峰，某事物的极点

His election as president represented the summit of his career.

他当选总统意味着他到达了事业的顶峰。


summon

Robert summoned the waiter for the bill.

The president summoned Taylor to Washington.

He was summoned to attend an emergency meeting.

他被召去参加一个紧急会议。

to officially order someone to come to a court of law

Hugh was [summoned to appear](bold) before the magistrate.

休被传唤到裁判法院出庭。

to try very hard to have enough of something such as courage, energy, or strength, because you need it

鼓起〔勇气〕；振作〔精神〕；使出〔力气〕

He had to summon the energy to finish the race.

他不得不拼尽全力跑完比赛。

to arrange for a meeting to take place and order people to come to it

召开[召集]会议/大会等

He summoned a meeting of business leaders.

他召集了一次商界领袖会议。


sun

[make hay while the sun shines](bold) at → [hay](->hay) sense 2

As the sun rises, the birds take flight.

It is a good place to sit and watch the sun go down.

(=gradually disappears at the end of the day)

The sun sank lower and the breeze grew cool.

The hot sun beat down on the men working.

Tourists trudge around in the blazing sun.

It was a warm day with a bright sun overhead.

We ate breakfast outside in the gentle morning sun.

They all sought shade from the blazing midday sun.

The fields were ablaze with light from the setting sun.

They walked until the sun was low in the sky.

This moisturiser will also protect skin from the sun’s rays.

the large bright object in the sky that gives us light and heat, and around which the Earth moves

The sky was blue and the sun was shining.

the heat and light that come from the sun

太阳的热和光，阳光，日光

我们坐在阳光下，吃着冰激凌。

used to emphasize that you are talking about a large range of things

世上一切，天下万物〔用于强调范围很广〕

You can buy jeans in every colour under the sun.

你可以买到天底下任何颜色的牛仔裤。

if someone catches or gets the sun, they become slightly red or brown because they have been outside in the sun


sun

[past tense and past participle](italic) [sunned](bold) [present participle](italic) [sunning](bold)

to sit or lie outside when the sun is shining

The beaches were full of families sunning themselves.

海滩上全都是在晒太阳的家庭。


Sunday

[never in a month of Sundays](bold) at → [month](->month) sense 6

我们星期天要去看场比赛。

What are you doing Sunday? ([AmE](bold))

星期天晚上通常都很安静。

It was our wedding anniversary last Sunday.

上个星期天是我们的结婚纪念日。

There’s another antiques market this Sunday.

本周日还有一场古玩交易集市。

[next Sunday](bold)(=Sunday of next week)

我们将于下周日宣布获胜者名单。

a Sunday (=one of the Sundays in the year)

Finding a dentist on a Sunday can be very difficult.

星期天要找牙医会很困难。

your best clothes, worn only for special occasions or for church

〔某人〕最好的衣服，盛装

an insulting expression meaning someone who annoys other people by driving too slowly

星期日司机〔侮辱性用语，指开车慢得令人生气的人〕


sunglasses

ˈsʌnˌɡlɑːsɪz

dark glasses that you wear to protect your eyes when the sun is very bright


sunlight

Their armour glinted in the early morning sunlight.

She shaded her eyes against the bright sunlight.

Don't expose babies under six months to strong sunlight.

This plant prefers to be kept out of direct sunlight.

We sat in the fading sunlight of the early evening.

Mabel pulled back the curtains, and sunlight streamed in.

The canopy of leaves allows some sunlight to filter through.

sth shines/sparkles/glitters etc in the sunlight

His newly polished buttons glittered in the sunlight.

A shaft of sunlight illuminated the left side of his face.

The water sparkled in the bright sunlight.

水面在灿烂的阳光下闪闪发亮。

The garden looked lovely in the evening sunlight.

暮色下的花园显得十分秀丽。

[Sunlight streamed](bold)(=came in large amounts) through the windows.

a [shaft of sunlight](bold)(=beam of sunlight)


sunny

if the weather is sunny, the sun is shining

When we arrived in Hong Kong, it was warm and sunny.

not raining, and with no clouds or only a few clouds in the sky

Next week will be fine but a little cooler.

It’s a lovely day – why don’t we go for a walk?

if the weather is bright, the sun is shining and there is plenty of light

used when the weather is very good and there is a lot of sunshine

The weather has been beautiful all week.

[sunny periods/spells/intervals](bold)(=periods when it is sunny)


sunrise

the time when the sun first appears in the morning

日出（时分）；黎明；拂晓

the coloured part of the sky where the sun is appearing in the morning


sunset

the time of day when the sun disappears and night begins

日落（时分），薄暮，黄昏

the coloured part of the sky where the sun is disappearing at the end of the day


sunshine

She was sitting in the garden, enjoying the spring sunshine.

The morning sunshine brightened the room.

We stepped out of the plane into the bright sunshine of Corfu.

They woke to blue skies and glorious sunshine.

Don't spend too long in hot sunshine without a hat.

It was early spring, and pale sunshine shone on the fields.

(=sunshine with air that is not clear because of mist etc)

Tomorrow morning it'll be dry with hazy sunshine.

A ray of sunshine filtered through the dirty window.

the light and heat that come from the sun when there is no cloud

我们享受了三天的春日阳光。

Couples strolled in the afternoon sunshine.

一对对男女在午后的阳光下漫步。

她给我们的生活带来了阳光。

[ray of sunshine](bold)(=a person or thing that makes you happy)

He was the only ray of sunshine in her life.

他是她生命中唯一的一抹阳光。

used when speaking to someone you are annoyed with

哥们，老兄〔和让你生气的人说话时所用的称呼〕

Look, sunshine, I’ve had just about enough of you!


suntan

brown skin that someone with pale skin gets after they have spent time in the sun


super

Sorry, I’m super tired, I have to turn in.

对不起，我累得很，得上床睡觉了。


superficial

ˌsuːpəˈfɪʃəl◂

[superficiality](bold) /ˌsuːpəfɪʃiˈæləti/ US /-pər-/  n. <U>

not studying or looking at something carefully and only seeing the most noticeable things

肤浅的，浅薄的，不深入的

Even a superficial inspection revealed serious flaws.

即使是粗略的检查都发现了严重的缺陷。

Naturally, such visits can allow only the most superficial understanding of prison life.

自然，此类参观了解到的只是监狱生活的皮毛。

seeming to have a particular quality, although this is not true or real

Despite their superficial similarities, the two novels are, in fact, very different.

这两本小说尽管表面上有相似之处，但实际上大不一样。

Beneath his refined manners and superficial elegance lay something treacherous.

在他温文尔雅、貌似高贵的举止下隐藏着某种奸诈。

At a superficial level, things seem to have remained the same.

从表面上看，似乎一切都没变。

affecting only the surface of your skin or the outside part of something, and therefore not serious

She escaped with only superficial cuts and bruises.

她侥幸躲过一劫，只受了点皮外伤。

someone who is superficial does not think about things that are serious or important – used to show disapproval

〔思想〕浅薄的，肤浅的〔含贬义〕

All the other girls seemed silly and superficial to Darlene.

所有其他女孩在达琳看来都是又愚蠢又肤浅。

superficial changes, difficulties etc are not important and do not have a big effect

〔变化、困难等〕不重要的，影响不大的

superficial changes in government policies

existing in or relating to the top layer of something, especially soil, rock etc

〔尤指土壤、岩石等〕表层的


superior

Something or someone is [superior to](bold)  another thing or person: We can’t say one language is superior to another.
Don’t say: [superior than](strike)

[Superior](bold)  already has ‘more’ as part of its meaning.
Don’t say: [more superior](strike)

They soon realized that the opposing team’s players were far superior to their own.

You’d be better off visiting the infinitely superior Imperial War Museum.

He believed that some races were inherently superior to others.

They also accuse Christians of pretending to be morally superior.

Our job is to convince consumers that our product is technically superior to its competitors.

Digital radios offer a superior quality of sound.

This boat meets the needs of serious yachtsmen who demand superior performance.

She was always showing off her superior knowledge.

He used his superior strength to wrestle Ben to the ground.

better, more powerful, more effective etc than a similar person or thing, especially one that you are competing against

更好的；更强的；更有效的

Fletcher’s superior technique brought him victory.

弗莱彻更胜一筹的技术使他取得了胜利。

He loves making fun of women. It makes him [feel superior](bold).

他喜欢取笑女人，这样让他感觉高她们一等。

a [vastly superior](bold)(=very much better, stronger etc) army

thinking that you are better than other people – used to show disapproval

有优越感的，高傲的，傲慢的〔含贬义〕

having a higher position or rank than someone else

职位[级别]更高的；上级的

Don’t you usually salute a [superior officer](bold)?

你难道平时不向上级军官敬礼的吗？

of very good quality – used especially in advertising

质量上乘的，优质的〔尤用于广告〕


superior

someone who has a higher rank or position than you, especially in a job

He had a good working relationship with his [immediate superior](bold)(=the person directly above him).

他和他的顶头上司工作关系很融洽。


superiority

sʊˌpɪriˈɔː-, -ˈɑː-

the quality of being better, more skilful, more powerful etc than other people or things

the supposed superiority of the male sex

the intellectual superiority of humans over other animals

人类相比其他动物所具有的智力优势

an attitude that shows you think you are better than other people – used to show disapproval

优越感，骄傲自大〔含贬义〕

Janet always spoke with an air of superiority.

珍妮特说话时总显得盛气凌人。


supermarket

ˈsuːpəˌmɑːkɪt

a very large shop that sells food, drinks, and things that people need regularly in their homes


superstition

ˌsuːpəˈstɪʃən

a belief that some objects or actions are lucky or unlucky, or that they cause events to happen, based on old ideas of magic

the old superstition that walking under a ladder is unlucky

认为从梯子下面穿过不吉利的古老迷信


superstitious

ˌsuːpəˈstɪʃəs◂


superstore

a very large shop that sells a large variety of or one type of product


supervise

to be in charge of an activity or person, and make sure that things are done in the correct way

→see THESAURUS at [control](->control) 2

Griffiths closely supervised the research.

格里菲思密切指导该项研究。


supervision

ˌsuːpəˈvɪʒən

Children were allowed out only under close supervision.

Beginners should only attempt these exercises under strict supervision in a gym.

You need to be good at working alone without constant supervision.

Why had the parents not provided adequate supervision?

Very low-calorie diets should only be followed under medical supervision.

The three boys often played outside without a lot of parental supervision.

Trainees need direct supervision for at least the first week.

He was allowed to use the machinery without the personal supervision of the teacher.

The tutors also provide supervision for research students.

Costumes and sets were also made under his supervision.


supervisor

[supervisory](bold) /ˈsuːpəvaɪzəri/ US /ˌsuːpərˈvaɪzəri/  adj. eg: I had a supervisory role.

someone who supervises a person or activity

someone who is a member of the city,county etc government in some parts of the US

〔美国某些地方的市、县等政府中的〕监督人


supper

the meal that you have in the early evening

Why don’t you come over for supper on Friday?

周五为什么不过来吃晚饭呢？

We [had supper](bold) in a small Italian place.

我们在一家意大利小餐馆吃了晚饭。

晚饭我们吃了意大利面条。

a very light meal, for example a drink and a piece of cake, that you have just before you go to bed


supplement

something that you add to something else to improve it or make it complete

vitamins and other [dietary supplements](bold)

各种维生素和其他膳食补充剂

The payments are a supplement to his usual salary.

这些钱是他平常工资之外的补充。

an additional part at the end of a book, or a separate part of a newspaper, magazine etc

〔书的〕附录；补编；补遗；〔报纸、杂志的〕增刊

an amount of money that is added to the price of a service, hotel room etc

〔服务、宾馆房费等的〕附加费

Single rooms are available at a supplement.


supplement

[supplementation](bold) /ˌsʌpləmenˈteɪʃ/  n. <U>

to add something, especially to what you earn or eat, in order to increase it to an acceptable level

Kia supplements her regular salary by tutoring in the evenings.

基亚晚上做家庭教师来帮补固定的薪水。


supplementary

provided in addition to what already exists


supply

[in short supply](bold) at → [short](->short) 1

In hot countries, always carry a good supply of water.

There was a plentiful supply of books and magazines to read.

The larger cities usually have more modern health facilities and an adequate supply of medicines.

For dairy farming, a constant supply of lush grass is essential.

(=one that does not end, or seems not to end)

The early settlers also found a ready supply of flints in the chalk cliffs.

There is a limited supply of land for building.

We cannot rely on the dwindling supplies of crude oil and natural gas.

The diver had nearly used up his supply of oxygen.

an amount of something that is available to be used

I’ve only got a week’s supply of tablets left.

剩下的药片只够我一周的量了。

There was a plentiful supply of cheap labour.

The nation’s fuel supplies will not last forever.

这个国家的燃料供应不会无穷无尽。

To protect the [food supply](bold), the government ordered the slaughter of affected cattle.

为保护食品供应，政府下令宰杀被感染的牛。

food, clothes, and things necessary for daily life or for a particular purpose, especially for a group of people over a period of time

日用（必需）品〔尤指供一群人在一段时间内用〕

foreign aid used to buy medical supplies

用于购买医药物资的外国援助款项

燃气/电力/自来水等供应（系统）

If you fail to pay your bill, you run the risk of having your electricity [supply cut off](bold)(=stopped).

如果你不付账单，就有可能被断电。

The military government is trying to stop the supply of guns to the rebels.

军政府试图切断叛军的枪支补给。

a ship etc used for bringing or storing supplies

补给船/车[船]队/路线等


supply

[past tense and past participle](italic) [supplied](bold) [present participle](italic) [supplying](bold) [third person singular](italic) [supplies](bold)

to provide people with something that they need or want, especially regularly over a long period of time

供应，供给，提供〔所需物品〕

Paint for the project was supplied by the city.

该项目所用涂料由市政府提供。

An informer supplied the police with the names of those involved in the crime.

有线人向警方提供了涉案者的名字。

They were arrested for supplying drugs to street dealers.

他们因向街头毒品贩子提供毒品而被捕。

be well/poorly/generously supplied with sth

to have a lot of something, a little of something etc

某物供应充分/不足/充足

The lounge was well supplied with ashtrays.


support

to say that you agree with a person or idea, and usually help them because you want them to succeed

Thanks to everyone who supported us throughout the trial.

The tsunami appeal was supported by thousands of people.

to support a person or plan by providing money or practical help – used about governments or other powerful groups

The £100 million scheme is backed by the British government.

The people backing him do not have the interests of the club at heart.

to formally and officially say that you support a person, plan, or idea

Agriculture ministers refused to endorse the Commission's proposals.

to support a person or plan and help them be successful – used especially about a group of people

The England fans really got behind the team.

I really believe in this initiative, but it was hard to find business people who were willing to get behind it.

The police can't do anything unless the public gets behind them.

to say that you support someone or something when they are being attacked

You were the only person who stood up for me at the meeting.

to support one of the people or groups involved in an argument – used especially when you disapprove of this or think it is unfair

I felt she was siding with her mother rather than standing up for me.

The jury often side with the defendant in these situations.

to hold the weight of something and stop it from falling

The branch was too weak to support his weight.

The ceiling was supported by huge stone columns.

Her body was so weak that she had to be supported by two nurses.

These poles hold up the outer part of the tent.

His trousers were held up by an old piece of string.

to stop something from falling by putting something against it or under it

The builders have propped up the walls with steel beams.

to support the weight of someone or something – used about something supporting several people, vehicles etc

The bridge could only carry up to two cars at a time.

to be strong enough to support the weight of someone or something

Are you sure the branch will hold both of us?

She prayed that the roof would hold her weight as she crawled along it.

The truck did not look strong enough to bear the weight of all those people.

His damaged leg would not take his weight.

Any large mirrors should have additional support to take their weight.

Make sure you choose a pole that will take the weight of your curtains.

to say that you agree with an idea, group, or person, and usually to help them because you want them to succeed

The bill was supported by a large majority in the Senate.

这项法案得到参议院绝大多数人的支持。

We need to support our teachers in their efforts to raise standards.

我们必须支持我们的教师为提高教学水准所作的努力。

We [strongly support](bold) the peace process.

to help someone by being sympathetic and kind to them during a difficult time in their life

支持，帮助，援助〔处于困难时期的人〕

我妻子给了我极大的支持。

to provide enough money for someone to pay for all the things they need

I [have](bold) a wife and two children [to support](bold).

我要养活妻子和两个孩子。

She supports her family by teaching evening classes.

I have no idea how I am going to support myself.

我不知道如何来养活我自己。

to give money to a group, organization, or event etc to encourage it or pay for its costs

出钱帮助，为 …提供资金，资助

There are a handful of charities which I support regularly.

有几家慈善机构我定期捐助。

to hold the weight of something, keep it in place, or prevent it from falling

支撑，承受〔某物的重量〕

The middle part of the bridge is supported by two huge towers.

桥的中部由两个巨型桥塔支撑。

During sleep, our spine no longer needs to [support](bold) the [weight](bold) of our body.

睡觉时，我们的脊柱不用再支撑体重。

I got to my feet, supporting myself on the side of the table.

我站起来，身体靠在桌子边上。

if results, facts, studies etc support an idea or statement, they show or prove that it is correct

The results support our original theory.

这些结果证明了我们原先的理论。

There is little evidence to support such explanations.

几乎没有证据支持这样的解释。

to like a particular sports team and go to watch the games they play

Which [team](bold) do you [support](bold)?

我毕生都在支持利物浦队。

to provide information and material to improve a computer program or system, or to make it keep working

I don’t think they support that version of the program anymore.

我认为他们不再支持这个版本的程序了。

if land can support people or animals, it is of good enough quality to grow enough food for them to live

if water, air, or earth can support life, it is clean enough, has enough oxygen etc to keep animals or plants alive

Because of pollution, this lake is now too acid to support fish.

因为受到污染，这片湖泊现在酸性太强，无法维持鱼类生存。

healthy soil that can support plant life

可维持植物生长的健康土壤

to get money in order to pay for a bad habit, especially taking drugs

支付不良习惯的花费，用钱维持不良习惯〔尤指吸毒〕

He turned to crime to support his habit.

为了维持自己的恶习，他走上了犯罪道路。


support

→ [child support](->child support) → [income support](->income support) → [life support system](->life support system) [moral support](bold) at → [moral](->moral) 1 sense 3

The extreme right-wing parties don’t have much popular support.

The American people gave him their enthusiastic support.

The naturalist Sir David Attenborough has lent his support to the campaign.

(=say that you will support someone or something)

Both the opposition parties pledged full support for the new administration.

The plan drew wide support from parents.

Try to win the support of local shopkeepers.

His views were too extreme to command general support.

(=get people’s support by making an effort)

Both sides have been drumming up support through the internet.

He wrote to the prime minister in an attempt to enlist his support.

(=get people to support something in an active way)

Part of their mission was to mobilize popular support for Franco.

Now he needs to build his support by explaining what he believes in.

He's decided to withdraw his support for the project.

There seemed to be no popular support for war.

There is widespread support for the Government’s proposal.

A survey found strong support for the project among hospital staff.

That view deserves the full support of all farmers.

I want you to know that you have my whole-hearted support.

Les, with the active support of his wife Pam, has spent several years compiling a list of the prisoners.

(=when all members of a group support something)

There was nearly unanimous support for the proposal.

approval, encouragement, and perhaps help for a person, idea, plan etc

Local people have given us a lot of support in our campaign.

当地人对我们的活动给予了大力支持。

There was widespread support for the war.

They signed a petition in support of the pay claim.

他们在请愿书上签名支持加薪要求。

He had the full support of the general committee.

sympathy and help that you give to someone who is in a difficult situation or who is very unhappy

I couldn’t have made it through those times without the support of my boyfriend Rob.

没有男朋友罗布的支持，我是不可能熬过那些日子的。

money that you give a person, group, organization etc to help pay for their costs

The European Union is considering whether to provide [financial support](bold) for the expedition.

欧盟正在考虑是否要为这次探险提供资助。

With your support, we can help these youngsters.

有了你们的资助，我们就能帮助这些年轻人。

something that presses on something else to hold it up or in position

支撑（物）；支柱；支架；支座

屋顶可能需要再加点支撑。

She grabbed at his shoulders for support.

facts that show that an idea or statement is correct

My own research provides some support for this view.

我自己的研究为这一观点提供了一些证据。

the help or information that you receive to improve a computer system, make it continue working, or use it correctly

a band, singer, or performer that performs for a short time at the same concert as a more famous and popular band etc

We [played support to](bold) a band called Shallow.

我们为一个名叫“沙洛”的乐队助演。

the [support act](bold)(=the support band)

help or protection that is given by one group of soldiers to another group who are fighting in a battle

[air/ground support](bold)(=help or protection that comes from people in aircraft or people on the ground)

something that you wear to hold a weak or damaged part of your body in the right place

〔用以支撑身体虚弱或受伤部位的〕支持器，托


supporter

He was a strong supporter of co-education.

The party still has many loyal supporters.

Even his staunchest supporters acknowledge that he is unlikely to win.

Eisenhower had been an enthusiastic supporter of the regime.

She is an ardent supporter of the government's proposed tax reforms.

He remained an active supporter of Greenpeace.

Many of his leading supporters had by now either escaped abroad or been captured.

He is one of the governor's key political supporters.

Most of the newspaper's readers were Labour supporters.

someone who supports a particular person, group, or plan

someone who likes a particular sports team, and often goes to watch them play

〔运动队的〕支持者；球迷


supportive

giving help or encouragement, especially to someone who is in a difficult situation – used to show approval

支持的，给予帮助[鼓励]的〔含褒义〕

My family were very supportive throughout the divorce.

离婚过程中我的家人自始至终都很支持我。


suppose

used to say you think something is true, although you are uncertain about it

我想,我认为〔用于认为某事属实,但不敢肯定〕

So things worked out for the best, I suppose.

那么,我想事情有了最好的结果。

‘Aren’t you pleased?’ ‘Yes, [I suppose so](bold).’

“你不高兴吗？” “高兴，没啥不高兴的。”

used when agreeing to let someone do something, especially when you do not really want to

我想〔尤用于表示勉强同意某人做某事〕

‘Can we come with you?’ ‘Oh, [I suppose so](bold).’

“我们可以跟你一起去吗？”“噢,我看可以吧。”

used when saying in an angry way that you expect something is true

我看〔用于生气地表示预料某事属实〕

I suppose you thought you were being clever!

used to say that you think that something is probably true, although you wish it was not and hope someone will tell you it is not

I suppose it’s too late to apply for that job now.

恐怕现在申请那份工作已经太晚了。

used when guessing that something is true

used to ask a question in an indirect way, especially if you think the answer will be ‘no’

〔用于婉转地提出问题,尤用于认为得到的回答为否定回答时〕

I don’t suppose you have any idea where my address book is, do you?

我想你不知道我的通讯录在哪儿,是吧？

used to ask for something in a very polite way

〔用于很礼貌地提出要求〕

I don’t suppose you’d give me a lift to the station?

我能否顺便搭你的车去车站？

used to say that you think it is unlikely something will happen

我以为不会〔用于表示认为某事不大可能发生〕

I don’t suppose I’ll ever see her again.

我想我再也不会见到她了。

used to ask someone their opinion about something, although you know that it is unlikely that they have any more information about the situation than you do

你认为 …吗？〔用于征询意见,虽然知道对方不大可能掌握更多的信息〕

[who/what/why etc do you suppose ... ?](bold)

Who on earth do you suppose could have done this?

你认为这事到底会是谁干的？

你认为他是怎么来这儿的？

used when you are annoyed by what someone has just said

这是什么意思？〔用于表示对某人刚说的话感到生气〕

‘It sounds like things aren’t going too well for you lately.’ ‘What’s that supposed to mean?’

“听上去你近来情况不是太好。”“这是什么意思？”

used when talking about a possible condition or situation, and then imagining the result

假设,假定〔用于谈论可能发生的情况,并设想结果〕

Look, suppose you lost your job tomorrow, what would you do?

哎,假设你明天丢掉了工作,你会怎么办呢？

used to say what someone should or should not do, especially because of rules or what someone in authority has said

We’re supposed to check out of the hotel by 11 o'clock.

我们应该在11点之前从酒店退房。

used to say what was or is expected or intended to happen, especially when it did not happen

本应[本该]做某事/是某事物〔用于表示某事本应发生而没有发生〕

The meeting was supposed to take place on Tuesday, but we’ve had to postpone it.

会议本应该在周二召开的，但我们不得不将它推迟了。

The new laws are supposed to prevent crime.

这些新法令本该起到预防犯罪的作用。

used to say that something is believed to be true by many people, although it might not be true or you might disagree

被相信[被认为]做某事/是某事物

‘Dirty Harry’ is supposed to be one of Eastwood’s best films.

《肮脏的哈里》被认为是伊斯特伍德的最佳影片之一。

Mrs Carver is supposed to have a lot of money.

to think that something is probably true, based on what you know

There were many more deaths than was first supposed.

死亡人数远远超过最初的预料。

What makes you suppose we’re going to sell the house?

你凭什么认为我们准备卖掉这栋房子？

[There’s no reason to suppose](bold)(=it is unlikely that) he’s lying.

In more formal English, you can say[ it is supposed that](bold)  something is true: It is usually supposed that girls are less aggressive than boys.

to expect that something will happen or be true, and to base your plans on it

假定，预期；以 …为条件

The company’s plan supposes a steady increase in orders.

公司的这个计划前提是订单会稳定地增加。


supposed

səˈpəʊzd, səˈpəʊzɪd

claimed by other people to be true or real, although you do not think they are right

gossip about Emma’s supposed affair with Peter

埃玛和彼得所谓有私情的谣传


supposedly

used when saying what many people say or believe is true, especially when you disagree with them

据说，据称；一般相信，一般看来

How could a supposedly intelligent person be so stupid?

一个所谓的聪明人怎么会这么愚蠢？

Anne is coming for a visit in March, supposedly.

据说安妮3月份要来探访。


suppress

[suppression](bold) /səˈpreʃ/  n. <U> eg: the suppression of opposition parties

to stop people from opposing the government, especially by using force

〔尤指用武力〕镇压，制止，压制

if important information or opinions are suppressed, people are prevented from knowing about them, even if they have a right to know

禁止发表，查禁，封锁〔消息或言论〕

The police were accused of suppressing evidence.

to stop yourself from showing your feelings

to prevent something from growing or developing, or from working effectively

抑制〔生长、发展、起作用等〕

The virus suppresses the body’s immune system.

这种病毒抑制身体的免疫系统。


supreme

having the highest position of power, importance, or influence

〔权力、重要性或影响力〕最高的，至高无上的

a country where the car [reigns supreme](bold)(=is the most important thing)

汽车占绝对优势地位的国家

supreme courage in the face of terrible danger

面对可怕危险时的极大勇气

It required a supreme effort to stay awake.

要保持清醒需要极大的努力。

to die for your country, for a principle etc

为国捐躯；〔为原则等〕作出牺牲


supremely

extremely or to the greatest possible degree


sure

believing that something is definitely true or correct

I’m not sure what the best thing to do is.

completely sure. [Certain ](bold) is more formal than [sure](bold), and it is very commonly used in writing

The police were certain that they had found the killer.

I think he’s married, but I’m not certain about it.

sure that something is true, even though you cannot prove it

She became convinced that her boyfriend was seeing someone else.

Brown’s wife was convinced of his innocence.

completely sure that something is true, especially when other people are not sure

She said she was positive that the exam was next Tuesday.

I’m absolutely positive I haven’t made a mistake.

sure that you know the truth about something that has happened, because you have enough information

The authorities are now satisfied that her death was an accident.

sure that something good will happen or that you will achieve something

Doctors are confident that he’ll make a full recovery.

A spokesman said the government was confident of winning the vote.

to have no doubts in your mind about something

He was in no doubt about what he should do next.

to have a strong feeling that something is true or correct

I just know that she will love this necklace.

When the phone rang, we knew something terrible must have happened.

I’m pretty sure it was the same woman who called the office last week.

Don’t throw anything away until you are absolutely sure you won’t need it again.

‘What are they?’ ‘I’m not entirely sure.’

I’m not exactly sure when the funeral is.

Make a list of any words or phrases whose meaning you are not too sure about.

By now, we were not at all sure where we were.

confident that you know something or that something is true or correct

肯定的，确信的，有把握的

‘That’s Sarah’s cousin.’ ‘Are you sure?’

“那是萨拉的表妹。”“你肯定吗？”

‘What time does the show start?’ ‘I’m not sure.’

“表演什么时候开始？”“我说不准。”

I’m sure there’s a logical explanation for all this.

我确信这一切都是有合理解释的。

Are you sure that you know how to get there?

你肯定知道怎样到那里去吗？

My mother, I [felt sure](bold), had not met him before.

我敢肯定我妈妈以前从未见过他。

亨利不清楚该如何回答这个问题。

I’m not sure if I’m pronouncing this correctly.

我不太清楚这个音我发得对不对。

He wasn’t even sure of his mother’s name.

他甚至连他妈妈的名字都搞不清。

They were talking about her, she was [sure of that](bold).

他们在谈论她，她很肯定。

‘That’s the man I saw in the building last night.’ ‘Are you [quite sure](bold)(=completely sure) about that?’

“那就是我昨晚在大楼里看见的那个男人。”“你确定吗？”

In writing, people often prefer to use [certain](bold)  rather than [sure](bold) , because it sounds more formal:

We cannot be [certain](bold) what causes this phenomenon.

to find out if something is true or to check that something has been done

‘Did you lock the front door?’ ‘I think so, but I’d better make sure.’

“前门你锁了吗？”“我想是锁了，但我最好还是去查看一下。”

I wanted to make sure you were all right.

我想确认一下你是否没事。

First, make sure the printer has enough paper in it.

首先，确保打印机里有足够的纸张。

to do something so that you can be certain of the result

I’ll walk you home, just to make sure no one bothers you.

我陪你走回家，就为确保没人骚扰你。

Spain made sure of their place by holding Japan to a 1–1 draw.

和日本队踢成1比1平让西班牙确保了自己的排名。

Thomas would be sorry – she would [make sure of that](bold).

托马斯会后悔的——她一定要叫他后悔。

certain about what you feel, want, like etc

〔对自己的感觉、想法、喜好等〕肯定的，确实的，无疑的

Carla says she is very sure of her love for Tony.

卡拉说她非常确定自己爱托尼。

One thing’s for sure, we’ll never be able to move this furniture on our own.

有一点是肯定的，我们自己绝对搬不动这家具。

Those black clouds are a sure sign of rain.

那些乌云表明肯定要下雨。

certain to happen, succeed, or have a particular result

肯定会〔发生、成功或得到某结果〕的

He’s sure to get nervous and say something stupid.

他肯定会紧张，说出一些愚蠢的话来。

There was only one sure way of finding out – and that was to visit him.

只有一种方法肯定能查明真相——就是去拜访他。

[sure thing/bet](bold) AmE(=something that will definitely happen, win, succeed etc)

to be certain to get something or be certain that something will happen

某事肯定会发生；一定会做某事

United must beat Liverpool to be sure of winning the championship.

曼联队必须打败利物浦队才能稳拿冠军。

You [can be sure of](bold) one thing – there’ll be a lot of laughs.

有一点可以肯定——将会笑声不断。

confident in your own abilities and opinions, sometimes in a way that annoys other people

Kids nowadays seem very sure of themselves.

如今的小孩都显得很自信。

used to tell someone to remember to do something

一定要做某事，务必要做某事〔用于告诉某人记住做某事〕

Be sure to ring and let us know you’ve got back safely.

一定要来个电话，让我们知道你已经平安返回。

No one knows for sure what really happened.

没有人确切知道到底发生了什么事。

used to emphasize that something is true

肯定的，没有疑问的〔用于强调某事是真的〕

We’ll always need teachers, [that’s for sure](bold).

我们永远都需要教师，这是肯定的。

当然，好的〔用于表示同意〕

‘Can you pick me up later?’ ‘Sure thing.’

“你过一会儿能来接我吗？”“没问题。”

used to admit that something is true, before saying something that is the opposite

It was difficult, to be sure, but somehow we managed to finish the job.

这项工作固然困难，但不管怎样我们终于完成了。

If I could get you out of there, I sure as hell would.

如果我能让你离开那里，我一定会这么做。

if you have a sure hold or footing, your hands or feet are placed firmly so they cannot slip


sure

used to say that something did actually happen in the way that you said it would

果真，果然（如此）〔表示发生的事与预料的相符〕

‘Can you give me a ride to work tomorrow?’ ‘Sure.’

“明天我可以搭你的车去上班吗？”“当然可以。”

used as a reply when you accept thanks from someone

不（用）谢，不（用）客气

“谢谢你帮忙，卡伦。”“不用谢。”

我当然希望他们安全到达那里。

used at the beginning of a statement admitting that something is true, especially before adding something very different

的确，没错〔用于陈述的开始，承认某事属实，尤用于随后补充不同看法时〕

Sure Joey’s happy now, but will it last?

的确，乔伊现在是快乐的，但这能持久吗？


surely

[slowly but surely](bold) at → [slowly](->slowly) sense 2

used to show that you think something must be true, especially when people seem to be disagreeing with you

想必，谅必〔尤用于当别人似乎不同意时〕

You must have heard about the riots, surely?

想必你已经听说骚乱的事了吧？

Surely we can’t just stand back and let this happen?

我们总不能袖手旁观，任由这种事发生吧？

used to show you cannot believe that something is true

绝不可能，绝对不会〔用于表示不相信〕

‘The chairman’s just handed in his resignation.’ ‘Surely not.’

“主席刚递交了辞呈。”“不可能吧。”

这样的罪人必定会受到惩罚。

used to say ‘yes’ to someone or to express agreement with them

当然，可以，没错〔用于表示同意〕


surf

→ [surfer](->surfer) → [surfing](->surfing)

to ride on waves while standing on a special board

to look quickly through information on the Internet for anything that interests you


surf

the white substance that forms on top of waves as they move towards the shore


surface

[scratch the surface](bold) at → [scratch](->scratch) 1 sense 8

The upper surface of the leaf is dull green.

The outer surface of the shell is ridged.

I reached out and touched the rough surface of the stone wall.

Many floor tiles have textured surfaces to make them less slippery underfoot.

The path has a hard surface suitable for wheelchairs and pushchairs.

This type of cloth has a shiny surface on one side.

I didn't want to spill anything on the polished surface of the table.

The sign read: ‘Beware: slippery surface.’

the top layer of an area of water or land

Dead leaves floated on the surface of the water.

Nearly 10% of the Earth’s surface is covered by ice.

地球表面将近10%被冰层覆盖。

Gas bubbles in any liquid tend to [rise to the surface](bold).

任何液体中的气泡往往都会浮到表面。

The tunnel was some 300 feet below the surface.

隧道在地表以下约300英尺深处。

〔物体的〕外层，表层，面

The road surfaces tend to be worse in the towns than in the country.

城镇里的路面往往比乡村的差。

the qualities, emotions etc of someone or something that are easy to notice, but which are not the only or not the real qualities, emotions etc

On the surface, it seems a simple story.

从表面看，这似乎是一个简单的故事。

Half an hour later, Enid had calmed down, [at least on the surface](bold).

半小时后伊妮德平静下来了，至少表面上是这样。

I sensed a lot of tension and jealousy beneath the surface.

我感觉到表面上平静无事，但暗藏着重重的紧张和猜忌。

Prejudice is [never far beneath the surface](bold)(=often appears) in the region.

在这个地区，偏见时常都存在。

[rise/be brought/come to the surface](bold)

Violence has risen to the surface in the inner city.

暴力活动已在旧城区浮现。

a flat area on the top of a cupboard, table, desk etc, that you use for cooking or working on

桌面，台面；〔某物的〕面

在干净、平整的台面上工作。


surface

if information, feelings, or problems surface, they become known about or easy to notice

〔信息、情感或问题〕显露，暴露；公开

Rumors about the killings have [begun to surface](bold) in the press.

有关这些杀人事件的传闻开始见诸报端。

if someone or something surfaces, they suddenly appear somewhere, especially after being gone or hidden for a long time

〔尤在消失或隐藏很长一段时间后〕露面；重新出现；显露

去年图尔再次在古巴露面。

在小船附近浮出水面的潜水者

Joe never surfaces before midday on Sunday.

乔在星期天不睡到中午是绝不会起床的。


surface

relating to the part of the army, navy etc that travels by land or on the sea, rather than by air or under the sea

〔军队〕地面的，陆上的；海上的

appearing to be true or real, but not representing what someone really feels or what something is really like

Beneath the surface calm, she felt very insecure.

她表面平静，但内心感到非常不安。


surfing

the activity or sport of riding over the waves on a special board

When we were in Hawaii, we [went surfing](bold) every day.

我们在夏威夷时每天都去冲浪。

the activity of looking quickly through information on the Internet to find something that interests you


surge

to suddenly move very quickly in a particular direction

if a feeling surges or surges up, you begin to feel it very strongly

She could feel anger surging inside her.

if a large amount of a liquid, electricity, chemical etc surges, it moves very quickly and suddenly

〔大量液体〕汹涌；〔电流〕浪涌；〔化学物等〕突然涌动


surge

〔数量的〕急剧增加，激增

a surge of reporters’ interest in his finances

记者对他财务状况的突然关注

a sudden quick movement of a liquid, electricity, chemical etc through something

〔液体的〕汹涌；〔电流的〕浪涌；〔化学品等的〕突然涌动

a device that protects your computer against electrical surges


surgeon

a doctor who does operations in a hospital


surgery

Leslie had surgery on her toe last year.

He underwent surgery to remove a bullet from his chest.

There are risks if you choose to undergo surgery.

A San Antonio doctor has volunteered to perform the surgery at no cost.

He is likely to need surgery in the near future.

The surgery was successful and he’s recovering well.

He will require major surgery to remove the lump.

The president will undergo minor surgery today to remove a small growth from his finger.

She is now fit again after knee surgery.

The teenager underwent emergency surgery after a bullet pierced her lung.

(=surgery to improve someone’s appearance)

More and more people are choosing to have plastic surgery.

The doctor suggested laser surgery to improve her sight.

(=surgery done through a very small hole in the skin)

The operation will be done using keyhole surgery.

(=surgery that is not necessary, but you choose to have)

There are often long waiting times for elective surgery.

medical treatment in which a surgeon cuts open your body to repair or remove something inside

She was in surgery for two hours Thursday.

周四她做了两小时的手术。

→ [cosmetic surgery](->cosmetic surgery) → [plastic surgery](->plastic surgery)

the place where operations are done in a hospital

a place where a doctor or dentist gives treatment

a regular period each day when people can see a doctor or dentist

Surgery is from 9 am to 1 pm on weekdays.

门诊时间为周一至周五上午9点至下午1点。

a special period of time when people can see a Member of Parliament to discuss problems


surgical

[surgically](bold) /-kli/  adv. eg: The lump was [surgically removed](bold).

relating to or used for medical operations

手术刀和其他外科手术器械

a stocking etc that someone wears to support a part of their body that is injured or weak

done very carefully and in exactly the right place

[With surgical precision](bold) he cut four inches off the legs of the jeans.

他分毫不差地从牛仔裤上剪下四英寸长的裤管。


surname

the name that you share with your parents, or often with your husband if you are a married woman, and which in English comes at the end of your full name


surpass

to be even better or greater than someone or something else

He had [surpassed](bold) all our [expectations](bold).

他超越了我们所有的预期。

The number of multiple births has surpassed 100,000 for the first time.

surpass yourself (=do something better than you have ever done before)

With this painting he has surpassed himself.

凭借这幅画，他实现了自身绘画水平的突破。


surplus

an amount of something that is more than what is needed or used

剩余，过剩；剩余额，多余的量

多出来的部分可以修剪掉。

the amount of money that a country or company has left after it has paid for all the things it needs

a huge [budget surplus](bold) of over £16 billion

超过160亿英镑的巨额预算盈余


surplus

He found out he was surplus to requirements in London and left.

他发现自己留在伦敦是多余的，于是就离开了。


surprise

His decision to marry was a complete surprise.

The announcement came as a surprise to most people.

We got a surprise when we got home and found him waiting for us.

(=be planning to give someone a surprise)

I think Jenny might have a surprise for you.

The chairman sprang a surprise this week by announcing his intention to quit.

It came as no surprise when Lester got the job.

Compare our prices. You’ll be in for a pleasant surprise.

(=something unexpected is going to happen)

There were plenty more surprises in store for him.

Environmental health inspectors made a surprise visit to the restaurant.

His friends had planned a surprise party for him.

In a surprise announcement the company said they were withdrawing their planning application.

She came to power in 1977, after a surprise victory in the general election.

Instead they launched a successful surprise attack on the castle.

In a surprise move, the government lifted the ban on arms exports to the country.

意想不到的事；不同寻常的事

真想不到啊，在这儿碰到你！

We had a big surprise when we found out the truth.

我们知道真相后大吃一惊。

the feeling you have when something unexpected or unusual happens

The man had a look of surprise on his face.

那人脸上一副惊讶的表情。

to sb’s surprise (=in a way that surprises someone)

Much to his surprise, she gave him her phone number.

令他颇感意外的是，她把电话号码给了他。

You say: To my surprise, the whole family was there.
Don’t say: [for my surprise](strike)

to suddenly attack a place or an opponent when they are not ready

出其不意地袭击某人/某地

The guerrillas were killed when army troops took them by surprise.

游击队员在遭到军队突袭时被杀。

an unexpected present, trip etc which you give to someone or organize for them, often on a special occasion

令某人惊喜的事物〔如礼物、旅行等〕

‘I’ve got a surprise for you,’ she said.

“我要给你一个惊喜。”她说道。

someone who arrives somewhere unexpectedly

used when you are just about to show someone something that you know will surprise them

used when saying in a joking way that you expected something to happen or be true

不足为怪〔玩笑语，用于表示自己预料到某事将会发生或属实〕

The American TV networks are, surprise, surprise, full of stories about the election.

美国电视网毫无意外地全是有关竞选的报道。

used when you suddenly appear in front of someone who you know is not expecting to see you

想不到吧〔出其不意地突然出现在某人面前时说的话〕

the use of methods which are intended to cause surprise

出其不意[出人意料]的方法

An [element of surprise](bold) is important to any attack.

出其不意在任何进攻中都很重要。


surprise

to make someone feel surprised, especially because they did not expect something

Her reaction surprised me – I didn’t realize how strongly she felt.

What surprised me was how cheap everything was compared to at home.

to greatly surprise someone, for example because something is very good, unusual, or hard to believe

It amazes me that no one has thought of the idea before.

Myra astonished her doctors by recovering so quickly.

to greatly surprise or shock someone. [Astound](bold) sounds a little more formal and a little stronger than [astonish](bold)

What astounded him was their inefficiency.

to happen at an unexpected time, so that people are surprised or unprepared

Security men were taken by surprise as the man ran onto the stage.

to make someone feel surprised or slightly frightened by doing something they did not expect

The wind made the door shut with a crash, which startled her.

使惊奇，使诧异，使感到意外

他那奇怪的问题令她感到意外。

[it surprises sb to see/find/know etc](bold)

It had surprised me to find how fussy he was about some things.

我发现他在有些事情上大惊小怪，感到很吃惊。

I didn’t know you two knew each other. Mind you, [it doesn’t surprise me](bold).

我不知道你们俩认识。尽管如此，我并不感到意外。

[What surprised](bold) me [most](bold) was that she didn’t seem to care.

最令我感到意外的是，她好像毫不在乎。

Looking back, does it surprise you that she left?

回过头看看，她的离开让你吃惊吗？

[It wouldn’t surprise](bold) me [if](bold) he married Jo.

要是他和乔结婚，我不会吃惊的。

to find, catch, or attack someone when they are not expecting it, especially when they are doing something they should not be doing

出其不意地发现[抓获]；突然袭击

A security guard surprised the burglars in the storeroom.

一名保安在储藏室当场抓住小偷。


surprised

having the feeling you get when something happens that you did not expect

I was surprised to see her again so soon.

I’m really surprised that he remembered my birthday.

Nobody was surprised when they split up.

extremely surprised, especially by something good or by something that seems hard to believe

You’ll be amazed when you see the difference.

He was astonished by how much she had changed.

extremely surprised or shocked. [Astounded](bold) sounds a little more formal and a little stronger than [astonished](bold)

‘What?’ I said, utterly staggered by his answer.

She just sat there looking flabbergasted.

so surprised that you do not know what to do or say

Everyone seemed stunned by his outburst.

I was speechless when I heard that I’d won.

surprised by what someone says or does, so that you are not sure how to react

I was a little taken aback by her question.

Sharpe was somewhat taken aback by the girl 's directness.

She was nonplussed by such an odd question.

extremely surprised – a very informal use

I was absolutely gobsmacked when they told me I had passed.

I would be very surprised if that was the case.

He was a little surprised by her request.

He looked mildly surprised by the question.

You will probably be pleasantly surprised at the amount of food you are allowed to eat on this diet.

‘Me?’ Theodora seemed genuinely surprised.

吃惊的，惊奇的，惊讶的，诧异的

He [looked surprised](bold) to see Cassie standing by the front door.

他看到卡西站在前门旁，显得很吃惊。

我们听到这个消息后大感意外。

She was surprised that no one was there to greet her.

她很惊讶竟然没有人在那儿迎接她。

I bet she’ll be really surprised to see me.

我打赌她看到我会感到很意外。

He had a [surprised look](bold) on his face.

[Don’t be surprised if](bold) the interviewer is rather direct.

如果采访的人说话比较直接，也不要吃惊。

[I wouldn’t be surprised](bold) if she married that fellow.

要是她嫁给那家伙，我不会感到意外。


surprising

It’s surprising how quickly you get used to it.

very surprising. [Astounding](bold) sounds a little more formal and a little stronger than [astonishing](bold)

The results of the tests were astounding.

Things are changing at an astonishing speed.

It is extraordinary that such a young boy should be so good at maths.

very surprising – used especially about good or impressive things

It’s amazing what you can do when you really try.

very surprising, especially by being so large

The project cost a staggering $8 million.

so surprising that you can hardly believe it

It is unbelievable that she is only the same age as me.

The incredible thing is that he thinks he is ugly.

令人惊奇的，使人吃惊的，出人意料的

她告诉我一件令人吃惊的事。

A surprising number of his paintings have survived.

It is not surprising that most parents experience occasional difficulties.

大多数父母偶尔都会遇到困难，这不足为奇。

It’s surprising how quickly you get used to things.

It is [hardly surprising](bold) that new mothers often suffer from depression.

初为人母者常患上抑郁症是不足为奇的。


surprisingly

惊人地，使人吃惊地，出人意料地

[Not surprisingly](bold), with youth unemployment so high, some school-leavers with qualifications fail to find jobs.

年轻人失业率如此之高，难怪一些具备专业资格的毕业生会找不到工作。


surrender

to say officially that you want to stop fighting, especially in a war, because you realize that you cannot win – used about people and countries

to accept that you cannot win a game, argument, fight etc and stop trying to win it

The players refused to give in and eventually won the game 4-3 in extra time.

The negotiations went on for days and neither side was prepared to give in.

to accept that you have not won something

In July 1905, Russia admitted defeat in its war with Japan.

She wanted to run for the Presidency and refused to accept defeat.

to say that you are not going to win a game, argument, election etc, so that it officially ends

to say officially that you want to stop fighting, because you realize that you cannot win

德国于1945年5月7日投降。

The terrorists were given ten minutes to surrender.

恐怖分子被限定在十分钟之内投降。

to go to the police or the authorities, and say that you want to stop trying to escape from them

He immediately surrendered himself to the authorities.

to give up something or someone, especially because you are forced to

She was reluctant to surrender her independence.

她不愿意放弃自己的独立。

Marchers who had cameras were forced to surrender their film.

带照相机的游行者被迫交出胶卷。

to allow yourself to be controlled or influenced by something

听任某事物摆布；屈服于某事物

Colette surrendered to temptation and took out a cigarette.

科利特经不住诱惑，拿出了一根香烟。

to give something such as a ticket or a passport to an official

〔向官员〕交出〔票证或护照〕

Steir voluntarily surrendered his license to the State.

斯泰尔主动向政府交出执照。


surrender

when you say officially that you want to stop fighting because you realize that you cannot win

the humiliation of [unconditional surrender](bold)(=accepting total defeat)

the Nazis’ surrender to the Allied forces

when you give away something or someone, usually because you are forced to

〔通常出于被迫的〕放弃，交出

when you allow yourself to be controlled or influenced by something


surround

to be all around someone or something on every side

He glared at the people who surrounded the tent.

他怒视着围住帐篷的那些人。

[Surround](bold)  is often passive in this meaning.

to have a lot of a particular type of people or things near you

He’s always been surrounded by people who adore him.

他时时刻刻被崇拜者包围。

if police or soldiers surround a place, they arrange themselves in positions all the way around it

Armed police surrounded a house in the High Street.

武装警察包围了大街上的一栋房子。

to be closely related to a situation or event

与〔某情况或事件〕密切相关

Some of the issues surrounding alcohol abuse are very complex.

有关酗酒的一些问题十分复杂。

Silence and secrecy surround the murder.

沉默和神秘围绕着这桩谋杀案。

to choose to have certain people or things near you all the time

和某人/某事物在一起，与某人/某事物为伍

The designer surrounded himself with exquisite objects.

这位设计师在自己身边摆满了精美的物品。


surround

an area around the edge of something, especially one that is decorated or made of a different material


surrounding

Troops sealed off the [surrounding area](bold).

We decided to explore the [surrounding countryside](bold).

我们决定去附近的乡间走走看看。


surroundings

the objects, buildings, natural things etc that are around a person or thing at a particular time

He switched on the light and examined his surroundings.

他打开灯，查看了周围的情况。

I need to work in pleasant surroundings.

我需要在舒适的环境下工作。


survey

The survey was carried out by Warwick University.

a survey conducted by the British Medical Association.

Our survey showed that many women are afraid to go out alone at night.

A survey found that 37 percent of students were born outside the country.

Recent surveys suggest that these are the foreign languages most in demand by employers.

According to a recent survey, students buy an average of 11.33 books a year for their courses.

Every council will be required to conduct an annual survey of residents.

A national survey revealed that one in four 15-year-olds smokes regularly.

We conducted an extensive survey asking patients to suggest ways in which the service could be improved.

The author carried out a detailed survey of 32 organizations in Japan and Korea.

Opinion surveys showed consistently that unemployment remained a matter of concern.

They have begun to listen carefully to their customers, through customer surveys, focus groups, etc.

The results of the survey have not yet been analysed.

a set of questions that you ask a large number of people in order to find out about their opinions or behaviour

[carry out/conduct a survey](bold)(=do a survey)

We conducted a survey of parents in the village.

我们对这个村子的孩子父母作了一次调查。

The survey showed that Britain’s trees are in good health.

an examination of an area of land in order to make a map of it

〔绘制地图前对某地的〕勘测，测量，测绘

an examination of a house or other building done especially for someone who wants to buy it

〔尤指为购房者作的〕房屋鉴定[查勘]

a general description or report about a particular subject or situation

〔对某一专题或形势的〕概论，概述


survey

to ask a large number of people questions in order to find out their attitudes or opinions

Of the 100 companies surveyed, 10% had a turnover of £50m to £99m.

被调查的100家公司中，10%的公司营业额在5,000万到9,900万英镑之间。

[Survey](bold)  is often passive in this meaning.

to look at or consider someone or something carefully, especially in order to form an opinion about them

〔尤指为形成某种意见而〕审视，仔细考虑

She turned to survey her daughter’s pale face.

她转过头审视女儿苍白的面容。

They got out of the car to survey the damage.

to examine the condition of a house or other building and make a report on it, especially for people who want to buy it

〔尤指为购房者〕鉴定〔房屋〕

to examine and measure an area of land and record the details on a map

There were many voyages to survey the ocean depths in the nineteenth century.

19世纪有过多次勘测海洋深度的航行。


survival

The long-term survival of polar bears is at risk.

The continued survival of this species of dolphin seems unlikely.

Both countries depend on wildlife-based tourism for their economic survival.

The prime minister is fighting for his political survival.

The survival rate of animals returned to the wild remains an unanswered question.

(=a natural ability to know how to survive)

My survival instinct told me to get up and run.

They learned survival skills from the local Indian tribe.

The best survival strategy is to avoid putting yourself in unnecessary danger.

Many construction companies are fighting for survival.

Controlling land development would ensure the survival of many types of wildlife.

The frogs owe their survival to a conservation program.

He knew that his chances of survival were small.

Their lives had been one long struggle for survival.

the state of continuing to live or exist

Illegal hunting is threatening the survival of the species.

非法狩猎正威胁着物种的生存。

The doctors gave him a one in ten [chance of survival](bold).

医生说他有十分之一的生存希望。

A lot of small companies are having to [fight for survival](bold)(=work hard in order to continue to exist).

很多小公司不得不挣扎求生。

a situation in which only the strongest and most successful people or things continue to exist

something that has continued to exist from a much earlier period, especially when similar things have disappeared

某事物的残存物[遗风，遗迹]

The cult is a survival from the old Zoroastrian religion.

这种膜拜仪式是古老的拜火教遗留下来的。


survive

to continue to live after an accident, war, or illness

〔经历事故、战争或疾病后〕活下来；幸存

140名乘客中只有12人生还。

to continue to live normally in spite of many problems

渡过难关，从〔困难〕中挺过来

我相信她会渡过这个难关的。

I’ve had a tough few months, but I’ll survive.

我这几个月十分艰苦，但我会挺过去的。

to manage to live a normal life even though you have very little money

〔靠很少的钱〕继续维持生活

I don’t know how you all manage to survive on Jeremy’s salary.

我真不知道你们只靠杰里米的薪水是怎样生活的。

the amount that a family needs each week just to survive

一个家庭每周维持基本生活所需要的花费

A few pages of the original manuscript still survive.

有几页原始手稿依然存世。

Several buildings in the town have survived from medieval times.

镇上有几座建筑物是从中世纪时期留存下来的。

an old custom which has survived into the twenty-first century

留存到21世纪的一个古老习俗

The main building was demolished, but the library still survives as a museum.

主楼被毁，但图书馆仍留存至今，用作了博物馆。

The car industry cannot survive without government help.

A lot of smaller firms did not survive the recession.

很多较小的企业没从经济衰退中挺过来。

to live longer than someone else, usually someone closely related to you

比〔通常指亲人〕活得更长，比〔某人〕长寿


survivor

someone who continues to live after an accident, war, or illness

〔事故、战争或疾病的〕生还者，幸存者

Emergency help is needed for survivors of the earthquake.

地震的幸存者需要紧急援助。

She was the [sole survivor](bold)(=only survivor) of the massacre.

她是大屠杀唯一的幸存者。

someone who manages to live normally in spite of many problems

Don’t worry about Kurt; he’s a survivor.

不用担心库尔特，他是个坚强的人。

someone who continues to live after other members of their family have died

〔家庭其他成员死后〕还活着的人

She was the last survivor of the family.

家里只剩她一个人还活着。

a company that continues to be successful in spite of many problems

幸存者〔指虽然有很多困难但仍存活的公司〕

The company hopes to be one of the survivors of this recession.

公司希望成为这次经济衰退的幸存者之一。


susceptible

likely to suffer from a particular illness or be affected by a particular problem

Older people are more susceptible to infections.

Soil on the mountain slopes is very susceptible to erosion.

山坡上的土壤很容易受到侵蚀。

a susceptible person is easily influenced or attracted by someone or something

A lot of TV advertising is aimed at susceptible young children.

很多电视广告瞄准了易受影响的幼儿。

if something is susceptible of an action, that action can be done to it

Working conditions are susceptible of improvement by legislation.

工作条件可以通过立法加以改善。


suspect

You [suspect](bold)  that someone [does](bold) , [did](bold) , or [has done](bold)  something: I suspect she knows. I suspect he took the money. I suspect they have met before.

You [suspect](bold)  that something [may](bold)  or [might](bold)  be true: We suspect that he may know something about the robbery. The police suspect that he might be a terrorist.

You [suspect ](bold) that someone [may](bold)  or [might have ](bold)  done something: Police suspect Foster may have been involved in a fraud. I suspect he might have exaggerated a lot of the things in the book.

You [suspected](bold)  that something [would ](bold) happen: He suspected that the problem would only get worse. I suspected that I would not enjoy the meeting.

In all the above patterns, ‘that’ is optional. You can say [I suspect that](bold)  or just [I suspect](bold) .

[Suspect](bold)  is not used in the progressive. You say: I suspect he’s lying.
Don’t say: [I am suspecting he’s lying.](strike)

to think that something is probably true, especially something bad

猜想，怀疑，觉得〔某事可能真实，尤指坏事〕

I suspected that there was something wrong with the engine.

我怀疑发动机出了什么故障。

She [strongly suspected](bold) he was lying to her.

她非常怀疑他在对她撒谎。

She’s not going to be very happy about this, [I suspect](bold).

我想对于此事她不会太高兴。

to think that something bad has happened or is happening

怀疑〔坏事已发生或正在发生〕

The position of the body led the police to suspect murder.

尸体的姿势让警方怀疑是谋杀。

to think that someone is probably guilty of a crime

怀疑〔某人〕有罪，认为〔某人〕有犯罪嫌疑

Pilcher was suspected of giving away government secrets to the enemy.

皮尔彻被怀疑向敌人透露政府机密。

to think that something is not honest or true

I began to suspect his motives in inviting me.

我开始怀疑他邀请我的动机。


suspect

She didn’t realise he was the prime suspect in a murder case.

I was the one who found her. And that makes me the number one suspect for her murder.

The murder suspect is described as in his early 20s, wearing a baseball type cap and a dark jacket.

The police drew up a list of possible suspects.

Detectives arrested the suspect after a five-day undercover operation.

Police confirmed that six suspects are being questioned.

someone who is thought to be guilty of a crime

〔犯罪〕嫌疑人，可疑分子

Two suspects were arrested today in connection with the robbery.

有两名与劫案有关的嫌疑人今天被捕。

Police have issued a description of the murder suspect.

警方公布了凶杀案嫌疑人的特征。

the people or things that are usually involved in or responsible for a particular activity

通常涉及的人[物]；常备物品

a wine shop stocking all the usual suspects: wines from California, France, Australia

一家存有各种常备酒的酒铺，包括加利福尼亚、法国、澳大利亚等地产的葡萄酒


suspect

I’ve always thought he was a bit of a suspect character.

我一直认为他这个人有点靠不住。

The company was involved in some [highly suspect](bold) business dealings.

该公司参与了一些相当可疑的交易。

可疑的；不可信任的；不可靠的

The two men were convicted on the basis of some [highly suspect](bold) evidence.

两名男子被定了罪，而定罪证据尚有很大疑点。

likely to have problems and not work well

likely to contain a bomb or something illegal or dangerous

〔因含炸弹、违禁物品或危险物品〕可疑的

Police were called in to check out a suspect van.

警察奉命来检查一辆可疑货车。


suspend

to officially stop something from continuing, especially for a short time

Sales of the drug will be suspended until more tests are completed.

这种药品在完成进一步检验之前将暂停销售。

Talks between the two countries have now been suspended.

to make someone leave their school or job for a short time, especially because they have broken the rules

〔尤指因违规〕使暂时停学[停职]

The two police officers have been suspended until an enquiry is carried out.

那两名警察被暂时停职，直到调查完毕。

Dave was suspended from school for a week.

to attach something to a high place so that it hangs down

A large light was suspended from the ceiling.

天花板上悬挂着一盏大灯。

He was suspended by his feet and beaten with metal bars.

他被吊起双脚用金属棒殴打。

to decide not to make a firm decision or judgment about something until you know more about it

to try to believe that something is true, for example when you are watching a film or play

〔看电影、戏剧等时〕停止怀疑，暂不质疑

if something is suspended in a liquid or in air, it floats in it without moving


suspension

when something is officially stopped for a period of time

Both sides are now working towards a suspension of hostilities.

现在双方都在朝着消除敌意的方向努力。

when someone is not allowed to go to school, do their job, or take part in an activity for a period of time as a punishment

〔作为处分的〕暂时停学[停职，除名]

He received a six-month suspension for unprofessional behaviour.

他因有违职业道德的行为被停职六个月。

The fight led to his suspension from school.

那次打架导致他被勒令停学。

a part attached to the wheels of a vehicle that makes it more comfortable on roads that are not smooth

a car with an excellent suspension system

一辆拥有出色减震装置的汽车

a liquid mixture in which very small pieces of solid material are contained but have not combined with it


suspicion

Many of us had our suspicions, but we couldn't prove anything.

(=show that someone's suspicions were right)

(=make people think that someone has done something wrong)

How was he able to kill his victims without arousing suspicion?

That fact immediately raised suspicions of Johnson's involvement in the incident.

(=be thought to have probably done something wrong)

She had to allay their suspicions and stop them probing any further.

(=make people have suspicions about someone else)

He started the rumour to divert suspicion from himself.

Suspicion fell on Jenkins who had been seen near the scene of the crime.

Police can stop and search you if they have good grounds for suspicion.

(=be so honest that you are never thought to have done something wrong)

He regarded his friend Henry as being above suspicion.

I have a suspicion that he forgot to post the letter.

Suspicion grew that the business was about to collapse.

She had a strong suspicion he was laughing at her.

We have a sneaking suspicion they're trying to put together a deal.

Suddenly I had a nasty suspicion that the boss was going to make me redundant.

Daniel never had the slightest suspicion of how she really felt.

I had a nagging suspicion that Colin wasn't telling me the whole truth.

a feeling you have that someone is probably guilty of doing something wrong or dishonest

I can’t say for definite who did it, but I certainly [have](bold) my [suspicions](bold).

我不能确切说出是谁干的，但我肯定有怀疑的对象。

Police [suspicions](bold) were [confirmed](bold) when the stolen property was found in his flat.

失窃物品在他公寓里找到，警方的怀疑得到了证实。

I wondered how I could leave early without [arousing](bold) anyone’s [suspicions](bold).

我不知道怎么才能早点离开而又不引起别人的怀疑。

She was arrested on suspicion of murder.

Mitchell later [came under suspicion](bold) of assaulting two young girls.

She felt that she ought to be above suspicion (=so honest that no one could think that she had done anything wrong).

她觉得自己不应受到怀疑。

She always [treated](bold) us [with suspicion](bold).

她总是对我们持怀疑态度。

People moving into the area are often [regarded with suspicion](bold).

搬到这个地区的人常常不被信任。

a feeling you have that something is true, especially something bad

疑心，怀疑〔尤指认为不好的事情是真的〕

I [have](bold) a [suspicion](bold) that the local authority may be planning to close the school.

我怀疑当局可能计划要关闭这所学校。

She was left with a [sneaking suspicion](bold)(=a small suspicion) that Steven was not telling the truth.

她隐隐觉得史蒂文没有说实话。

a very small amount of something that you can only just see, hear, or taste

I could see the faintest suspicion of a tear in her eyes.

我看到她眼中隐约有泪光。


suspicious

thinking that someone might be guilty of doing something wrong or dishonest

Some of his colleagues at work became suspicious of his behaviour.

他的一些同事开始怀疑他的行为。

His reluctance to answer my questions [made](bold) me [suspicious](bold).

他不愿回答我的问题，这引起我的怀疑。

making you think that something bad or illegal is happening

They found a suspicious package under the seat.

他们在座位下发现了一个可疑包裹。

He was behaving in a [highly suspicious](bold) manner.

Call the police if you see anything suspicious.

Her mother had died [in suspicious circumstances](bold).

feeling that you do not trust someone or something

感到怀疑的，认为有问题的

He was [deeply suspicious](bold) of the legal system.


sustain

to make something continue to exist or happen for a period of time

She found it difficult to sustain the children’s interest.

她发现很难保持孩子们的兴趣。

He was incapable of sustaining close relationships with women.

他无法和女人维持亲密关系。

the policies necessary to sustain economic growth

to suffer damage, an injury, or loss of money

Two of the firefighters sustained serious injuries.

Some nearby buildings sustained minor damage.

附近一些建筑物遭受到轻微损坏。

The company has sustained heavy financial losses this year.

这家公司今年遭受了严重的经济损失。

if food or drink sustains a person, animal, or plant, it makes them able to continue living

They gave me barely enough food to sustain me.

他们给我的食物几乎都不够我活命。

使保持强壮；使保持信心[希望]

The thought of seeing her again was all that sustained me.

再见到她的念头是让我支撑下去的全部力量。

He leant against her so heavily that she could barely sustain his weight.

他重重地靠在她身上，让她几乎撑不住了。

to support an idea or argument, or prove that it is right


sustainable

[sustainability](bold) /səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/  n. <U>

able to continue without causing damage to the environment

→see THESAURUS at [environmentally friendly](->environmentally friendly)

The government should do more to promote sustainable agriculture.

the sustainable use of rainforest resources

Cycling is a totally sustainable form of transport.

骑自行车是一种绝对环保的交通方式。

The party is promising low inflation and sustainable economic growth.

该政党承诺将保持低通胀，促进经济的可持续增长。


swallow

[a bitter pill (to swallow)](bold) at → [bitter](->bitter) 1 sense 7

to make food or drink go down your throat and towards your stomach

He swallowed the last of his coffee and asked for the bill.

他喝完最后一口咖啡，要求结账。

Most snakes [swallow](bold) their prey [whole](bold).

大多数蛇都是把猎物囫囵吞下。

to make some of the liquid in your mouth go down your throat because you are frightened or nervous

〔因恐惧或紧张〕做吞咽动作，咽口水

Leo [swallowed hard](bold) and walked into the room.

利奥使劲咽了一下口水，然后走进房间。

She [swallowed nervously](bold) before beginning.

开始之前她紧张地咽了一下口水。

to believe a story, explanation etc that is not actually true

轻信，轻易接受〔不真实的说法、解释等〕

Do they really think we are stupid enough to swallow that?

他们真的认为我们会愚蠢到轻易相信那种事吗？

I found his story a bit [hard to swallow](bold)(=difficult to believe).

我觉得他的说法有点叫人难以置信。

to stop yourself from showing a feeling, especially anger

使不流露，抑制〔尤指愤怒〕

She swallowed her anger and turned to face him.

她忍住怒气，转过身来面对着他。

to do something even though it is embarrassing for you, because you have no choice

我放下自尊给他打了电话。


swallow

a small black and white bird that comes to northern countries in the summer

an action in which you make food or drink go down your throat


swamp

[swampy](bold) adj. eg: the soft, swampy ground

land that is always very wet or covered with a layer of water


swamp

to suddenly give someone a lot of work, problems etc to deal with

使陷入〔大量工作〕；使面临〔大量问题〕

We’ve been swamped with phone calls since the advert appeared.

自从广告出来后，电话多得使我们应接不暇。

to go somewhere or surround something in large numbers, especially in a short period of time

In the summer the village is swamped by visitors.

[Swamp](bold)  is usually passive in meanings 1 and 2.

to suddenly cover an area with a lot of water


swap

[past tense and past participle](italic) [swapped](bold) [present participle](italic) [swapping](bold)

to give something to someone and get something in return

He swapped his watch for a box of cigars.

The girls chatted and swapped clothes with each other.

姑娘们聊着天，互相交换衣服穿。

to tell information to someone and be given information in return

We need to get together to swap ideas and information.

我们得碰碰头，交换一下想法和信息。

They sat in a corner and swapped gossip.

他们坐在一个角落里，聊闲话。

to do the thing that someone else has been doing, and let them do the thing that you have been doing

You start on the windows and I’ll do the walls, then we can swap over after an hour or so.

你先从窗户开始，我来弄墙，过一个小时左右我们可以换过来。

She ended up swapping jobs with her secretary.

她最后和她的秘书换了工作。

to stop using or get rid of one thing and put or get another thing in its place

The driver announced that we would have to swap buses.

司机通知我们必须换乘公共汽车。

She had swapped her long skirts for jeans and T-shirts.

她已经换下长裙，穿上了牛仔裤和T恤衫。

He swapped his London home for a cottage in Scotland.

他用伦敦的房子换了一栋在苏格兰的小别墅。

to move one thing and put another in its place

Someone had gone into the nursery and swapped all the babies around.

有人进过婴儿室，把所有婴儿都调换了位置。

Why don’t we swap the TV with the bookcase?

我们为什么不把电视机和书橱换个位置呢？

to let someone sit or stand in your place, so that you can have their place


swap

also: swop ([BrE](bold))  [n](bold) <[C](bold)> [informal](special)

a situation in which you give something to someone and get another thing in return

We can [do](bold) a [swap](bold) if you like.

如果你愿意我们可以交换。

a situation in which people each do the job that the other usually does


sway

to influence someone so that they change their opinion

影响〔某人〕；使改变看法

Don’t allow yourself to be swayed by his promises.

你可不要听了他的许诺就改变主意呀。


sway

These old attitudes still [hold sway](bold) in the church.

这些旧观念在教会中仍占支配地位。