foremost

[first and foremost](bold) at → [first](->first) 2 sense 10

one of the country’s [foremost authorities](bold) on chemical warfare

该国化学战方面的最高权威之一

Rostropovich was long considered the world’s foremost cellist.

长期以来，罗斯特罗波维奇一直被视为世界上首屈一指的大提琴家。

in a leading position among a group of people or things

Sharpton was foremost among the protesters.

沙普顿走在抗议人群的前列。

Economic concerns are foremost on many voters’ minds.

经济是许多选民关心的首要问题。


forensic

relating to the scientific methods used for finding out about a crime

Forensic experts found traces of blood in the car.

法医专家在车里发现了血迹。


foresee

[past tense](italic) [foresaw](bold) /-ˈsɔː/ US /-ˈsɒː/ [past participle](italic) [foreseen](bold) /-ˈsiːn/

to think or know that something is going to happen in the future

I’ve put your name on the list and I don’t foresee any problems.

我把你的名字写在名单上了，估计不会有什么问题。

The disaster could not have been foreseen.

Few analysts foresaw that oil prices would rise so steeply.

分析家大多没有预料到油价会如此大幅度地上涨。

没有人事先知道他有什么打算。


forest

ˈfɔː-, ˈfɑː-

a very large area of land with a lot of trees growing closely together

In 1500, most of the country was forest.

an area of land covered with a lot of trees, that is smaller than a forest

Behind the house were the woods that we used to play in.

an area of land that is covered with trees – used especially for describing the type of land in an area

The site covers 74 acres of beautiful ancient woodland.

a thick forest with tall trees, in tropical parts of the world that have a lot of rain

Tropical rainforests are home to over half of the planet’s plant and animal species.

an area of tropical forest where trees and large plants grow very closely together

The palace was hidden for centuries in Guatemala’s dense jungle.

a small group of trees, or an area of land planted with a particular type of fruit tree

The temple was built in the centre of a small grove of trees.

a small area of trees or bushes growing closely together

At the top of the field was a copse full of rabbits.

a large area of trees planted for their wood, fruit etc

a small group of bushes, plants, or small trees growing closely together

Tall bamboo thickets fringed the narrow river.

(=with trees that are growing close together)

The country we passed through was once thick forest.

A narrow path led through the pine forest.

(=with trees that lose their leaves in winter)

(=forest that has not been used or changed by people)

Here virgin forest remains that is at least a thousand years old.

(=forest which has existed since ancient times)

One of Europe’s last areas of primeval forest is threatened with destruction.

Large areas of forest have been planted.

Huge areas of forest have been cleared since 1960.

The forest was cut down to make way for housing.

The mountain slopes were covered in forest.

Forest fires have broken out across the region.

The forest floor was carpeted with leaves.

He could see the sky through the gaps in the forest canopy.

(=controlling the way a forest grows and is used)

The main aim of forest management is timber production.

a large area of land that is covered with trees

Much of Scandinavia is covered in dense forest.

斯堪的纳维亚的许多地方都覆盖着茂密的森林。

→ [rain forest](->rain forest) [not see the forest for the trees](bold) at → [see](->see) 1 sense 40


forever

I wanted that moment to [last forever](bold).

Many valuable works of art were lost forever.

许许多多珍贵的艺术品永远消失了。

一旦建成，石墙可以经久不倒。

It [took forever](bold) to clean up after the party.

聚会后收拾打扫花了很长时间。

The meeting seemed to go on [forever and a day](bold).

会议似乎要没完没了地开下去。

to do something often, especially in a way that annoys people

老是做某事，不断做某事〔尤指惹人厌烦〕

He’s forever making comments about my weight.

a phrase meaning forever, used especially in stories

永远，永久〔尤用于故事中〕


foreword

a short piece of writing at the beginning of a book that introduces the book or its writer


forge

to develop something new, especially a strong relationship with other people, groups, or countries

形成，缔造〔尤指牢固的关系〕

[forge a relationship/alliance/link etc (with sb)](bold)

In 1776 the United States forged an alliance with France.

这两个女人结下了亲密情谊。

Back in the 1980s, they were attempting to forge a new kind of rock music.

20世纪80年代，他们尝试开创一种新的摇滚乐。

to illegally copy something, especially something printed or written, to make people think that it is real

伪造，假冒〔尤指文书、笔迹等〕

Someone stole my credit card and forged my signature.

有人偷了我的信用卡，并假冒我的签名。

to move somewhere or continue doing something in a steady determined way

Crowds of people forged through the streets towards the embassy.

人群坚定地穿过街道走向大使馆。

He [forged into the lead](bold) in the fourth set.

Her speech wasn’t going down too well, but she forged on.

她的演讲反响不是太好，但她还是坚持讲下去。

to make something from a piece of metal by heating the metal and shaping it


forge

a place where metal is heated and shaped into objects

a large piece of equipment that produces high temperatures, used for heating and shaping metal objects


forget

It was an experience she would never forget.

used when saying that you have forgotten something

I know I needed something at the shops, but I can’t remember what it was.

to not remember anything about something that happened in the past

He told the jury that he had no recollection of the accident.

if something that you must do slips your mind, you forget to do it because you are busy thinking about other things

I’m sorry I didn’t call. There was so much going on that it completely slipped my mind.

used to say that someone forgets what you tell them very quickly because they are not interested or do not listen properly

With kids you have to say everything twice. It all goes in one ear and out the other.

used to say that you are suddenly unable to remember something at a time when you need it

I was so nervous that my mind went blank as soon as they asked me a question.

to deliberately try not to think about something sad or unpleasant

After the divorce came through, I just wanted to forget about it all.

to make yourself stop thinking about something that stops you concentrating or makes you angry, sad, or nervous

When I’m competing I put everything out of my mind and concentrate on winning.

to stop thinking about something sad or unpleasant that happened to you in the past, so that you can continue with your life and be happy

It can take a long time to put a traumatic experience like that behind you.

to do something that helps you stop thinking about a problem for a short time

Sara went out for a walk to try and take her mind off things.

to forget an unpleasant memory or thought, by deliberately stopping yourself from thinking about it

He started drinking heavily in an effort to blot out the thought of what he had done.

I wanted to blot out the events of the previous day.

to deliberately forget someone or something and not let them be part of your thoughts and feelings

The marriage was a disaster, and her husband shut her out of his life completely.

[past tense](italic) [forgot](bold) /-ˈɡɒt/ US /-ˈɡɑːt/ [past participle](italic) [forgotten](bold) /-ˈɡɒtn/ US /-ˈɡɑːtn/

to not remember facts, information, or people or things from the past

对不起，我忘记你的名字了。

我知道你告诉过我，但是我忘了。

What happened that day will never be forgotten.

卡尔说他把我们的约会忘了。

她把他们的纪念日忘得一干二净。

I forgot that there’s a speed limit here.

How can you forget where you’ve parked the car?

你怎么会把停车地点忘了呢？

He’s someone who never [forgets a face](bold)(=forgets who someone is).

他是那种见人一面就不会忘记的人。

[I was forgetting ...](bold)(=said when you have just remembered or been reminded about something) [spoken](special)

Oh yes, I was forgetting she was pregnant.

哦，对了，我差点忘记她怀孕了。

to not remember to do something that you should do

忘记，忘掉〔应当做的事〕

‘Did you remember to post that letter?’ ‘Oh, sorry, I forgot.’

“你有没有记得寄那封信？”“哦，对不起，我忘了。”

Give me your phone number [before I forget](bold)(=forget to get it).

把你的电话号码告诉我吧，免得我忘了跟你要。

Someone’s forgotten to turn off their headlights.

[clean forget](bold) AmE(=completely forget)

He meant to invite Monica, but he clean forgot.

他是打算邀请莫妮卡的，但却忘得一干二净。

to not remember to bring something that you need with you

[forget your keys/money/cigarettes etc](bold)

哦，不好，我忘了带钱包。

to stop thinking or worrying about someone or something

At my age, I think I can forget fashion.

在我这个年龄，我觉得自己可以不用考虑时尚了。

After a while you’ll forget you’re wearing contact lenses.

过一会儿你就会忘记自己是戴着隐形眼镜的。

I’ll never be able to forget about the accident.

我永远也无法忘记这起事故。

to not care about or give attention to someone or something any longer

忘记，不再把 …放在心上，不再关心

Don’t forget about your old friends when you go off to college, okay?

去上大学也不要忘记你的老朋友们，好吗？

You can’t afford to forget your relationship with your husband.

你不可以不顾你和丈夫的关系。

to stop planning to do something because it is no longer possible or sensible

We’ll have to forget about going on holiday.

我们将不得不放弃度假的想法。

If we can’t get any funding we might as well [forget the whole thing](bold).

如果我们不能得到资金，那就不如干脆放弃这件事。

used to add something to a list of things you have mentioned

也包括某事物在内，别忘了还有某事物

You’ll have to pay for the packaging and transportation costs, not forgetting airport taxes.

你得支付包装和运输费，别忘了还有机场税。

to do something stupid or embarrassing, especially by losing control of your emotions

Lisa forgot herself and reached out to touch his knee.

莉萨失了态，伸出手去碰他的膝盖。

to become so involved in something that you do not think about or notice anything else

Often he would forget himself in his work for hours.

他常常会一连好几个小时忘我地工作。

别忘了，要记住〔做某事〕

We need bread, milk, and eggs – don’t forget.

我们需要面包、牛奶和鸡蛋——可别忘了。

used to remind someone about an important fact or detail that they should consider

别忘了〔某个重要事实或细节〕

But don’t forget that you have to pay interest on the loan.

可是别忘了你还得支付贷款的利息。

Don’t forget, I’ll be home late tonight.

别忘了，我今晚要晚回家。

used to remind someone to take something with them

used to tell someone that something is not important and they do not need to worry about it

没关系，别在意〔用于表示某事不重要〕

“对不起，我没有打电话来。”“没关系。”

used to tell someone to stop asking or talking about something, because it is annoying you

(also: [forget that!](bold) ([AmE](bold)) )

used to tell someone that you refuse to do something or that it will be impossible to do something

‘Can you lend me $10.’ ‘Forget it, no way.’

“借我十美元好吗？” “不可能，没门儿。”

If you’re thinking of getting Roy to help, you can forget it!

要是你在考虑让罗伊来帮忙的话，干脆别想了！

used when someone asks you what you just said and you do not want to repeat it

算了〔用于表示不想重复刚刚说过的话〕

‘What did you say?’ ‘ Nothing, just forget it.’

“你说什么？”“没什么，算了。”

used to say that you will always remember something from the past, because it was sad, funny, enjoyable etc

I’ll never forget the look on his face when he opened the door.

我永远也忘不了他开门时脸上的表情。

aren’t you forgetting ...?/haven’t you forgotten ...?

used to remind someone about something, often humorously

你是不是忘了 …？〔用于提醒，常作幽默用法〕

Aren’t you forgetting that you’re already married?

你是不是忘了你已经结婚了？

used to say that you cannot remember a particular detail about something

I forget what he said exactly but it was very rude.

我记不起他的原话，不过他的话是很无礼的。

I forget the name of the street, but it’s the first on the left.

我记不起街名，但那是左边第一条街。

used to remind someone angrily about an important fact that should make them behave differently

你可别忘了！〔用于愤怒地提醒某人一个重要的事实以让他们改变自己的行为〕

I’m the boss around here, and don’t you forget it!

这里我说了算，你可别忘了！


forgive

[past tense](italic) [forgave](bold) /-ˈɡeɪv/ [past participle](italic) [forgiven](bold) /-ˈɡɪv/

to stop being angry with someone and stop blaming them, although they have done something wrong

I’ve tried to forgive him for what he said.

He never forgave her for walking out on him.

他一直没有原谅她抛弃自己。

If anything happened to the kids [I’d never forgive myself](bold).

如果孩子们出了什么事，我永远也不会原谅自己。

[you’re forgiven](bold) [spoken](special)(=used to tell someone that you are not angry with them)

‘I’m really sorry.’ ‘It’s okay, you’re forgiven.’

“真的很抱歉。”“没关系，原谅你了。”

He didn’t look the sort of man to [forgive and forget](bold)(=forgive someone and no longer think about it).

他看上去不是那种不记仇的人。

You [forgive](bold)  someone: Alright, I forgive you.

You [forgive](bold)  something: Please forgive his rudeness.

You [forgive](bold)  someone [for](bold)  something or [for doing](bold)  something: She lied and I can’t forgive her for that. Forgive me for not writing.

In literary or formal English, you can [forgive someone something](bold) : Forgive us our trespasses.  This pattern is not used in everyday English.

used when you are going to say or do something that might seem rude or offensive and you want it to seem more polite

请原谅我〔用于即将说出或做出可能显得粗鲁或无礼的事时，以显得较有礼貌〕

[Forgive me, but](bold) I don’t think that is relevant.

恕我直言，我认为那是不相关的。

[forgive me for asking/saying etc sth](bold) [also](special) [forgive my asking/saying etc](bold)

[Forgive me for saying so](bold), but that’s nonsense.

请原谅我这么说，那是胡说八道。

原谅我这么晚打电话给你。

sb can be forgiven for thinking/believing/feeling etc sth

used to say that it is easy to understand why someone might think or do something

某人有某种想法/信念/感受等是可以理解的

You could be forgiven for thinking football is a religion here.

说足球在这里是种宗教也不为过。

if a country or organization forgives a debt, it says that the money does not have to be paid back

Saudi Arabia’s decision to forgive the debt owed by the poorest Islamic countries

沙特阿拉伯免除最贫困伊斯兰国家债务的决定


forgiveness

[ask/beg/pray etc for (sb’s) forgiveness](bold)

He never admitted his guilt or asked for forgiveness.

他从不认罪，也从不请求宽恕。


fork

a tool you use for picking up and eating food, with a handle and three or four points

Put the [knives and forks](bold) on the table.

a garden tool used for digging, with a handle and three or four points

a place where a road, river, or tree divides into two parts, or one of the parts it divides into

〔路的〕岔口；〔河流的〕分流处；〔树的〕分杈（处）

走左边的岔道，然后一直往前。

a sudden flash of lightning with two or more lines of light

one of the two metal bars between which the front wheel of a bicycle or motorcycle is fixed

〔自行车或摩托车的〕前叉


fork

if a road, river etc forks, it divides into two parts

〔道路、河流等〕分岔，岔开

小路分岔后通往两个方向。

to go left or right when a road divides into two parts

to put food into your mouth or onto a plate using a fork

他叉了几片培根送进嘴里。

to put manure into soil or to move soil around using a large garden fork

〔用大的园艺叉、耙〕翻耙

In November, the soil should be forked over.


form

[true to form](bold) at → [true](->true) 1 sense 7

a particular type of something that exists in many different varieties

The bicycle is an environment-friendly form of transport.

自行车是一种环保的交通方式。

我们反对各种形式的种族主义。

People are bombarded with information in the form of TV advertising.

人们受到大量电视广告信息的狂轰滥炸。

Vitamin C can be taken [in](bold) capsule or tablet [form](bold).

补充维生素C可以服用胶囊，也可以服用片剂。

A typical training programme [takes the form of](bold) a series of workshops.

一般的培训计划都采用一系列研习班的形式。

the shadowy forms of the divers swimming below the boat

潜水员在船下游动的模糊身影

The main staircase was in the form of a big ‘S’.

主楼梯呈一个大大的S形。

The [female form](bold) is a thing of beauty.

an official document with spaces where you write information, especially about yourself

[Application forms](bold) are available from the college.

Just [complete](bold) the [entry form](bold)(=write the answers to the questions on a form) and return it.

填好参赛表格后交回即可。

[fill in/out a form](bold)(=write the answers to the questions on a form)

Fill in the form and send it back with your cheque.

填好表格后连同支票一起寄回。

the structure of a work of art or piece of writing, rather than the ideas it expresses, events it describes etc

〔文艺作品的〕（表现）形式

the distinction between form and content

how well a sports person, team, musician etc is performing, or has performed recently

〔运动员、运动队、乐手等的〕表现，状态

I have been greatly encouraged by the team’s recent form.

该队近来的表现极大地鼓舞了我。

[on present/current/past etc form](bold)

On current form he’s one of the top three players in the country.

就目前的情况看，他是全国选手的前三强。

这整个赛季他一直表现良好。

He had no qualms about dropping players he thought were off form (=not performing well).

不选他认为状态不好的队员，他觉得这没什么不对。

a way of writing or saying a word that shows its number, tense etc. For example, ‘was’ is a past form of the verb ‘to be’.

〔表示单词数、时态等的〕形式

if someone has form, they are known to the police because they have committed crimes in the past

behaviour that is considered to be socially unacceptable

不合礼节要求的行为，不礼貌的行为

It used to be considered bad form to talk about money.

过去，谈论金钱被认为是不礼貌的。

The precise form of words has been agreed by the 12 heads of government.

准确的措辞已经由12名政府首脑商定。

(BrE also: [be on good/fine/great etc form](bold) )

to be full of confidence and energy, so that you do something well or talk in an interesting or amusing way

Michelle was in great form at last week’s conference.

米歇尔在上星期的会议上状态很好。

The womb represents the very first place in which life takes form.

子宫就是生命开始形成的地方。

As the men worked, I watched the ship’s hull take form.

工人在工作，我看着船体逐渐成形。


form

to establish an organization, committee, government etc

建立，组成〔组织、委员会、政府等〕

The winning party will form the government.

CARE was formed in 1946 and helps the poor in 38 countries.

to be the thing, or one of the things, that is part of something else, often having a particular use

Love and trust should [form the basis of](bold) a marriage.

爱和信任应当成为婚姻的基础。

The project [forms part of](bold) a larger project investigating the history of the cinema.

该项目是电影史研究这个大项目的一部分。

The river formed a natural boundary between the two countries.

这条河成了两国的自然边界。

[Form](bold)  is a linking verb that links the subject of the sentence with a noun: The changes form part of a new curriculum.

to start to exist, or make something start to exist, especially as the result of a natural process

〔尤指经过自然过程而〕形成，产生

The rocks were formed more than 4,000 million years ago.

这些岩石是40多亿年前形成的。

By midnight ice was already forming on the roads.

到了午夜，路面已开始结冰。

Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide combine to form acid rain.

二氧化硫和氮氧化物一起形成酸雨。

to make something by combining two or more parts

In English the past tense of a verb is usually formed by adding ‘ed’.

在英语中，动词的过去式通常是加ed构成。

to come together in a particular shape or line, or to make something have a particular shape

Film-goers began to form a line outside the cinema.

来看电影的人在电影院外面排起了长队。

Cut off the corners of the square to form a diamond.

切下正方形的四个角形成一个菱形。

to establish and develop a relationship with someone

She seemed incapable of forming any relationships.

她似乎难以与人建立起任何关系。

On returning to Boston, she formed a close friendship with her aunt.

回到波士顿，她就与婶婶建立起了非常亲密的关系。

to use available information to develop or reach an opinion or idea

She formed the opinion that one of the pupils was bullying the other.

她觉得其中一个学生在欺侮另一个学生。

to have a strong influence on how someone’s character develops and the type of person they become

Events in early childhood often help to form our personalities in later life.

幼年时期的经历往往影响到我们后来个性的形成。


formal

[formal recognition](bold) of the reformed church

改革后的教会所获得的官方承认

a [formal agreement](bold) between the countries

There is no [formal structure](bold) for negotiating pay increases.

加薪谈判没有正式的框架可循。

Mr Kelly has lodged a formal complaint against the police.

凯利先生已正式投诉警方。

formal behaviour is very polite, and is used in official or important situations, or with people you do not know well

Over the years, teaching methods have changed and become less formal.

这几年来，教学方法已有所改变，不再那么正式了。

formal language is used in official or serious situations

‘Yours sincerely’ is a formal way of ending a letter.

a formal event is important, and people who go to it wear special clothes and behave very politely

I’ve met her twice but only on [formal occasions](bold).

我见过她两次，但都只是在正式场合。

formal dress is clothing such as a tuxedo for men or a long dress for women, that is worn to formal events

我们坚持要求穿正装赴晚宴。

education etc in a subject or skill, that you receive in a school, college etc rather than practical experience of it

knowledge and wisdom gained from experience rather than from formal education

通过经验而不是正规教育得来的知识和智慧

这门课程包括正式的讲座。

a formal garden, park, or room is arranged in a very organized way

the palace’s beautifully restored formal gardens

那座宫殿经修复后美丽齐整的花园


formal

a dance at which you have to wear formal clothes

an expensive and usually long dress that women wear on formal occasions


formality

something that you must do as a formal or official part of an activity or process

the formalities necessary for a valid marriage

something you must do even though it has no practical importance or effects

[just/only/merely etc a formality](bold)

Getting a gun license here seems to be just a formality.

在这里取得持枪执照似乎只是个形式。

careful attention to polite behaviour and language in formal situations

There is always some [degree of formality](bold) when one speaks to a stranger.

同陌生人说话总得讲点礼节。

The loan was arranged with little formality.

没说多少客套话就商定了贷款。


formally

We announced a decision formally recognizing the new government.

我们宣布了一个决定，正式承认新政府。

He put his hand out formally, and Liza took it.

他礼貌地伸出手，莉莎握了握。

‘I apologize, Captain,’ she said formally.

“我向你道歉，队长。”她礼貌地说。


format

the way in which something such as a television show or meeting is organized or arranged

〔电视节目、会议等的〕安排，形式

The courses were run to a consistent format.

这些课程的编排形式一致。

the size, shape, design etc in which something such as a book or magazine is produced

〔书、杂志等的〕开本，版式

a large-format book for the partially-sighted

一本给弱视者阅读的大开本的书

the way in which information is stored on a computer

the type of equipment that an mp3 file, DVD, or piece of computer software etc is designed to use

〔MP3文件、数字影碟、计算机软件等的〕格式


format

[past tense and past participle](italic) [formatted](bold) [present participle](italic) [formatting](bold)

to organize the space on a computer disk so that information can be stored on it

to arrange the pages of a book or the information on a computer etc into a particular design

为〔书刊等〕安排版式；为 …编排格式

编排电子表格格式的更好方法


formation

the process of starting a new organization or group

the process by which something develops into a particular thing or shape

the substances which lead to the formation of ozone

We now know a lot more about the early stages of planetary formation.

我们现在对行星形成过程的早期阶段有了更多的了解。

the way in which a group of things are arranged to form a pattern or shape

if a group of planes, ships, soldiers etc are moving in formation, they are flying, marching etc in a particular order or pattern

a squadron of aircraft, flying in formation

rock or cloud that is formed in a particular shape, or the shape in which it is formed

〔岩石或云朵的〕形成物；形状

society, politics etc seen as a system of practices and beliefs

Marx founded a new science: the science of the history of social formations.


former

happening or existing before, but not now

以前〔发生或存在〕的，从前的

Their farm has been reduced to half its former size.

他们的农场已缩小到以前的一半。

having a particular position in the past

〔地位、职位〕昔日的，前任的

what someone or something was like before they were changed by age, illness, trouble etc

某人/某物以前的模样〔指与现在经历衰老、疾病、苦难等后对比〕

她似乎回到了以前的样子。

[be a shadow/ghost of your former self](bold)(=be much less confident, healthy, energetic etc than you used to be)


former

the first of two people or things that you have just mentioned

Of the two possibilities, the former seems more likely.

在这两种可能性中，前者似乎更有可能。

used in some schools to show which class a student is in, according to how many years they have been in school

一年级/二年级/六年级等的学生


formerly

Kiribati, [formerly known as](bold) the Gilbert Islands

基里巴斯，旧称吉尔伯特群岛

This elegant hotel was formerly a castle.

这家雅致的酒店以前是座城堡。


formidable

very powerful or impressive, and often frightening

The building is grey, formidable, not at all picturesque.

那幢建筑呈灰色，气势凛然，与漂亮沾不上边。

The new range of computers have formidable processing power.

difficult to deal with and needing a lot of effort or skill

the formidable task of local government reorganization


formula

[plural](italic) formulas or [plural](italic) formulae /-liː/

a method or set of principles that you use to solve a problem or to make sure that something is successful

We’re still searching for a peace formula.

a formula for the withdrawal of US forces from the area

There is no [magic formula](bold)(=a method that is certain to be successful) that will transform sorrow into happiness.

With viewing figures up a million, the programme has a [winning formula](bold).

收视人数增加了一百万，这个节目的确拥有吸引观众的法宝。

a series of numbers or letters that represent a mathematical or scientific rule

Sugar is represented by the simple formula CHO.

糖以简单的分子式CHO表示。

a list of the substances used to make a medicine,fuel, drink etc, showing the amounts of each substance that should be used

〔药品、燃料、饮料等的〕配方

Our products are handmade from traditional formulas.

我们的产品采用传统配方，手工制作。

a type of car racing, in which the different types are based on the size of the cars’ engines

〔赛车的〕一级/二级/三级方程式等

a type of liquid food for babies that is similar to a woman’s breast milk

a fixed and familiar series of words that seems meaningless or insincere

a speech full of the usual formulas and clichés

充斥着套话和陈词滥调的演说


formulate

[formulation](bold) /ˌfɔːmjəˈleɪʃ/ US /ˌfɔːr-/  n. <C,U> eg: the formulation of clear objectives

to develop something such as a plan or a set of rules, and decide all the details of how it will be done

[formulate a policy/plan/strategy etc](bold)

He formulated Labour Party education policy in 1922.

1922年，他制定了工党教育政策。

Darwin formulated the theory of natural selection.

达尔文创立了自然选择学说。

to think carefully about what to say, and say it clearly

We are studying the situation but have not formulated any response yet.

我们正在研究形势，但尚未考虑好如何回应。


fort

[hold the fort](bold) at → [hold](->hold) 1 sense 33

a strong building or group of buildings used by soldiers or an army for defending an important place


forth

[back and forth](bold) at → [back](->back) 1 sense 11 [hold forth](bold) at → [hold](->hold) 1 [put forth](bold) at → [put](->put) [sally forth](bold) at → [sally](->sally) 2 [set forth](bold) at → [set](->set) 1

used to refer to other things of the type you have already mentioned, without actually naming them

She started telling me about her bad back, her migraines, and so forth.

她开始向我诉说她背痛啦，偏头痛啦，其他地方也痛。

going out from a place or point, and moving forwards or outwards

The house was still burning, pouring forth thick black smoke.

房子仍在燃烧，冒出浓浓的黑烟。


forthcoming

ˌfɔːθˈkʌmɪŋ◂

a forthcoming event, meeting etc is one that has been planned to happen soon

Keep an eye on the noticeboards for [forthcoming events](bold).

请注意布告牌上的活动预告。

willing to give information about something

IBM is usually pretty forthcoming about the markets for its products.

IBM公司一般很乐意透露其产品的市场信息。

if something is forthcoming, it is given or offered when needed – often used to say that this does not happen

可得到的〔常用来表示尚未获取〕

When no reply was forthcoming, she wrote again.

因为没有得到回复，于是她再次致信。


fortnight

[n](bold) <[C usually singular](bold)> ([BrE](special))


fortress

a large strong building used for defending an important place


fortunate

someone who is fortunate has something good happen to them, or is in a good situation

I’ve been fortunate to find a career that I love.

我是幸运的，找到了自己喜欢的职业。

I was [fortunate enough](bold) to obtain a research studentship at Stanford.

我真幸运，获得了斯坦福大学的研究生助学金。

She felt fortunate in being able to please herself where she lived.

在自己住的地方能随心所欲，她觉得很幸运。

I’m fortunate that I have such an understanding wife.

有这样一位通情达理的妻子，我很有福气。

We’ve been more fortunate than a lot of farmers.

我们比许多农场主幸运多了。

a fortunate event is one in which something good happens by chance, especially when this saves you from trouble or danger

巧合的，偶然发生的；侥幸的

By a fortunate coincidence, a passer-by heard her cries for help.

所幸正巧有个过路人听到了她的呼救。

We should all consider the plight of the less fortunate.

我们都应考虑到穷人的困境。


fortunately

ˈfɔːtʃənətli

Fortunately, everything worked out all right in the end.

幸运的是，最后一切顺利。

In everyday English, people usually say [luckily](bold)  rather than [fortunately](bold) :


fortune

→ [soldier of fortune](->soldier of fortune) [fame and fortune](bold) at → [fame](->fame) [a hostage to fortune](bold) at → [hostage](->hostage) sense 3 [seek your fortune](bold) at → [seek](->seek) sense 4

His family amassed a fortune during that period.

She made her fortune in the cosmetics industry.

He hopes to earn a fortune from his latest invention.

He lost a fortune in an unwise business deal.

You don’t have to spend a fortune giving your family healthy meals.

(=gain a lot of money after someone dies)

He inherited a fortune of a million pounds from his uncle.

(=arrange for someone to receive a lot of money after you die)

His father, an oil magnate, amassed a large fortune.

He made a small fortune in the London property boom.

She is one of the richest women in Britain, with an estimated personal fortune of £90 million.

She is believed to have a £25 million fortune.

He [made a fortune](bold) selling property in Spain.

他在西班牙卖房产，发了大财。

My first painting sold for £25, [a small fortune](bold) then for an art student.

我的第一幅画卖了25英镑，这在当时对一个学艺术的学生来说是一大笔钱。

He died in poverty in 1947, but his art is [worth a fortune](bold).

1947年他在贫困中死去，但是现在他的美术作品值大钱了。

The carpet must have [cost a fortune](bold).

这块地毯肯定花了不少钱吧。

It is quite easy to decorate your house without [spending a fortune](bold).

不花大钱装修房子也是很容易的。

Her [personal fortune](bold) was estimated at £37 million.

她的个人财产估计有3,700万英镑。

chance or luck, and the effect that it has on your life

I [had the good fortune to](bold) work with a brilliant head of department.

我有幸与一位出色的部门主管共事。

Sickness or ill fortune could reduce you to a needy situation.

疾病或厄运会让你穷困潦倒。

I felt it was useless to struggle against fortune.

我觉得跟命运抗争是徒劳的。

the good or bad things that happen in life

This defeat marked a change in the team’s fortunes.

这次失败标志着该队开始走下坡路。

The geographical position of the frontier fluctuated with [the fortunes of war](bold)(=the things that can happen during a war).

边界的地理位置随着战争局势而变动。

to tell someone what will happen to them in the future by looking at their hands, using cards etc


forty

[fortieth](bold) adj. eg: her fortieth birthday

The place was built as a casino in the forties.

这个地方建于20世纪40年代，起初是一座赌场。

He spent several years in Paris in the late forties.

20世纪40年代末，他在巴黎待了几年。

The woman was probably in her mid forties.

那女人可能是45岁左右。

if the temperature is in the forties, it is between 40 degrees and 49 degrees

The temperature was up in the high forties.


forum

an organization, meeting, TV programme etc where people have a chance to publicly discuss an important subject

〔让人公开讨论重要话题的〕论坛，讨论会，电视专题讨论节目

The journal aims to provide a forum for discussion and debate.

这份杂志旨在为探讨和辩论提供一个平台。

the new national forum on the environment

a group of computer users who are interested in a particular subject and discuss it using email or the Internet

〔因特网上的〕论坛，讨论区

a large outdoor public place in ancient Rome used for business and discussion

〔古罗马城市中用于商业和公共讨论的〕广场


forward

→ [fast-forward](->fast-forward) [look forward to sth](bold) at → [look](->look) 1 [backwards and forwards](bold) at → [backwards](->backwards) sense 5

also: [forwards](bold) /-wədz
        -wərdz/  [adv](bold)

towards a place or position that is in front of you

He [leaned forward](bold), his elbows resting on the table.

他身体前倾，胳膊肘撑在桌子上。

towards greater progress, improvement, or development

We agreed that the sensible [way forward](bold) was for a new company to be formed.

我们一致认为，合理的发展方向是成立一家新的公司。

After the Labour Party conference, he stated that we could now [go forward](bold) as a united party.

工党大会之后，他声明我们现在可以作为一个团结的政党继续发展。

Britain is now ready to [move forward](bold).

现在英国已经准备好前进了。

towards the future in a way that is hopeful

I felt that at last I could begin to [look forward](bold).

我觉得自己终于可以开始向前看了。

from that/this day/time/moment etc forward

从那[这]天/那[这]时/那[这]刻等起

They never met again from that day forward.

从那天起，他们再也没见过面。

to successfully complete one stage of a competition so that you are able to compete in the next stage

South Korea went forward into the next round of the World Cup.

if you put a clock or a watch forward, you change it so that it shows a later time, for example when the time changes to British Summer Time

We [put our watches forward](bold) by 2 hours.

我们把手表拨快了两小时。

[The clocks go forward](bold) this weekend.


forward

closer to a person, place, or position that is in front of you

Army roadblocks prevented any further [forward movement](bold).

有军队的路障，不能继续前行了。

Always enter or leave a helicopter from a forward direction.

一定要从正侧方上下直升机。

plans, ideas etc that are helpful in a way that prepares you for the future

With a bit of forward planning we make sure your budget goes as far as possible.

事先稍作计划，我们可以保证让你的预算撑得尽可能久。

not having made much progress, especially compared to what was expected

We are no further forward in solving the crime.

at or near the front of a ship, vehicle, building etc

We sat in one of the forward sections of the train.

我们坐在火车前部的一节车厢里。

too confident and friendly in dealing with people you do not know very well

〔与不大熟悉的人交往时〕轻率的；冒失的；过分主动的

My father thinks she’s far too forward for a young girl.

我父亲觉得，对一个年轻女孩来说她太轻率了。


forward

to send letters, goods etc to someone when they have moved to a different address

Would you make sure that you forward my mail promptly?

请您一定及时转寄我的信，好吗？

to send letters, information etc to someone

Flight times will be forwarded to you with your travel documentation.

航班时间会连同旅行文件一起寄给你。

to help something to develop so that it becomes successful

促进我事业发展的一个好机会


forward

an attacking player on a team in sports such as football and basketball

〔足球、篮球等运动的〕前锋


fossil

an animal or plant that lived many thousands of years ago and that has been preserved, or the shape of one of these animals or plants that has been preserved in rock

Marine sponges have a long [fossil record](bold)(=their development has been recorded over a long period).

海绵动物留下了漫长的化石记录。

老古董〔对老年人的蔑称〕


fossil fuel

a fuel such as coal or oil that is produced by the very gradual decaying of animals or plants over millions of years

化石燃料〔如煤、石油等〕

Environmentalists would like to see fossil fuels replaced by renewable energy sources.

环境保护主义者希望看到化石燃料为可再生能源所取代。


foster

to help a skill, feeling, idea etc develop over a period of time

The bishop helped foster the sense of a community embracing all classes.

主教鼓励一种包容各个阶层的社区精神。

to take someone else’s child into your family for a period of time but without becoming their legal parent

〔在一段时间内〕抚育，代养〔别人的孩子〕

The couple wanted to adopt a black child they had been fostering.

那对夫妇想收养他们代养的一个黑人小孩。


foster

It is sometimes difficult to find suitable foster parents.

有时很难找到合适的养父母。

someone who has different parents from you, but who is being brought up in the same family

a private home where a child is fostered


foul

[by fair means or foul](bold) at → [fair](->fair) 1 sense 11 [fall foul of sb/sth](bold) at → [fall](->fall) 1 sense 15

a foul smell or taste is very unpleasant

→see THESAURUS at [horrible](->horrible)

He woke up with a foul taste in his mouth.

他醒过来，嘴里一股臭味。

He put down his mug of [foul-tasting](bold) coffee.

他放下手中一大杯难喝的咖啡。

in a very bad temper and likely to get angry

The argument with his mother left Putt in a foul mood.

与母亲争吵后，帕特的情绪糟透了。

Refugees in the camps are short of food and at risk from foul water.

营中难民缺少食物，还面临水源污染的危险。

extractor fans to remove foul air from the tunnel

排出隧道污浊空气的排气扇

She claimed she had been subjected to abuse and foul language.

她声称一直受到虐待和辱骂。

foul weather is stormy and windy, with a lot of rain or snow

Always carry foul weather gear when you go out walking.

出去散步一定要携带雨具。


foul

if a sports player fouls another player, they do something that is not allowed by the rules

to hit a ball outside the limit of the playing area in baseball

to make something very dirty, especially with waste

rivers and lakes fouled almost beyond recovery by pollutants

被污染物糟蹋得几乎无法恢复的河流与湖泊


foul

an action in a sport that is against the rules

〔体育比赛中的〕犯规（动作）

Wright was booked for a foul on the goalkeeper.

赖特对守门员犯规，被记名警告。

a hit in baseball which goes outside the limits of the playing area


found

the past tense and past participle of find

find的过去式和过去分词


found

[founding](bold) n. <U> eg: the founding of the University of Chicago

to start something such as an organization, company, school, or city, often by providing the necessary money

创立〔组织、公司、学校等〕；创建〔城市〕

→see THESAURUS at [establish](->establish)

Founded in 1935 in Ohio, Alcoholics Anonymous is now a world-wide organization.

嗜酒者互诫协会1935年创立于俄亥俄州，现在是一个世界性的组织。

Eton College was founded by Henry VI in 1440.

伊顿公学于1440年由亨利六世创办。

to be the main idea, belief etc that something else develops from

The British parliamentary system is founded on debate and opposition

英国议会制度的基础是辩论质询。

to be the solid layer of cement, stones etc that a building is built on

这座城堡建在坚固的岩石上。

to melt metal and pour it into a moulda hollow shape, to make things such as tools and parts for machines


foundation

the solid layer of cement, bricks, stones etc that is put under a building to support it

It took the builders three weeks to [lay](bold) the [foundations](bold).

建筑工人花了三星期的时间打地基。

The earthquake [shook](bold) the [foundations](bold) of the house.

地震动摇了那幢房子的地基。

a basic idea, principle, situation etc that something develops from

All theories should be built on a foundation of factual knowledge.

所有理论都应当有事实根据。

The course gives students a solid foundation in the basics of computing.

这门课程可为学生掌握计算机基本知识打下坚实的基础。

an organization that gives or collects money to be used for special purposes, especially for charity or for medical research

the establishment of an organization, business, school etc

The school has served the community since its foundation in 1835.

该校自1835年建立以来一直服务于社区。

if a statement, idea etc is without foundation, there is no proof that it is true

Davis dismissed the allegations as being without foundation.

戴维斯认为这些指控毫无根据。

to provide the conditions that will make it possible for something to be successful

Careful planning laid the foundations for the nation’s economic miracle.

精心的规划为国家的经济奇迹奠定了基础。

a cream in the same colour as your skin that you put on before the rest of your make-up

(also: [shake/rock sth to its foundations](bold) )

to completely change the way something is done or the way people think by having a completely new idea

从根本上动摇某事物；动摇某事物的基础

Darwin’s theory rocked the scientific establishment to its foundations.

达尔文的理论动摇了科学界的根基。


founder

someone who establishes a business, organization, school etc

〔公司、组织、学校等的〕创立者，创办人，创始者


founder

to fail after a period of time because something has gone wrong

Their marriage began to founder soon after the honeymoon.

他们的婚姻在蜜月之后不久便触礁了。

The talks foundered on disagreements between the two parties.

会谈因双方意见不合而搁浅。

if a ship or boat founders, it fills with water and sinks


fountain

→ [drinking fountain](->drinking fountain) → [soda fountain](->soda fountain)

a structure from which water is pushed up into the air, used for example as decoration in a garden or park

〔花园或公园的〕喷泉，喷水池

a flow of liquid, or of something bright and colourful that goes straight up into the air

〔液体或明艳物的〕喷射，喷涌

A fountain of blood was pouring from his chest.

一股鲜血从他胸口喷涌而出。

A fountain of sparks shot high into the sky.

He was a fountain of information on Asian affairs.


four

They arrived just after four (=four o'clock).

刚过四点钟，他们就到了。

Luke will soon be four (=four years old).

supporting your body with your hands and knees

He was down on all fours playing with the puppy.

a hit in cricket that scores four runs because it goes over the edge of the playing area

a team of four people who row a racing boat, or the boat that they row

places or countries that are very far away from each other

People from the four corners of the world have come to Ontario to make it their home.

世界各地的人都到安大略省来安家。


fourteen

[fourteenth](bold) adj. pron. eg: in the fourteenth century eg: my fourteenth birthday eg: I’m planning to leave on [the fourteenth](bold)(=the 14th day of the month).

他过去一天工作14个小时。

I started playing the guitar when I was fourteen (=14 years old).


fourth

coming after three other things in a series


fox

a wild animal like a dog with reddish-brown fur, a pointed face, and a thick tail

someone who is clever and good at deceiving people

the skin and fur of a fox, used to make clothes


fox

[v](bold) <[T](bold)> ([BrE](special)) [informal](special)

to be too difficult for someone to do or understand

to confuse or deceive someone in a clever way


fraction

I got these shoes at a fraction of the original price.

我以原价的一个零头买到了这双鞋子。

a part of a whole number in mathematics, such as ½ or ¾


fracture

if a bone or other hard substance fractures, or if it is fractured, it breaks or cracks

The immense pressure causes the rock to fracture.

巨大的压力造成岩石断裂。

He fractured his right leg during training.

if a group, country etc fractures, or if it is fractured, it divides into parts in an unfriendly way because of disagreement

The opposition has been fractured by bitter disputes.

反对党因为激烈的纠纷闹得分崩离析。


fracture

a crack or broken part in a bone or other hard substance

a [stress fracture](bold) in his left knee

a [hairline fracture](bold)(=very thin crack)

→ [compound fracture](->compound fracture) → [simple fracture](->simple fracture)


fragile

The seventeenth century wall hangings are extremely fragile.

easily damaged – used especially about things that are made from thin material and look attractive

brittle hair, nails, bones etc have a hard surface, but they break easily, especially because they are not in good condition

As you get older, your bones become more brittle.

a special shampoo for dry and brittle hair

breakable objects must be handled carefully because they will break easily

Put breakable objects out of the reach of children.

made of thin material that tears easily, or badly-made and likely to break easily

not strong and therefore easy to break, damage, or hurt

The young trees are frail and need to be protected from the wind.

脆弱的，易碎的，易损坏的

Be careful with that vase – it’s very fragile.

小心那只花瓶——很容易打碎的。

a fragile situation is one that is weak or uncertain, and likely to become worse under pressure

〔形势〕脆弱的，不稳定的

Relations between the two countries are in a [fragile state](bold).

a weak physical condition because of illness

if someone feels fragile they feel ill, especially because they have drunk too much alcohol

有气无力的；虚弱的；〔尤指喝太多酒后〕精神不振的


fragment

a small piece of something that has broken off or that comes from something larger


fragment

[fragmented](bold) adj. eg: a fragmented society

[fragmentation](bold) /ˌfræɡmənˈteɪʃ/  n. <U>

to break something, or be broken into a lot of small separate parts – used to show disapproval

（使）成碎片，打碎；分裂〔含贬义〕

the dangers of fragmenting the Health Service


fragrance

某一种庭院花卉的馥郁芳香

a liquid that you put on your body to make it smell pleasant


frail

someone who is frail is weak and thin because they are old or ill

〔因年老或生病而〕瘦弱的，虚弱的，衰弱的

something that is frail is easily damaged or broken

不坚实的，不牢固的，易损坏的

It seemed impossible that these frail boats could survive in such a storm.

这些单薄的小船看样子经不起这样的狂风暴雨。


frame

→ [climbing frame](->climbing frame) → [cold frame](->cold frame) [frame of mind](bold) at → [mind](->mind) 1 sense 15

a structure made of wood, metal, plastic etc that surrounds something such as a picture or window, and holds it in place

They removed the picture from its wooden frame.

他们把画从木镜框中取下来。

the structure or main supporting parts of a piece of furniture, vehicle, or other object

〔家具、车辆或其他物体的〕构架，骨架，支架

the general shape formed by the bones of someone’s body

the metal or plastic part of a pair of glasses that holds the lenses

the main ideas, facts etc that something is based on

A clear explanation of the subject provides a frame on which a deeper understanding can be built.

对主题的明确阐述为深入理解提供了一个框架。

Some comments may or may not be understood as harassment, depending on your [frame of reference](bold)(=knowledge and beliefs that influence the way you think).

有些话可以理解为骚扰，也可以不被理解为骚扰，这取决于你的判断标准。

to have or not have the chance to take part in something

有可能参加/不参加（某事）

Liverpool are in the frame for a place in the Cup Final.

利物浦队有望进入足总杯决赛。

an area of film that contains one photograph, or one of the series of separate photographs that make up a film or video

〔影片的〕画面，画格，镜头

a complete part in the games of snooker or bowling

〔斯诺克的〕局；〔保龄球的〕轮

one of the areas into which a webpage is divided


frame

to surround something with something else so that it looks attractive or can be seen clearly

围住，框住〔因而使某物显得漂亮或清晰〕

Sarah’s face was framed by her long dark hair.

萨拉长长的黑发衬着她的脸庞。

She stood there, framed against the doorway.

她站在那儿，背景是门道。

to put a picture in a structure that will hold it firmly

I’m going to [get](bold) the picture [framed](bold).

我打算去给这幅画装上画框。

to deliberately make someone seem guilty of a crime when they are not guilty, by lying to the police or in a court of law

Needham’s lawyers claimed that he had been framed by the police.

尼达姆的律师称他是被警察诬陷的。

to carefully plan the way you are going to ask a question, make a statement etc

She wondered how she was going to frame the question.

她不知道如何提出这个问题。

to organize and develop a plan, system etc

制订，拟定〔计划、体制等〕

Newman played a central role in framing the new law.

纽曼在拟定新法的过程中发挥了主要作用。

having a frame or frames of a particular colour or material


framework

a set of ideas, rules, or beliefs from which something is developed, or on which decisions are based

This paper provides a framework for future research.

这篇论文为今后的研究提供了一个框架。

the structure of a society, a legal or political system etc

社会/法律/政治等的框架

We have to act within the existing legal framework.

我们必须在现行的法律框架下行事。

the main supporting parts of a building, vehicle, or object

〔建筑物、车辆或物体的〕构架，框架，结构


franchise

permission given by a company to someone who wants to sell its goods or services

这种啤酒根据特许经营权酿造。

a business, shop etc that is run under franchise

获特许经营权的企业[商店]

the legal right to vote in your country’s elections


franchise

给予 …特许经营权，向 …出售特许经营权


frank

坦率的，坦诚的，直言不讳的

He was completely frank with her about what happened.

对于发生的一切，他都对她坦言相告。

She was quite frank about the whole thing.

[frank discussion/interview/exchange of views etc](bold)

used when you are going to say something that is true, but which other people may not like

To be perfectly frank, I think it’s a bad idea.

老实说，我认为这个主意不好。


frank

to print a sign on an envelope showing that the cost of sending it has been paid

在〔信封〕上盖邮资已付戳记


frankly

used to show that you are saying what you really think about something

Frankly, I think the Internet is overrated.

坦率地说，我认为因特网被高估了。

他的行为老实说是可耻的。

她坦率地回答了我们所有的问题。

Nicholas [frankly admitted](bold) that the report was a pack of lies.

尼古拉斯坦率地承认，报道全是谎言。


frantic

[frantically](bold) /-kli/  adv. eg: He [frantically searched](bold) for the key.

extremely worried and frightened about a situation, so that you cannot control your feelings

〔因极端焦急和恐惧而〕发疯似的，情绪失控的

There was still no news of Jill, and her parents were getting frantic.

仍然没有吉尔的消息，她的父母急得要疯了。

Your mother’s been frantic with worry wondering where you’ve been.

你的母亲不知道你去了哪里，担心得要发疯了。

extremely hurried and using a lot of energy, but not very organized

I spent three frantic days trying to get everything ready.

我花了三天时间手忙脚乱地做准备。

Despite our frantic efforts, we were unable to save the boy’s life.

尽管我们拼命努力，还是无法挽回小男孩的生命。

There was a frantic rush to escape from the building.

人们四处狂奔，想要逃离大楼。


fraud

the crime of deceiving people in order to gain something such as money or goods

[tax/insurance/credit card etc fraud](bold)

someone or something that is not what they claim to be

The police exposed the letter as a fraud.


freak

someone who is extremely interested in a particular subject so that other people think they are strange or unusual

someone who is considered to be very strange because of the way they look, behave, or think

These glasses make me look like a freak.

我戴这副眼镜看上去像个怪人。

Women who studied engineering used to be considered freaks.

学工程的女性过去常被视为怪人。

someone who always wants to control situations and other people

something in nature that is very unusual

Due to some freak of nature, it snowed in June.

天生异象，6月里下起了雪。

By some freak of fate, he walked away from the crash completely unhurt.

在命运的奇特安排下，他在车祸中毫发无损。

4月份的销售额一反常态。


freak

He was crushed to death in a [freak accident](bold).

他在一场离奇的事故中被压死了。

The men drowned when a freak wave sank their boat.

突如其来的海浪打沉了那些人的船，他们都淹死了。


freak

to become suddenly angry or afraid, especially so that you cannot control your behaviour

When Ben heard about the accident, he just freaked.

本一听说出事便大惊失色。


free

something that is free does not cost you any money

‘How much is it to get into the concert?’ ‘Oh, I think it’s free.’

They were giving away free tickets for the concert.

I’m saving these tokens to get a free poster.

without having to pay for something that you would normally have to pay for

Fans were allowed into the stadium for nothing as a way of celebrating.

Children under five can see the show for free.

if a shop or company provides an additional service at no extra cost, they do it without asking you for any more money

The shop will install the cooker for you at no extra cost.

Tours of the city are available from the hotel at no extra cost.

free – use this about things that a company, theatre, hotel etc gives people

Karen’s sister works at the New York Ballet and she’s managed to get us some complimentary tickets.

Honeymooners receive a complimentary bottle of champagne  in their hotel room.

if food or drinks are on the house, the owner of a bar or restaurant says you do not have to pay for them

Users will be able to listen to tracks songsgratis.

All students are offered free accommodation.

Send for our free information pack for more details.

欲知详情，请来函索取我们的免费信息包。

There’s a special [free gift](bold) with this month’s magazine.

not held, tied up, or kept somewhere as a prisoner

He knew he could be free in as little as three years.

他知道只要再过三年他就能自由了。

He walked out of the courtroom [a free man](bold).

他从法庭走出来，成了自由人。

They have called on the government to [set](bold) all political prisoners [free](bold).

他们呼吁政府释放所有政治犯。

He was found not guilty and [walked free](bold) from the court.

The animals are allowed to [run free](bold) in the park.

那些动物可以在公园里自由奔跑。

Hundreds of dogs [roam free](bold) on the streets.

成百上千条狗在街上随意游荡。

allowed to do or say whatever you want, or allowed to happen, without being controlled or restricted by anyone or anything

能随心所欲的，不受限制的

We had a free and open discussion about religion.

Newspapers today are entirely free from government control.

Women are struggling to [break free](bold) from tradition.

妇女在努力挣脱传统的束缚。

我渴望从家庭中解脱出来。

He became president following the country’s first [free elections](bold) last year.

去年该国首次举行自由选举之后，他当上了总统。

We would all support the principle of [free speech](bold).

去年该国首次举行自由选举之后，他当上了总统。

For the first time in its history, the country has a [free press](bold).

Patients are now allowed [free access](bold) to their medical records.

病人现在可以随意查阅自己的病历。

The legislation will allow the [free movement](bold) of goods through all the countries in Europe.

这项立法将允许货物在所有欧洲国家间自由流通。

if you are free, or have some free time, you have no work, and nothing else that you must do

At last I was free to concentrate on my own research.

我终于有空集中精力进行自己的研究了。

[a free day/morning/half-hour etc](bold)

这个礼拜我一天空闲都没有。

Children these days have very little [free time](bold).

现在的孩子很少有空闲时间。

something that is free is available to use because it is not already being used

I’m afraid we don’t have any free tables this evening.

恐怕今天晚上我们这里没有空桌了。

He used his [free hand](bold) to open the door.

A lot of the patients are now free from symptoms.

All our drinks are free from artificial colourings.

我们的饮料都不含人工色素。

if something is free of tax, you do not have to pay tax on it

used to tell someone that they can do something

‘Can I use your bathroom?’ ‘Yes, feel free.’

“我可以用一下你的卫生间吗？”“可以，请随便。”

relaxed, friendly, and without many rules

无拘束的，随便的；不拘礼节的

I knew that life wasn’t going to be so free and easy now.

我知道现在生活不再那样自由自在了。

the free and easy atmosphere of university life

someone who lives as they want to rather than in the way that society considers normal

to let someone do whatever they want or need to do in a particular situation

The producer was given a free rein with the script.

(also: [there’s no such thing as a free lunch](bold) )

used to say that you should not expect to get something good without having to pay for it or make any effort

used, usually humorously, to say that you are or should be allowed to do something, after someone has said that you should not do it

这是个自由的国家〔一般作幽默用法〕

这是个自由的国家，你阻止不了我的。

to get something without paying for it or working for it, because other people are paying or working for it

They are encouraging all workers to join the union rather than just taking a free ride on those who do join.

他们鼓励所有工人加入工会，而不是坐享其成。

慷慨使用某物；随意给予某物

He seems to be very free with other people’s money.

他用起别人的钱来似乎很大方。

to use something that belongs to someone else when you should not

I knew that they had been making free with our food.

我知道他们一直随便拿我们的食物吃。

something that is free is not held, blocked, or restricted

We opened both doors to allow a free flow of air through the building.

我们把两扇门都打开，让空气在室内自由流通。

a free chemical substance is not combined with any other substance

the amount of free oxygen in the atmosphere


free

[past tense and past participle](italic) [freed](bold) [present participle](italic) [freeing](bold)

to allow someone to leave prison or somewhere they have been kept as a prisoner

The terrorists have at last agreed to free the hostages.

恐怖分子终于同意释放人质。

to allow someone to say and do what they want, after controlling or restricting them in the past

The press has now been freed from political control.

新闻界现在已经摆脱了政治控制。

She longed to be freed of her responsibilities.

她渴望能卸下肩上的责任。

to move someone or something so that they are no longer held, fixed, or trapped

He struggled to free himself, but the ropes were too tight.

他挣扎着想脱身，但是绳子太紧了。

All the victims have now been freed from the wreckage.

已从残骸中救出所有受害者。

to stop someone suffering from something by removing it

new drugs that can free people from pain

At last the country has been freed from its enormous debts.

该国最后被免除了巨额债务。

to make something available so that it can be used

I need to free up some of the disk space on my computer.

我需要在我电脑上释放出一些磁盘空间。

This should free some money for investment.

这样应该能腾出一些钱来用于投资。

to give someone time to do something by taking away other jobs that they have to do

Taking away the burden of administration will free teachers to concentrate on teaching.

解除教师的行政负担可以让他们有时间集中精力来教学。

We have freed up some staff to deal with the backlog of work.

我们已腾出一些员工来处理积压的工作。


free

→ [freely](->freely) → [scot-free](->scot-free)

You can get advice free from your local library.

你可向当地图书馆免费咨询。

他主动提出无偿做这项工作。

All these services are available to the public [free of charge](bold).

所有这些服务均向公众免费提供。

not fixed or held in a particular place or position

A gold chain swung free around his neck.

一条金项链在他脖子上松松地晃荡着。


free

[n](bold) <[C](bold)> ([BrE](special)) [informal](special)

a free transfer; the process by which a player moves from one football club to another, but the new club does not pay any money for him

We got Kevin on a free from Manchester United.

凯文是从曼联队自由转会到我们这里的。


freedom

Riding a motorbike gives me a feeling of total freedom.

Teachers are given considerable freedom to choose their teaching methods.

Our personal freedom is being restricted more and more.

(=freedom to have any political/religious beliefs)

The people were given political freedom for the first time in the country's history.

She refused, on the grounds of academic freedom, to amend the course.

(=freedom to create anything as an artist)

Banning the film would be an unacceptable restriction on artistic freedom.

We have the freedom to travel nearly anywhere in the world.

Filmmakers today enjoy more freedom than in the past.

The student movement played an important role in the struggle for political freedom.

We will defend freedom of speech and oppose censorship.

(=the right to hold/practise any religious belief)

Liberal newspapers made an effort to secure religious toleration and freedom of worship.

(=the right or ability to travel, or the ability to move your body freely)

Thanks to the automobile, Americans had a previously unknown freedom of movement.

The tight uniforms restrict their freedom of movement.

(=the right of people to meet as a group for a particular purpose)

Restrictions on freedom of assembly were gradually relaxed.

(=the right of newspapers to publish what they like, free from political control)

The freedom of the press is written into the country's constitution.

the right to do what you want without being controlled or restricted by anyone

People here like their freedom and privacy.

这里的人喜欢他们所拥有的自由与隐私权。

We do not have the freedom to do just what we like.

Tighter security measures are restricting our [freedom of movement](bold)(=the right to travel).

更为严苛的安全措施限制了我们的行动自由。

The First Amendment guarantees [freedom of expression](bold).

the state of being free and allowed to do what you want

He thinks children have too much freedom these days.

他认为如今的孩子太自由了。

The wheelchair gives him the freedom to go out on his own.

轮椅使他能够随意独自外出。

Tracksuits are designed to give you [freedom of movement](bold)(=the ability to move your body freely).

运动服的设计是要让人穿着能够活动自如。

the state of being free because you are not in prison

The prisoner was recaptured after only 48 hours of freedom.

这名囚犯才自由了48小时就被抓了回去。

the state of not being affected by something that makes you worried, unhappy, afraid etc

从某事物中摆脱，不受某事物之苦

[freedom from fear/pain/worry etc](bold)

The contraceptive pill gave women freedom from the fear of pregnancy.

the right or ability to choose whatever you want to do or have

The new satellite TV channels offer viewers greater freedom of choice.

新的卫星电视频道让观众有了更多的选择。

the legal right of people in some countries to see information which the government has about people and organizations

in Britain, an honour given by a city to someone who has done something special

荣誉市民〔英国颁给有特殊贡献的市民的荣誉〕


freelance

[freelance](bold) v. <I> eg: He’s freelancing for several translation agencies.

[freelance](bold) also: freelancer  n. <C>

working independently for different companies rather than being employed by one particular company


freely

without anyone stopping or limiting something

the country’s first [freely elected](bold) president

该国首位自由选举产生的总统

EU members are allowed to [travel freely](bold) between member states.

欧盟成员国国民可以在成员国之间自由旅行。

In France he could write freely, without fear of arrest.

We went outside so that we could talk freely without being overheard.

我们走到外面，这样就可以自由畅谈而不会被人听到。

if something moves freely, it moves smoothly and nothing prevents it from doing this

If your muscles are tense, blood cannot [circulate freely](bold).

如果肌肉紧张，血液就不能畅通地循环。

The injury prevented him from [moving freely](bold).

这次受伤使他不能活动自如。

Information is freely available on the Internet.

to agree that something is true, even though telling the truth is difficult or embarrassing


freeway

a very wide road in the US, built for fast travel


freeze

[past tense](italic) [froze](bold) /frəʊz/ US /froʊz/ [past participle](italic) [frozen](bold) /ˈfrəʊz/ US /ˈfroʊ-/

if a liquid or something wet freezes or is frozen, it becomes hard and solid because the temperature is very cold

to preserve food for a long time by keeping it at a very low temperature, or to be preserved in this way

我想把多余的肉冷冻起来。

if a machine, engine, pipe etc freezes, the liquid inside it becomes solid with cold, so that it does not work properly

if it freezes outside, the temperature falls to or below freezing point

I nearly [froze to death](bold) watching that football match.

看那场足球赛差点把我冻死了。

if a government or company freezes wages, prices etc, they do not increase them for a period of time

The government has been forced to cut spending and freeze public-sector wages.

政府只得削减开支，冻结公营部门的工资。

to legally prevent money in a bank from being spent, property from being sold etc

The court [froze](bold) their [assets](bold).

to stop moving suddenly and stay completely still and quiet

I froze and listened; someone was in my apartment.

我突然停下来仔细听: 有人在我的公寓里。

to stop a DVD or video in order to be able to look at a particular part of it

used to say that someone is very frightened or shocked

某人血液凝固〔指十分惊恐〕

I heard his scream and felt my blood freeze.

听到他的尖叫声，我觉得自己血液都凝固了。


freeze

a time when people are not allowed to increase prices or pay

the stopping of some activity or process

The government have imposed a freeze on civil service appointments.

政府对公务员实行了人事冻结。

a short period of time, especially at night, when the temperature is extremely low


freezer

a large piece of electrical kitchen equipment in which food can be stored at very low temperatures for a long time

a part of a fridge in which food can be stored at very low temperatures for a long time


freezing

极冷的[地]，严寒的[地]

It’s freezing in this house. Can’t I turn on the heating?

房子里冷极了，我不可以开暖气吗？

We were [freezing cold](bold) in the tent last night.

昨晚我们在帐篷里都冻僵了。

below the temperature at which water turns to ice


freezing

above or below the temperature at which water freezes

昨晚气温降到了零下好几度。


freight

goods that are carried by ship, train, or aircraft, and the system of moving these goods

〔船、火车或飞机运载的〕货物；货运

We’ll send your personal belongings by [air freight](bold) and your furniture by [sea freight](bold).

你的个人物品我们将以空运方式运送，家具将以海运方式运送。


freight

〔用飞机、轮船或火车〕运送，托运〔货物〕


frenzy

a state of great anxiety or excitement, in which you cannot control your behaviour

The women were screaming and in a frenzy to get home.

那些女人尖叫着，拼命地往家赶。

Doreen had [worked](bold) herself [into a frenzy](bold).

多琳让自己变得极为狂躁。

a time when people do a lot of things very quickly

疯狂，狂热〔指一段时间〕

an occasion when a lot of people get involved in an activity in an uncontrolled way

The film put America’s moviegoers into a feeding frenzy.

这部影片在美国影迷中掀起了一阵热潮。

an occasion when a lot of wild animals, especially sharks, eat something in a very excited way


frequency

the number of times that something happens within a particular period of time or within a particular group of people

重大道路交通事故的发生率

the higher frequency of diabetes in older people

老年人中较高的糖尿病发病率

Side effects from prescribed drugs are being reported [with increasing frequency](bold)(=more and more often).

处方药的副作用正越来越频繁地被报道出来。

The [relative frequency](bold) of fraternal twins has halved since 1950.

自1950年以来，异卵双胞胎的相对出生率下降了一半。

Businesses come and go [with alarming frequency](bold).

商家开张停业惊人地频繁。

the number of radio waves, sound waves etc that pass any point per second

〔无线电波、声波等的〕频率

This station broadcasts on three different frequencies.

这家电台以三种不同的频率广播。

Dolphins produce a high frequency sound.

海豚发出的声音频率很高。

the [frequency range](bold) of the human ear


frequent

Her headaches are becoming less frequent.

她头痛发作得越来越少了。

Trains rushed past at [frequent intervals](bold).

She was a [frequent visitor](bold) to the house.


frequent

The bar was frequented by actors from the nearby theatre.

这家酒吧常有附近剧院的演员光顾。


frequently

In everyday English, people usually say that something [often](bold)  happens, or that something happens [a lot](bold) , rather than say it happens [frequently](bold) :

I [often](bold) see him. OR I see him [a lot](bold).


fresh

[freshness](bold) n. <U> eg: the freshness of the early morning eg: the freshness and vitality of youth

The report provides fresh evidence about the way the business was run.

报告提供了有关该公司运营方式的新证据。

You’ll have to start again on a fresh sheet of paper.

你得拿张新的纸重新开始。

good or interesting because it has not been done, seen etc before

Ryan will bring a [fresh approach](bold) to the job.

瑞安将带来一种新的工作方法。

Let’s take a [fresh look](bold) at the problem.

我们换个角度来看这个问题吧。

done, experienced, or having happened recently

There were fresh fox tracks around the hen huts.

鸡窝周围有狐狸刚刚留下的足迹。

The accident was still [fresh in her mind](bold).

对这起事故她仍然记忆犹新。

when you start something again in a completely new and different way after being unsuccessful

I hope Jim and I can get back together and [make a fresh start](bold).

我希望吉姆和我能够复合，重新开始。

fresh food has recently been picked or prepared, and is not frozen or preserved

这些豆子是刚从园子里摘来的。

Let’s open the windows and have some fresh air in here!

我们打开窗户，来点新鲜空气吧！

[breath of fresh air](bold) at → [breath](->breath) sense 2

fresh water contains no salt and comes from rivers and lakes

The kitchen is decorated in fresh blues and greens.

粉刷厨房用的是明快的蓝色和绿色。

She has brown hair, hazel eyes and a [fresh complexion](bold).

她一头棕发，绿褐色的眼睛，气色很好。

if the wind is fresh, it is quite cold and strong

full of energy because you are not tired

She always seems fresh and lively, even at the end of the day.

她看上去总是精力充沛、生气勃勃的，即使一天下来也是如此。

Despite his busy day he arrived looking [as fresh as a daisy](bold)(=not tired and ready to do things).

尽管忙了一天，他到的时候仍然神采奕奕。

having just finished your education or training, and not having a lot of experience

刚完成〔学业、培训等〕的

having just come from a particular place or experience

刚从 …来；刚经历过 …

The team is fresh from their victory over the French.

to behave rudely in a way which shows sexual interest, or lack of respect


fresh

新做的/新切的/现磨的等

to have just used your last supplies of something

I’m fresh out of beer. Will you take a cola instead?

啤酒刚喝没了，可乐你要吗？


freshly

新磨的/新摘的/新做的等

→see THESAURUS at [recently](->recently)


freshman

a student in the first year of high school or university

〔高中或大学的〕一年级学生


friction

disagreement, angry feelings, or unfriendliness between people

〔人们之间的〕不合，冲突，摩擦

Having my mother living with us causes friction at home.

我妈和我们一起住就会给家里造成矛盾。

the usual frictions between parents and their teenage children

家长和十几岁的孩子之间常见的摩擦

His independent attitude was a constant [source of friction](bold) with his boss.

他我行我素的做派一直是他与老板不合的根源。

the natural force that prevents one surface from sliding easily over another surface

Putting oil on both surfaces reduces friction.

两面都上油可减小摩擦力。

Check your rope frequently, as friction against the rock can wear it away.

要经常检查绳索，因为与岩石摩擦会使它磨损。


Friday

[n](bold) <[C,U](bold)> written abbreviation: Fri.

Diane won’t be here Friday. ([AmE](bold))

星期五上午你可以和我碰个头吗？

这个礼拜五我们要坐飞机去维也纳。

[next Friday](bold)(=Friday of next week)

a Friday (=one of the Fridays in the year)

我们结婚是在一个星期五。


fridge

a large piece of electrical kitchen equipment, used for keeping food and drinks cool


friend

someone who you know and like very much and enjoy spending time with

She’s going to Palm Springs with some friends.

I got a letter from a friend from college.

John was a really good friend to me when I had all those problems last year.

someone who you know and see sometimes, but who is not one of your close friends

We borrowed the money from one of Paul’s business acquaintances.

a friend – used especially about boys or men

He always goes to the pub with his mates on Friday night.

a friend – used especially about men or young people

He’s out playing basketball with some of his high school buddies.

a friend – [pal](bold) sounds rather old-fashioned

They met at school and have remained close pals.

a friend – used about powerful people who will help each other even if it is slightly dishonest

someone who spends time with you, doing the same things as you – used about animals as well as people

(=a friend who is very important to you)

I’d like you to meet a dear friend of mine.

(=someone who has been your friend for a long time)

We went to see some old friends who had moved to Harlow.

(=someone who has been your friend for the whole of your life)

(=someone who was your friend when you were a child)

She had been a childhood friend of Tony Walker.

I met some old school friends for lunch.

Mr Hutton is a close personal friend of my father.

(=someone who is a friend of both you and someone else)

They went to a mutual friend’s home for dinner.

(=a friend you like a lot and intend to keep)

They had remained firm friends ever since they first met.

Most of my male friends are married now.

We have all remained friends despite some difficult times.

A friend of mine is going to Tokyo next week.

I managed to get tickets from a friend of a friend.

Her small circle of friends used to play cards together.

One of her closest friends died at the weekend.

她的一位密友周末过世了。

经一位朋友介绍，我认识了吉姆。

I’ve been friends with the Murkets for twenty years.

我和穆尔克特一家是20年的老朋友。

Jenny has always found it easy to make friends at school.

珍妮在学校总是很容易交上朋友。

他和一位老渔夫交上了朋友。

used to say that you are not having a romantic relationship with someone

I’m not going out with Nathan – we’re just good friends.

我没有与内森约会——我们只是好朋友。

someone who supports an organization such as a theatre,art gallery,charity etc by giving money or help

someone who has the same beliefs, wants to achieve the same things etc as you, and will support you

She shot him a quick glance as if unsure whether he was friend or foe.

她迅速地扫了他一眼，似乎不能肯定他是朋友还是敌人。

别担心，这些都是自己人。

someone who has created a link with you on a social networking site on the Internet, by visiting your webpage and clicking on it

She has thousands of friends on MySpace.

她在聚友网上有数千个好友。

used by a member of parliament when speaking about another member of parliament

我尊敬的朋友〔议会议员间的称呼〕

used by a lawyer when speaking about another lawyer in a court of law

我博学的同仁〔法庭上律师间的称呼〕

to not like or be a supporter of something

反对某事物，不赞成某事物，不支持某事物

I’m no friend of socialism, as you know.

〔基督教〕教友会[公谊会]教友

used humorously to talk about someone you do not know, who is doing something annoying

我们的/你们的那位朋友〔幽默用法，指你不认识的、惹人厌烦的人〕

我们的那位大嗓门朋友回来了。

to know important people who can help you

有大人物帮忙，有贵人相助

to be regarded as a friend by someone for whom you have romantic feelings


friend

to add someone to your list of friends on a social networking site

〔社交网站上〕加 …为好友

I never friend someone I haven’t met in real life.

我从来不加素未谋面的人为好友。


friendly

behaving towards someone in a way that shows you like them and are ready to talk to them or help them

friendly and caring about other people, in a way that makes people like you and feel comfortable

He was such a warm caring person and everyone loved him.

Chris is a nice guy. I’m sure you’ll get on with him.

He wasn’t very nice to the other children.

friendly to someone who has just arrived somewhere

The group are very welcoming to new members.

friendly and eager to make visitors comfortable

I found Japanese people to be very hospitable.

The two nations have always maintained cordial relations.

friendly and easy to talk to – used especially about people in important positions

[comparative](italic) [friendlier](bold) [superlative](italic) [friendliest](bold)

I’ve found a great pub – good beer and a friendly atmosphere.

我找到了一家很棒的酒馆——啤酒好，氛围也亲切。

Why is he suddenly so friendly towards you, Charlotte?

为什么他突然对你那么友好，夏洛特？

Betty’s very friendly with the Jacksons.

贝蒂同杰克逊一家人非常要好。

not at war with your own country, or not opposing you

〔国家之间的关系〕友好的，非敌对的

a friendly game is played for pleasure or practice, and not because it is important to win

not difficult for particular people to understand or use

用户/客户友好的，方便用户/客户的

not harmful to the environment,ozone layer etc

对环境无害的/不破坏臭氧层的/环保的等

bombs, bullets etc that accidentally kill people who are fighting on the same side

误杀自己人的火力[炮火]


friendly

a game played for pleasure or practice, and not because it is important to win


friendship

Their friendship started after they met at a conference.

Friendship often develops on the basis of shared interests.

They renewed their friendship after the war.

Their friendship was spoilt after a fierce argument.

Ron had formed a close relationship with Andrea.

(=one that is strong and not likely to change)

I established a firm friendship with Terence.

This began a lasting friendship between the two women.

There is a long-standing friendship between the two countries.

The two men formed a lifelong friendship.

They were united by deep bonds of friendship.

(=an action which shows that someone is a friend)

He invited us to his house as a gesture of friendship.

He turned down the King's offer of friendship.

(=officially say that you want a friendly relationship)

America extended the hand of friendship, but it was rejected.

The friendship between father and youth deepened.

her [close friendship](bold) with her aunt

The two boys [formed](bold) a deep and lasting [friendship](bold).

这两个男孩子建立了深厚持久的友谊。

He and Bob [struck up a friendship](bold)(=began to be friends).

the feelings and behaviour that exist between friends

I could always rely on Gary for friendship and support.

我总是可以依靠加里的友情和支持。

The Indians have [extended the hand of friendship](bold)(=shown that they want to be friends with another country).


fright

You [gave](bold) me such [a fright](bold) creeping up on me like that!

你这样不声不响地过来，吓了我一跳！

I got an awful fright when I realised how much money I owed.

知道自己欠了那么多钱，我吓了一大跳。

Several of the children cried out in fright.

有几个孩子吓得大哭了起来。

to be very afraid of something, especially so that you run away from it or do not do something that you were going to do

受惊吓〔尤指因而逃走或未做计划的事情〕

She had promised to marry him, but took fright at the last moment.

她答应嫁给他，但是到了最后一刻又畏缩了。


frighten

frighten away
frighten into
frighten off

The thought of being in court frightened him.

to frighten someone. [Scare](bold) is less formal than [frighten](bold), and is the usual word to use in everyday English

It scared him to think that his mother might never recover.

to make someone feel extremely frightened

The idea of going down into the caves terrified her.

Robbers terrified bank staff by threatening them at gunpoint.

to make someone suddenly feel frightened in a way that makes their heart beat more quickly

It gave me a terrible fright when I found him unconscious on the floor.

if a person or place gives you the creeps, they make you feel slightly frightened because they are strange

to frighten someone. Used when you suddenly see someone and did not know they were there, or when you suddenly hear something

I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to startle you.

The noise startled him, and he dropped his glass on the floor.

to make someone feel frightened and worried that something bad might happen

I didn’t want to alarm her by calling in the middle of the night.

to deliberately frighten someone, especially so that they will do what you want

Many of the gangs were using dogs to intimidate people.

Don’t stand so near the edge! You’re frightening me.

别站得那么靠边！你要把我吓坏了。

She was frightened by the anger in his eyes.

她被他眼中的怒火吓住了。

Computers used to frighten me, but not now.

电脑过去让我感到害怕，但现在不了。

[frighten sb to death/frighten the life out of sb](bold)(=make someone feel extremely afraid)

He drove at a speed which frightened Lara to death.

他开车的速度把拉拉吓得要死。


frightened

feeling worried because you might get hurt or because something bad might happen

Many animals are frightened of fireworks.

Frightened residents called the police as the gang started throwing bricks.

frightened. [Scared](bold) is less formal than [frightened](bold) and is the usual word to use in everyday English

Old people are too scared to go out of their homes.

frightened. [Afraid](bold) sounds more formal than [frightened](bold) or [scared](bold)

I was afraid that I might say the wrong thing.

frightened and worried that something bad might happen

She was alarmed at the thought of performing in front of an audience.

Alarmed passengers spotted fuel leaking from the plane.

frightened that something bad might happen

They are fearful of another terrorist attack.

He was fearful that he might make another mistake.

He looked terrified as the plane took off.

James was absolutely terrified of losing his only child.

He dragged the terrified woman into his car.

very frightened – used especially when you are so frightened that you cannot think or move

I had to make a speech, and I was scared stiff.

if you do something in terror, you do it because you are very frightened

People fled in terror as the building went up in flames.

Don’t be frightened. We’re not going to hurt you.

别害怕，我们不会伤害你的。

I was frightened of being left by myself in the house.

我害怕一个人被留在屋里。

Her father had an awful temper and she was always frightened of him.

她爸爸脾气坏，她向来怕他。

She’s frightened that her ex-husband will find her.

To tell the truth, I was [frightened to death](bold)(=very frightened).

→ Do not confuse [frightened,](bold) which describes a feeling, and [frightening,](bold) which describes something that makes you feel frightened[a frightened child](italic)[a frightening experience](italic)


frightening

[frighteningly](bold) adv. eg: a frighteningly real possibility.

Being held at gunpoint had been the most frightening moment of his life.

frightening. [Scary](bold) is less formal than [frightening](bold) and is very common in everyday English

frightening, especially because violence, cruelty, or danger is involved

a chilling tale of revenge, murder and madness

The court heard chilling details about the attack.

frightening and strange, especially because something involves ghosts or powers that people do not understand

The forest is really spooky in the dark.

frightening in a way that makes you feel nervous, especially when you are not sure exactly why – used especially about places, people, and feelings

This place is really creepy. Let’s get out of here.

Do you know that creepy feeling when you're sure someone’s there but you can’t see or hear anything?

There was an eerie silence immediately after the bomb went off.

making you feel frightened, nervous, or lacking in confidence

Big schools can be an intimidating place for young children.

Giving evidence in court is often a rather intimidating experience.

the intimidating presence of a large number of soldiers

frightening because you think someone is going to hurt you, even though they have not said or done anything violent – used especially about someone’s expression or voice

‘I’d like to have a word with you outside,’ he said in a menacing tone.

The experience was absolutely terrifying.

She spoke of the terrifying ordeala very bad experience when three armed men burst into her house.

very frightening and involving danger, in a way that is exciting

a hair-raising motorcycle ride through the streets of Havana

very frightening – used about films, stories etc that involve frightening or cruel events

very frightening – used especially about sounds

令人害怕的，吓人的，可怕的

Going into hospital can be very frightening for a child.

去医院对小孩子来说可能是很可怕的。

It was the most frightening experience of my life.

这是我一生中最可怕的经历。

It’s frightening to think what could happen if terrorists did get hold of nuclear materials.

一旦恐怖分子掌握了核材料，后果不堪设想。


fringe

[the lunatic fringe](bold) at → [lunatic](->lunatic) sense 3

if you have a fringe, your hair is cut so that it hangs down over your forehead

a tall girl with straight brown hair and a fringe

一头棕色直发、留着刘海的高个子女孩

a decorative edge of hanging threads on a curtain, piece of clothing etc

〔帷幕、衣服等上的〕穗，缘饰，流苏

not completely belonging to or accepted by a group of people who share the same job, activities etc

a small group on the fringes of the art world

at the part of something that is farthest from the centre

在（ …的）边缘，在（ …的）外围

Nina remained on the fringe of the crowd.


fringe

a group, event etc that is less important or popular than the main group etc, or whose opinions are not accepted by most other people involved in the same activity

边缘[非主流]团体/事件/问题等

He used a party conference fringe meeting to defend terrorism.

他利用政党大会期间的分组会议为恐怖主义辩护。

The environment is no longer a fringe issue.

环境不再是一个边缘问题了。


frog

frɑːɡ, frɒːɡ

a small green animal that lives near water and has long legs for jumping

to have difficulty in speaking, especially because of a sore throat

a very offensive word for someone from France. Do not use this word.


from

starting at a particular place or position

从这里到科尔切斯特怎么走？

an empire stretching from Syria to Spain

版图从叙利亚一直延伸到西班牙的帝国

The hotel is on the main road from Newport.

宾馆位于从纽波特出来的主路上。

used when talking about the distance between places or people to mention one of the places or people

我们住在离波士顿大约五英里远的地方。

a large Victorian house only fifty yards from my workplace

离我工作场所只有50码的一幢维多利亚式大房子

He was standing only a few feet away from me.

他站在离我只有几英尺远的地方。

He’ll be here tomorrow from about seven o'clock onwards.

明天大约7点钟以后他会在这里。

We’re going to tell her on her birthday – that’s two weeks from today.

我们打算在她生日那天告诉她——离今天还有两个星期。

From now on, I will only be working in the mornings.

从现在起，我只在上午上班。

housewives who work [from morning to night](bold)(=without stopping)

used to say what condition or situation something is in before it changes

When she arrived, things just [went from bad to worse](bold)(=got even worse)!

她到了之后情况简直越来越糟！

She went from house to house asking if anyone had seen the child.

她挨家挨户询问是否有人见过这个孩子。

from day to day/from minute to minute etc

used to say that something continues or keeps changing

to change or be different according to the person, situation, time etc involved

因人[情况，时间等]而异

The treatment will vary from patient to patient.

Prices range from £10,000 to over £100,000.

价格从一万英镑到十万英镑以上不等。

a place where you can buy anything from a handgun to a rocket launcher

从手枪到火箭发射器都能买到的一个地方

used to say where someone is when they see or watch something

从〔表示看或观察的位置〕

From the top of the hill, you can see for miles.

从山顶上可以看到很远的地方。

There’s a man watching us from behind that fence.

有个男人在那道篱笆后面看着我们。

used to say where something is before it is removed

She pulled her chair away from her desk.

菲利普从我手中一把夺过书。

used to say where someone would normally be, when they are not there

The boy’s absence from class has been noted.

那个男孩没来上课引起了注意。

I have a brother, but he’s away from home at present.

我有个哥哥，但他现在不在家。

used to say where something was or who had it before you obtained it

这个主意是科林帮我出的。

Do you know where the information came from?

你知道这消息是哪里来的吗？

格雷是从他侄子那里传染上天花的。

I’ll show you a short extract from one of our training videos.

我放一小段我们的训练录像给你看。

We usually buy our cheese from a shop in the market.

我们通常从市场里的一家商店买奶酪。

You have to choose the right answer from a list.

必须从列表中选取正确答案。

used to say who sends or gives something

He had received a bill for nineteen dollars from St Peter’s hospital.

他收到圣彼得医院寄来的一张19美元的账单。

我接到约翰打来的一个电话。

You need to get permission from the owner.

with lots of love from Elaine (=used at the end of a letter or on a card)

十分爱你的伊莱恩〔用于书信或卡片的末尾〕

used to say where someone was born, where they live, or where they work

来自〔表示出生地、居住地或工作场所等〕

We invited speakers from all the regions.

我们邀请了各地的演讲者。

Students from all faculties will have access to the machines.

各院系的学生都将可以使用这些机器。

There’s a man from the tax office on the phone.

I’m from Yorkshire (=I was born in Yorkshire).

mothers who are exhausted from all the sleepless nights

因连夜无眠而精疲力竭的母亲

Death rates from accidents have been on the increase.

The community benefits from having an excellent health service.

社会公众受益于出色的卫生服务。

used to say what made you form a particular opinion

From what I’ve read, the company seems to be in difficulties.

据我所看到的，这家公司似乎处境困难。

It’s obvious from a quick glance that the plan has changed dramatically.

一眼就能看出，计划有了很大变化。

used to say how a subject is being considered

These changes are ideal from my point of view.

We have spent a lot of time looking at the problem from all angles.

我们用了很多时间从各个角度来考虑这个问题。

used to say what substance is used to make something

Bread is made from flour, water, and yeast.

面包由面粉、水和酵母做成。

used to say what is prevented or forbidden

These problems have prevented me from completing the work.

这些问题使我无法完成工作。

people who have been disqualified from driving

Tourist coaches will be banned from entering the city centre.

旅游车将禁止进入市中心。

used to mention something bad that you do not want to affect someone or something

used when you are comparing things or people to mention one of the things or people

Our two cats are so alike, I can never tell one from the other.

我们的两只猫很相像，我从来没办法区分它们。


front

the part of something that is furthest forward in the direction that it is facing or moving

Ricky stepped forward to the front of the stage and began to sing.

里基走到舞台的最前面，开始唱了起来。

It took ages to get to the front of the queue.

过了很长时间才排到队伍的最前面。

She always sits at the front of the class.

她总是坐在教室的最前面。

I found a good place on the bus, on the top deck, right at the front.

我在公共汽车上找了个好位置，就在上面一层最前面。

the front of something is the side or surface that faces forward

Harvey ran quickly round the front of the car to try and open the other door.

哈维很快绕过车头去开另一扇车门。

the control panel on the front of the machine

He wore an old sweater with a coffee stain down the front.

他穿着一件旧毛衣，前面有一道咖啡渍。

the most important side or surface of something, that you look at first

Dean sent me a lovely postcard with a picture of Bolton Abbey on the front.

迪安寄给我一张漂亮的明信片，正面是博尔顿修道院的照片。

She’s on the front (=a picture of her is on the front) of this month’s magazine.

There’s an introduction at the front of the book (=in the first pages).

the most important side of a building, where you go in

Ben had just finished painting the front of the house.

[in front of your eyes](bold) at → [eye](->eye) 1 sense 9

[In front of](bold)  a building means directly outside the front of it and on the same side of the street: The car stopped in front of our hotel.

[Opposite](bold)  a building means outside the front of it on the other side of a street, area of land etc: There are some shops opposite the school.

further forward than someone or something

He was standing in front of her in the lunch queue, and they just got talking.

排队买午餐时他排在她前面，他们就说起话来。

He walked along in front of me, holding the lantern.

Suddenly, something ran across the road in front of the car.

突然，有什么东西从车子前面跑过了马路。

An old wooden desk stood in front of the window.

The door opened and Harriet stood in front of him.

门开了，哈丽雅特站在他面前。

She sat down in front of the mirror and brushed her hair carefully.

她在镜子前坐下，仔细地梳起头发。

Billy crouched in front of the fire to warm his hands.

There was a small garden in front of the house.

It was raining as we parked in front of the hotel.

天正下着雨，我们把车停在酒店门口。

if you say or do something in front of someone, you do it where they can see or hear you

在某人的面前，当着某人的面

不要当着小孩的面说脏话！

The match was played in front of a crowd of 8,000.

比赛在8,000名观众面前进行。

if you have problems or difficulties in front of you, you will soon need to deal with them

某人面临着〔难题或困难〕

He drove straight into the car in front.

他一下子撞上了前面的车子。

winning something such as a sports match or competition

他的进球让利兹队再度领先。

in the area nearest the most forward part of something, or nearest the entrance to a building

在〔建筑物的〕前面[门前]

[on the economic/political etc front](bold)

On the technical front, there have been a number of important developments.

技术领域有了一系列重大进步。

Excellent teamwork from our staff has brought improvement [on all fronts](bold).

我们员工的精诚合作使得各方面都取得了进展。

[on the domestic/international front](bold)

On the domestic front, de Gaulle’s priority was to secure his government’s authority.

在国内事务方面，戴高乐的重点是确保政府的权威。

Schemes of this kind enjoyed success only on a limited front.

这种方案只能在有限的领域取得成功。

(BrE also: [out the front/out in front](bold) )

the area near the entrance to a building

in the front part of a car, next to the driver or where the driver sits

in front of the television/TV/computer etc

watching a television or using a computer

The average child spends three to four hours in front of the TV.

普通小孩要看三到四个小时电视。

I spend most of my time [sitting in front of](bold) a computer.

我大部分时间是坐在电脑前。

money that is paid up front is paid before work is done, or before goods are supplied

我们需要预付200英镑。

It’s important to tell potential clients this up front.

一开始就要向潜在的客户说明这一点，这很重要。

the place where two areas of air of different temperatures meet, often shown as a line on weather maps

[warm/cold front](bold)(=an area of warm or cold air)

a wide road next to the beach where people can walk for pleasure

We could always go for a stroll along the front.

我们随时可以沿着滨海大道散散步。

your chest, or the part of your body that faces forward

You’ve spilled juice all down your front!

你把果汁洒得整个胸前都是！

He was asleep, lying on his front with his head turned to one side.

他睡着了，头转向一侧趴着睡的。

a legal business that someone operates in order to hide the illegal activities that they are involved in

The casino was used as a front for cross-border smuggling operations.

这家赌场被用来为跨国走私打掩护。

if you put on a front, you behave in a way that is happier, braver etc than you really feel

Jenny didn’t want Adam to see how worried she was. So she put on a [brave front](bold).

珍妮不想让亚当看到她有多担心，于是摆出一副勇敢的样子。

His arrogance is just a front. Deep down he’s really insecure.

他的傲慢不过是掩饰，内心深处他很没有安全感。

When disciplining children, it is important that parents [present a united front](bold)(=show that they both feel the same about a situation).

父母管教孩子的时候要意见一致，这一点很重要。

used in the name of a political party or unofficial military organization

阵线〔用于政党或非官方军事组织的名称〕

the area where fighting happens in a war

He joined the army, and was immediately [sent to the front](bold).

他参军后立即被派往前线。

Her husband was shot down over the Western Front.

她丈夫在西线上空被击落。

a side of a large important church building


front

Two of his front teeth had been knocked out.

《Hello!》杂志的封面

[front door/garden/porch etc](bold)(=at the front of a house)

We walked up the front steps and into the reception area.

我们走上前门的台阶，进入接待区。

We got there an hour early in order to get seats in the front row.

为了坐到前排座位，我们提前一个小时就到了那里。

a front organization is a legal one that is run in order to hide a secret or illegal activity

a front organization for importing heroin

一个为海洛因输入打掩护的机构

a front vowel sound is made by raising your tongue at the front of your mouth, such as the vowel sound in ‘see’


front

if someone fronts something such as a musical group or a television programme, they lead it and are the person that the public sees most

领导〔乐队〕；主持〔电视节目〕

Fronted by Alan Hull, the band had a number of memorable hits.

乐队在艾伦•赫尔的带领下，创作了许多令人难忘的畅销曲目。

if a building or area of land is fronted by something, or fronts onto it, it faces that thing

The house was fronted by a large ornamental lake.

房子前面有个很大的景观湖。

The hotel entrance fronted onto a busy road.

酒店入口对着一条繁华的马路。

to be covered or decorated at the front with something

一幢正面由大理石砌成的大型建筑


frontier

Lille is close to the frontier between France and Belgium.

Troops established a road block on the frontier.

部队在边境设立了一个路障。

[frontier town/area/post etc](bold)(=a town etc on a frontier)

an area where people have never lived before, that not much is known about, especially in the western US before the 20th century

〔尤指20世纪前美国西部的〕边远地区，荒野地区，边疆

a novel about a family’s struggle on the American frontier

描写一家人在美国边远地区奋斗的小说

the limits of what is known about something

[push back the frontiers](bold)(=discover new things)


frost

(=when the temperature falls several degrees below freezing point)

Many plants were damaged by the severe frost.

We’ve had three continuous nights of hard frost.

Scotland should have a dry night, with a touch of ground frost in northern glens.

I hoped the early frost wasn’t a sign of a bad winter to come.

There’s always the danger of a late frost killing the buds.

The plants need to be protected against frost.

Some crop regions may have suffered frost damage.

Even in May we can sometimes get a late frost.

即使在5月份，我们有时还会遇到晚春的严寒天气。

[hard/heavy/sharp/severe frost](bold)(=extremely cold weather)

the risk of [frost damage](bold) to crops

ice that looks white and powdery and covers things that are outside when the temperature is very cold

The grass and trees were white with frost.

草上和树上结了一层白霜。


frost

to cover a cake with a mixture of powdery sugar and liquid


frown

to make an angry, unhappy, or confused expression, moving your eyebrows together


frown

the expression on your face when you move your eyebrows together because you are angry, unhappy, or confused

他皱着眉头不解地看着她。


frozen

frozen food has been stored at a very low temperature in order to preserve it

你可以使用新鲜或冷冻的鱼。

You must be frozen! Come and sit by the fire.

你肯定冻僵了！坐到炉火边上来。

earth that is frozen is so cold it has become very hard

The ground is frozen for most of the year.

一年的大部分时间地面都是冻得硬邦邦的。

a river, lake etc that is frozen has a layer of ice on the surface

to be so afraid, shocked etc that you cannot move

被吓呆了，被吓得无法动弹


fruit

[bear fruit](bold) at → [bear](->bear) 1 sense 9

[plural](italic) fruit or [plural](italic) fruits

something that grows on a plant, tree, or bush, can be eaten as a food, contains seeds or a stone, and is usually sweet

Try to eat plenty of [fresh fruit](bold).

→ [dried fruit](->dried fruit) → [soft fruit](->soft fruit)

[Fruit](bold)  is usually uncountable: I love fruit.
Don’t say: [ I love fruits.](strike)

[Fruit](bold)  is used as a countable noun when talking about particular types of fruit: They grow mainly citrus fruits.

the part of a plant, bush, or tree that contains the seeds

the good results that you have from something, after you have worked very hard

I’m looking forward to retirement and having time to enjoy [the fruits of my labour](bold)(=the results of my hard work).

我盼望着退休，好有时间来享受自己的劳动成果。

trees, plants etc that are in fruit are producing their fruit

all the natural things that the earth produces, such as fruit, vegetables, or minerals

大地[大自然]的产物〔如水果、蔬菜或矿物等〕


fruit

if a tree or a plant fruits, it produces fruit


fruitful

Today’s meeting proved more fruitful than last week’s.

事实证明今天的会议比上星期的更有成效。

land that is fruitful produces a lot of crops


frustrate

if something frustrates you, it makes you feel annoyed or angry because you are unable to do what you want

The fact that he’s working with amateurs really frustrates him.

与生手共事着实让他沮丧。

to prevent someone’s plans, efforts, or attempts from succeeding

Their attempts to speak to him were frustrated by the guards.

他们想跟他说话，但被警卫拦住了。

[Frustrate](bold)  is usually passive in this meaning.


frustrated

feeling annoyed, upset, and impatient, because you cannot control or change a situation, or achieve something

He [gets frustrated](bold) when people don’t understand what he’s trying to say.

人们不懂他在说什么时，他就会很懊丧。

She had become increasingly frustrated with her life.

她对自己的生活感到越来越沮丧。

[sexually frustrated](bold)(=feeling dissatisfied because you do not have any opportunity to have sex)

someone who wants to develop a particular skill but has not been able to do this

失意的艺术家/演员/诗人等


frustrating

making you feel annoyed, upset, or impatient because you cannot do what you want to do

令人懊丧的，令人懊恼的，令人沮丧的

My job can be very frustrating sometimes.

有时候我的工作令人很沮丧。

This is an immensely frustrating experience for the student.

对于学生来说，这是非常令人沮丧的经历。


frustration

the feeling of being annoyed, upset, or impatient, because you cannot control or change a situation, or achieve something

People often feel a [sense of frustration](bold) that they are not being promoted quickly enough.

人们经常有一种挫折感，就是觉得自己升职不够快。

I was practically screaming with frustration.

我懊恼得几乎要大叫起来。

In spite of his frustrations, he fell in love with the country.

尽管失意，但他还是爱上了这个国家。

the fact of being prevented from achieving what you are trying to achieve

The frustration of his ambitions made him a bitter man.

壮志未酬使他成了个牢骚满腹的人。


fry

[Fry](bold)  belongs to a group of verbs where the same noun can be the subject of the verb or its object.

You can say: I’m frying some fish.  In this sentence, ‘some fish’ is the object of [fry](bold) .

You can say: Some fish is frying.  In this sentence, ‘some fish’ is the subject of [fry](bold) .

[past tense and past participle](italic) [fried](bold) [present participle](italic) [frying](bold) [third person singular](italic) [fries](bold)

to cook something in hot fat or oil, or to be cooked in hot fat or oil

Fry the potatoes, covered, for about 20 minutes.

盖上盖，将马铃薯煎20分钟左右。

→ [deep fry](->deep fry) → [stir-fry](->stir-fry) 1

to kill someone in an electric chair, or to be killed in an electric chair, as a punishment

（被）以电刑处死，（使）坐电椅


fry

also: [french fry](bold)  [n](bold) <[C usually plural](bold)> ([especially AmE](special))

a long thin piece of potato that has been cooked in fat


frying pan

a round flat pan with a long handle, used for frying food

to go from a bad situation to one that is even worse

跳出油锅又落入火里〔比喻境况愈来愈糟〕


fuel

[add fuel to the fire/flames](bold) at → [add](->add) sense 9

(=a fuel such as coal or oil, produced by the gradual decaying of plants and animals)

Global warming may be caused by burning fossil fuels.

What do we do with the spent nuclear fuel?

(=a solid substance, such as coal, that is used as a fuel)

The number of homes using solid fuel for heating has decreased.

There has been a sharp rise in domestic fuel costs.

The government is trying to encourage the use of environmentally-friendly smokeless fuels.

(=a fuel that harms the environment as little as possible)

Are green fuels, like Biodiesel, really the solution to our fuel crisis?

(=fuel that does not harm the environment)

The proposal is to cut tax on cars that run on clean fuel.

People need to learn how to use fuel more efficiently.

(=use all the fuel available and have none left)

The ship ran out of fuel and drifted helplessly.

Before leaving, I filled up with fuel at the local petrol station.

You can save fuel by not driving too fast.

The booklet gives helpful tips on how to avoid wasting fuel.

The increase in fuel costs is severely affecting pensioners.

Insulating your house will cut your fuel bill.

The fuel tank holds 14 gallons of petrol.

I noticed the fuel gauge was on empty so I pulled into the nearest gas station.

(=a machine that forces fuel into an engine)

Fuel consumption averages 54 miles per gallon.

(=how well a vehicle uses fuel, without wasting any)

Greater engine efficiency has led to improved fuel economy.

a substance such as coal, gas, or oil that can be burned to produce heat or energy


fuel

[past tense and past participle](italic) [fuelled](bold) [present participle](italic) [fuelling](bold) ([BrE](bold)) [past tense and past participle](italic) [fueled](bold) [present participle](italic) [fueling](bold) ([AmE](bold))

to make something, especially something bad, increase or become stronger

他的话火上浇油，使她更愤怒了。

Progress was slow, fueling concerns that the stadium would not be finished on time.

进度很慢，人们越来越担心体育馆能否按时完工。

if you fuel a vehicle, or if it fuels up, fuel is put into it

我们最好在下个小镇加油。

The van was fuelled and waiting in the basement car park.

小货车加好了油，在地下停车场等着。