recall

to remember a particular fact, event, or situation from the past

→see THESAURUS at [remember](->remember)

You don’t happen to recall his name, do you?

你不会恰巧还想得起他的名字吧？

I seem to recall I’ve met him before somewhere.

我好像记得以前在哪儿见过他。

I don’t recall seeing any cars parked outside.

我想不起来看到有车停在外面。

I can’t recall who gave me the information.

我记不起是谁告诉我这个信息的。

[As I recall](bold), it was you who suggested this idea in the first place.

我记得，是你首先提出这个想法的。

to officially tell someone to come back to a place or group

Cole was recalled to the squad to replace the injured Quinn.

科尔被召回队里代替受伤的奎因。

The Ambassador was recalled from Washington.

if a company recalls one of its products, it asks people who have bought it to return it because there may be something wrong with it

The cars had to be recalled due to an engine fault.

由于发动机缺陷，那些汽车必须召回。

to bring information back onto the screen of a computer

〔在计算机屏幕上〕重新调出，检索〔信息〕

if something recalls something else, it makes you think of it because it is very similar

〔由于酷似而〕使人回忆起

室内陈设让人回想起20世纪60年代。

to vote to remove someone from their political position


recall

rɪˈkɔːl, ˈriːkɔːl

the ability to remember something that you have learned or experienced

儿童的记忆力通常很准确。

He had [total recall](bold)(=remembered everything) of every play in the game.

比赛中的一招一式他都记得清清楚楚。

an official order telling someone to return to a place, especially before they expected to

when a company asks people to return a product they have bought because there may be something wrong with it

a vote to remove someone from their political position, or the act of being removed by a vote


recede

if something you can see or hear recedes, it gets further and further away until it disappears

〔景物、声音〕逐渐远去（直至消失）

if a memory, feeling, or possibility recedes, it gradually goes away

〔记忆〕逐渐模糊；〔感情〕逐渐淡漠；〔可能性〕逐渐消失

if water recedes, it moves back from an area that it was covering

The flood waters finally began to recede in November.

11月，洪水终于开始退去。

if your hair recedes, you gradually lose the hair at the front of your head

He was in his mid-forties, with a [receding hairline](bold).

他四十五六岁，发际线已开始往后移了。


receipt

a piece of paper that you are given which shows that you have paid for something

Keep your receipt in case you want to bring it back.

Make sure you get receipts for everything.

每件东西都一定要拿收据。

the closing date for receipt of applications

The booking will be made on receipt of a deposit.

[be in receipt of sth](bold)(=to have received something)

the money that a business, bank, or government receives

〔企业、银行、政府的〕收款，进款；收入

1,840万美元的财政总收入


receive

All the children will receive a small gift.

每个孩子都会收到一份小礼物。

She received an honorary degree from Harvard.

她获得了哈佛大学的名誉学位。

She received no support from her parents.

[receive payment/money/a pension etc](bold)

They will be entitled to receive unemployment benefit.

他们将有资格领取失业救济金。

He went up to receive his award from the mayor.

16 to 18-year-olds receiving full-time education

接受全日制教育的16到18岁青少年

Lee [received](bold) 324 [votes](bold)(=324 people voted for him).

[Receive](bold)  is a rather formal word, which is used especially in written English. In everyday English, people usually use [get](bold) .

What did you [get](bold) for your birthday?

She [got](bold) a degree from York University.

to get a letter, message, or telephone call, or something which someone has sent you

接到，收到〔信件、消息、电话等〕

He received a letter from his insurance company.

他收到他的保险公司寄来的一封信。

If you would like to [receive](bold) further [information](bold), return the attached form.

欲收到详细资料，请交回所附表格。

We have [received](bold) numerous [complaints](bold) about the noise.

我们已经收到很多对噪声的投诉。

if you receive a particular type of medical treatment, it is done to you

He [received](bold) hospital [treatment](bold) for a cut over his eye.

他眼部受伤，接受了医院的治疗。

to react in a particular way to a suggestion, idea, performance etc

The film was [well received](bold) by critics (=they said it was good).

影评家们对这部电影反响良好。

他听了这个消息默不作声。

[Receive](bold)  is often passive in this meaning.

to be the person who is affected by someone else’s actions, usually in an unpleasant way

承受〔通常指不愉快之事〕

She found herself on the receiving end of racist abuse.

她觉得自己遭到种族虐待。

to officially accept someone as a guest or member of a group

She isn’t well enough to receive visitors yet.

她身体还不是很好，不能见客。

if a radio or television receives radio waves or other signals, it makes them become sounds or pictures

〔收音机、电视〕接收到〔无线电或电视信号〕

to be able to hear a radio message that someone is sending

“听到，信号响亮清楚！”


receiver

the part of a telephone that you hold next to your mouth and ear

She picked up the receiver and dialled his number.

她拿起听筒，拨了他的电话号码。

someone who is officially in charge of a business or company that is bankrupt

〔破产企业或公司的〕管理人，接管人

The business is [in the hands of the receivers](bold).

公司现在由破产管理人接管。

someone who buys and sells stolen property

a radio or television, or other equipment which receives signals

无线电接收机；收音机；电视机

a player in American football who is in a position to catch the ball


recent

having happened or started only a short time ago

最近的，不久前的，近来的

recent research into the causes of cancer

[in recent years/months/times etc](bold)

The situation has improved in recent years.

In everyday English, people usually say [in the last/past few](bold)  weeks/months/years etc rather than [in recent](bold)  weeks/months etc:

Things have been pretty busy [in the last few weeks](bold).


recently

not long ago, especially a few days, weeks, or months ago

The president has recently returned from a tour of South America.

A new species of plant was recently discovered in Brazil.

during the recent past, especially during the weeks or days closest to now

I’ve been really busy lately so I haven’t been out much.

There hasn’t been much in the news lately.

a very short time ago, especially only a few minutes, hours, days, or weeks ago

not long ago – often used when you are not sure exactly when

I looked in on her a little while ago and she was fast asleep.

recently, especially only a few days ago

You’ll never guess what happened to me the other day.

made, prepared, done etc not long ago – used especially about food and drink. Also used about things that have just been painted, washed, or dug

created, built, married etc not long ago

the newly created position of Chief Designer

He has recently been promoted to Assistant Manager.

Jerry lived in Cairo [until](bold) quite [recently](bold).

直至不久之前杰里一直住在开罗。

[More recently](bold), he’s appeared in a number of British films.

最近，他出演了多部英国电影。


reception

The prince was given a warm reception when he visited Birmingham.

(=in which people show a lot of approval in a noisy way)

When reporters arrived at the house, they got a hostile reception.

His idea got a cool reception from his colleagues.

I am bewildered by the lukewarm reception given to her latest album.

(=when some people like something and some do not)

His first novel received a mixed reception.

The movie got a favourable reception from audiences and critics alike.

also: receive a warm etc reception (formal)

As he came on, Rocky got a great reception from the crowd.

They met with a chilly reception from my mother.

Opposition parties gave the proposals a lukewarm reception.

There were over 200 guests at our wedding reception.

(=one given by the authorities of a city)

The plaque was unveiled during a civic reception given at Glasgow City Chambers.

Tickets include a champagne reception and buffet supper.

After an official reception at the Embassy, they visited the White House.

There will be a formal reception in honour of his life and work.

We have to attend a reception at the Embassy.

The wedding reception will be held at The Grand Hotel.

a particular type of welcome for someone, or a particular type of reaction to their ideas, work etc

She was unsure of her reception after everything that had happened.

发生了这些事后，她对自己是否还受欢迎没把握。

The delegates [gave](bold) him a warm [reception](bold).

[receive/have/get/meet with a ... reception](bold)

He got a great reception from the crowd.

The plans received a [mixed reception](bold) from unions (=some people liked them, others did not).

各工会对这些计划反响不一。

the desk or office where visitors arriving in a hotel or large organization go first

〔酒店、大型机构的〕接待处

Please leave your key at the [reception desk](bold).

请把你的钥匙留在接待处。

the area around or in front of this desk or office

a large formal party to celebrate an event or to welcome someone

It’s an ideal location for a [wedding reception](bold).

这里是举办喜宴的理想地点。

The occasion was marked by a [civic reception](bold).

市里举行招待会庆祝这个特别的时刻。

the act of receiving radio, television, or other signals, or the quality of signals you receive

〔无线电或电视等信号的〕接收（效果）

Mobile phone users have complained of [poor reception](bold) in the area.

手机用户抱怨那个地区信号接收效果不好。

the act of catching the ball in American football


receptionist

someone whose job is to welcome and deal with people arriving in a hotel or office building, visiting a doctor etc


recession

a period when a country’s economic growth stops and there is less trade

The industry has cut jobs due to the recession.

fears that the economy may be sliding into recession

a long period during which there is a bad recession, so that there is very little business activity and a lot of people do not have jobs

During the depression of the 1930s, as many as 20% of the population were jobless.

a fairly short period when there is a reduction in business and many people lose their jobs

The slump in the housing market is making it difficult for people to sell their homes.

a period when there is a reduction in business activity, that may be the start of a recession

High prices could tip the slowdown in the US into a world recession.

a period during which there is a reduction in business activity and economic conditions become worse, when before the economy was growing

Public spending may reduce the effects of the downturn.

an occasion when the value of stocks and shares on a stock market falls suddenly and by a large amount, causing economic problems

The Wall Street Crash of 1929 was disastrous for not only the American economy, but for the world economy.

The economic recession of the '70s led to a fall in recruitment.

America’s airlines have been badly hit by the world recession.

We are in the middle of a severe recession.

Colombia is going through its worst recession in decades.

The British economy was in its longest recession since the Second World War.

The country was suffering a deep recession.

Most analysts don’t believe the economy will slide into recession.

The US is about to plunge into recession.

Rural areas have been hardest hit by the recession.

Rising oil prices help to fuel inflation and cause recession.

Economists fear the recession may be deepening.

The Chancellor is confident that we shall see the end of the recession in the next few months.

We are in the midst of a world recession.

The country is in the depths of recession.

a difficult time when there is less trade, business activity etc in a country than usual

the [economic recession](bold) of the early 1980s

20世纪80年代初的经济衰退

There is [deep recession](bold) in the UK.

英国处于严重的经济衰退之中。

attempts to pull the country out of recession

推动国家走出经济衰退的努力


recipe

a set of instructions for cooking a particular type of food

to be likely to cause a particular result, often a bad one

可能会造成某事〔常指坏的结果〕

She said that five small boys on skis was a [recipe for disaster](bold), not a holiday.

她说五个来滑雪的小男孩就不是来度假的，而是来闯祸的。


reciprocal

a reciprocal arrangement or relationship is one in which two people or groups do or give the same things to each other

He spoke of the necessity for a [reciprocal relationship](bold) that would be useful for all sides.

他谈及需要建立对各方都有益的互惠关系。

Such treaties provide reciprocal rights and obligations.

此类协议规定了相互之间的权利与义务。


recite

to say a poem, piece of literature etc that you have learned, for people to listen to

She recited a poem that she had learnt at school.

她背诵了一首学校里学的诗。

to tell someone a series or list of things

Len recited the breakfast menu – cereal, bacon and eggs, and toast.

莱恩报出早餐菜单——麦片、熏猪肉煎蛋和烤面包片。


reckless

not caring or worrying about the possible bad or dangerous results of your actions

轻率的；鲁莽的；不顾后果的

→see THESAURUS at [careless](->careless)

He was accused of causing death by [reckless driving](bold).

他被控因鲁莽驾驶致人死亡。

He ran into the burning house with [reckless abandon](bold)(=without caring about the danger).

他不顾危险冲入着火的房子里。


reckon

reckon on
reckon up
reckon with
reckon without

[Reckon](bold)  is not used in the progressive. You say: I reckon he’s going to win.
Don’t say: [I’m reckoning he’s going to win.](strike)

你认为他会同意见我们吗？

The police reckon that whoever killed Dad was with him earlier that day.

警方认为杀害爸爸的人那天早些时候就和他在一起。

‘There’s nothing we can do about it.’ ‘You reckon (=used to express doubt or disagreement)?’

“这件事我们无能为力。” “是吗？”

to guess a number or amount, without calculating it exactly

We reckon that sitting in traffic jams costs us around $9 billion a year in lost output.

我们估计，交通堵塞造成的延误使我们每年损失90亿美元左右的产值。

The average selling price for flats in the area was reckoned to be around £200,000.

这个地区公寓房的平均售价估计在20万英镑左右。

to think that someone or something is a particular kind of person or thing

The Lowsons were reckoned to be very good farmers.

洛森一家被认为是非常出色的农场主。

Moving house is reckoned to be nearly as stressful as divorce.

搬家被认为几乎和离婚一样劳心费神。

An earthquake of magnitude 7 is reckoned as a major quake.

7级地震被认为是大地震。

[Reckon](bold)  is usually passive in this meaning.

The expression ‘full moon’ means the fourteenth day of the moon reckoned from its first appearance.

所谓“满月”是指从新月初现算起的第14天。


reclaim

[reclamation](bold) /ˌrekləˈmeɪʃ/  n. <U> eg: land reclamation

to get back an amount of money that you have paid

You may be entitled to reclaim some tax.

你也许可以享受一定额度的退税。

to make an area of desert, wet land etc suitable for farming or building

开垦，开拓〔沙漠、湿地等〕

This land will be reclaimed for a new airport.

这块土地将被开发用来建新机场。

to get back something that you have lost or that has been taken away from you

I want to reclaim the championship that I lost in 1999.

我想夺回1999年失去的冠军称号。

to obtain useful products from waste material

You can reclaim old boards and use them as shelves.

旧木板可以废物利用，当搁板。


recognition

ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃən

ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃən

Toni has been striving to achieve recognition for the past ten years.

Younger women artists are now getting wider recognition.

The company has won recognition for its customer service.

They deserve recognition for the tremendous job they are doing.

Like many pianists, he first achieved international recognition by winning a competition.

He won public recognition for his work when he was awarded an MBE.

My father craved professional recognition.

Frank Norris has never received proper recognition as a great novelist.

the act of realizing and accepting that something is true or important

Don’s recognition of the importance of Suzy in his life

唐认识到苏济在他生命中的重要性

There is general recognition that the study techniques of many students are weak.

人们普遍认识到很多学生学习技巧薄弱。

official recognition of the need for jail reform

public respect and thanks for someone’s work or achievements

He has [achieved recognition](bold) and respect as a scientist.

作为科学家，他得到人们的赞赏和尊敬。

The importance of voluntary organizations in the economy still needs to be [given recognition](bold).

志愿组织在经济中的重要性仍有待承认。

He was presented with a gold watch in recognition of his service to the company.

他获授一枚金表，以嘉奖他为公司效力。

the act of knowing someone or something because you have known or learned about them in the past

He stared at her, but there was no [sign of recognition](bold).

他盯着她看，但似乎没认出她来。

[change beyond/out of all recognition](bold)(=change completely)

The bakery business has changed beyond all recognition in the last 10 years.

烘焙行业在过去十年里发生了彻底的改变。

the act of officially accepting that an organization, government, person etc has legal or official authority

the recognition of Latvia as an independent state

正式承认拉脱维亚为一个独立国家

the government’s failure to achieve international recognition

这个政府未能得到国际社会的承认

the ability of a computer to recognize speech


recognize

[recognizable](bold) /ˈrekəɡnaɪzəb/  adj. eg: His face was [instantly recognizable](bold).

[Recognize](bold)  is not used in the progressive. You say: I recognize that woman.
Don’t say: [I am recognizing that woman.](strike)

to know who someone is or what something is, especially because you have seen or heard them before

I hadn’t seen her for ten years, but I recognized her immediately.

to recognize someone or something and say who or what they are

As they came closer, I was able to identify two of the group.

It’s delicious but I can’t quite identify the taste.

to recognize and understand the difference between two or more things or people

By this age, kids can usually distinguish between right and wrong.

It’s often difficult to distinguish identical twins from each other.

to be able to see or hear something or someone – used when it is very difficult to do this

In the distance, I could just make out the outline of an island.

He whispered something but I couldn’t make out what it was.

to notice or understand something by looking carefully or thinking about it carefully

I thought I discerned a faint gleam of hope in his eyes.

A number of differences can be discerned in the data for the three countries.

to recognize someone or something. [Know](bold) is often used in everyday English instead of [recognize](bold)

I can’t remember his name, but I know his face.

to be able to recognize someone or something

I could tell that it was him by his voice.

Can you tell that it’s not real leather?

It’s difficult to be able to tell them apartto recognize that they are different.

BrE also: recognise  [v](bold) <[T](bold)>

to know who someone is or what something is, because you have seen, heard, experienced, or learned about them in the past

你穿上制服我认不出你了。

It was malaria, but Dr Lee hadn’t recognized the symptoms.

这是疟疾，但李医生没有认出症状。

In everyday English, people often say that they [know (that) it is](bold)  someone or something rather than say they [recognize](bold)  them:

I [knew it was](bold) her by the hat she was wearing.

to officially accept that an organization, government, document etc has legal or official authority

British medical qualifications are recognized in Canada.

英国的行医资格在加拿大也被认可。

The World Health Organization has recognized alcoholism as a disease since 1951.

世界卫生组织从1951年以来就已承认酗酒是一种疾病。

to accept or admit that something is true

One must recognise that homesickness is natural.

我们必须承认思乡是正常的。

It is important to recognize how little we know about this disease.

要承认我们对这种疾病知之甚少，这很重要。

if something is recognized by people, they realize that it is important or very good

Alexander tried to get his work recognized by the medical profession.

亚历山大设法让医学界承认他的工作。

Lawrence’s novel was eventually recognized as a work of genius.

劳伦斯的小说终于被认为是天才之作。

[Recognize](bold)  is usually passive in this meaning.

to officially and publicly thank someone for something they have done, by giving them a special honour

He was recognized for having saved many lives.

他因为救了很多人的生命而受到嘉奖。


recollection

something from the past that you remember

My earliest recollections are of my mother bending over my cot.

我最早的记忆是母亲俯身站在我的小床前。

[have no recollection (of sth)](bold)(=not remember)

I have no recollection of how I found my way there in the dark.

我不记得自己是怎样在黑暗中找到那里的。

[to (the best of) my recollection](bold)(=used when you are unsure if you remember correctly)

To the best of my recollection, she drives a Mercedes.

如果我没有记错的话，她开的是一辆梅赛德斯。

No one, to my recollection, gave a second thought to the risks involved.

在我记忆中，没有人认真想过其中的风险。


recommend

In everyday English, you [recommend that](bold)  someone [does](bold)  something: I recommend that she speaks to a lawyer.  ‘That’ can be omitted: I recommend she speaks to a lawyer .

In more formal English, you [recommend that](bold)  someone [do](bold)  something, using the base form of the verb (= the infinitive without ‘to’) : I recommend that she speak to a lawyer.
Don’t say: [I recommend her to speak to a lawyer.](strike)

In more formal English, you also use the base form of the verb when talking about the past: I recommended that she speak to a lawyer.

You [recommend](bold)  that someone [should do](bold)  something: I recommended that they should get insurance.

You can say [it is recommended that](bold)  someone [(should) do](bold)  something: It is recommended that everyone (should) take the test.

You [recommend](bold)  something [to](bold)  someone: I recommended a book to her.
Don’t say: [I recommended her a book.](strike)

to advise someone to do something, especially when you have special knowledge of a situation or subject

I would strongly recommend buying a good quality bicycle rather than a cheap one.

The report recommended stricter supervision of the trade in live animals.

to tell  someone that you think they should do something, especially in order to avoid problems

We’ve been told that we should start revising early.

to strongly advise someone to do something because you think it is very important

Her doctor has urged her to see a specialist.

Police are urging drivers not to come into London this weekend.

to say publicly that something should be done, often something that a lot of people disagree about

In 1984, he advocated the use of force against Nicaragua.

I am surprised that dentists don’t advocate the use of fluoride tablets.

to say in an advertisement that you like a product and think that people should use it

A lot of companies use sports stars to endorse their products.

This book is highly recommended by those who have used it.

I heartily recommend the cheese sandwiches.

Overall I can thoroughly recommend this film to anyone with an interest in space travel.

We would definitely recommend these books to students in fourth to sixth grade.

Are there any hair colouring products you can personally recommend?

to advise someone to do something, especially because you have special knowledge of a situation or subject

I recommend that you get some professional advice.

我建议你咨询专家的意见。

Doctors [strongly recommend](bold) that fathers should be present at their baby’s birth.

医生强烈建议孩子出生时父亲应该在场。

I would never recommend using a sunbed on a regular basis.

我从来不建议经常使用太阳灯浴床。

Sleeping tablets are not recommended in this case.

这种情况下不建议服用安眠药。

It is dangerous to exceed the [recommended dose](bold).

Students are recommended to make an appointment with a counselor.

学生们被建议跟辅导员预约一下。

to say that something or someone is good, or suggest them for a particular purpose or job

I recommend the butter chicken – it’s delicious.

我推荐黄油焗鸡，非常好吃。

I recommend this book to anyone with an interest in chemistry.

我把这本书推荐给所有对化学感兴趣的人。

Which type of oil do you recommend for my car?

你建议我的车使用哪种类型的汽油？

I have decided to recommend you for the directorship.

sth has much/little/nothing to recommend it

used to say that something has many, few, or no good qualities

某物有很多/少有/毫无可取之处

The town itself has little to recommend it.


recommendation

The inspectors will make their recommendations to the Environment Secretary.

The president accepted the report’s recommendations.

The council approved the committee’s recommendation.

We will implement the recommendations of the Woolf Report to improve prison conditions.

One of the main recommendations in the report is more parental involvement in education.

We made a large number of specific recommendations for improving women’s mental health.

The report offered no clear recommendations or policy guidelines.

official advice given to someone, especially about what to do

We will review the case and [make](bold) a [recommendation](bold) to the client.

我们将审查此案，然后向当事人提出建议。

We are making no recommendation that children should use Standard English.

我们并不是建议儿童一定要使用标准英语。

a recommendation to replace the existing system

a suggestion to someone that they should choose a particular thing or person that you think is very good

Academic staff are appointed on the recommendation of a committee.

教员是委员会推荐任命的。

a formal letter or statement saying that someone would be a suitable person to do a job, take a course of study etc

Try to get letters of recommendation from bosses and colleagues.

设法得到老板和同事的推荐信。


reconcile

if you reconcile two ideas, situations, or facts, you find a way in which they can both be true or acceptable

The possibility remains that the two theories may be reconciled.

这两种理论仍是有可能协调的。

Bevan tried to reconcile British socialism with a wider international vision.

比万试图用更广阔的国际视野来协调英国的社会主义。

to have a good relationship again with someone after you have quarrelled with them

（与某人）和解，（与某人）和好

Jonah and his youngest son were, on the surface at least, reconciled.

乔纳和他小儿子和好了，至少表面上如此。

In everyday English, people usually say that two people [make up](bold)  rather than saying that they [are reconciled](bold) :

They had a fight, but they seem to have [made up](bold) now.


reconciliation

a situation in which two people, countries etc become friendly with each other again after quarrelling

〔两个人、国家等的〕和解，修好

Her ex-husband had always hoped for a reconciliation.

她的前夫一直想和她重归于好。

The meeting achieved a reconciliation between the groups.

会议使各团体达成了和解。

The treaty has brought a new spirit of reconciliation on both sides.

条约使双方产生了新的和解精神。

The leadership announced a programme of national reconciliation (=an attempt by all sides to end a war or trouble in a country).

领导层宣布了一个国内各方和解方案。

the process of finding a way that two beliefs, facts etc that are opposed to each other can both be true or successful

〔两个对立的信念或事实等的〕相互适应，和谐，一致

a reconciliation between environment and development


reconsider

ˌriːkənˈsɪdə

[reconsideration](bold) /ˌriːkənsɪdəˈreɪʃ/  n. <U>

to think again about something in order to decide if you should change your opinion or do something different

He should [reconsider](bold) his [decision](bold) to resign.

他应该重新考虑辞职的决定。

我们希望你来，请你重新考虑一下。


reconstruct

to produce a complete description or copy of an event by collecting together pieces of information

〔由零碎的信息〕重现〔事情全貌〕，使〔完整的情景〕再现

Police were reconstructing the movements of the murdered couple.

警方正在重现这对被害夫妇的行踪。

to build something again after it has been destroyed or damaged

The task ahead is to reconstruct the building.

眼前的任务是要重建这栋大楼。


reconstruction

the work that is done to repair the damage to a city, industry etc, especially after a war

修复；〔尤指战后的〕重建

the reconstruction of Western Europe after the war

a description or copy of an event or a place, which you produce by collecting information about it

Detectives want to [stage](bold) a [reconstruction](bold) of events.

警探想要再现事件的经过。


record

information about something that is written down

I have to keep a record of all my spending when I’m travelling on business.

a set of written records, or information stored on a computer under a particular name

I think I may have accidentally deleted the file.

an exact record of the money that a company has received and spent

Companies are required by law to publish their annual accounts.

Someone had been falsifying the accounts.

The company’s books all seemed to be in order.

one of the official books in which a company’s financial records are kept, which show how much it has received and spent

The costs have been moved from one column of the ledger to another.

an official written record of what is said and decided at a meeting

Both points are mentioned in the minutes of the last meeting on August 3rd.

a book in which you regularly write down the things that have happened to you

In his diary he wrote, ‘It s lovely having him here, we’ve had so many cosy talks.’

I’ll just check in my diary to see if I’m free.

a web page on the Internet on which someone regularly writes about their life, opinions, or a particular subject

I may not always agree with David, but I always read his blog.

an official list of names of people, organizations etc

the national register of births, deaths, and marriages

an official list of names, especially of people who are allowed to do something such as vote or be in a class at school

the electoral roll list of people who can vote in an area

The teacher called the roll read out the list of the names of the students, who then have to say if they are present.

an official record that is kept on a ship or plane

Mr Appleby said he complained to a senior officer, who made a note in the ship’s log.

Official records show that 44 businesses have stopped trading in the last 12 months.

Teachers keep a record of students’ progress.

The directors are responsible for maintaining adequate accounting records.

(=officially say something or write it down)

I wish to put on record my objection to the scheme.

Every citizen has the right to access their medical records.

Where written records do survive, they are incomplete.

Using historical records, we have produced an image of the temple.

This has been the wettest winter since official records began.

Many hospitals did not keep accurate records.

Edwardian travellers left detailed records of their journeys.

Failure to maintain proper records would be a criminal offence.

They were transferring confidential student records onto computer.

You will have a permanent record of your work.

The hospital could not find my mother’s medical records.

Patients’ hospital records are kept on a database.

The company’s financial records must be up-to-date.

(=records of births, deaths etc, that the public are allowed to look at)

He found the information while examining public records.

Violent assaults rose 39 percent, according to police records.

Last summer was one of the hottest on record.

(=something that has been written down so that anyone can know it)

His salary is a matter of public record.

(=do better or be greater than an existing record)

She smashed the record by a massive 28 seconds.

Davies holds the record for most points in a season.

The twenty-year-old set a new British record of 44.47 secs.

Woods equalled the course record and finished eleven under par.

Davis tied a team record by hitting six field goals.

Another record will fall on the last day of the season, if Arsenal win their final game.

The price of oil has hit an all-time record.

Powell equalled the 100 metres world record with a time of 9.77 seconds.

He won a gold medal and broke the Olympic record by 44 records.

Jones won in 10.93 seconds, a new British record.

(=the best score for a particular golf course or time for a racecourse or track)

Lewis set the fastest lap with a new track record.

Irvin holds a team record with 111 catches this season.

Pollution in the lake has reached record levels.

The stock market reached a record high on August 21.

They will make another record attempt next year.

information about something that is written down or stored on computer, film etc so that it can be looked at in the future

I try to keep a record of everything I spend.

我尽量把所有的花销都记录下来。

According to official records, five people were killed last year near that road junction.

据官方记录，去年有五人在那个路口附近丧生。

the fastest speed, longest distance, highest or lowest level etc that has ever been achieved or reached, especially in sport

The American team set a new world record in the sprint relay.

a round flat piece of plastic with a hole in the middle that music and sound are stored on

I spent a lot of time [listening to records](bold).

My dad’s got a huge [record collection](bold).

我父亲收藏有大量的唱片。

the facts about how successful, good, bad etc someone or something has been in the past

〔某人或某事物过去的〕记录；经历；履历

Chemistry graduates have a good record in finding employment.

化学专业的毕业生就业一向容易。

the company’s [track record](bold) in improving conditions

公司在改善工作条件方面的成绩记录

Mr Davis defended the government’s record on unemployment (=what they have done about unemployment).

戴维斯先生为政府解决失业问题所做的努力辩护。

information kept by the police that shows someone has committed a crime

He’s only 18 and he already has a record.

他才18岁，就已经有了犯罪记录。

They won’t employ anyone with a criminal record.

他们不会雇用有前科的人。

if someone is in the record books, they have achieved more than anyone else in a particular way

She hopes to get into the record books by becoming the youngest woman to hold a pilot’s licence.

她想成为持有飞行员执照的最年轻女性，从而被载入史册。

She was out of bed and ready for school in record time that morning.

那天早上她以最快的速度起床准备上学。

if you say something off the record, you do not want people to repeat what you say, for example in newspapers or meetings

非正式的；私下说的；不得引用的

May I talk to you, strictly off the record?

to say something publicly or officially, so that it may be written down and repeated

She is on record as saying that teachers are under too much pressure.

她公开说教师的压力太大。

used to tell someone that what you are saying should be remembered or written down

郑重声明〔用于告诉某人自己所说的话应该被记住或记下〕

For the record, the police never charged me.

我要郑重声明，警方从来没有指控过我。

to tell people the truth about something, because you want to be sure that they understand what the truth really is

I would like to set the record straight on a few points.


record

to write information down or store it in a computer or on film so that it can be looked at in the future

Her husband made her record every penny she spent.

她丈夫要她把花的每分钱都记下来。

He recorded that the operation was successful.

他在记录里说手术很成功。

In 1892 [it](bold) is [recorded that](bold) the weather became so cold that the river froze over.

根据记录，1892年天气非常寒冷，整条河都结冰了。

The coroner [recorded](bold) a [verdict](bold) of accidental death.

验尸官作出了意外死亡的结论。

to store music, sound, television programmes etc on a disc or tape so that people can listen to them or watch them again

录制；录（音）；录（像）

The group has just recorded a new album.

这个组合刚录制了一张新专辑。

I’ll record the film and we can all watch it later.

我会把电影录下来，我们稍后可以一起看。

if an instrument records the size, speed, temperature etc of something, it measures it and keeps that information

Wind speeds of up to 100 mph have been recorded.

已经记录到高达每小时100英里的风速。


recorder

cassette recorder/tape recorder/video recorder etc

a piece of electrical equipment that records music, films etc

盒式录音机/磁带录音机/录像机等

a simple wooden or plastic musical instrument like a tube with holes in it, which you play by blowing into it and covering different holes with your fingers to change the notes

a judge in a city court, in some areas of Britain and the US

〔英、美某些地区市法院的〕法官


recording

music, sound, or images that have been stored on a disc, computer file, or tape

〔音乐、声音或影像的〕录制品

Have you heard the new recording of Mozart’s Requiem?

你听过莫扎特《安魂曲》的新录制版本吗？

the act of storing sound or images on tape or discs

[recording studio/equipment etc](bold)(=a studio etc used for recording music)


recount

to tell someone a story or describe a series of events

Alan recounted how he and Joyce had met.

艾伦讲述了他和乔伊丝相识的经过。


recount

a second count of votes that happens in an election because the result was very close


recover

to become healthy again after you have been seriously ill or injured, or had a bad experience

My mother’s been very ill, and she’s still in hospital recovering.

She needed time to recover from the shock.

to recover from an injury or illness. In everyday English, people usually say [get better](bold) rather than [recover](bold)

My back’s been quite bad recently, but it’s getting better slowly.

to recover from a bad experience, or a minor illness. In everyday English, people usually say [get over](bold) rather than [recover](bold)

to recover from an illness or operation – used especially when you are writing to encourage someone to recover

to have recovered and be able to live life as usual again

It may take a week or two until you’re back on your feet.

It’s great to see you back on your feet!

to be showing definite signs of recovering after an illness or injury

I’m glad to see you’re on the mend again.

Kathy’s been quite ill with flu, but she seems to be on the mend now.

to spend time resting and getting your health or energy back, after you have had an illness or had a difficult or tiring experience

It had been a hard year, and I needed a few weeks in the sun in order to recuperate.

to spend a long period of time recovering from a serious illness, especially by resting in a comfortable or warm place

She was at home convalescing after major surgery.

to get better after an illness, accident, shock etc

After a few days of fever, she began to recover.

发烧几天之后，她开始恢复。

He’s in hospital, recovering from a heart attack.

他心梗住院了，正在康复之中。

[Recover](bold)  is never transitive in this meaning. You say: I’ve recovered from my cold.
Don’t say: [I’ve recovered my cold.](strike)

In everyday English, people usually say someone [gets better](bold)  rather than [recovers](bold) , especially when talking about less serious illnesses, injuries, or operations.

Don’t worry. You’ll soon [get better](bold).

to return to a normal condition after a period of trouble or difficulty

The tourist industry is recovering to pre-war levels.

旅游业正在恢复到战前的水平。

Yesterday morning shares seemed to recover from Monday’s collapse.

星期一股票暴跌，昨天早上好像又回升了。

to get back something that was taken from you, lost, or almost destroyed

Four paintings stolen from the gallery have been recovered.

美术馆的四幅被盗画作已经失而复得。

Two bodies were recovered from the wreckage.

to get back an amount of money that you have spent or lost

重新获得，收回〔花掉或失去的钱〕

He was entitled to [recover damages](bold) from the defendants.

to get back an ability, a sense, or control over your feelings, movements etc after a period without it

恢复〔能力、知觉、对情绪的控制、活动能力等〕

It was some hours before she [recovered consciousness](bold).

过了几个小时她才恢复知觉。

Once she stumbled, but somehow she [recovered](bold) her [balance](bold) and carried on running.

她绊了一下，但还是找回平衡，继续向前跑去。

He recovered himself enough to speak calmly.

他镇定下来，平静地说话。


recovery

She believes that a holiday would speed my recovery.

Although it is not a cure, the drug can aid recovery.

She was severely injured but made a full recovery.

He is making a good recovery from a knee injury.

Doctors have every confidence that Laura will continue her remarkable recovery.

The U.S. is showing solid signs of an economic recovery.

Will these policies provide a basis for sustained recovery and sustained growth?

On the foreign exchanges the pound managed a modest recovery from Thursday’s slump.

A slow recovery in the hotel market is likely to hold back the company’s profits.

the process of getting better after an illness, injury etc

[make a full/good/remarkable etc recovery](bold)

Doctors expect him to make a full recovery.

Ann made a quick recovery from her operation.

the process of returning to a normal condition after a period of trouble or difficulty

Hopes of [economic recovery](bold) are fading.

经济复苏的希望越来越渺茫。

when you get something back that has been taken or lost

〔被拿走或失去的东西的〕复得；找回；取回


recreate

to make something from the past exist again in a new form or be experienced again

You can never recreate the feeling of winning for the first time.

你永远无法再次体会第一次获胜时的心情。


recreation

[recreational](bold) adj. eg: recreational activities

an activity that you do for pleasure or amusement

His only recreations are drinking beer and watching football.

他唯一的消遣就是喝啤酒、看足球。

the provision of [recreation facilities](bold)(=places or equipment for people to use to enjoy themselves)

a recreation area for children to play in


recruit

to find new people to work in a company, join an organization, do a job etc

招聘；吸收，招收〔新成员〕

We’re having difficulty recruiting enough qualified staff.

我们难以招聘到足够的合格职员。

Many government officials were recruited from private industry.

to get people to join the army, navy etc

Most of the men in the village were recruited that day.

村里的大多数男子在那一天应征入伍。

to persuade someone to do something for you

I recruited three of my friends to help me move.

我动员了三个朋友帮我搬家。


recruit

someone who has just joined the army, navy, or air force

[new/raw/fresh recruit](bold)(=one who is completely untrained)

Drill sergeants have eight weeks to turn fresh recruits into soldiers.

操练军士要在八个星期之内把新兵训练成真正的士兵。

someone who has recently joined an organization, team, group of people etc

〔机构、团队、团体等的〕新成员

New recruits are sent to the Atlanta office for training.

新成员被送到亚特兰大办事处接受培训。


recruitment

the process of finding new people to join a company, organization, the army etc

A [recruitment drive](bold) to attract new members is underway.

一场吸引新成员的招募活动已经展开。


rectangle

a shape that has four straight sides, two of which are usually longer than the other two, and four 90° angles at the corners


rectangular

rekˈtæŋɡjələ


rectify

[rectification](bold) /ˌrektɪfɪˈkeɪʃ/  n. <C,U>

[past tense and past participle](italic) [rectified](bold) [present participle](italic) [rectifying](bold) [third person singular](italic) [rectifies](bold)

I did my best to rectify the situation, but the damage was already done.

我竭尽全力去挽回局面，但损害已经造成了。


recur

[past tense and past participle](italic) [recurred](bold) [present participle](italic) [recurring](bold)

if something, especially something bad or unpleasant, recurs, it happens again

〔尤指不好或令人不快的事物〕再次发生，再次出现

There is a danger that the disease may recur.

Love is a [recurring theme](bold) in the book.

爱情是这本书中反复出现的主题。

if a number or numbers after a decimal point recur, they are repeated for ever in the same order


recurrence

[n](bold) <[C usually singular, U](bold)> [formal](special)

an occasion when something that has happened before happens again

Measures must be taken to stop a recurrence of last night’s violence.

必须采取措施防止昨晚的暴力事件再次发生。


recycle

to put used objects or materials through a special process so that they can be used again

我们把我们所有的瓶子都回收利用。

packaging made of [recycled paper](bold)

to use something such as an idea, writing etc again instead of developing something new

再次应用；重新使用〔观点、文章等〕

The fashion world just keeps recycling old ideas.

时装界就是不停地翻新旧观念。


recycling

the process of treating used objects or materials so that they can be used again

Recycling is important to help protect our environment.

回收利用对保护环境很重要。

别忘了把要回收利用的东西拿出来。


red

[paint the town red](bold) at → [paint](->paint) 2 sense 5

[comparative](italic) [redder](bold) [superlative](italic) [reddest](bold)

→ [blood-red](->blood-red) [cherry red](bold) at → [cherry](->cherry) sense 3 → [scarlet](->scarlet)

hair that is red has an orange-brown colour

if you go red, your face becomes a bright pink colour, especially because you are embarrassed or angry

涨红的，通红的〔尤因尴尬或生气〕

Every time you mention his name, she goes bright red.

每次你提到他的名字，她的脸都会涨得通红。

(also: [like waving a red flag in front of a bull](bold) ([AmE](bold)) )

very likely to make someone angry or upset

容易使人愤怒；容易使人苦恼

Just mentioning his ex-wife’s name was like a red rag to a bull.

只要提到他前妻的名字，他就会怒不可遏。

roll out the red carpet/give sb the red carpet treatment

to give special treatment to an important visitor

used to emphasize that you mean no money at all

I wouldn’t give him one red cent for that car.

communist
       or extremely left-wing political views – used to show disapproval

共产主义的，激进左翼的〔含贬义〕


red

[see red](bold) at → [see](->see) 1 sense 34

I like the way the artist uses red in this painting.

我喜欢画家在这幅作品中对红色的运用。

The corrections were marked in red (=in red ink).

This is the airline’s fourth straight year in the red.

这是该航空公司连续第四年亏空。

someone who has communist or very left-wing political opinions – used especially in the past to show disapproval

赤色分子，共产主义者，激进左翼人士〔尤用于过去，含贬义〕


redeem

Olivier’s performance redeemed an otherwise second-rate play.

奥利维尔的表演补救了一出本是二流水平的戏。

[redeeming quality/feature etc](bold)(=the one good thing about an unpleasant person or thing)

The hotel had a single redeeming feature – it was cheap.

这家宾馆只有一个可取之处——便宜。

to do something that will improve what other people think of you, after you have behaved badly or failed

He spent the rest of the game trying to redeem himself after a first-minute mistake.

比赛余下的时间里，他都在尽力弥补开局时的失误。

to exchange a piece of paper representing an amount of money for that amount of money or for goods equal in cost to that amount of money

这张券可以在任何商店兑换。

to free someone from the power of evil, especially in the Christian religion

〔尤指基督教里〕为 …赎罪；救赎

The government found itself unable to redeem its election pledges.

to buy back something which you left with someone you borrowed money from

He finally redeemed his watch from the pawnbroker.

他终于从当铺老板那里赎回了手表。


reduce

to make the price, amount, or size of something less or smaller

We need to reduce the amount of salt in our diet.

to reduce something, especially by a large amount – used about prices, costs, jobs, or the time needed to do something

Companies are always looking for ways to cut costs.

The journey time will be cut to under 2 hours.

Staff numbers have been cut by half to about 150.

to reduce the level, limit, or amount of something. [Lower](bold) sounds rather formal

The government decided to lower interest rates by 0.5%.

After twenty minutes, lower the temperature to 150 degrees.

to reduce something such as prices or costs, or reduce the level of something. [Bring sth down](bold) is less formal than [lower](bold)

The government wants to bring down the level of inflation.

The company is trying to bring its costs down.

to reduce an amount or price by a very large amount – used especially in newspapers and advertisements

Public spending has been slashed over the past two years.

to reduce the amount of something – used especially about people deciding to spend less, do less, or use less of something

The education budget has been cut back again.

to reduce the number of people employed in order to reduce costs – used about a company or organization

The company is planning to downsize its European operations.

to reduce the size or the amount of money that is being spent on something

The research programme has been scaled down.

to make pain or feelings less unpleasant

to reduce pain or suffering, or make a problem less serious

You can buy various medicines to alleviate the symptoms of flu.

The new road was supposed to alleviate the congestion problem.

He has greatly reduced the political power of the armed forces.

Their symptoms were significantly reduced.

They are committed to drastically reducing the size and cost of government.

Medical progress has sharply reduced death rates.

The aim is to gradually reduce the number of troops in the area.

to make something smaller or less in size, amount, or price

The governor announced a new plan to reduce crime.

州长宣布了一项降低犯罪率的新计划。

The helmet law should reduce injuries in motorcycle accidents.

头盔法的实施应该能减少摩托车事故的受伤率。

Small businesses will need to reduce costs in order to survive.

小企业要想生存必须削减成本。

所有衬衫都减价至10英镑。

The new bridge should reduce travelling time from 50 minutes to 15 minutes.

这座新桥应该能将行程从50分钟缩减到15分钟。

if you reduce a liquid, or if it reduces, you boil it so that there is less of it

〔煮沸液体以〕（使）浓缩

〔比过去〕境况不济，生活拮据


reduction

You may have to take a big reduction in salary.

(=large enough to have an effect or be important)

Farmers have suffered a substantial reduction in income.

There has been a significant reduction in traffic since the bypass was built.

There is no reason why the new technology should mean a massive reduction in employment.

The most immediate effect of retirement is a dramatic reduction in living standards.

High interest rates brought about a sharp reduction in sales.

The markets are hoping for a gradual reduction in interest rates.

There has been a marked reduction in arrests since the ban on alcohol at stadiums.

The 30 mph speed limit led to a 50 percent reduction in pedestrian deaths.

Retailers may introduce price reductions to attract custom away from their competitors.

They held talks about further arms reductions.

Significant reductions are being made in the defense budget.

The terms of the treaty call for a three-phase troop reduction programme.

The agreement set strict reduction targets for carbon emissions.

a decrease in the size, price, or amount of something, or the act of decreasing something

〔尺寸、价格或数量的〕缩小，减少，下降

substantial reductions on children’s clothes

The company promised they would [make](bold) no staff [reductions](bold) for at least two years.

公司承诺至少两年不裁员。


redundant

if you are redundant, your employer no longer has a job for you

→see THESAURUS at [unemployed](->unemployed) 1

Seventy factory workers were [made redundant](bold) in the resulting cuts.

在继而发生的裁员中，70名工厂工人被解雇。

[make a job/position etc redundant](bold)

As the economy weakens, more and more jobs will be made redundant.

随着经济疲弱，越来越多的工作岗位将被裁撤。

not necessary because something else means or does the same thing


refer

[past tense and past participle](italic) [referred](bold) [present participle](italic) [referring](bold)


referee

someone who makes sure that the rules of a sport are obeyed in soccer, American football, rugby, ice hockey, basketball, boxing, or wrestling

The referee blew his whistle to stop the game.

someone who makes sure that the rules are obeyed in baseball, cricket, tennis, or hockey

He was given several warnings by the umpire.

someone who decides the result of a competition or sporting contest

There will be only one winner and the judges’ decision is final.

A panel of judges will evaluate the dancers' performance.

someone who officially decides how an argument between two opposing sides should be settled

They insisted that an independent arbitrator must settle the dispute.

someone who makes sure that the rules of a sport such as football,basketball, or boxing, are followed

〔体育比赛的〕裁判（员）

someone who provides information about you when you are trying to get a job

〔找工作时的〕证明人，介绍人，推荐人

His headmaster agreed to act as his referee.

他的校长同意做他的推荐人。

someone who is asked to settle a disagreement

someone who judges an article or research idea before it is published or money is provided for it

〔刊登前鉴定文章的〕审阅人；〔拨款前鉴定研究计划的〕鉴定专家


referee

[past tense and past participle](italic) [refereed](bold) [present participle](italic) [refereeing](bold)


reference

→ [cross-reference](->cross-reference) [terms of reference](bold) at → [term](->term) 1 sense 11

Official reports made no reference to the incident.

There are 32 references to eagles in the Bible.

(=mentioning something specifically/directly etc)

No specific reference was made to the race of the children.

He added, in an oblique reference to the US, that ‘some countries could do more’.

Brief references to the tragedy have appeared in the French press.

(=one that you make while you are talking about something else)

He made only a passing reference to his injury.

Medieval literature contains frequent references to insanity.

During the interview, he made only occasional references to his forthcoming autobiography.

part of something you say or write in which you mention a person or thing

There is no direct reference to her own childhood in the novel.

小说里没有直接提及她自己的童年。

The article [made](bold) no [reference](bold) to previous research on the subject.

文章没有提及此前对该课题的研究情况。

The governor made only a [passing reference](bold) to the problem of unemployment (=he mentioned it quickly).

州长对失业问题只是一语带过。

the act of looking at something for information

A vocabulary index is included for easy reference.

Keep their price list on file [for future reference](bold)(=so that it can be looked at in the future).

将他们的价目表存档，以供日后参考。

The book will become a standard [work of reference](bold)(=a book that people look at for information).

这本书将成为权威参考书。

(also: [point/frame of reference](bold) )

an idea, fact, event etc that you already know, which helps you understand or make a judgment about another situation

〔帮助理解或判断的〕参照标准，参考依据

Lee’s case will be the reference point for lawyers in tomorrow’s trial.

李的判例将成为律师在明天庭审时的参考依据。

She used her work experience as a frame of reference for her teaching.

她把自己的工作经历作为教学的参考依据。

something that you can see that helps you to know where you are when you are travelling in an area

〔用于识别方位的〕参照物

used to say what you are writing or talking about, especially in business letters

I am writing to you in reference to the job opening in your department.

获悉贵部门有空缺职位，特致函联系。

a letter containing information about you that is written by someone who knows you well, and is usually intended for a new employer

We will need references from your former employers.

我们需要你以前雇主的推荐信。

a person who provides information about your character and abilities

Ask your teacher to act as one of your references.

请你的老师做推荐人之一。

a book, article etc from which information has been obtained

a number that tells you where you can find the information you want in a book, on a map etc

〔书、地图等中的〕编号，参照号

a list of towns, each with a [map reference](bold)

一份城镇清单，每个城镇都有地图参照号


reference

to mention another book, article etc that contains information connected with the subject you are writing about

The book does not reference anything written in the last 10 years.

该书并未参考过去十年中的任何作品。


referendum

[plural](italic) referenda /-də/ or [plural](italic) referendums

when people vote in order to make a decision about a particular subject, rather than voting for a person

〔为表决某问题的〕全民投票；全民公决

→see THESAURUS at [election](->election)

就独立问题进行的全民公决

The city council agreed to [hold](bold) a [referendum](bold) on the issue in November.

市政会同意在11月就此问题进行全民投票。


refine

to improve a method, plan, system etc by gradually making slight changes to it

Car makers are constantly refining their designs.

汽车制造商在不断完善他们的设计。

to make a substance purer using an industrial process


reflect

if a person or a thing is reflected in a mirror, glass, or water, you can see an image of the person or thing on the surface of the mirror, glass, or water

She could see her face reflected in the car’s windshield.

她看到自己的脸映照在汽车的挡风玻璃上。

[Reflect](bold)  is usually passive in this meaning.

to show or be a sign of a particular situation or feeling

The drop in consumer spending reflects concern about the economy.

消费者支出的下降反映出人们对经济的担忧。

The increasing racial diversity of the US is reflected in the latest census statistics.

美国社会种族越来越多元化的现象反映在最新的人口统计数据中。

How much you’re paid reflects how important you are to the company you work for.

你报酬的高低反映你在所供职的公司里的重要性。

if a surface reflects light, heat, or sound, it sends back the light etc that reaches it

Wear something white – it reflects the heat.

穿件白色的衣服——它能反射热。

if light, heat, or sound reflects off something it reaches, it comes back from it

〔光、热或声音从某处〕反射

to think carefully about something, or to say something that you have been thinking about

He had time to reflect on his successes and failures.

他有时间反思他的成功和失败。

Moe reflected that he had never seen Sherry so happy.

莫说他从未见过谢里这么高兴。


reflection

These reports were not an accurate reflection of existing attitudes.

The score was 4 – 1, which was a fair reflection of the difference between the sides.

The child’s behaviour is a direct reflection of its parents' behaviour.

This situation is a sad reflection on society.

(=similar to, but not as good as, something else)

The film is only a pale reflection of the book.

an image that you can see in a mirror, glass, or water

Can you see your reflection in the glass?

你能看到玻璃里你的影像吗？

careful thought, or an idea or opinion based on this

深思，仔细考虑；〔经过仔细考虑形成的〕想法，见解

[A moment’s reflection](bold) will show the stupidity of this argument.

只需认真想一下便可看出这种观点多么愚蠢。

At first I disagreed, but on reflection (=after thinking carefully about it), I realized she was right.

起初我不同意，但经过一番考虑后，我发现她是对的。

something that shows what something else is like, or that is a sign of a particular situation

His speech was an accurate reflection of the public mood.

他的讲话是公众情绪的准确反映。

[be a reflection on sb/sth](bold)(=show how good or bad someone or something is)

On some level, a student’s grades are a reflection on the teacher.

在某种程度上，学生的成绩是老师水平的反映。

the action or process of light, heat, or sound being thrown back from a surface


reform

The prime minister has promised to push ahead with economic reform.

He stressed that democratic reform could not be achieved overnight.

The chancellor's proposals for tax reform met strong resistance in the Commons.

Teachers say the government's education reforms are causing stress.

He called for a major reform of the drug laws.

His government adopted a policy of radical reform.

(=changes to the most basic and important parts of something)

He wants fundamental reform of the EU's agricultural policy.

(=reforms that affect many things or have a great effect)

The new government instituted a series of far-reaching reforms.

They increased pressure on the government to introduce political reforms.

He has so far failed to push through much-needed economic reforms.

Much will depend on how local managers implement the reforms.

A package of reforms was approved by the National Assembly on April 12.

a change or changes made to a system or organization in order to improve it

The government announced a much-needed programme of economic reform.

政府宣布了一套极为必要的经济改革方案。

[Reforms](bold) were [made](bold) to revive the economy.

为复苏经济而进行了改革。

The prime minister is calling for sweeping reforms of the NHS.

首相正要求全面改革国民医疗服务体系。


reform

to improve a system, law, organization etc by making a lot of changes to it, so that it operates in a fairer or more effective way

plans to radically reform the tax system

to change your behaviour and become a better person, or to make someone do this

Greeley says he’s a genuinely [reformed character](bold).

格里利说他已经彻底改过自新了。


refrain

Please refrain from smoking in this area.


refrain

part of a song or poem that is repeated, especially at the end of each verse

反复句，叠句，副歌〔尤见于歌曲或诗歌每节末尾〕

Our proposal met with the constant refrain that the company could not afford it.

我们的提议所得到的答复就是那句说了一遍又一遍的老话——“公司负担不起费用”。


refresh

[refreshed](bold) adj. eg: Jen returned from vacation feeling relaxed and refreshed.

to make someone feel less tired or less hot

使恢复精力，使提神；使清凉

He refreshed himself with a glass of iced tea.

I looked at the map to refresh my memory of the route.

我看看地图，回忆这条路线。

to add more of an alcoholic drink to someone’s glass

if you refresh your computer screen while you are connected to the Internet, you make the screen show any new information that has arrived since you first began looking at it

（使）〔网页〕刷新，更新


refreshment

small amounts of food and drink that are provided at a meeting, sports event etc

〔会议、体育赛事等中提供的〕茶点，点心和饮料

Refreshments will be served after the meeting.

我们不吃不喝地工作了一整天。

[liquid refreshment](bold)(=alcoholic drink – used humorously)

I was in need of some liquid refreshment.

the experience of being made to feel less tired or hot


refrigerator

rɪˈfrɪdʒəreɪtə

a large piece of electrical kitchen equipment, shaped like a cupboard, used for keeping food and drink cool


refuge

shelter or protection from someone or something

During the frequent air-raids, people took refuge in their cellars.

在频繁的空袭中，人们躲在地窖里避难。

a place that provides shelter, or protection from danger

A huge oak tree provided a refuge from the storm.

一棵巨大的橡树成了躲避暴风雨的地方。


refugee

someone who has been forced to leave their country, especially during a war, or for political or religious reasons

Refugees were streaming across the border.


refund

an amount of money that is given back to you if you are not satisfied with the goods or services that you have paid for

They refused to [give](bold) me a [refund](bold).

Return your purchase within 14 days for a [full refund](bold).

14天之内退货可以全额退款。

You should go down there and demand a refund.

你应该到那里去，要求退款。

money that you get back from the government when it has taken too much money in taxes from your salary


refund

to give someone their money back, especially because they are not satisfied with the goods or services they have paid for

退还〔钱款，尤因买家对所购货物或服务不满意〕

I took the radio back, and they [refunded](bold) my [money](bold).

我把收音机送回去，他们给我退了款。


refusal

(=a refusal even when others think this is unreasonable)

Her stubborn refusal to admit the truth was trying his patience.

(=immediate, direct, and without a reason)

This point-blank refusal to discuss the issue enraged him.

(=honest and direct but likely to upset someone)

A blunt refusal to help will simply damage relations further.

My request was met with a polite refusal.

when you say firmly that you will not do, give, or accept something

His refusal to pay the fine got him into even more trouble.

他拒付罚金，这下麻烦更大了。

[flat/blunt/point-blank refusal](bold)(=an immediate direct refusal)

His request was met with a blunt refusal.

They couldn’t understand her refusal of a scholarship to Yale.

他们无法理解她为什么拒绝耶鲁大学的奖学金。


refuse

to say firmly that you will not do something that someone has asked you to do

I asked the bank for a loan, but they refused.

When they refused to leave, we had to call the police.

to say that you will not do something when someone asks you

They asked me so nicely that I couldn’t really say no.

to refuse to accept an offer or invitation, or a formal request

They offered me the job but I turned it down.

The board turned down a request for $25,000 to sponsor an art exhibition.

I’ve already been turned down by three colleges.

to refuse to accept an idea, offer, suggestion, or plan

They rejected the idea because it would cost too much money.

The Senate rejected a proposal to limit the program to two years.

to politely refuse to accept an offer or invitation, or refuse to do something

A palace spokesman declined to comment on the rumours.

to refuse to allow someone to do something or enter somewhere

They were denied permission to publish the book.

to officially refuse to allow a law or plan, or to refuse to accept someone’s suggestion

The suggestion was quickly vetoed by the other members of the team.

to officially refuse to accept something because someone has broken the rules, or not done it in the correct way

The court decided to disallow his evidence.

to refuse to accept someone’s offer, request, or suggestion

The company raised its offer to $6 billion, but was rebuffed.

He was politely rebuffed when he suggested holding the show in Dublin.

to refuse to allow or accept a plan or suggestion

The plan was given the thumbs down by the local authority.

They are still adamantly refusing to release the data to the general public.

Politicians have consistently refused to listen to us.

Some children simply refuse to do what they’re told.

(=it would be unreasonable or very difficult to refuse)

Going out was the last thing I wanted to do, but I could hardly refuse.

The chairman refused to answer any more questions.

主席拒绝再回答任何问题。

I absolutely refuse to take part in anything illegal.

[flatly refuse/refuse point-blank (to do sth)](bold)(=refuse immediately and directly without giving a reason)

Mom flatly refused to go back into the hospital.

to say no to something that you have been offered

The offer seemed [too good to refuse](bold).

报价太优惠了，让人难以拒绝。

When they offered all that money, I [could hardly refuse](bold), could I? (=it was very unlikely that you would refuse)

他们出那么多钱，我简直都无法拒绝，对不？

to not give or allow someone something that they want, especially when they have asked for it officially

她申请工作许可证被拒绝了。


refuse

waste material that has been thrown away


regain

The authorities failed to regain control of the situation.

The central issue facing the Labour Party is how to regain power.

(=be able to see, move, and understand what is happening around you again)

He died three days later without regaining consciousness.

(=become steady again, so that you do not fall over)

She staggered a little before regaining her balance.

He paused for a few moments to regain his composure.

First he must rest and regain his strength.

The players need help in regaining their confidence.

Hamilton regained the lead in the drivers' championship.

(=get back into a position in which you are controlling a situation)

In the months that followed, the government gradually regained the initiative.

to get something back, especially an ability or quality, that you have lost

The family never quite regained its former influence.

这个家族再也没有恢复往昔的影响力。

He somehow managed to [regain](bold) his [balance](bold).

Government forces have [regained control](bold) of the city.

政府军已重新控制了这座城市。

When she [regained consciousness](bold)(=woke up after being unconscious), she was lying on the floor.

她恢复知觉醒来时，正躺在地板上。

He looked stunned, but he soon [regained](bold) his [composure](bold)(=became calm again).

他似乎愣了愣，但很快就恢复平静了。

The doctors don’t know if he will ever regain the use of his legs.

医生们不知道他的腿是否还能恢复功能。


regard

The players have a very high regard for their manager.

This might explain the low regard in which the president is held.

There seems to have been a genuine mutual regard between the two leaders.

Eliot had considerable regard for Collingwood.

Doctors are held in high regard by society.

Some motorists have no regard for other road users.

The court must have particular regard to the factors listed in section 13.

The architect who designed the building paid too little regard to its function.

He showed great regard for the Mosaic Law and Jewish customs.

The aim is to get the job done as cheaply as possible, with due regard to high standards.

He drove himself on, with little regard for his own health.

Should we be exporting arms to countries with scant regard for human rights?

The decision was implemented with no regard for the families still living on the estate.

respect and admiration for someone or something

Burt [had high regard](bold) for his old law professor, Dr. Finch (=he respected him a lot).

伯特对他以前的法律教授芬奇博士非常敬重。

The voters [hold](bold) her [in high regard](bold)(=respect or admire her).

Teachers are held in low regard in this society (=are not respected or admired).

教师在这个社会里不受尊重。

attention or consideration that is shown towards someone or something

She has no regard for other people’s feelings.

One must show proper regard for the law.

一个人必须对法律给予应有的尊重。

[little/no/scant regard (for sb/sth)](bold)

The present administration has demonstrated little regard for environmental issues.

现任政府对环境问题关注甚少。

All students must have access to quality education [without regard to](bold) wealth or class.

所有的学生，不论贫富和阶级，都必须享有接受高质量教育的权利。

relating to something you have just mentioned

在这方面，关于此事〔指与前文提到的内容有关〕

The company’s problems, in this regard, are certainly not unique.

从这方面来讲，这些问题无疑并非该公司所独有。

good wishes – used when sending your good wishes to someone or when ending a short letter or message

致意，问候〔用于表达问候或结束简短的信函〕

希望很快见到你。祝安，克里斯

[(with) kind/best regards](bold)(=used to end a letter in a friendly but rather formal way)


regard

to think about someone or something in a particular way

Paul seemed to regard sex as sinful and immoral.

保罗好像把性视为罪恶和不道德的。

Edith was [widely regarded as](bold)(=considered by many people to be) eccentric.

许多人认为伊迪丝是个怪人。

His work is [highly regarded](bold)(=regarded as very good) by art experts.

他的作品得到艺术专家们的高度评价。

to look at someone or something in a particular way

〔以某种方式〕注视，打量

她退后站着，冷冷地看着他。

relating to a particular subject – use this when you want to talk or write about a particular subject

As regards a cure for the disease, very few advances have been made.

至于这种疾病的治疗，进展甚微。


regarding

a word used especially in letters or speeches to introduce the subject you are writing or talking about

关于〔尤用于信函或演说中〕

Regarding your recent inquiry, I have enclosed a copy of our new brochure.

关于你最近的咨询，我随信附上一本我们最新的手册。

You use [regarding](bold)  followed directly by a noun: I am writing regarding your English course for foreign students.
Don’t say: [I am writing regarding to your English course](strike) .

You use [concerning](bold)  followed directly by a noun: They called concerning our subscription.
Don’t say: [They called concerning to our subscription](strike) .

You use [with regard to](bold)  followed by a noun: With regard to your invoice, it will be paid as soon as possible.


regardless

without being affected or influenced by something

The law requires equal treatment for all, regardless of race, religion, or sex.

法律规定人人平等，无论种族、宗教或性别。

if you continue doing something regardless, you do it in spite of difficulties or other people telling you not to

[carry on/go on regardless](bold) BrE(=continue what you are doing)

You get a lot of criticism, but you just have to carry on regardless.

你受到许多批评，但无论如何你只能继续下去。


regime

All political regimes attempt to manipulate the media.

The military regime arrested anyone who dared to speak against it.

(=in which people are totally controlled by a government that is not elected)

Totalitarian regimes ban books they disapprove of.

The post-war authoritarian regimes of eastern Europe have been replaced by democratically elected governments.

the collapse of communist regimes in eastern Europe

the establishment of a liberal democratic regime

That country was held fast in the grip of an oppressive regime.

Many asylum seekers have fled from brutal regimes.

Much of the aid that the Americans sent lined the pockets of his corrupt regime.

In 1979, Tanzanian forces overthrew the regime of Ugandan dictator Idi Amin.

People who opposed the regime were executed in a wave of political violence.

He criticised European leaders for supporting a regime that came to power through violence.

Authoritarian regimes tend to collapse in times of economic hardship.

a government, especially one that was not elected fairly or that you disapprove of for some other reason

政权，〔尤指未经公平选举而掌权的〕政府

→see THESAURUS at [government](->government)

The regime got rid of most of its opponents.

a particular system – used especially when talking about a previous system, or one that has just been introduced

制度〔尤用于谈及以往或刚推行的制度〕

Under the new regime, all sheep and cattle will be regularly tested for disease.

根据新制度，所有牛羊都要定期接受疾病检测。

a special plan of food, exercise etc that is intended to improve your health


regiment

[regimental](bold) /ˌredʒəˈmentl◂/  adj. eg: the regimental commander

a large group of soldiers, usually consisting of several battalions

a large number of people, animals, or things

〔人、动物或东西的〕大群，大量


regiment

[regimentation](bold) /ˌredʒəmenˈteɪʃ/  n. <U>

to organize and control people firmly and usually too strictly

the regimented routine of boarding school


region

a large area of a country or of the world, usually without exact limits

〔通常无明确界线的〕地区，区域，地带

给这个地区带来和平的努力

Flooding is likely in some coastal regions of the Northeast during the early part of the week.

本周初东北部一些沿海地区可能出现水患。

used to describe an amount of time, money etc without being exact

a grant somewhere in the region of £2,500

一笔约2,500英镑的补助金

the parts of a country that are away from the capital city

〔一国除首都以外的〕各地区

a government policy to relocate jobs from the capital to the regions

将就业机会从首都转移到其他地区的政府政策


regional

[regionally](bold) adv. eg: goods sold locally and regionally

[adj](bold) <[usually before noun](bold)>


register

an official list of names of people, companies etc, or a book that has this list

the official register of births, deaths, and marriages

出生、死亡和结婚的官方登记册

Have you signed the [hotel register](bold)?

你在酒店登记簿上签名了吗？

Police want a [national register](bold) of DNA samples.

警方想要一个全国范围的DNA样本登记册。

[the electoral register](bold)(=official list of voters)

[call/take the register](bold) BrE [old-fashioned](special)(=say the names of the students in a class, to check who is there)

the words, style, and grammar used by speakers and writers in a particular situation or in a particular type of writing

the range of musical notes that someone’s voice or a musical instrument can reach

〔嗓音或乐器的〕音域；声区；音区

现金出纳机，现金收入记录机

a movable metal plate that controls the flow of air in a heating or cooling system

〔供暖或制冷设备上控制气流的〕调风器，节气门


register

to put someone’s or something’s name on an official list

这艘油轮是在鹿特丹登记的。

How many students have registered for English classes?

有多少学生注册选修英语课了？

You must bring your insurance card with you when you register with a dentist or doctor.

向牙医或医生登记的时候必须带保险卡。

The baby’s birth was registered this morning.

今天早上给宝宝做了出生登记。

[be registered (as) unemployed/disabled etc](bold) BrE(=be on an official list of a particular group)

to officially state your opinion about something so that everyone knows what you think or feel

The delegation [registered](bold) a formal [protest](bold) with US embassy officials Wednesday.

代表团在星期三向美国大使馆官员提出了正式抗议。

if something registers, or if you register it, you realize or notice it, and then remember it

She had told me her name before, but I guess it didn’t register.

她以前告诉过我她的名字，不过我好像没在意。

I’d been standing there for several minutes before he registered my presence.

我在那儿站了好几分钟，他才注意到我。

if an instrument registers an amount or if something registers on it, the instrument shows that amount

〔仪器或读数〕显示；记录

温度计上显示98.6度。

The earthquake registered 7.2 on the Richter scale.

这次地震为里氏震级7.2级。

她脸上流露出震惊和愤怒。

to send a package, letter etc by registered post

那包裹你是用挂号邮寄的吗？


registration

the act of recording names and details on an official list

Student registration (=for a course of study) starts the first week in September.

学生注册在9月份的第一个星期开始。

an official piece of paper containing details about a motor vehicle and the name of its owner

May I see your [license and registration](bold), ma'am?

夫人，我能看一下你的驾照和登记证吗？


regret

I bitterly regretted my decision to leave.

The airline sincerely regrets any delays to passengers.

We very much regret that there will be job losses.

‘No,’ she blurted out, instantly regretting her response.

If you don’t go, you may live to regret it.

[past tense and past participle](italic) [regretted](bold) [present participle](italic) [regretting](bold)

to feel sorry about something you have done and wish you had not done it

后悔〔做了某事〕；对 …感到遗憾

He was beginning to regret that he’d come along.

他开始后悔自己跟着一起来。

used in official letters or statements when saying that you are sorry or sad about something

对 …感到抱歉[遗憾]〔用于正式的信函或声明中〕

We regret any inconvenience caused to our customers.

我们对于给顾客造成的不便表示歉意。

I regret that I will be unable to attend.

I regret to inform you that your contract will not be renewed.

我很遗憾地通知你，你的合同将不予续签。


regret

I accepted his resignation with great regret.

To the bitter regret of his party, he refused to call an election.

Her biggest regret was not having children.

My only regret is that my parents did not live to see this day.

The president expressed his regret at the deaths.

Kate watched her go with a pang of regret.

sadness that you feel about something, especially because you wish it had not happened

I [have](bold) no [regrets](bold) about leaving.

She has already [expressed](bold) deep [regret](bold) for what happened.

对于发生的这一切，她深表遗憾。

I decided with some regret that it was time to move on.

我遗憾地作出决定，该是我另谋发展的时候了。

It is [with great regret](bold) that I must decline your offer.

很遗憾，我不得不谢绝你的好意。

I lost touch with her, much to my regret.

很遗憾的是，我和她失去了联系。

to say that you are unable to go to a meeting, accept an invitation etc

〔因不能赴会、接受邀请等〕表示歉意

My father was ill and had to send his regrets.

我父亲因病不能前往，只好表示歉意。


regular

happening every hour, every week, every month etc, usually with the same amount of time in between

定期的，定时的；有规律的

The company holds regular meetings with employees.

Trains will run [at regular intervals](bold) from 11am to 4pm.

火车从上午11点到下午4点每隔一定时间开行。

We hear from him [on a regular basis](bold).

He phones us every Sunday at six, [regular as clockwork](bold)(=always at the same time).

他每逢星期天6点钟打电话给我们，非常准时。

a [regular job](bold)(=a job that you do during normal working hours)

Regular exercise helps keep your weight down.

经常锻炼有助于减轻体重。

He’s one of the bar’s regular customers.

他是这家酒吧的常客之一。

Penn Station was [in regular use](bold)(=people used it often) until the 1960s.

佩恩车站正常使用到20世纪60年代。

正常的；通常的；平常的；惯常的

Our regular opening hours are 10am to 7pm.

我们正常的营业时间是从上午10点到下午7点。

with the same amount of space between each thing and the next

The pipes were placed [at regular intervals](bold).

a carpet with a [regular pattern](bold) of flowers

一块有着规则花卉图案的地毯

ordinary, without any special feature or qualities

正常[标准]大小[尺寸]的

evenly shaped with parts or sides of equal size

He’s very handsome, with strong [regular features](bold)(=an evenly shaped face).

他很英俊，五官十分端正。

a regular verb changes its forms in the same way as most verbs, for example its past tense and past participle end in ‘ed’. The verb ‘dance’ is regular, but the verb ‘be’ is not.

〔动词〕规则的〔如动词dance是规则的，而be是不规则的〕

used to emphasize what you think someone is like

a regular army etc is permanent, and exists whether there is a war or not

to get rid of waste from your bowels often enough to be healthy

a woman who is regular has her menstrual period at the same time each month


regular

someone who often goes to the same bar, restaurant etc or who takes part in an activity very often

常客，老主顾；经常参加 …活动的人

The barman knows all the regulars by name.

这位酒吧男侍应叫得出所有常客的名字。

a soldier whose permanent job is in the army


regularly

at the same time each day, week, month etc

我们定期见面，每月一次。


regulate

to control an activity or process, especially by rules

〔尤指通过规章〕控制，管理

strict rules regulating the use of chemicals in food

限制化学品在食物中使用的严格规定

to make a machine or your body work at a particular speed, temperature etc

People sweat to regulate their body heat.


regulation

ˌreɡjəˈleɪʃən

ˌreɡjəˈleɪʃən

The regulations surrounding the handling of nuclear waste are very strict.

Every railway has complex safety regulations.

Small businessman are fed up with government regulations.

(=relating to the structure of buildings)

The Building Regulations no longer specify minimum ceiling heights.

The Bill stipulated some of the toughest environmental regulations yet seen in the industrial world.

(=relating to what buildings can be built in an area)

The house must be demolished because it does not conform to planning regulations.

(=relating to keeping restaurants, hotel kitchens etc clean)

Hygiene regulations stipulate that the caterer must use suitable equipment.

All government bodies are bound by statutory regulations on, for instance, race and sex discrimination.

Hotel kitchens must comply with these regulations.

The penalties for breaking the regulations were severe.

The Secretary of State can make safety regulations governing the making of goods.

The president is expected to announce new efforts to tighten gun-control regulations.

He has voted in favor of relaxing environmental regulations.

The regulations also apply to new buildings.

There are regulations governing the safety of toys.

The hospital regulations stipulate minimum staffing levels.

We must reduce the number of rules and regulations.

There seem to be so many [rules and regulations](bold) these days.

The local authority is introducing new planning regulations.

地方政府正在实施新的规划条例。

All companies must [comply with](bold) the [regulations](bold).

所有公司都必须遵守规定。

Under the new regulations, all staff must have safety training.

根据新条例，所有员工都必须接受安全培训。

control over something, especially by rules

〔尤指通过规章进行的〕控制，管理


regulation

〔使用或穿戴〕符合规定的，正规的

The girls were all wearing regulation shoes.

女孩们都穿着规定的鞋子。


rehearsal

a time when all the people in a play, concert etc practise before a public performance

《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的排演

The dialogue was worked out by actors in rehearsal.

这段对白是演员在排练的时候想出来的。

a time when all the people involved in a big event practise it together before it happens


rehearse

to practise or make people practise something such as a play or concert in order to prepare for a public performance

（使）排练，（使）排演〔戏剧或音乐会等〕

→see THESAURUS at [practise](->practise)

I think we need to rehearse the first scene again.

我想我们需要把第一场再排练一次。

The band was rehearsing for their world tour.

乐队正在为他们的世界巡回演出排练。

to practise something that you plan to say to someone

She had carefully rehearsed her resignation speech.

她认真演练过辞职时要说的话。

to repeat an opinion that has often been expressed before

重复〔过去经常有人表达的观点〕


reign

the period when someone is king, queen, or emperor

changes that took place during Charlemagne’s reign

查理曼大帝统治时期的变革

the period when someone is in charge of an organization, team etc

during his reign at the Education Department

a period during which something is the most powerful or most important feature of a place

a period when a ruler or a government kills many of their political opponents


reign

to rule a nation or group of nations as their king, queen, or emperor

乔治六世于1936年至1952年在位。

Pharaohs reigned over Egypt for centuries.

法老在埃及统治了几个世纪。

if a feeling or quality reigns, it exists strongly for a period of time

For several minutes [confusion reigned](bold).

[Silence reigned](bold) while we waited for news.

我们在等待消息的时候鸦雀无声。

Can he defeat the reigning Wimbledon champion?

他能否击败现任温布尔登网球赛冠军？

if someone or something reigns supreme, they are the most important part of a situation or time

It was a time when romance reigned supreme.

那是一个极为浪漫的时代。


reinforce

to give support to an opinion, idea, or feeling, and make it stronger

加强，强化〔观点、思想或感觉〕

The film reinforces the idea that women should be pretty and dumb.

这部影片强化了这个观点——女人要漂亮，而且要笨一些。

to make part of a building, structure, piece of clothing etc stronger

加强，加固〔建筑的一部分、结构等〕；使〔衣物的某个部位〕更结实

to make a group of people, especially an army, stronger by adding people, equipment etc

增援，使更强大，加强〔尤指军队〕的力量


reiterate

[reiteration](bold) /riːˌɪtəˈreɪʃ/  n. <C,U> eg: a reiteration of his previous statement

to repeat a statement or opinion in order to make your meaning as clear as possible

Let me reiterate the most important points.

我来把最重要的几点重申一遍。

Lawyers reiterated that there was no direct evidence against Mr Evans.

律师重申没有对埃文斯先生不利的直接证据。


reject

The British proposals were firmly rejected by the other EU countries.

My client totally rejects the accusations.

(=when all members of a group reject something)

The board unanimously rejected the proposal.

(=when most members of a group reject something)

On May 21, the House decisively rejected the president’s proposed budget.

to refuse to accept, believe in, or agree with something

Sarah rejected her brother’s offer of help.

萨拉拒绝了她弟弟的帮助。

吉布森拒绝了这个想法，说它“荒谬”。

Dexter [flatly rejected](bold)(=completely rejected) calls for his resignation.

德克斯特断然拒绝让他辞职的要求。

His proposal was [rejected outright](bold)(=completely rejected).

to not choose someone for a job, course of study etc

It’s obvious why his application was rejected.

他申请被拒的原因很明显。

to throw away something that has just been made, because its quality is not good enough

If inspectors find a defective can, the batch is rejected.

如果质检员发现一个罐头有瑕疵，那么这一批货就会被废弃。

to refuse to give someone any love or attention

Children feel abandoned or rejected if they don’t see their parents regularly.

小孩子如果不能经常见到父母，就会感到被遗弃或冷落。

if your body rejects an organ, after a transplant operation, it does not accept that organ

排异，排斥〔移植的器官〕


reject

a product that has been rejected because there is something wrong with it

someone who is not accepted or liked by another person, or by other people

不合格者；被排斥者；被拒收者

They felt that they were society’s rejects.

他们感到自己是社会的弃儿。


rejection

the act of not accepting, believing in, or agreeing with something

拒绝接受[相信，赞同]；否决

What are the reasons for his rejection of the theory?

他不接受这个理论的原因是什么？

the act of not accepting someone for a job, school etc

〔对求职者、求学者等的〕拒绝

他们给我发了一封回绝信。

a situation in which someone stops giving you love or attention

He was left with a feeling of rejection and loss.

他有一种遭人嫌弃的失落感。


relate

if two things relate, they are connected in some way

I don’t understand how the two ideas relate.

我不明白这两个观点有什么联系。

The charges of fraud relate to events that took place over ten years ago.

这些欺诈指控涉及十多年前发生的事件。

In everyday English, people often say something [has (something) to do with](bold)  another thing, rather than [relates to](bold)  it:

The changes [have to do with ](bold) events that took place over ten years ago.

I don't understand what the two ideas [have to do with](bold) each other.

if you relate two different things, you show how they are connected

证明 …有联系，把 …联系起来

The report seeks to relate the rise in crime to an increase in unemployment.

报告试图把犯罪率上升和失业增加联系起来。

to tell someone about events that have happened to you or to someone else

他后来给我讲了整件事的来龙去脉。

to feel that you understand someone’s problem, situation etc

〔对别人的问题、处境等〕认同，理解

Laurie finds it difficult to relate to children.

劳里觉得很难理解小孩子的想法。

I know he feels upset, and I can relate to that.

我知道他难过，也能理解他的感受。


related

used about things that have a connection with each other. [Connected](bold) is not used before a noun

having a direct connection – often used when one thing is the cause of the other

Skin cancer is directly linked to sun exposure and damage.

Two closely linked factors produced this result.

used about two or more things that are connected with each other and affect each other in a complicated series of ways

The various parts of society are closely interrelated.

The book consists of a series of interconnected essays.

used about two or more things, countries, people etc that depend on each other, and cannot exist or continue without each other

The two countries’ economies have become increasingly interdependent.

interdependent relationships between species

Darwin said that all life on Earth is interdependent.

related to what is being discussed or to a particular area of activity

The exam tests the way you select and organize information relevant to the question.

Applicants should have several years’ relevant experience.

to be very closely connected – used about two things that need to be considered together

The history of the city has long been bound up with the sea.

Your professional development is closely bound up with personal growth.

I want to focus on a small number of closely related questions.

People’s occupations are strongly related to their level of education.

Learning to read and learning to write are intimately related.

illnesses which are directly related to poverty

(=related so that when one is large, the other is small)

The demand for bank lending is inversely related to the rate of interest charged.

things that are related are connected in some way

有关系的，有联系的，相关的

Police now believe that the three crimes could be related.

目前警方认为三宗案件可能互相关联。

the problem of drug abuse and other related issues

滥用毒品问题以及其他相关问题

He suffers with memory loss related to his disease.

Education levels are strongly related to income.

教育程度和收入有很大的关系。

people suffering from tobacco-related illnesses

患有与抽烟有关的疾病的人

animals, plants, languages etc that are related belong to the same group

〔动植物、语言等〕同类的，同族的，同系的

Dolphins and porpoises are closely related.


relation

Many Japanese favor closer relations with the U.S.

Relations between neighbours on the estate are very good.

He had begun to establish friendly relations with his co-workers.

(=relations between people from different races who live in the same place)

New government measures aim to improve race relations in inner cities.

also: labour relations (BrE) labor relations (AmE)

(=relations between managers and workers)

Good industrial relations are in everyone’s best interests.

(=official relations between two countries)

By then, Canada and Britain had established diplomatic relations with North Korea.

This visit was the president’s most important breakthrough in international relations.

(=relations between different groups in society)

Two police officers are responsible for community relations in the area.

After the incident, Croatia broke off all relations with Serbia.

The company has tried to establish relations with several universities.

The Indian government had sought to maintain good relations with China.

(=begin them again after they were stopped or interrupted)

Kenya and Uganda agreed to restore full diplomatic relations.

The government emphasized the need to improve relations with neighbouring countries.

The dispute has soured relations between the two countries.

For years, the company enjoyed good relations with its workers

Many of her close relations live nearby.

He was some distant relation of Pollitt’s wife.

It seems natural to share a house with blood relations.

She’s a relation by marriage because she married my cousin.

We miss our friends and relations in the UK.

→ [public relations](->public relations)

official connections between countries, companies, organizations etc

〔国家、公司、组织等之间的〕（正式）关系

Britain threatened to break off diplomatic relations with the regime.

英国威胁要和该政权断绝外交关系。

Relations between the two countries have improved recently.

the way in which people or groups of people behave towards each other

Relations between workers and management are generally good.

used to talk about something that is connected with or compared with the thing you are talking about

相对某事物而言〔用于显示两者的联系或进行比较〕

Women’s earnings are still low in relation to men’s.

女性的收入相对于男性而言仍然偏低。

latest developments in relation to the disease

The price the meat is sold for [bears no relation to](bold)(=is not connected to) the price the farmer receives.

肉的售价和农民拿到的价格无关。

→see THESAURUS at [relative](->relative) 1

We have relations in Canada and Scotland.

我们在加拿大和苏格兰都有亲戚。

你和杰茜卡是什么亲戚关系？

史蒂夫是我妻子的远房亲戚。

→ [blood relation](->blood relation) [poor relation](bold) at → [poor](->poor)


relationship

rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp

rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp

when two people spend time together or live together because they are romantically or sexually attracted to each other

After her marriage broke up, she had a series of disastrous relationships.

I don’t want to start a relationship with her, because I’m going back to South Africa.

Relationships between people of different cultures are often extremely difficult.

Why are all the interesting men I meet already in relationships?

Several of the psychiatrists admitted to having sexual relationships with patients.

Even at 35, Bobby seemed unable to commit to a romantic relationship.

a secret sexual relationship between two people, when one or both of them is married to someone else

The affair had been going on for years before her husband found out.

I had no idea that Mike had an affair with Carolyn!

Burton had been involved in a love affair with a woman who ended up taking most of his money.

a short and not very serious relationship

Yes, I did go out with him, but it was just a fling.

She wasn’t interested in anything more than a casual fling.

She left her husband after she learned about his fling with an exotic dancer.

an exciting and often short relationship between two people who feel very much in love with each other

It was a beautiful summer romance, but they knew it couldn’t last.

Richard and Penny had made no great secret of their romance, even though they were both married.

My romance with Lois did not survive our high school graduation.

We’ve always had a good relationship with our neighbours.

By that age, children start developing relationships outside the family.

We want to forge closer relationships with our allies.

We want to cement relationships with other transport associations.

I found it impossible to make new relationships.

Over the years, we’ve developed a good relationship.

Laura had a very close relationship with her grandmother.

My friendly relationship with Scott’s family continued after his death.

Our relationship is strong enough to survive anything.

(=when someone both likes and dislikes someone else)

The local people have a love-hate relationship with tourists.

I did not want to risk losing this special relationship we shared.

People lacking supportive relationships were expected to be prone to depression.

(=a relationship appropriate for people who work together)

She’s a fine actress and we developed a great working relationship.

Travelling a lot for business can strain family relationships.

Drinking affects personal relationships.

Satisfactory social relationships with adults are very important.

Both companies want to continue their business relationship into the future.

the doctor-patient/parent-child/teacher-student etc relationship

A family crisis can adversely affect the developing parent-child relationship.

The evidence points to a close relationship between poverty and disease.

Studies show a significant relationship between smoking and heart disease.

(=when one thing has an effect or influence on another, without any other things being involved)

There is a direct relationship between the demand for a particular product and its price.

(=so that when one is great, the other is small)

We concluded that there will be an inverse relationship between the market price of the bond and its true yield.

the causal relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer

The allegations bore no relationship to the facts.

The book tries to establish a relationship between the war and social unrest in Europe.

No relationship exists between the size of the prison population and the level of crime.

Valerie and I have been in a relationship for five years.

She was very upset when I ended the relationship.

She is in no hurry to start another relationship.

He admitted having a sexual relationship with a patient.

I have a seven-year-old daughter from a previous long-term relationship.

(=happening sometimes and not at other times)

Their on–off relationship seemed to have come to an end two years ago.

It had been a stormy relationship and there were frequent drunken rows.

the way in which two people or two groups feel about each other and behave towards each other

I have quite a good relationship with my parents.

the special relationship between Britain and the US

英国和美国之间的特殊关系

the way in which two or more things are connected and affect each other

〔事物之间的〕联系，关联

the relationship between diet and health problems

膳食与健康问题之间的联系

He’s studying politics and its relationship to the media.

他在研究政治及其与媒体的关系。

The lessons [bear little relationship](bold)(=they are not connected to) the children’s needs.

a situation in which two people spend time together or live together, and have romantic or sexual feelings for each other

〔两人之间的〕爱情关系，性关系

He’s never had a [sexual relationship](bold) before.

他以前从未与人有过性关系。

She doesn’t really want a relationship with me.

the way in which you are related to someone in your family

‘What’s your relationship to Sue?’ ‘She’s my cousin.’

“你和休是什么关系？” “她是我的表姐。”


relative

a member of your family, especially one who does not live with you

Most of her relatives were able to come to the wedding.

We have some distant relatives in Australia.

a member of your family. [Relation](bold) means the same as [relative](bold). It is often used when talking about whether someone is in the same family as another person

Big cities can be lonely places if you have no friends or relations there.

‘What relation is she to you?’ ‘She’s my half sister.’

someone who is a family member of a person who lived and died a long time ago, for example the great-grandchild of that person

The people are the descendants of slaves who were brought over from Africa.

a member of your family who lived a long time ago, especially hundreds of years ago

My ancestors originally came from Ireland.

people in your family who lived a long time ago – often used in historical descriptions

His forefathers came to America over a century ago.

a family group that consists not only of parents and children, but also includes grandparents, aunts etc

Extended families rarely live together in Britain, but they are still important.

Are you going to see your folks at Christmas?

the person or people who are most closely related to you, for example your husband or mother, and who need to be told if something serious happens to you

The next of kin must be notified of his death before his name is released to the press.

He lost several close relatives in the war.

She claims to be a distant relative of the Queen.

332 kidneys were donated last year by blood relatives or spouses.

As far as she knew, she had no living relatives.

How many women would be willing to care for distant relatives by marriage?

About thirty-five close friends and relatives attended the wedding.

Her boyfriend is a distant relative of mine.

她的男朋友是我的远房亲戚。


relative

having a particular quality when compared with something else

The relative merits of both approaches have to be considered.

两种方法的相对优点都得考虑在内。

her opponent’s relative lack of experience

她的对手相对来说缺少经验

You may think you’re poor, but [it’s all relative](bold)(=you are not poor compared to some people).

你可能认为自己很穷，但一切都是相对的。


relative clause

a part of a sentence that has a verb in it, and is joined to the rest of the sentence by ‘who’, ‘which’, ‘where’ etc, for example the phrase ‘who lives next door’ in the sentence ‘The man who lives next door is a doctor.’

关系从句〔如在The man who lives next door is a doctor一句中，who lives next door是关系从句〕


relatively

something that is relatively small, easy etc is fairly small, easy etc compared to other things

这个系统使用起来相对容易。

E-commerce is a relatively recent phenomenon.

电子商务相对而言是新兴事物。

used when comparing something with all similar things

Relatively speaking, land prices are still pretty cheap here.

相对来说，这里的土地价格还相当便宜。