chord

→ Do not confuse with [cord](bold) (=thick string), which has the same pronunciation.

a combination of several musical notes that are played at the same time and sound pleasant together

to do or say something that people feel is familiar or true

引起（某人）内心共鸣，触动（某人的）心弦

Many of the things she says will strike a chord with other young women.

她说的许多话都能引起其他年轻女子的共鸣。

He knew that what he was saying had touched a chord.

他知道自己说的那番话引起了共鸣。

a straight line joining two points on a curve


chore

household chores such as washing and ironing clothes

When you're working it can be hard to find time for the daily chores.

(=a chore such as cleaning or putting things away)

Everyone in the flat shared the cooking and domestic chores.

(=a chore such as writing letters or paying bills)

filling in forms and other administrative chores

Who does most of the routine chores in your house?

It's good for kids to learn how to perform household chores.

I got up and went about my chores, feeding the cats and making tea.

All their children help with the chores.

a small job that you have to do regularly, especially work that you do to keep a house clean

everyday chores like shopping and housework

购物和做家务之类的日常琐事

something you have to do that is very boring and unpleasant

我觉得开车是一件很讨厌的事情。


chorus

the part of a song that is repeated after each verse

唱到副歌时，每个人都跟着齐唱起来。

a large group of people who sing together

a piece of music written to be sung by a large group of people

《哈利路亚大合唱》的录音

a group of singers, dancers, or actors who act together in a show but do not have the main parts

New voices are needed to join the chorus for the annual festival in October.

10月的年度音乐节需要有新的歌唱演员加入歌舞队。

a chorus of thanks/disapproval/protest etc

something that a lot of people all say at the same time

异口同声的感谢/反对/抗议等

The minister was greeted with a chorus of boos.

There was a chorus of agreement from the committee.

More politicians have now joined in the chorus of complaints.

现在有越来越多的政客也纷纷表示不满。

if people say something in chorus, they say the same thing at the same time

“谢谢你。”他们同声说道。


chorus

if people chorus something, they say it at the same time

“赶快！”女孩子们同声说道。


Christmas

You use [at Christmas ](bold) when saying that something happens during the Christmas holiday period: I’ll see you at Christmas.
Don’t say: [I’ll see you on Christmas.](strike)

You can also say [at Christmas time](bold) : At Christmas time, the whole family gets together.

You say [on Christmas Day](bold)  when saying that something happens on December 25th: I have to work on Christmas Day.
Don’t say: [I have to work at Christmas Day.](strike)

You get a present [for Christmas](bold) : He gave me a new watch for Christmas.
Don’t say: [He gave me a new watch on Christmas.](strike)

(=something you say to people at Christmas)

I just called in to say ‘Happy Christmas’.

We always have a family Christmas at home.

Mum likes to have a traditional Christmas for all the family.

We haven’t had a white Christmas in England for years.

How does your family usually celebrate Christmas?

(=say that you hope someone enjoys Christmas)

They wished us a happy Christmas and left.

All the family come to our house for Christmas dinner.

She sends me a Christmas card every year.

The children couldn’t wait to open their Christmas presents.

(=a decorated tree that people have in their homes at Christmas)

What are you wearing for the Christmas party?

Children go from door to door singing Christmas carols.

(=things to decorate a house, shop, or town at Christmas)

When do you put your Christmas decorations up?

(=lights in the streets at Christmas, or on the Christmas tree)

We went to see the Christmas lights in New York.

Have you done your Christmas shopping yet?

(=the days around and including Christmas Day)

Most stores need extra staff during the Christmas season.

(=the time that people are not working during the Christmas period)

We weren’t at school because it was the Christmas holiday.

the period of time around December 25th, the day when Christians celebrate the birth of Christ

圣诞节期间我将会在苏格兰。

Merry Christmas and a happy New Year everyone!

祝大家圣诞快乐、新年快乐！


chronic

[chronically](bold) /-kli/  adv. eg: patients who are chronically ill eg: The service is chronically underfunded.

a chronic disease or illness is one that continues for a long time and cannot be cured

a chronic problem is one that continues for a long time and cannot easily be solved

There is a chronic shortage of teachers.

长期存在师资短缺的问题。

someone who has behaved in a particular way for a long time and cannot stop

长期酗酒/沉迷赌博等的人

He was a chronic alcoholic and unable to hold down a job.

他长期酗酒，任何工作都做不久。


chronicle

a written record of a series of events, especially historical events, written in the order in which they happened

a chronicle of his life during the war years


chronicle

to describe events in the order in which they happened

将〔一系列事件〕载入编年史中，按时序记载

His life is chronicled in a new biography published last week.

他的生平被写成一本新传记，于上周出版。

The book chronicles the events leading up to the war.

该书记述了导致战争爆发的一系列事件。


chuckle

[chuckle](bold) n. <C> eg: Rosie gave a little chuckle.


chunk

a large thick piece of something that does not have an even shape

The rent takes a large chunk out of my monthly salary.

房租占去我月薪的一大部分。

A huge chunk of the audience got up and left before the end of the show.

演出还没结束，一大批观众就起身离场了。

Lurie risked a pretty big chunk of change on the race.

卢里在这次赛马上冒险押了一大笔钱。


chunky

〔食物〕厚片的，成大块的

someone who is chunky has a broad heavy body


church

one of the different groups within the Christian religion – used especially in names

a religious group that has slightly different beliefs from other groups who belong to the same religion

Our staff come from churches of all denominations.

Several denominations have developed among Jews.

a religious group that has separated from a larger group

He is a leader in the powerful Ansar Sunni Muslim sect.

an extreme religious group that is not part of an established religion

Members of the cult all committed suicide on the same day.

(=the one in a particular area, or near where you live)

The local church dates from the 12th century.

(=the main Christian church in a particular area)

This is the parish church for three villages near here.

an attractive country church surrounded by trees

I followed the crowds to the Roman Catholic church for Mass.

(=go to a regular religious ceremony in a church)

There’s a church service at 10:30 every Sunday morning.

I looked at the clock on the church tower.

The tall church spires could be seen from far away.

(=a group of people who lead the singing in a church)

Steve’s a member of the local church choir.

a building where Christians go to worship

Mrs Dobson invited us to dinner after church.

多布森太太邀请我们做完礼拜后去吃饭。

My parents [go to church](bold) every Sunday.

我父母每个星期天都去做礼拜。

We didn’t see you at church this morning.

今天早上我们没看到你来做礼拜。

one of the separate groups within the Christian religion

the institution of the Christian religion, and all the priests and other ministers who are part of it


churn

if your stomach churns, you feel sick because you are nervous or frightened

My stomach was churning on the day of the exam.

if water, mud etc churns, or if something churns it, it moves about violently

（使）〔水、烂泥等〕剧烈翻腾

if a machine, engine, wheel etc churns, it or its parts begin to move

〔机器、发动机、轮子等〕转动，运转

I pressed the gas pedal, and slowly the wheels began to churn.

我踩下油门踏板，慢慢地车轮开始转动了起来。


churn

a container used for shaking milk in order to make it into butter

a large metal container used to carry milk in

the number of people who stop buying or using a company’s products or services during a particular period


cigar

a thick tube-shaped thing that people smoke, and which is made from tobacco leaves that have been rolled up


cigarette

ˈsɪɡəˌret, ˌsɪɡəˈret

How much does a packet of cigarettes cost?

Some of the boys were smoking cigarettes.

(=make your own cigarette using special paper)

It’s cheaper to roll your own cigarettes.

Kit stubbed out her cigarette in the fireplace.

The pilot said 'Please extinguish all cigarettes and fasten your seat belts.’

Ed was leaning out of the window and dragging on a cigarette.

Someone dropped a lit cigarette and started the fire.

(=that someone has not finished smoking)

There was a half-smoked cigarette in the ashtray.

Everyone knows that cigarette smoking is bad for you.

(=something that produces a flame for lighting cigarettes)

Does anyone have a match or a cigarette lighter?

Her mother found an empty cigarette packet in her pocket.

All cigarette advertising has been banned.

(=the part that remains when you have finished smoking it)

The ashtray was full of old cigarette butts.

She flicked her cigarette ash onto the ground.

(=a small case for carrying cigarettes in)

(=a narrow tube for holding a cigarette when you smoke it)

a thin tube of paper filled with finely cut tobacco that people smoke


cinema

(=with several different screens for showing films)

You can see the movie now at your local multiplex cinema.

The new leisure complex includes a 12-screen cinema.

His new movie is sure to bring in big cinema audiences.

(=the large white surface on which films are shown)

The film was much better on the cinema screen than on TV.

a cinema advertising campaign for Levi jeans

(=a group of cinemas owned by the same company)

(=the showing of a new film at the cinema)

His film was banned from cinema release for some years.

if you go to the cinema, you go to a cinema to see a film

我们决定去电影院看电影。


circle

[square the circle](bold) at → [square](->square) 3 sense 5 → [vicious circle](->vicious circle)

Over the years she had established a circle of good friends.

When she was young, Sophie had a large circle of male admirers.

academic/political/literary etc  circles

There has been a lot of debate about this issue in political circles.

They now had a wide circle of acquaintances in the area.

Ken was the centre of a small circle of artists and writers.

(=the people who influence someone the most)

He was among the prime minister’s inner circle of advisers.

Dan and I didn’t mix in the same social circles.

It’s important for children to have friends outside the family circle.

We didn’t tell anyone what had happened outside our immediate circle.

(=in which the people know each other very well)

He cultivated a close circle of musical acquaintances.

He didn’t have much experience of life beyond the closed circle of his family.

His writing was popular with a limited circle of enthusiasts.

have a circle of friends/acquaintances etc

She was beautiful and had a wide circle of admirers.

(=belong to a particular type of circle)

At Harvard he moved in scientific circles.

He was a powerful member of a circle of financiers.

In London she set about widening her circle.

Michael built up a wide circle of customers and friends worldwide.

a completely round shape, like the letter O

画一个直径10厘米的圆形。

a group of people or things arranged in the shape of a circle

The children stood round [in a circle](bold).

a group of people who know each other and meet regularly, or who have similar interests or jobs

〔熟人或由兴趣、职业相同者形成的〕圈子，界

He’s well-known [in](bold) fashionable [circles](bold).

他在时装界是个知名人物。

Johnson was part of the president’s [inner circle](bold)(=the people who have the most influence).

约翰逊是总统核心集团的人。

the upper floor of a theatre, that has seats arranged in curved rows

to think or argue about something without deciding anything or making progress

原地绕圈子；白忙活，瞎忙

to end in the same situation in which you began, even though there have been changes in the time in between

Sooner or later, fashion comes full circle.

dark areas under your eyes that you have when you are very tired


circle

to move in the shape of a circle around something, especially in the air

〔尤指在空中〕（绕 …）盘旋

The plane circled the airport before landing.

飞机着陆前在机场上空盘旋。


circuit

→ [closed circuit television](->closed circuit television) → [printed circuit](->printed circuit) → [short circuit](->short circuit)

a path that forms a circle around an area, or a journey along this path

a track that cars,motorbikes etc race around

all the places that are usually visited by someone who plays tennis etc

网球巡回赛/巡回演讲/卡巴莱歌舞巡回表演等

a well-known entertainer on the club circuit

在夜总会作巡回表演的一位著名艺人

the complete circle that an electric current travels

a regular trip around an area made by a judge or a religious leader, so that a court of law or church can meet in several different places

〔法官或宗教领袖的〕定期巡回


circular

[circularity](bold) /ˌsɜːkjəˈlærəti/ US /ˌsɜːr-/  n. <U>

an argument or way of thinking that is not right because the statement it uses to prove that the argument is true can only be true if the original argument is already true


circular

a printed advertisement, notice etc that is sent to lots of people at the same time

〔同时发送给很多人的〕印刷品广告；通告


circulate

to move around within a system, or to make something do this

Swimming helps to get the blood circulating through the muscles.

游泳有助于肌肉的血液循环。

Ceiling fans circulated warm air around the room.

吊扇使暖空气在房间里循环。

if information, facts, ideas etc circulate, they become known by many people

[Rumours](bold) began [circulating](bold) that the prime minister was seriously ill.

谣言开始流传，说首相病情严重。

to send goods, information etc to people

The group circulated petitions calling for a federal law to ban handguns.

该团体派发要求联邦法律禁用手枪的请愿书。

to talk to a lot of different people in a group, especially at a party

〔尤指在聚会上〕应酬，来回周旋


circulation

ˌsɜːkjəˈleɪʃən

Doctors had to remove her leg because of bad circulation.

她的一条腿血液循环不畅，医生只得将其切除。

the exchange of information, money etc from one person to another in a group or society

Police believe there are thousands of illegal guns in circulation.

警方认为有成千上万支非法枪支在流通。

[remove/withdraw sth from circulation](bold)

The Treasury Department plans to remove older coins from circulation and replace them with new ones.

财政部打算收回市面上流通的旧版硬币，以新版代之。

the average number of copies of a newspaper or magazine that are usually sold each day, week, month etc

〔报纸或杂志的〕发行量，销售量

The newspaper has a daily circulation of 55,000.

这份报纸的日发行量是55,000份。

the movement of liquid, air etc in a system

〔液体、空气等的〕流通，环流，循环

Let’s open the windows and get some circulation in here.

我们把窗打开，让这里的空气流通一下吧。

when someone takes part or does not take part in social activities at a particular time

〔某人一段时间内〕参加/不参加社交活动

Sandy’s out of circulation until after her exams.

桑迪要到考完试以后才参加社交活动。


circumstance

[pomp and circumstance](bold) at → [pomp](->pomp)

In certain circumstances you may be refused a visa.

The court may allow this evidence in exceptional circumstances.

In normal circumstances, a child’s language will develop naturally.

There may be particular circumstances in which this rule will not apply.

Many teachers are doing a very good job under difficult circumstances.

(=making you think something illegal has happened)

Officers said there were no suspicious circumstances surrounding his death.

One of their colleagues had vanished in mysterious circumstances.

There were several unusual circumstances that night.

(=that you did not realize would happen)

The tragedy was the result of a series of unforeseen circumstances.

Both parents had died in tragic circumstances.

(=conditions that make it reasonable for someone to break the rules or law)

Hunger and poverty are not treated by the courts as extenuating circumstances.

This was a very unusual set of circumstances.

Police are investigating the circumstances surrounding the accident.

due to circumstances beyond sb’s control

Occasionally flights are cancelled due to circumstances beyond our control.

the conditions that affect a situation, action, event etc

The Soviet Union had been forced by circumstances to sign a pact with Nazi Germany.

苏联为形势所迫同纳粹德国签订了一项条约。

I can’t imagine a circumstance in which I would be willing to steal.

我无法想象我在什么情况下会愿意去偷东西。

The rules can only be waived in exceptional circumstances.

这些规定只有在特殊情况下才能破例。

Prisoners can only leave their cells under certain circumstances.

只有在某些情况下囚犯才可以离开牢房。

(BrE also: [in no circumstances](bold) )

used to emphasize that something must definitely not happen

Under no circumstances are you to go out.

(BrE also: [in the circumstances](bold) )

used to say that a particular situation makes an action, decision etc necessary, acceptable, or true when it would not normally be

在这种情况下，情形既然如此

It’s the best result that could be expected under the circumstances.

在这种情况下，这可能是最好的结果了。

the combination of facts, events etc that influence your life, and that you cannot control

He was a [victim of circumstance](bold).

the conditions in which you live, especially how much money you have

境况，状况〔尤指经济状况〕

Whether or not you qualify for a loan will depend on your financial circumstances.

你是否有贷款资格将取决于你的经济状况。

people living in difficult social circumstances

在艰难的社会环境里生活的人们

[in reduced circumstances](bold) [old-fashioned](special)(=with much less money than you used to have)


circus

a group of people and animals who travel to different places performing skilful tricks as entertainment

[circus act](bold)(=a trick performed in a circus)

[circus ring](bold)(=a large circular area where tricks are performed)

a situation in which there is too much excitement or noise

乱哄哄的聚会，热闹的场面

The first day of school is always such a circus.

开学第一天总是这样闹哄哄的。

The trial has turned into a [media circus](bold).

这场审判变成了一场媒体闹剧。

a round open area where several streets join together, often used in place names

〔数条街道相汇聚的〕圆形广场〔常用于地名〕

a place in ancient Rome where fights, races etc took place, with seats built in a circle


citation

a formal statement or piece of writing publicly praising someone’s actions or achievements

an official order for someone to appear in court or pay a fine for doing something illegal

Turner was issued a traffic citation for reckless driving.

特纳因鲁莽驾驶收到了交通违章罚单。

The essay begins with a citation from ‘Hamlet’.

这篇文章开头引用了《哈姆雷特》中的一句话。


cite

to mention something as an example, especially one that supports, proves, or explains an idea or situation

→see THESAURUS at [mention](->mention) 1

The judge cited a 1956 Supreme Court ruling in her decision.

法官在她的判决中引用了1956年最高法院的一项裁决。

Several factors have been cited as the cause of the unrest.

好几个因素被引证为这次动乱的起因。

to give the exact words of something that has been written, especially in order to support an opinion or prove an idea

The passage cited above is from a Robert Frost poem.

以上引文出自罗伯特•弗罗斯特的一首诗。

to order someone to appear before a court of law

Two managers had been cited for similar infractions.

两名经理因为类似的违法行为而受到传讯。

to mention someone by name in a court case

Sue was cited in the divorce proceedings.

这场离婚诉讼案中提到了休。

to mention someone because they deserve praise

Garcia was cited for her work with disabled children.

加西亚因她为残疾儿童所做的工作而受到表彰。


citizen

someone who lives in a particular town, country, or state

In order to become a US citizen, you need to have a Permanent Resident card.

All British citizens have the right to live in the UK.

Good citizens understand that they have a responsibility to the community.

a citizen of a country who is living in another country

She insisted that foreign nationals were safe in the country.

Russians nationals were ordered to leave.

someone who lives in a particular street or area

There have been complaints by local residents about the building work.

She was a resident of Chicago for many years.

someone who was born in a particular country but moved to another country – used when describing a person or their life

Picasso was a native of Spain, although he spent much of his life in France.

someone who was born in a country that has a king or queen, and has a right to live there

Northern Ireland citizens are British subjects.

someone who is not a legal citizen of the country they are living or working in – used in official contexts

One of the aims of education is to produce good citizens.

Most of the people in this town are law-abiding citizens.

There are gangs on the streets who are terrorizing respectable citizens.

The rest of his family are honest upright citizens.

His neighbours described him as a model citizen.

The government is not aware of the views of ordinary citizens.

(=someone over 60 years old, or someone who has retired)

There are special clubs for senior citizens.

(=people who live in the same town, country etc as you)

70% of our fellow citizens live in poverty.

(=an ordinary citizen without a public position)

The protests were led by leading citizens in the community.

We need our schools to teach students to be good citizens.

我们需要学校把学生培养为好公民。

The mayor urged citizens to begin preparing for a major storm.

一场特大暴风雨即将到来，市长敦促市民做好准备。

someone who legally belongs to a particular country and has rights and responsibilities there, whether they are living there or not

At the time, there were over 2,000 British citizens living in Iraq.

当时有2,000多名英国公民生活在伊拉克。

someone who is made to feel unimportant because of the way people treat them


citizenship

the legal right of belonging to a particular country

公民权利；公民身份，国籍

McGuirk holds [dual citizenship](bold)(=the legal right of being a citizen in two countries) in Ireland and the US.

麦吉尔克拥有爱尔兰和美国的双重国籍。

the ways in which a good citizen behaves, for example being responsible and helping their community

The schools should be responsible for teaching our children [good citizenship](bold).

学校有责任培养儿童良好的公民道德。


city

a large area with houses, shops, offices etc that is often the centre of government for an area. A [city](bold) is bigger than a [town](bold)

a large area with houses, shops, offices etc. A [town](bold) is smaller than a [city](bold)

the city where the government of a country or state is

We travelled to Budapest, the capital of Hungary.

a big busy city that is full of people and activity

After 1850 Paris grew quickly into a busy metropolis.

Air pollution is particularly bad in urban areas.

the area around the edge of a city or just outside it

Disneyland is on the outskirts of Paris.

an area around the edges of a city, where many people live

More and more people are moving to the suburbs.

They have stores in Houston, Dallas, and other big cities.

Cairo is one of the world's great cities.

(=where the government of a country or state is)

He said that he never wanted to leave his home city.

(=full of people from different parts of the world)

San Francisco is a very cosmopolitan city.

Sheffield is an industrial city in the north of England.

(=in a part of the country that is not near the capital)

There have been protests in the capital and in provincial cities.

(=very old and with an interesting history)

Budapest is a beautiful and historic city.

He went to university in the cathedral city of Durham.

(=one that has a special relationship with a similar town in another country)

Strasbourg is Leicester's twin city in France.

In the summer, city dwellers escape to the sea.

Traffic was moving slowly along the city streets.

The cathedral is right in the heart of the city.

There were several bombings on the outskirts of the city.

He founded the city of Baghdad in the 8th century.

最近的大城市是圣路易斯。

a large town that has been given an official title by a king or queen

〔国王或女王授权的〕特许市

a town of any size that has definite borders and powers that were officially given by the state government

〔由州政府划定市界并特许的〕地方自治市

The city of Cleveland celebrated its 200th birthday with fireworks and an outdoor concert.

克利夫兰市燃放烟火并举办了一场室外音乐会，庆祝该市建立200周年。

The city has been living in fear since last week’s earthquake.

上周地震后，全市居民一直惶惶不安。

The city is working to improve public transportation.

市政府在努力改善公共交通。


civic

Jackson spent the day meeting with local religious and civic leaders.

杰克逊那天与当地的宗教领袖和市领导会面。

relating to the people who live in a town or city

It is your [civic duty](bold) to vote in the local elections.

在地方选举中投票是公民的义务。

[civic pride](bold)(=people’s pride in their own city)


civil

(=fighting between groups of people in the same country)

His family fled Spain during the Spanish civil war.

(=the right to vote, be treated fairly etc that everyone should have)

Black people marched in defence of their civil rights.

(=the right to be free to do what you want within the law)

Detention without trial threatens our civil liberties.

(=when people protest or behave violently)

Unemployment has provoked widespread civil unrest.

Troops have been called in to deal with civil disturbances.

relating to the people who live in a country

[civil war/disturbance/unrest etc](bold)(=fighting etc between different groups of people living in the same country)

→ [civil liberty](->civil liberty) → [civil rights](->civil rights)

relating to the ordinary people or things in a country that are not part of military, government, or religious organizations

普通公民的；平民的；民用的；非军事的；非宗教的

They were married in a civil ceremony in May.

他们在五月份举行了世俗婚礼。

relating to the laws about the private affairs of citizens, such as laws about business or property, rather than laws about crime

Many [civil cases](bold) can be settled out of court.

许多民事案件可以庭外和解。

polite in a formal but not very friendly way

客气的；文明的；有礼貌的


civilian

[civilian](bold) adj. <only before noun> eg: It was difficult to return to civilian life after ten years in the military.

anyone who is not a member of the military forces or the police

〔与军人、警察相对的〕平民，老百姓

Many innocent civilians were killed during the war.

许多无辜的平民在战争中丧生。


civilization

ˌsɪvəl-aɪˈzeɪʃən

Many people are rejecting the values of western civilization.

The achievements of Egypt's ancient civilization were remarkable.

Technology is one of the benefits of modern civilization.

the great civilizations of India and China

Industrial civilization is barely a century old.

Philosophy is a luxury of an advanced civilization.

There could be higher civilizations on other planets.

His main interest was primitive civilizations.

(=existing before others, or at the beginning of a period of time)

the early civilizations of Mesopotamia and the East Mediterranean

a society that is well organized and developed, used especially about a particular society in a particular place or at a particular time

the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome

all the societies in the world considered as a whole

The book explores the relationship between religion and civilization.

本书探讨了宗教和文明的关系。

[the dawn of civilization](bold)(=the beginning of civilization)

a place such as a city where you feel comfortable, especially because it is modern

现代生活环境，文明生活的环境〔如城市等地〕

After a week in the mountains, all I wanted to do was get back to civilization.

在山里待了一个星期，我唯一想做的就是回到文明社会中。


claim

to say that something is true, even though it has not been proved

She claims to be a descendant of Charles Dickens.

to claim that someone did something wrong or illegal, although you do not give any proof

It is alleged that he murdered his wife.

Patients allege that the two firms failed to warn doctors about the dangers of taking the drugs over a long period.

to repeatedly say that something is true, especially when other people do not believe you

He continued to maintain his innocence, even after he was sent to prison.

My mother always maintains that I learned to talk at six months.

to say very firmly that something is true

She insists that Tom was there, although he denies it.

Turkey insists that there is more than enough water in the two rivers for all three countries.

to state that something is true – used especially in formal writing when reporting someone’s opinion

They assert that children work better on their own.

The Environment Minister asserted that one third of the country’s cities had major pollution problems.

to claim that something is true, especially when other people disagree with you

Lawyers contend that his back problems were due to an existing injury, not the accident.

It is possible, as Kennedy contends, that her medical condition is caused by her work.

(=say that you are responsible for something bad)

Following the attack, a man phoned a newspaper claiming responsibility.

(=say that you are responsible for something good)

Political parties always claim credit for economic growth.

The election results were in and the president was able to claim victory.

(=say that you are related to someone important who lived a long time ago)

This hotel can rightly claim that it has some of the best views on the island.

Some manufacturers falsely claim that their products are environmentally friendly.

They can justifiably claim to be the top team in the country.

to state that something is true, even though it has not been proved

The product claims that it can make you thin without dieting.

该产品声称不节食也可让你瘦下来。

No responsible therapist will claim to cure your insomnia.

任何一位负责任的治疗专家都不会断言可以治好你的失眠症。

I [don’t claim to be](bold) a feminist, but I’d like to see more women in top jobs.

我不会自称是女权主义者，但我希望看到更多的女性担任要职。

The girls claim to have seen the fairies.

这些女孩声称看到了仙女。

[claim responsibility/credit (for sth)](bold)(=say officially that you are responsible for something that has happened)

The group claimed responsibility for the bombings.

该组织声称对这些爆炸事件负责。

Opposition leaders will [claim victory](bold) if the turnout is lower than 50%.

如果投票率低于50%，反对党领袖将宣布获胜。

A letter appeared in ‘The Times’ claiming Fleming as the discoverer of penicillin.

《泰晤士报》上刊登了一封信，称弗莱明是青霉素的发现者。

In more formal English, you say[ it is claimed that](bold)  something is true: It has been claimed that he was difficult to work with.

to officially demand or receive money from an organization because you have a right to it

He should be able to claim the price of the ticket back.

You can claim on the insurance if you have an accident while on holiday.

如果度假期间遭遇事故，可向保险公司索赔。

[claim benefit/an allowance/damages etc](bold)

If you’re still not satisfied, you may be able to [claim compensation](bold).

如果你仍觉得不满意，可以要求赔偿。

to state that you have a right to take or have something that is legally yours

The majority of those who [claim asylum](bold) are genuine refugees.

那些申请政治庇护的人大多数都是真正的难民。

Lost property can be claimed between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.

请于上午10点至下午4点认领失物。

if a war, accident etc claims lives, people die because of it – used especially in news reports

〔战争、事故等〕夺去〔生命，尤用于新闻报道〕

The earthquake has so far claimed over 3,000 lives.

到目前为止这场地震已经夺去了3,000多人的生命。

if something claims your attention, you notice and consider it carefully

The military conflict continues to claim our undivided attention.

我们持续全力关注此次军事冲突。


claim

a statement that something is true, even though it has not been proved

It is difficult to believe some of the manufacturer's claims for its products.

a statement that someone has done something wrong or illegal, but that has not been proved

He has strongly denied the allegations of sexual harassment.

something that you say or write that you strongly believe

the assertion that house prices are falling

Her main contention is that doctors should do more to encourage healthy eating.

His claims were later found to be false.

These claims of discrimination are completely unfounded.

Some manufacturers make extravagant claims for their products.

the competing claims of the political parties

(=saying that different things are true)

The reports contained conflicting claims of the number of people killed.

He made extravagant claims about the benefits of the diet.

Government officials denied claims that the country possessed chemical weapons.

The prime minister rejected claims of a disagreement within his party.

The court found no evidence to support her claim.

They challenged him to back up his claims with evidence.

Many scientists were reluctant to accept his claims.

(=say that you do not believe it is true)

Washington continued to challenge the claim that global warming is partly caused by carbon dioxide.

Detectives are investigating claims that the two officials took bribes.

Gould rejected claims that he had acted irresponsibly.

古尔德否认了他的行为不负责任的说法。

firms that make false claims about their products

对自己产品作出虚假宣传的公司

They [made claims](bold) they couldn’t live up to.

他们给出了自己无法兑现的断言。

the [competing claims](bold) of scientists

The police denied claims that the men were tortured.

警方否认这些人曾受严刑拷打的说法。

Evidence to [support](bold) these [claims](bold) is still lacking.

仍然缺乏支持这些说法的证据。

his claim to be the rightful owner of the painting

他自称是这幅画合法拥有者的说法

I [make no claim](bold) to understand the complexities of the situation.

我不敢说自己了解形势的复杂性。

an official request for money that you think you have a right to

〔根据权利而提出的〕要求，索赔

他以受到不公正辞退提出的赔偿要求被拒绝了。

所有的索赔都应以书面形式提出。

[pay/wage claim](bold)(=a request from workers for more money)

Fill in and return the [claim form](bold) as soon as it arrives.

收到索赔申请表后请尽快填妥寄回。

the sum of money you request when you make a claim

The insurance company cannot [meet](bold)(=pay) such enormous [claims](bold).

保险公司无法支付如此巨额的索赔。

a right to do something or to have something, especially because it belongs to you or because you deserve it

Surely they [have a rightful claim](bold) on their father’s land?

他们当然有权要求得到父亲的土地吧？

The Maldives [pressed](bold) its [claim](bold) to hold the summit.

马尔代夫一再要求主办这场峰会。

Philip feared Edward would [lay claim to](bold) the Scottish crown.

菲利普担心爱德华会提出继承苏格兰王位的要求。

the [competing claims](bold) of parents and teachers

家长和教师各执一词的说法

[have a claim on sb’s time/attention etc](bold)

A woman who has given a man children will always have a claim on his love.

to say that you have a right to own or do something, especially when other people also say they have a right to it

声称（对某物）拥有所有权〔尤指当别人也同时作出相同的声明时〕

Tickets are on a ‘first come, first served’ basis, so stake your claim now.

a place or person’s claim to fame is the reason why they are famous – often used humorously to mention something that is not very important

某人/某物出名的原因〔常为幽默用法，指实际上并不怎么重要的原因〕

My main claim to fame is that I once shook Madonna’s hand.

我出名主要是因为我和麦当娜握过一次手。

something such as a piece of land that contains valuable minerals

要求得到的东西〔如含有贵重矿产的土地等〕


clan

a large group of families who often share the same name

The whole clan will be here over Christmas.

一大家子人圣诞节都要来这里。


clap

[clapping](bold) n. <U> eg: Each song was greeted with enthusiastic clapping.

[past tense and past participle](italic) [clapped](bold) [present participle](italic) [clapping](bold)

to hit your hands against each other many times to make a sound that shows your approval, agreement, or enjoyment

One man began to clap, and others joined in.

一个人鼓起了掌，其他人也跟着鼓掌。

The couple were cheered and clapped on their arrival.

这对夫妇抵达时人群为他们欢呼鼓掌。

The audience clapped politely but without much enthusiasm.

观众礼貌地鼓了掌，但并不热烈。

if you clap your hands, you hit your hands together a few times to attract someone’s attention or to show that you are pleased

〔为引起注意或表示高兴而〕击（掌），拍（手）

Narouz clapped his hands and a servant entered.

纳鲁兹拍了拍手，一名佣人走了进来。

Mandy laughed and clapped her hands in delight.

曼迪笑了，高兴得拍起手来。

to put your hand on something quickly and firmly

快速用力把手放到〔某物上面〕

‘Mick!’ She [clapped](bold) her [hand over](bold) her mouth. ‘I’d forgotten!’

“米克！”她突然用手捂住了嘴，“我忘了！”

Ben grinned and [clapped](bold) me amiably [on the shoulder](bold).

本咧嘴笑了笑，友好地拍了拍我的肩膀。

to see someone or something, especially when you did not expect to

〔尤指意外地〕看见某人/某物

Mark had loved the house from the moment he clapped eyes on it.

马克一看到这房子就喜欢上了。

to suddenly put someone in prison or chains


clap

the loud sound that you make when you hit your hands together many times to show that you enjoyed something

Come on everyone, let’s give Tommy a clap.

来吧各位，我们为汤米鼓鼓掌吧。

an ear-splitting [clap of thunder](bold)


clarify

[past tense and past participle](italic) [clarified](bold) [present participle](italic) [clarifying](bold) [third person singular](italic) [clarifies](bold)

to make something clearer or easier to understand

[clarify issues/a statement/matters etc](bold)

Could you [clarify](bold) one or two [points](bold) for me?

有一两个地方你能给我讲清楚吗？

Reporters asked him to [clarify](bold) his [position](bold)(=say exactly what his beliefs are) on welfare reform.

记者们要求他阐明他在福利改革问题上的立场。

The report aims to clarify how these conclusions were reached.

那份报告旨在阐明这些结论是如何得出的。

to make something cleaner or purer by heating it

〔通过加热〕使纯净，使净化


clarity

the clarity of a piece of writing, law, argument etc is its quality of being expressed clearly

Letters may be edited for length and clarity.

信件可能要加以修改以求篇幅合适，意思明了。

a lack of clarity in the law on property rights

the ability to think, understand, or remember something clearly

清晰的思维[理解，记忆]能力

He had only visited the village once, but remembered it with surprising clarity.

他只到过这个村子一次，但对它的记忆却异常清晰。

[clarity of vision/purpose/thought etc](bold)

Churchill’s clarity of vision impressed all who knew him.

丘吉尔明晰的洞察力给每一个认识他的人都留下了深刻的印象。

the quality of being clear and easy to see or hear

〔画面、声音的〕清晰，清楚

The picture was of such clarity that it could have been a photograph.

这幅画那么清晰，简直可以当成照片了。


clash

if two armies, groups etc clash, they start fighting – used in news reports

（发生）冲突〔用于新闻报道〕

军队在边境附近发生了冲突。

Police have clashed with demonstrators again today.

今日警方和示威者再次发生冲突。

if two people or groups clash, they argue because they have very different beliefs and opinions – used in news reports

争论，争执〔用于新闻报道〕

Democrats clashed with Republicans in a heated debate.

民主党和共和党在一场激烈的辩论中针锋相对。

The two men have clashed over the report’s conclusions.

这两个人为报告的结论发生了争执。

if two colours or designs clash, they look very bad together

〔颜色、花样〕不相配，不协调

I can’t wear red – it clashes with my hair.

我穿不了红的，红色和我的头发不配。

if two events clash, they happen at the same time in a way that is inconvenient

〔两件事情〕撞期，在时间上冲突

The announcement has been delayed to avoid clashing with the prime minister’s speech.

公告被推迟了，以避免和首相的讲话时间冲突。

if two pieces of metal clash, or if you clash them, they make a loud ringing sound

（使）发出〔金属相碰的〕撞击声


clash

Four people were killed during violent clashes with the army.

(=involving violence and strong feelings)

Fierce clashes swept across Bosnia and Croatia.

This was one of the most serious clashes since the two countries agreed to a ceasefire.

Minor clashes were reported to have taken place between police and students.

The violence could soon become armed clashes and even a war.

20 people died in ethnic clashes before Christmas.

The anti-war protests led to violent clashes between police and demonstrators.

A number of clashes occurred throughout the south between these opposing groups.

Armed clashes broke out on Tuesday between the military and the rebels.

Fierce clashes took place with local police.

Eight people were killed in clashes between the army and police.

a short fight between two armies or groups – used in news reports

冲突，打斗〔用于新闻报道〕

[violent clashes](bold) between police and demonstrators

警方和示威者之间的暴力冲突

an argument between two people or groups because they have very different beliefs or opinions – used in news reports

争论，交锋〔用于新闻报道〕

The plans put oil companies in a [head-on clash](bold) with environmentalists.

这些计划使石油公司和环境保护主义者正面交锋。

[personality/culture clash](bold)(=a situation in which two people or groups do not like each other)

a sports match between two teams, players etc that is expected to be very exciting – used in sports reports

〔体育比赛两队、两名选手等之间的〕碰撞，激烈交锋，对战〔用于体育报道〕

The heavyweight clash goes ahead in Las Vegas on 8 May.

这场重量级对战将于5月8日在拉斯维加斯举行。

a situation in which two events happen at the same time in a way that is inconvenient

电视节目时间安排上的冲突

a loud sound made by two metal objects hitting each other

a combination of two colours, designs etc that look bad together

〔颜色、花样等的〕不相配，不协调


clasp

to hold someone or something tightly, closing your fingers or arms around them

A baby monkey clasps its mother’s fur tightly.

小猴子紧紧地抓住母猴的毛。

[clasp your hands/arms around/behind sth](bold)

Fenella leaned forward, clasping her hands around her knees.

费内拉身体前倾，双手紧紧抱着膝盖。

She stood with her [hands clasped](bold) tightly [together](bold).

她站着，双手紧紧地握在一起。

She clasped the photograph in her hands.

[clasp sb to your chest/bosom](bold)(=hold someone tightly with your arms)


clasp

a small metal object for fastening a bag, belt, piece of jewellery etc


class

a group of students or schoolchildren who are taught together

She gets along well with the other children in her class.

I’m going out with some friends from my dance class.

'I graduated in 1999.' 'What class were you in?'

the type of home and family you come from, and its social class

The school takes kids from all sorts of backgrounds.

We come from the same town and share a similar background.

The organization helps children from working-class backgrounds to go to university.

belonging to the class of people who are usually well educated, fairly rich, and who work in jobs which they have trained to do. For example, doctors, lawyers, and managers are middle-class

The newspaper’s readers are mostly middle class.

They live in a middle-class neighbourhood on the edge of town.

someone who works in an office, not a factory, mine etc

The economic recession has put many white-collar workers in danger of losing their jobs.

belonging to the class of people who do not have much money or power, and who have jobs where they do physical work. For example, factory workers, builders, and drivers are  working-class

Most of the people who live round here are working class.

I come from a working-class family – I’m the first one to graduate from college.

someone who does physical work, for example in a factory or a mine, and does not work in an office

His political support comes mainly from blue-collar workers.

belonging to the class of people who originally had most of the money and power, especially families that own a lot of land

Most senior politicians in the UK are from upper-class families.

the lowest social class, who are very poor and may not have jobs, homes etc

The government has created an underclass who do not feel they have any rights in society.

Is there a link between crime and social class?

At this time most of the working class was very poor.

A new middle class emerged after the war.

Members of the upper class didn’t have to work.

For a long time, French was the language of the ruling class.

Doctors, lawyers, and teachers are all members of the professional class.

This imposition of taxes angered the landed classes.

The educated classes shared certain values and experiences.

(=people with advantages because of their wealth, social position etc)

Holidays abroad used to be only for the rich and privileged classes.

Like you, I belong to the working class.

I suppose I’m a member of the middle class.

He felt he was a victim of the class system.

Nowadays, class divisions are related to economic status.

(=differences that exist because of your class)

There are noticeable class differences in family size.

(=disagreement or fighting between different classes)

the class struggle between workers and capitalists

This is the basis of class conflict in capitalist society.

(=being aware of what class people belong to)

There is a high level of class consciousness among the workers.

I have a history class at nine o'clock today.

Mum goes to an evening class on Tuesdays.

(=teaching different levels of a subject)

You can’t pass your exams if you don’t attend class.

I’m taking some art classes at the moment.

One of the other teachers was ill so I taught her class.

Students who miss classes get behind with their work.

Evening classes are held in the local school.

one of the groups in a society that different types of people are divided into according to their jobs, income, education etc

a member of [the landed class ](bold)(=people who own land)

→ [lower class](->lower class) → [middle class](->middle class) → [upper class](->upper class) → [working class](->working class) [the chattering classes](bold) at → [chatter](->chatter) 1 sense 4

the system in which people are divided into these groups

Defining the concept of class is not an easy task.

要给阶级这一概念下定义并不容易。

The class system is slowly disappearing.

社会等级制度正在慢慢消失。

[Class](bold)  is usually followed by a singular verb: The class [was](bold) working on some maths problems.

In British English, you can also use a plural verb: The class [were](bold) working on some maths problems.

a group of students who are taught together

我们在同一个班里上化学课。

Gary came [top of the class](bold) in English.

加里的英文是班里顶尖的。

My class are going to the science museum.

我们班打算去科学博物馆。

a group of students who finished studying together in the same year

[the class of 1965/2001 etc](bold)(=the group of students who finished in 1965 etc)

The class of '69 spent almost as much time protesting as learning.

69届毕业生抗议的时间几乎和学习的时间一样多。

a period of time during which someone teaches a group of people, especially in a school

他在一堂科学课上受了伤。

a series of classes in a particular subject

Cindy’s taking a class on dealing with stress.

a group of people, animals, or things that are considered together because they are similar in some way

Have you passed a test for this class of vehicle?

你通过这一类别车辆的驾驶考试了吗？

one of the different standards of seats, food etc available on a train, aircraft etc

〔火车、飞机等的〕座位等级

我们一直乘坐头等舱旅行。

a group into which people or things are divided according to their quality or abilities

〔人或事物按品质或能力划分的〕等级

The port now attracts a wealthier class of visitor.

这个港口现在吸引了更富有的游客。

[in a class of its own/in a different class](bold)(=better than everything else)

Its sheer versatility puts this computer in a different class.

这台电脑因功能多样化与众不同。

He’s [not in the same class](bold)(=not as good) as her at tennis.

他的网球水平和她不在一个层次。

a high level of style or skill in something

〔风格、技巧等的〕优雅，出众，高超

The team showed real class in this afternoon’s match.

这支球队在今天下午的比赛中确实表现不俗。

A fountain will [give](bold) your garden [a touch of class](bold).

花园中修座喷水池会更有格调。

[a class act](bold) [informal](special)(=someone who is skilful, attractive etc)

Laughton is a class act who’s proved his worth in the game.

劳顿是一名出色的选手，在这场比赛中大显身手。

→ [high-class](->high-class) → [low-class](->low-class)

one of the three levels of a university degree


class

to consider people, things etc as belonging to a particular group, using an official system

Heroin and cocaine are classed as hard drugs.

海洛因和可卡因被归入硬毒品一类。


classic

[adj](bold) <[usually before noun](bold)>

having all the features that are typical or expected of a particular thing or situation

Too many job hunters make the classic mistake of thinking only about what’s in it for them.

不少求职者都会犯这种典型错误，就是只关心自己能在工作中得到什么。

admired by many people, and having a value that has continued for a long time

The Coca-Cola bottle is one of the [classic designs](bold) of the last century.

可口可乐瓶是上个世纪的经典设计之一。

Roy scored a classic goal in the 90th minute.

罗伊在第90分钟时踢进了漂亮的一球。

a classic style of art or clothing is attractive in a simple traditional way

She chose a classic navy suit for the ceremony.

她为这次庆典挑了一套典雅的深蓝色套装。


classic

a book, play, or film that is important and has been admired for a long time

‘La Grande Illusion’ is one of the classics of French cinema.

《大幻影》是法国电影中的经典作品之一。

The play has become an American classic.

something that is very good and one of the best examples of its kind

是什么使一辆汽车成为经典？

the language, literature, and history of ancient Rome and Greece

古典文化〔指古罗马和古希腊的语言、文学及历史〕

朱迪斯在牛津学过古典文化。


classical

[classically](bold) /-kli/  adv. eg: a classically trained singer eg: Classically, infection appears in the lower jaw.

belonging to a traditional style or set of ideas

relating to music that is considered to be important and serious and that has a value that continues for a long time

一名出类拔萃的古典音乐小提琴家

relating to the language, literature etc of ancient Greece and Rome

古典的；与古希腊和古罗马有关的

研究拉丁语与希腊语的学者

typical of a particular thing or situation

the classical argument against democracy


classification

ˌklæsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən

ˌklæsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən

a process in which you put something into the group or class it belongs to

the classification of wines according to quality


classified

classified information, documents etc are ones which the government has ordered to be kept secret

〔资料、文件等〕保密的，机密的


classify

[past tense and past participle](italic) [classified](bold) [present participle](italic) [classifying](bold) [third person singular](italic) [classifies](bold)

to decide what group something belongs to

In law, beer is classified as a food product.

在法律上，啤酒归在食品类。

We’d classify Drabble’s novels under ‘Romance’.

我们把德拉布尔的小说归类为“言情小说”。

Families are [classified according to](bold) the father’s occupation.

各个家庭按父亲的职业分类。

to regard people or things as belonging to a particular group because they have similar qualities

把 …归入一类[一个等级]

As a musician, Cage is hard to classify.

作为一名音乐家，凯奇很难被归入哪一类。


classmate

a member of the same class in a school, college, or – in the US – a university


classroom

a room that you have lessons in at a school or college


clause

a part of a written law or legal document covering a particular subject of the whole law or document

〔法律等文件中的〕条款，项目

A confidentiality clause was added to the contract.

合同中加上了一项保密条款。

a group of words that contains a subject and a verb, but which is usually only part of a sentence


claw

a sharp curved nail on an animal, bird, or some insects

〔动物、鸟或有些昆虫的〕爪，螯

猫的爪子抓进了我的腿中。

if someone gets their claws into another person, they influence them in a harmful way

The thought of Eloise getting her claws into the child made his blood run cold.

一想到埃洛伊丝把魔爪伸向这孩子，他就不寒而栗。

to say unpleasant things about someone in order to upset them

Wait till the papers get their claws into him.

the curved end of a tool or machine, used for lifting things


claw

to tear or pull at something, using claws or your fingers

to try very hard to reach a place or position, using a lot of effort and determination

他艰难地一点一点往前爬。

Benson clawed his way back into the lead.

本森奋力拼搏，又夺回了领先地位。


clay

[feet of clay](bold) at → [foot](->foot) 1 sense 27

a type of heavy sticky earth that can be used for making pots, bricks etc


clean

→ [clean-cut](->clean-cut) [keep your nose clean](bold) at → [nose](->nose) 1 sense 9

water or air that is pure does not contain any dirt, pollution, or bacteria

completely clean, with no bacteria, and therefore safe for medical or scientific use

completely clean – used mainly about rooms and clothes

as clean and tidy as it is possible to be

The soldiers’ uniforms have to be immaculate.

clean and tidy, especially after having just been cleaned

By the end of the day, the whole place was spick and span.

He had a shower and changed into clean clothes.

Make sure you have clean hands before you eat.

You should always keep your kitchen clean.

He started to wipe the blackboard clean.

Please leave the apartment clean when you go.

Hospitals must be kept scrupulously clean.

Their job is to keep the streets nice and clean.

I insist my children keep their rooms clean and tidy.

[comparative](italic) [cleaner](bold) [superlative](italic) [cleanest](bold)

Make sure you [keep](bold) the wound [clean](bold).

[Wipe](bold) that sink [clean](bold) when you’re done.

As usual, she left her room [clean and tidy](bold)  before going to school.

和往常一样，她去上学之前把房间收拾得干干净净。

I want you to get those plates [as clean as a whistle](bold).

我要你把那些盘子擦洗得干干净净。

containing or producing nothing that is dirty or harmful

→see THESAURUS at [environmentally friendly](->environmentally friendly)

公平的；不作弊的；合法的

showing that you have followed the rules

未私藏[携带]枪支的；未私藏[携带]毒品的

他们搜了他的身，但未发现违禁品。

戴夫到现在已经有两年没沾毒品了。

talk, jokes, behaviour etc that are clean are not offensive or about sex

无挑衅性的；无色情意味的

Oh, don’t get mad – it’s just [good clean fun](bold)!

噢，不要生气——这不过是个正经的玩笑嘛！

[Keep it clean](bold)(=do not offend people with what you say).

[clean living](bold)(=a way of life which is healthy and moral)

to finally tell the truth about something you have been hiding

The government should come clean about its plans.

政府应该把计划的实情公之于众。

to admit that you have done something wrong so that you no longer feel guilty

a complete and sudden separation from a person, organization, or situation

〔与某人或机构等〕彻底决裂，一刀两断

Den left the next day, needing to [make a clean break](bold).

为了不再有牵扯，德恩第二天就走了。

a record of someone’s work, behaviour, performance etc that shows they have not done anything wrong or made any mistakes

无过错的记录；清白的历史

Jed looked forward to starting life again with a clean sheet.

杰德期望清清白白地重新做人。

Lewis has [kept a clean sheet](bold) in every game (=not let the other team score).

刘易斯在所有比赛中从未让对手得分。

if a person, government, organization etc has clean hands, they have done something in a fair or legal way

Neither side is coming to the negotiating table with completely clean hands.

坐到谈判桌前的双方都不是清清白白的。

a piece of paper that is clean has not yet been used

having a smooth or regular edge or surface

标示牌要选用整齐简洁的字体。

a report that says you are healthy or that a machine or building is safe

健康状况良好证明书；机器[建筑物]状况良好证明

Inspectors [gave](bold) the factory [a clean bill of health](bold).

检查人员证实该工厂状况良好。

a very impressive victory in a competition, election etc

〔在比赛、选举等中〕大获全胜

All the polls had pointed to a clean sweep for the Democrats.

所有民意调查都显示民主党将大获全胜。

Hopes that the French would [make a clean sweep](bold) at the Games were dashed.

法国在运动会上大获全胜的希望破灭了。

a complete change in a company or organization, often by removing people

〔公司或机构的〕大换班，大改变

Add a little lemon juice to give the pasta a cool clean taste.

加一点柠檬汁使意大利面食味道爽口清新。

a piece of writing without mistakes or other marks written on it

a clean movement in sport is skilful and exact

He steadied his arm, hoping for a clean shot.

他稳住手臂，希望来个干净利落的投球。


clean

to clean something with water and usually soap

to clean a surface with a cloth, often a wet cloth

Wipe the worktop when you’ve finished cooking.

to wash something by rubbing it hard, especially with a brush

to remove dirt from something using water, especially after washing it with soap

Rinse your hair thoroughly after shampooing it.

to clean your skin, using water or a special cream

There are many products available for cleansing your skin.

to clean a wound or a part of your body with water

to remove dirt from something by rubbing or washing

（把 …）弄干净，（使）清洁，清理

We clean the machines down at the end of each day.

每天下班前我们都要把这些机器彻底清理干净。

He used a tissue to clean his fingerprints off the gun.

他用一块纸巾擦去了自己留在枪上的指纹。

→ [dry-clean](->dry-clean) [spring-clean](bold) at → [spring-cleaning](->spring-cleaning)

to clean a building or other people’s houses as your job

〔作为工作〕打扫卫生，把 …打扫干净

to make your teeth clean using a toothbrush and toothpaste

to remove the inside parts of an animal or bird before cooking it

给〔准备烹调的动物、家禽等〕开膛取出内脏

Harry caught the fish and cleaned them himself.

哈里把鱼捉上来自己动手清理内脏。


clean

used to emphasize the fact that an action or movement is complete and thorough

〔行动或动作〕彻底地，完全地

The thieves got clean away with $300,000 worth of equipment.

窃贼偷了价值30万美元的设备后逃之夭夭。

The car hit her with such force that she was lifted clean off the ground.

汽车撞击力非常大，把她完全撞飞了。

Sorry, I [clean forgot](bold)(=completely forgot) your birthday.

对不起，我把你的生日忘得干干净净。


cleaner

someone whose job is to clean other people’s houses, offices etc

a machine or substance used for cleaning

to cheat someone and take all their money or possessions

The Lakers took the Bulls to the cleaner’s, winning 96–72.

湖人队以96比72大败公牛队。


clear

→ [all clear](->all clear) [the coast is clear](bold) at → [coast](->coast) 1 sense 2

easy to see through, rather than coloured or dirty

The table top is a piece of clear glass.

The water was so clear that you could see down to the bottom of the lake.

clear – used especially about materials and solid things. [Transparent](bold) is a little more formal than [clear](bold)

Fill a transparent plastic bottle with water.

Melt 2 ounces of butter in a large frying pan, and cook the onions until they are almost transparent.

made of a very thin material that you can see through – used especially about women’s clothes

clear – used especially about water or other liquids . This is a very formal word which is used in novels and literature

She gave her a golden flask of limpid olive oil.

Children may have difficulty in making their feelings clear.

I was trying to get the idea clear in my mind.

The instructions on the packet are crystal clear.

By July the scale of the problem had become abundantly clear.

Sam’s reasons for leaving were not entirely clear.

Some work experience should give you a clear idea of what the job involves.

The tone of her voice made it clear that she was very angry.

(=express yourself in a way that is easy to understand)

Please tell me if I’m not making myself clear.

The directions she gave me were far from clear.

[comparative](italic) [clearer](bold) [superlative](italic) [clearest](bold)

expressed in a simple and direct way so that people understand

我从没用过这么清晰易懂的指南。

The school is clear about its policy on bullying.

这所学校对欺凌行为的处置方法是很明确的。

Be very clear about what jobs should be completed, and by when.

哪些工作应该完成，什么时候完成，必须非常明确。

在这一点上规定说得很明确。

It was clear to him that Tolkien was a literary genius.

他很清楚，托尔金是一位文学天才。

The bishop made his views clear in a letter to the publisher.

主教在写给出版商的一封信里清楚地说明了他的观点。

你如何才能够把意思表达得更明白些？

Make it clear that you will not take sides.

要明确表示你不站在任何一边。

Can I make it absolutely clear that we did not intend this to happen?

我来澄清一下好吗？我们不是有意让这样的事情发生的。

Perhaps I tried to cover too much and didn’t [make myself clear](bold)(=express myself well).

可能是我涉及的内容太多，没有表达清楚。

If you don’t understand, it’s best to say so and [get](bold) things [clear](bold).

如果你不明白，那就最好照直说并把事情弄清楚。

If I catch you smoking again, you’re grounded. [Do I make myself clear?](bold)(=used when you are angry)

如果再让我发现你抽烟，我就罚你不准出门。我的话你听清楚了吗？

[clear picture/idea](bold)(=a good understanding)

The report gave a clear picture of the property’s condition.

这份报告清晰地描述了该项房地产的情况。

He writes [crystal clear](bold)(=very easy to understand) prose.

impossible to doubt, question, or make a mistake about

无可置疑的；明白无误的，明确的；明显的

他们以明显的多数票获胜。

It’s not clear whether he shares her views.

不清楚他是否同意她的观点。

It’s clear that the drug does benefit some patients.

这种药显然对有些病人有效。

When it became clear that I was pregnant, he left me.

在证实我怀孕后，他就离我而去了。

feeling certain that you know or understand something

Are you all clear now about what you have to do?

现在大家都清楚自己要干什么了吗？

I’m still not really clear how this machine works.

我还不大清楚这台机器是如何运作的。

Let me [get](bold) this [clear](bold) – you hadn’t seen her in three days?

我想问清楚——你有三天没见到她了？

She felt that her thinking was clearer now.

她感到自己的思路现在清晰些了。

In the morning, with a [clear head](bold), she’d tackle the problem.

早上头脑清醒的时候，她会解决这个问题的。

healthy, very pure in colour, and without any redness

having details, edges, lines etc that are easy to see, or shapes that are easy to recognize

a TV with a clear picture and high-quality sound

画面清晰、音质上乘的电视机

easy to hear, and therefore easy to understand

收音机的接收效果不太好。

It’s a good recording; the sound is [as clear as a bell](bold)(=very clear).

录音质量很高，声音非常清晰。

a clear amount of profit, wages etc is what is left after taxes have been paid on it

我每周的净收入为200英镑。

萨姆一年的税后收入是90,000美元。

the knowledge that you have done the right thing and should not feel guilty

I don’t think I could vote for him with a clear conscience.

我觉得自己无法问心无愧地投他的票。

She had done what she could and her conscience was clear.

她已经尽力了，问心无愧。

without any planned activities or events

Next Monday is clear; how about ten o'clock?

下周一有空，10点钟如何？

要留出整整三天的送货时间。

not covered or blocked by anything that stops you from doing or seeing what you want

畅通的；无阻碍的；无遮盖的

The roads were fairly clear this morning.

From the top floor you get a clear view of the bay.

从顶层看出去，海湾景色一览无遗。

To prevent fires, the sides of the roads are kept clear of underbrush.

为防止火灾，道路两旁要保持整洁，不能种植灌木丛。

to have the necessary time or willingness to be able to do something

有时间（做某事）；愿意（做某事）

We expect good results soon, if the board can see its way clear to continuing funding the project.

如果委员会愿意继续为该项目提供资金的话，我们预计很快就能看到成效。

to not be touching something, or to be past someone or something

不碰到某物；没有某物阻碍

Wait to cross until the street is clear of cars.

等到街上没有汽车时再走过去。

The curtains should be a couple of inches clear of the floor.

used humorously to say that something is very difficult to understand

一点都搞不懂，极难理解〔幽默用法〕


clear

to make somewhere emptier or tidier by removing things from it

Snowplows have been out clearing the roads.

扫雪机已经出动，去清扫路面了。

Large areas of land had been cleared of forest.

大片大片的森林已被砍伐一空。

Workers began clearing wreckage from the tracks.

工人们开始清除轨道上的残骸。

Dad [cleared a space](bold)(=moved things so there was room) in the garage for Jim’s tools.

爸爸在车库里清理出一个地方来放吉姆的工具。

It’s Kelly’s turn to [clear the table](bold)(=remove the dirty plates, forks etc).

Within minutes, police had cleared the area.

几分钟之内警察就完成了清场。

Crowds of demonstrators were cleared from the streets.

to prove that someone is not guilty of something

证明 …无罪；洗脱 …的嫌疑

Rawlings was cleared after new evidence was produced.

提出新的证据后，罗林斯得以洗清嫌疑。

马亚洗脱了过失杀人的罪名。

a long-running legal battle to [clear](bold) his [name](bold)

为他洗刷罪名的一场旷日持久的官司

[Clear](bold)  is often passive in this meaning.

to give or get official permission for something to be done

He was cleared by doctors to resume skating in August.

他得到医生许可，8月份重新开始滑冰。

Defence policies must often be cleared with NATO allies first.

国防政策往往都必须先得到北约盟国的批准。

to give official permission for a person, ship, or aircraft to enter or leave a country

The plane took off as soon as it was cleared.

飞机一得到许可就起飞了。

to cough in order to be able to speak with a clear voice

if the weather, sky, mist etc clears, it becomes better and there is more sun

一般到了中午时分雾霭就会散去。

if a liquid clears, it becomes more transparent and you can see through it

Wait for the water to clear before adding any fish.

等到水变清了再放鱼进去。

if a cheque clears, or if a bank clears it, the bank allows the money to be paid into the account of the person whose name is on the cheque

〔支票经由银行〕结算；兑现〔支票〕

to go over a fence, wall etc without touching it, or to go past or through something and no longer be in it

越过〔围栏、墙等〕；通过，穿越

The plane barely cleared the fence at the end of the runway.

飞机险些碰到跑道尽头的围栏。

Edwards cleared 18 feet in the pole vault.

爱德华兹在撑竿跳中跃过了18英尺的高度。

这架飞机飞出了中国领空。

to get rid of a debt by paying what you owe

to stop worrying or thinking about something, or get rid of the effects of drinking too much alcohol

好好散一下步也许能让我的头脑清醒一点。

if your face or expression clears, you stop looking worried or angry

She looked embarrassed, but then her face cleared.

她看起来有点尴尬，但随即又恢复了面色。

to make it possible for a process to happen

为某事扫清道路，给某事做好准备

This agreement will clear the way for further talks.

这个协议将为进一步会谈铺平道路。

if your skin clears, red marks on it disappear

to do something to end an argument or bad situation, for example discuss a problem calmly

尽释前嫌；消除隔阂[误解]

to be allowed to take things through customs

to do all the work that needs to be done before you can do other things

I’m trying to clear the decks before Christmas.

我正在做一些过圣诞节的准备。

to earn a particular amount of money after taxes have been paid on it

黛安娜每年的净收入是20,000英镑。


clear

[loud and clear](bold) at → [loud](->loud) 2 sense 2

Firefighters pulled her clear of the wreckage.

消防队员把她从废墟中拉出来。

to avoid someone or something because of possible danger or trouble

〔因可能的危险或麻烦而〕避开，躲开（某人/某事）

If you’re a beginner, steer clear of resorts with reputations for difficult skiing.

如果你是初学者，那就不要去以滑雪难度高而闻名的度假胜地。

你可以一直看到远处的山峦。


clearance

the process of getting official permission or approval for something

She’ll race if she [gets](bold) medical [clearance](bold) from her doctor.

如果取得了医生的许可，她就会参加比赛。

Morris did not have a [security clearance](bold).

official permission for a plane to take off or land

〔飞机起降的〕许可，准许

The pilot requested clearance for an emergency landing.

驾驶员请求准许紧急降落。

the removal of unwanted things from a place

the amount of space around one object that is needed for it to avoid touching another object

There was less than a foot’s clearance between the ship’s sides and the wharf.

船舷和码头之间有不到一英尺的间隙。

a process by which a cheque goes from one bank to another

〔支票的〕交换结算，兑现

an occasion when a player in a game such as football kicks the ball away from his or her goal

解围〔如足球中将球从己方门前踢走〕


clearing

a small area in a forest where there are no trees


clearly

Clearly, ignoring him had been a mistake.

in a way that is easy to see, hear, or understand


clench

to hold your hands, teeth etc together tightly, usually because you feel angry or determined

〔因愤怒或下决心而〕握紧拳头/咬紧牙关等

Jody was pacing the sidelines, her fists clenched.

乔迪在球场的边线上紧握着拳头来回踱步。

to hold something tightly in your hand or between your teeth


clerk

someone who keeps records or accounts in an office

办事员；文员；记账员；职员

someone whose job is to help people in a shop

someone whose job is to help people when they arrive at and leave a hotel

Leave the keys with the [desk clerk](bold).

an official in charge of the records of a court, town council etc

〔法庭、市政会等负责管理文书的〕文书，书记员


clerk

[v](bold) <[I](bold)> ([especially AmE](special)) [informal](special)


clever

able to learn and understand things quickly

→see THESAURUS at [intelligent](->intelligent)

Lucy is quite clever and does well at school.

露西很聪明，学习成绩很好。

able to use your intelligence to get what you want, especially in a slightly dishonest way

done or made in an unusual or interesting way that is very effective

used jokingly when someone has done something silly or stupid

真聪明！〔某人干了蠢事时说的玩笑话〕

‘When I got to the library I found I’d left the books at home.’ ‘That was clever!’

“到了图书馆我才发现把书忘在家里了。”“你真行啊！”

used to describe someone who is annoying because they are always right or always think they are right

to be clever, and to show that you are clever in a way that annoys other people


cliché

He seemed to believe that old cliché about a woman’s place being in the home.

(=boring because it has been used so often)

The story is based on a series of tired clichés.

His writing is full of worn-out clichés.

The term 'information revolution' is a popular cliché.

(=something romantic that is rather boring because many people do it)

Giving a girl red roses is a bit of a romantic cliché.

'Time marches on',  to use the old cliché.

Sports reporting tends to be full of clichés.

It has become a cliché to say that Prague is the most beautiful city in Europe.

an idea or phrase that has been used so much that it is not effective or does not have any meaning any longer

陈词滥调，老生常谈，老套

→see THESAURUS at [phrase](->phrase) 1   →see THESAURUS at [word](->word) 1

There is plenty of truth in the cliché that a trouble shared is a trouble halved.

“有人分担，烦恼减半”这句老话说得很有道理。


click

(=make a short sound with your fingers to get someone's attention)

She clicks her fingers and he comes running.

(=make a short sound with your tongue to show disapproval)

(=hit the heels of your shoes together, as a soldier does)

Make sure the lid clicks firmly into place.

I heard the gate at the front of the house click open.

to make a short hard sound, or make something produce this sound

The door [clicked shut](bold) behind me.

门在我身后咔嗒一声关上了。

Mother [clicked](bold) her [tongue](bold)(=made a short sound to show disapproval) and sighed.

Edmund [clicked his fingers](bold)(=made a short sound to get someone’s attention) for John to follow him.

埃德蒙弹了个响指示意约翰跟着他。

Vogel [clicked](bold) his [heels](bold)(=hit the heels of his shoes together) and bowed.

沃格尔咔嗒一声并拢脚跟，鞠了个躬。

Twist the lever and the gears [click into place](bold).

转动变速杆，排挡就咔嗒一声到位了。

to press a button on a computer mouse to choose something from the screen that you want the computer to do, or to press a button on a remote control

点击（鼠标）；按动（遥控器）

Choose the image you want by clicking twice.

双击鼠标选取所要的图像。

Children can click on a sentence to hear it read aloud.

儿童可以点击句子听到朗读。

to suddenly understand or realize something

It’s hard work, but one day [it](bold) will just [click](bold).

这是很难，但总有一天会豁然开朗的。

I thought, ‘What is he doing?’ and then suddenly it all [clicked into place](bold)(=I understood how all the events related to each other).

我想:“他在干什么呢？”然后我恍然大悟了。

if two people click, they like, understand, and agree with each other

〔两个人〕情投意合，合得来

to happen in a good or successful way, especially because people are working together well

〔尤因配合默契〕进行顺利

If everything clicks, we should have a good season.

如果一切顺利，我们应该有一个不错的赛季。


click

She heard a click, and then the line went dead.

Soon there were photographers all around him going click, click, click.

There was a sharp click, and the panel opened like a tiny door.

I heard the loud click of heels on the stone floor.

There was only a faint click from the gun's trigger mechanism.

She strapped herself in with a metallic click of the belt.

The neon sign made little clicks as it changed colour.

A series of loud clicks came from the car's engine.

The click of the latch told me Michele was back.

used to show how quickly something can be done on a computer

Your photos can be viewed with the click of a mouse.

点击鼠标就可以看照片了。


client

Most firms are desperate for new clients.

This is an important client and we do not want to lose her.

Some of our major clients have not taken the news of the merger well.

Make sure potential clients know about all of your services.

We are very keen to keep our existing clients happy.

There are more than 200 stockbroking firms eager to take on private clients.

Competition for business clients between travel companies is keen.

(=a big company or a group of companies)

Our law firm represents numerous corporate clients.

The surveyor will advise his client on the value of the property.

The lawyer will write confirming that he agrees to act for his client.

Mead was a top attorney representing major corporate clients.

They receive training to help them deal with difficult clients.

(=all the people, companies etc that are your clients)

The company quickly expanded its client base in the US.

someone who gets services or advice from a professional person, company, or organization

→see THESAURUS at [customer](->customer)

a computer on a network that receives information from a serverlarge powerful computer

〔连接在服务器上的〕客户机


cliff

The cliffs here are the highest in Britain.

(=straight up and down rather than sloping)

The birds breed mainly on sea cliffs and in sea caves.

Here the coastal cliffs are low, jutting out into the sea.

The forest stops where a rocky cliff falls to a saltwater lagoon.

This is an area of spectacular gorges and jagged cliffs.

Huge Atlantic waves were breaking against the rugged cliffs.

White chalk cliffs rose up from the sea.

Some climbers were scrambling up the steep cliff face.

There was a lovely view from the cliff top.

(=a flat narrow piece that sticks out from a cliff)

Some of the goats were even grazing on the cliff ledges.

I followed the cliff path down to the bay.

Shall we do the cliff walk this morning?

An 11th century castle is perched high on the cliff.

a large area of rock or a mountain with a very steep side, often at the edge of the sea or a river

〔常指海边的〕悬崖，峭壁


climate

Many people prefer to live where the climate is warm.

Scotland's climate is too cold for these plants to survive.

The region's climate is mild all the year round.

She loves the dry climate of southern California.

Tropical vegetation flourishes in this humid climate.

(=uncomfortable and difficult to live in)

The climate of the Siberian steppes is harsh.

These mountain people are used to the extreme climate.

Very few plants can flourish in such an arid climate.

(=typical of the areas around the Mediterranean Sea)

Scientists are assessing the impact of carbon dioxide on the global climate.

A changing climate will bring rising tides.

(=a permanent change in weather conditions)

The world must reduce the emissions that cause climate change.

the political/economic/social etc climate

At the time the political climate was moving steadily to the right.

(=that is good for doing or achieving something)

Both sides were working to create a favourable climate for effective negotiations.

The economic situation created an unfavourable climate for investment.

Change will be hard to achieve in the current climate.

The international climate changed for the worse as conflict broke out in the region.

New inventions can change the intellectual climate.

It's important to create a climate of trust between staff and management.

(=the opinion which most people have about a subject)

The climate of opinion is still favorable for the president.

the typical weather conditions in a particular area

an area with particular weather conditions

These flowers will not grow in cold climates.

这些花在气候寒冷的地方无法生长。

the general feeling or situation in a place at a particular time

〔某地在某一时期的〕风气，环境气氛

Small businesses are finding it hard to survive in the present economic climate.

小企业感到在当前的经济形势下很难生存。

a climate of growing racial intolerance in large cities

大城市里种族排斥日益严重的风气


climate change

a permanent change in the Earth’s weather conditions


climax

The film reaches its climax in the final scene.

Things came to a climax with a large protest march on June 30th.

The music was getting louder and building up to a climax.

One of the most important trials in recent history is nearing its climax today.

Political tensions were moving towards a climax.

He scored again, bringing the game to a climax.

(=show that something has reached its best point)

This painting marked the climax of his career.

The climax came when the president ordered an air strike on the capital.

In this scene, the play reaches its dramatic climax.

The concert was a very successful occasion and a fitting climax to the school year.

Everyone was hoping that the peace talks would come to a grand climax.

The match was a sensational climax to the season.

the most exciting or important part of a story or experience, which usually comes near the end

The festival [reaches](bold) its [climax](bold) with the traditional boat-burning ceremony.

传统的烧船仪式将节庆活动推向了高潮。


climax

if a situation, process, or story climaxes, it reaches its most important or exciting part

a series of special events climaxing with a spectacular fireworks show

以精彩的烟火表演为高潮的一连串特别活动


climb

to move up, down, or across something using your hands and feet

Several fans climbed onto the roof of the arena to get a better view.

He began to ascend the narrow winding staircase.

to climb up something such as a slope or stairs

Sonia was quiet as they went up the hill.

to climb to the top of something such as a high wall or

Somehow the men had scaled the twenty-foot wall without setting off the alarm.

Protestors scaled the walls of the building and hung banners.

Rescuers had to scale a one-thousand-foot cliff before they could reach the injured climber.

to climb somewhere with difficulty, using your hands to help you

At last we saw the two girls clambering down the slope to safety.

Everyone clambered onto the back of the truck.

to climb somewhere quickly and with difficulty, using your hands to help you, especially when you are walking

to move up, down, or across something using your feet and hands, especially when this is difficult to do

Boys were climbing trees along the river bank.

They climbed up into the loft of the old barn.

他们爬进了旧谷仓的阁楼里。

〔数字、数量或水平〕升高，攀升

The temperature has climbed steadily since this morning.

上个月的通胀率上升了2%。

The divorce rate had climbed to almost 30% of all marriages.

离婚率已经上升到了婚姻总数的近30%。

to move into, out of, or through something slowly and awkwardly

The bus pulled in, and we climbed aboard.

公共汽车进站了，我们费劲地挤了上去。

John climbed through the window into the kitchen.

I turned the TV on and climbed into bed.

我打开电视机后爬上了床。

The roller coaster climbs 91 feet and reaches speeds of 45 miles an hour.

过山车爬到91英尺高，时速达到45英里。

The plane climbed to 11,600 feet to try to get above the clouds.

飞机爬升到11,600英尺的高度，试图飞越云层。

Hillary and Tenzing were the first men to climb Mount Everest.

to move higher in a list of teams, records etc as you become more popular or successful

The song climbed to number two in the US charts.

这首歌曲在美国流行歌曲排行榜攀升到了第二位。

to move to a better position in your social or professional life

〔社会地位〕上升；〔职位〕晋升；提高（地位）

Steve climbed rapidly in the sales division.

史蒂夫在销售部晋升得很快。

men who [climbed the](bold) career [ladder](bold) in the 1980s

20世纪80年代攀登事业阶梯的人们

to become extremely anxious, annoyed, or impatient

If I don’t get a drink soon, I’ll be climbing the walls.

如果不马上喝一杯，我要急得跳墙了。


climb

a process in which you move up towards a place, especially while using a lot of effort

The dollar continued its climb against the yen.

美元对日元的汇率继续攀升。

the process of improving something, especially your professional or social position

〔尤指职位或社会地位的〕提高，晋升

a process in which someone or something reaches a higher position in a list or in a competition because of being popular or successful

the Giants’ climb from twelfth to fifth in the league

巨人队在联赛中从第十二名攀升到第五名

这首歌在排行榜上的稳步攀升

a steep rock, cliff, or mountain that you climb up

〔登山或攀缘运动中要爬的〕山，岩，崖

one of the hardest rock climbs in the world

世界上最难攀登的山岩之一


climber

a person or animal that can climb easily

a plant that grows up a wall or other structure


climbing

the sport of climbing mountains or rocks

He [goes climbing](bold) nearly every weekend.

他几乎每个周末都去登山。


clinch

to finally agree on something or get something after trying very hard

a young salesman eager to [clinch](bold) the [deal](bold)

一名急于想做成这笔生意的年轻推销员

[clinch a match/championship/victory etc](bold)

A last-minute touchdown clinched the game.

最后时刻达阵终结了比赛。

if an event, situation, process etc clinches it, it makes someone finally decide to do something that they were already thinking of doing

We’d talked about moving, and the burglary clinched it for us.

我们以前也谈过搬家，这次家里被盗促使我们最终下定了决心。

if two people clinch, they hold each other’s arms tightly, especially when fighting


clinch

a situation in which two people hold each other’s arms tightly, especially when they are fighting

〔尤指两人打架时的〕扭抱

a situation in which two people who love each other hold each other tightly


cling

[past tense and past participle](italic) [clung](bold) /klʌŋ/

to hold someone or something tightly, especially because you do not feel safe

〔尤指感觉不安全而〕紧紧抓住[抱住]

他号啕大哭，紧紧抱住他的母亲。

Passengers clung desperately on to the lifeboats.

乘客们拼命地抓住救生艇。

to stick to someone or something, or seem to surround them

依恋〔某人〕；贴住，黏住〔某物〕

他的湿衬衫紧紧地贴在身上。

The smell of cigarette smoke clung to her clothes.

to stay close to someone all the time because you are too dependent on them or do not feel safe – used to show disapproval

Some children tend to cling on their first day at school.

有些小孩在上学第一天往往会有恋家的情绪。


clinic

Test results from a health clinic are available in about three weeks.

You can be tested for infection at a special hospital clinic.

(=giving advice about how to prevent pregnancy)

There are family planning clinics all over the country.

(=giving medical care to pregnant women)

The staff at the antenatal clinic will give you the results of your blood test.

We scheduled an appointment at the fertility clinic.

(=for someone who does not need to stay in hospital)

There's an outpatient clinic for people with diabetes.

Fees at private clinics are usually very high.

She's involved in health care education at a local clinic.

Pregnant women should attend an antenatal clinic at least once a month.

The hospital holds vaccination clinics once a fortnight.

Clinic staff are hopeful that Stephen will make a full recovery.

a place, often in a hospital, where medical treatment is given to people who do not need to stay in the hospital

[dental/family planning/antenatal etc clinic](bold)

an appointment at an [outpatient clinic](bold)(=clinic for someone who does not need to stay in a hospital)

a period of time during which doctors give treatment or advice to people with particular health problems

The baby [clinic](bold) is [held](bold) on Monday afternoons.

婴儿门诊时间为每周一下午。

a meeting during which a professional person gives advice or help to people

〔有专家解答问题的〕座谈会，咨询会

a place where medical treatment is given at a low cost

the doctors who volunteer at the inner-city clinic

在旧城区诊所义务工作的医生

a group of doctors who work together and share the same offices

an occasion when medical students are taught how to decide what illness a patient has and how to treat it


clinical

[clinically](bold) /-kli/  adv. eg: clinically tested drugs

relating to treating or testing people who are sick

The drug has undergone extensive [clinical trials](bold)(=tests to see if it is effective in treating people).

该药已经过大量的临床试验。

[clinical medicine/experience/training etc](bold)(=medicine etc that deals directly with people, rather than with research or ideas)

The therapy has helped people with clinical depression (=a strong feeling of sadness, for which you need medical help).

该疗法对临床抑郁症病人有帮助。

The program gives the students experience in a clinical setting.

这个计划让学生获得临床经验。

considering only the facts and not influenced by personal feelings

冷静的；客观的；没有人情味的

A formal marriage agreement sounds clinical, but it can be a good idea.

签订一份正式的婚姻协议听起来不近人情，却是个不错的主意。

a clinical building or room is very plain and clean, but not attractive or comfortable

〔建筑物或房间〕简陋的，无装饰的

The walls were painted a clinical white.


clip

a small metal or plastic object that holds or fastens things together

→ [Bulldog clip](->Bulldog clip) → [paperclip](->paperclip)

a short part of a film or television programme that is shown by itself, especially as an advertisement

〔电影或电视节目的〕片段〔尤作为宣传广告〕

詹姆斯•邦德系列电影新影片的片花

a container for bullets which passes them quickly into the gun so that they can be fired

the act of cutting something to make it shorter or tidier

a short hit on the side of someone’s head

an article that is cut from a newspaper or magazine for a particular reason

if things cost $100, 50 cents etc a clip, they cost that amount of money each

一次[每个]100美元/50美分等


clip

[past tense and past participle](italic) [clipped](bold) [present participle](italic) [clipping](bold)

to fasten something together or to be fastened together using a clip

一个麦克风夹在他的领带上。

a stack of bills [clipped together](bold)

to cut small amounts of something in order to make it tidier

to cut an article or picture from a newspaper, magazine etc

〔从报纸、杂志等上〕剪下

a cartoon clipped from a Minneapolis newspaper

从明尼阿波利斯市的一份报纸上剪下来的一幅漫画

to hit something quickly at an angle, often by accident

〔常指意外地〕斜撞，撞击 …的侧面

A truck swerved and clipped a parked car.

一辆卡车急转弯，猛地撞上了一辆停着的汽车的侧面。

to slightly reduce an amount, quantity etc – used in news reports

减少，减低〔用于新闻报道〕

Gunnell clipped a second off the world record.

冈纳尔将世界纪录缩短了一秒。

to restrict someone’s freedom, activities, or power

限制某人的自由[行动，权力]

to hit someone quickly on the side of the head

to make a hole in a bus or train ticket to show that it has been used

to say words in a quick, short, and not very friendly way

〔不友好地〕简短急促地说话


cloak

a warm piece of clothing like a coat without sleeves that hangs loosely from your shoulders

an organization, activity, or way of behaving that deliberately protects someone or keeps something secret

The political party is used as a cloak for terrorist activities.

这个政党被用作搞恐怖活动的幌子。

prejudice hiding under the cloak of religion


cloak

[cloaked](bold) adj. eg: The riders were cloaked (=they wore cloaks).

to deliberately hide facts, feelings etc so that people do not see or understand them – used especially in news reports

掩盖，掩饰〔事实、情感等；尤用于新闻报道〕

to cover something, for example with darkness or snow


clock

→ [biological clock](->biological clock) → [body clock](->body clock) → [dandelion clock](->dandelion clock) → [time clock](->time clock)

She looked at the clock. It was eight thirty.

The clock said five so I went back to sleep.

(=makes eight/nine etc sounds according to the hour)

In the distance I heard a church clock strike eleven.

(=makes regular quiet sounds that show it is working)

There was no sound in the room apart from a clock ticking.

(=shows a later or earlier time than the real time)

There’s no need to hurry – that clock’s fast.

My clock had stopped at 6 am so the alarm didn’t work.

What time do you want the alarm clock to go off tomorrow?

Don’t forget to set your clocks to summer time.

It was one of those old clocks that you have to wind up.

(=the long thin pieces that point at the numbers)

The hands on the clock said ten past two.

I couldn’t see the clock face from where I was sitting.

Harry glanced at the kitchen clock and saw that he was late.

A loud ticking came from the wall clock.

(=an old-style tall clock that stands on the floor)

Where did you get that beautiful grandfather clock?

(=that shows the time as numbers that keep changing)

A digital clock at the finish line shows runners their times.

(=a clock with a wooden bird inside that comes out every hour and makes a sound)

(=a clock inside a glass case with a handle on top)

an instrument that shows what time it is, in a room or outside on a building

I heard [the clock strike six](bold)(=make six loud sounds).

The station clock [was](bold) ten minutes [slow](bold)(=showed a time ten minutes earlier than the real time).

[by the hall/kitchen/church etc clock](bold)(=according to a particular clock)

[watch the clock](bold) at → [watch](->watch) 1 sense 8

(also: [round the clock](bold) ([BrE](bold)) )

昼夜，夜以继日地，日夜不停地

Kim has been [working round the clock](bold) to finish it in time.

基姆为了按时完成在夜以继日地工作。

(also: [set the clock back](bold) ([AmE](bold)) )

to go back to the way things were done in the past instead of doing things in a modern way – used to show disapproval

The new employment bill will put the clock back 50 years.

新的就业法案将使历史倒退50年。

to return to a good situation that you experienced in the past or to make someone remember such a situation

The kids are all grown up now and you [can’t put the clock back](bold).

孩子们现在都已经长大，你无法让时光倒流。

to change the time shown on the clock to one hour earlier or later, when the time officially changes

〔根据官方的时间调整〕把时间拨慢/拨快（一小时）

the time changes officially to one hour earlier or later

〔根据官方的时间调整〕时间拨慢/拨快（一小时）

10月份时间拨慢一小时。

if you work against the clock, you work as quickly as you can because you do not have much time

Everyone is [racing against the clock](bold) to get things ready in time.

为了按时完成工作，人人都在和时间赛跑。

if you run, swim etc against the clock, you run or swim a particular distance while your speed is measured

〔在跑步、游泳等需要计时的活动中〕尽可能快地，拼命地

a system for measuring time in which the hours of the day and night have numbers from 0 to 23

24小时制，24小时计时方法

to start or stop measuring how much time is left in a game or sport that has a time limit

〔在比赛中〕开始/停止计时

used to say that there is not much time left to do something

时间在一分一秒地过去，所剩时间不多

The clock is ticking for those who have not yet filled in their tax form.

尚未填写纳税申报表的人请抓紧时间。

an instrument in a vehicle that measures how far it has travelled

里程计上显示跑了43,000英里的一辆汽车

an instrument in a vehicle that measures the speed at which it is travelling

if a team runs out the clock at the end of a game, it tries to keep the ball for the rest of the game so that its opponents cannot get any points

〔在比赛末段控球〕消磨时间，拖延时间


clock

clock in/on
clock off
clock out
clock up

to cover a distance in a particular time, or to reach a particular speed in a race

用时为〔某时间〕；以 …速度行驶；达到〔某速度〕

Karen won in the 300 metres, clocking 42.9 seconds.

凯伦在300米比赛中获胜，跑了42.9秒。

the first steam engine to clock 100 miles an hour

第一台时速为100英里的蒸汽机车

to measure or record the time or speed that someone or something is travelling at

测[记录] …的速度；为 …计时

The police clocked him doing between 100 and 110 miles per hour.

警察测出他的时速在100到110英里之间。

to notice someone or something, or to look at them carefully

你注意到门口那个家伙了吗？

to reduce the number of miles or kilometres shown on the instrument in a car that says how far it has gone, in order to sell the car for more money

〔为了使汽车卖高价而〕改小〔汽车〕的里程数

He knew the car had been clocked, but he couldn’t prove it.

他知道这辆车的里程数被改过了，但他无法证明。


clone

an animal or plant produced by scientists from one cell of another animal or plant, so that they are exactly the same

克隆动物[植物]，无性繁殖系

a computer that is built as an exact copy of a more famous computer

someone or something that looks and behaves exactly the same as someone or something else

她简直就是她姐姐的翻版！


clone

to make an exact copy of a plant or animal by taking a cell from it and developing it artificially

to copy the number of someone else’s mobile phone onto a new chip and then use that number on a different telephone, so that the mobile phone’s owner receives the telephone bill


close

close down
close in
close off
close on
close out
close up
close with

→ [closing date](->closing date) → [closing time](->closing time) [close/shut the door on sth](bold) at → [door](->door) 1 sense 9 [close your eyes to sth](bold) at → [eye](->eye) 1 sense 16

[Close](bold)  belongs to a group of verbs where the same noun can be the subject of the verb or its object.

You can say: She closed the door.  In this sentence, ‘the door’ is the object of [close](bold) .

You can say: The door closed.  In this sentence, ‘the door’ is the subject of [close](bold) .

to stop being open, or to make something stop being open. You use [close](bold) and [shut ](bold)especially about your eyes, your mouth, a door, a window, or a container

He closed the door gently, so as not to wake the children.

to close something. [Shut](bold) sometimes has a feeling of doing something quickly and firmly, whereas [close](bold) sounds more careful

to close a door or lid quickly and noisily, especially because you are angry

She left the room, slamming the door behind her.

to close curtains by pulling them across a window

The curtains were still drawn at ten o'clock in the morning.

to close a container by putting a lid onto it

to close something so that no air or water can get in or out

In this experiment, the chamber must be completely sealed.

to shut something in order to cover an opening, or to become shut in this way

我把窗户关上你不介意吧？

Let me do the car door – it won’t close properly.

我来修一下车门，它关不紧。

Beth [closed](bold) her [eyes](bold) and tried to sleep.

她听见门在她身后关上了。

to move the parts of something together so that there is no longer a space between them

if a shop or building closes, or you close it, it stops being open to the public for a period of time

Harry usually closes the store completely when he goes on vacation.

哈里去度假时通常干脆把店关了。

if a company, shop etc closes, or you close it, it stops operating permanently

〔永久性地〕关闭，倒闭，停业

We have reluctantly decided to close the factory.

我们无奈地决定关闭工厂。

The shop closed down some time last year.

这家商店是去年的某个时候停业的。

to end or to make something end, especially in a particular way

〔尤指以某种方式〕结束，终止

I will now close the meeting by asking you to join me in a final toast.

现在我要请大家最后干一杯来结束这次会议。

The movie closes with an emotional reunion in Prague.

影片以在布拉格的感人重逢收尾。

[closing remarks](bold)(=something you say at the end of a speech)

In her closing remarks, the judge urged the jury to consider the facts only.

法官在结语中提请陪审团只需考虑事实。

to stop having and using a bank account or other financial account

My husband closed all my credit card accounts without even asking me.

我丈夫没问我就注销了我所有的信用卡账户。

to be worth a particular amount of money at the end of a day’s tradingthe buying and selling of shares on the stock exchange

The dollar closed at 64p against the pound.

美元对英镑收盘报64便士。

Their shares closed 27p up (=worth 27p more).

他们的股票收盘时上涨27便士。

to successfully agree a business deal, sale etc

做成生意/做成买卖/达成合约等

我们的优惠于6月3日截止。

to make the distance or difference between two things smaller

an attempt to [close the gap](bold) between the rich and poor

另一辆车在迅速赶上我们。

to make taking part in an activity or using an opportunity no longer possible

Bidding for the painting will close on Friday.

这幅画的竞标将于星期五截止。

The country has now [closed](bold) its [borders](bold) to all foreign nationals (=will not let foreigners in).

该国现在已经对所有外国公民关闭边境。

The legislation aims to close a lot of legal loopholes.

这项立法旨在填补法律上的诸多漏洞。

if a subject is closed, you are no longer willing to discuss it

It was a regrettable incident but I now consider the matter closed.

这件事很遗憾，但是我想到此为止了。

（对某群体）〔永久性地〕关闭，停业

In 1977 the Skyfame Aircraft Museum closed its doors to the public for the last time.

天誉航空博物馆最后于1977年关闭，不再向公众开放。

She wanted to close her mind to the outside world.

她想关起心门，不去关心外面的世界。

if someone’s hands, arms etc close around something, or are closed around something, they hold it firmly

她的左手紧紧抓住了他的手臂。

She closed her hand tightly around her bag.

她的手紧紧地抓住自己的包。

if a wound closes, or if someone closes it, the edges grow together again or are sewn together

外科医生把切口缝合得很整齐。

if people close ranks, they join together to protect each other, especially because their group, organization etc is being criticized

〔尤指受到批评时〕团结在一起

if soldiers close ranks, they stand closer together

〔士兵〕列队靠拢，排成密集队形

to stop working on something, especially a police operation, because it is not making any progress

〔尤指警方因没有进展而〕停止做某事

Detectives had closed the book on the Hornsey Murders case three years previously.

警探三年前就停止了对霍恩赛谋杀案的调查。