house

a building that someone lives in, especially one that is intended for one family, person, or couple to live in

Annie and Rick have just bought their first house.

The price of houses is going up all the time.

a house that is not joined to another house

a house that is joined to another house on one side

one of a row of houses that are joined together. In British English, [townhouse](bold) is often used about a large and impressive house in a fashionable area of a city

a small house in the country – used especially about houses in the UK

a thatched cottagewith a roof made of straw

Bungalows are suitable for many elderly people.

a large house in the countryside, especially one that is of historical interest

The hotel was originally an Edwardian country house.

a type of house that can be pulled by a large vehicle and moved to another place

a long narrow house that is all on one level

a house that is divided into two separate homes

a set of rooms where someone lives that is part of a house or bigger building. In British English, people usually say [flat](bold). [Apartment](bold) is used about large and expensive flats, or in advertisements

In London, I shared a flat with some other students.

one apartment in a building with several apartments, owned by the people who live in them

a group of new houses or other buildings that are all planned and built together on the same piece of land

The site is to be used for a new housing development.

an area where a large group of houses have all been built together at the same time

She grew up on a council estate in Leeds.

They live in a really big house in Hampstead.

We bought this house when Liam was just a baby.

While he was working in London, Ken rented a house in Fulham.

We decided to sell the house and move back to Seattle.

They put the house on the market and began looking for an apartment.

We’re moving into our new house next week.

They’re building a house on land overlooking Galway Bay.

(=build a house, especially when it seems very quick)

I think they’ve ruined the village by putting up these new houses.

(=repair a house so that it is in good condition again)

He makes money by renovating old houses and selling them on.

(=put paint or wallpaper on the inside walls of a house)

If we’re going to decorate the house, let’s get professionals in.

We’ve been doing up the house bit by bit since we first moved in.

It was a residential neighborhood of private houses.

(=one owned by someone who rents it to people)

She shares a rented house with three other students.

(=one owned by a local council that people can rent cheaply)

The rent rise is a blow to council house tenants.

a Georgian/Victorian/Edwardian etc house

(=a house in Britain that was built during the reign of a particular king or queen )

They live in a lovely old Edwardian house with high ceilings.

House prices have tripled over the last ten years.

A solicitor can help you with the legal aspects of a house purchase.

(=the activity of looking at houses that you might buy)

Have you had any success with your house hunting?

a building that someone lives in, especially one that has more than one level and is intended to be used by one family

我们是在艾利森家相识的。

Why don’t you all come over to our house for coffee?

你们全都上我们家来喝咖啡如何？

[move house](bold) BrE(=leave your house and go to live in another one)

住在一幢房子里的人；全家人

He gets up at six and disturbs the whole house.

他6点钟起床，把全家人都吵醒。

a large public building used for a particular purpose

used in the names of large buildings, especially offices

大楼，大厦〔用于大型建筑名称，尤其是办公楼〕

the BBC television studios at Broadcasting House

位于广播大厦的英国广播公司电视演播室

a building used for a particular purpose

a group of people who make the laws of a country

The president will address both houses of Congress.

总统将向参众两院发表讲话。

[the House of Commons/Lords/Representatives/Assembly](bold)

→ [Lower House](->Lower House) → [Upper House](->Upper House)

a company, especially one involved in a particular area of business

America’s oldest [publishing house](bold)

a small independent [software house](bold)

一家著名的意大利时装公司

the part of a theatre, cinema etc where people sit

The show has been playing to [full houses](bold).

The [house lights](bold) went down and the music started.

剧院观众席的灯光暗了下去，音乐响起。

the people who have come to watch a performance

[full/packed/empty house](bold)(=a large or small audience)

The show has been playing to packed houses since it opened.

该剧目自开演以来一直座无虚席。

if you work in house, you work at the offices of a company or organization, not at home

used to say that someone should improve the way they behave before criticizing other people

〔在批评别人之前〕把自己的事管好

to make a lot of people laugh, especially when you are acting in a theatre

〔尤指在戏院表演时〕博得满堂大笑

if drinks or meals are on the house, you do not have to pay for them because they are provided free by the owner of the bar, restaurant etc

ordinary wine that is provided by a restaurant to be drunk with meals

店酒〔餐馆供应的平价葡萄酒〕

请来一杯你们店的红葡萄酒。

to quickly have a very friendly relationship

〔和某人〕很快成为好朋友，一见如故

to start to live in a house, especially with another person

〔在某处〕定居，〔尤指和另外一个人一起〕建立家庭

The two of them set up house in Brighton.

他们俩在布赖顿建立了家庭。

to regularly do all the cleaning, cooking etc in a house

in some schools, one of the groups that children of different ages are divided into to compete against each other, for example in sports competitions

〔学校里为进行体育比赛等而分的〕组

an important family, especially a royal family

神的殿/礼拜堂〔指教堂〕

used to mean the people who are voting in a formal debate when you are stating the proposal that is being discussed

在正式辩论中参加投票的人

→ [doll's house](->doll's house) [eat sb out of house and home](bold) at → [eat](->eat) sense 10 → [open house](->open house) → [public house](->public house) [(as) safe as houses](bold) at → [safe](->safe) 1 sense 1


house

让 …居住，给 …提供住房

The refugees are being housed in temporary accommodation.

if a building, place, or container houses something, it is kept there

The collection is currently housed in the British Museum.

该藏品目前由大英博物馆收藏。

the plastic case that houses the batteries


household

all the people who live together in one house

一家人，同住一幢房子的人

A growing number of households have at least one computer.

越来越多的家庭拥有至少一台电脑。

Families are classified by the occupation of [the head of the household](bold)(=the person who earns the most money and is most respected in a house).

家庭按一家之主的职业来分类。


household

relating to looking after a house and the people in it

washing powder and other household products

Coca-Cola is a household name around the world.


housewife

a married woman who works at home doing the cooking, cleaning etc, but does not have a job outside the house


housework

[Housework](bold)  is an uncountable noun and is not used in the plural. You say: I help my mother with the housework.
Don’t say: [I help my mother with the houseworks.](strike)

[Housework](bold)  is followed by a singular verb: All the housework [was ](bold) done by him.

work that you do to take care of a house, for example washing, cleaning etc

I spent all morning doing the housework.


housing

the houses or conditions that people live in

住房；住房条件，居住环境

住房条件差引起的健康问题

a scheme to provide affordable housing for local people

为当地民众提供平价住宅的计划

the work of providing houses for people to live in

public services such as education, housing and transport

诸如教育、住房和交通等的公共服务

〔机器的〕外罩，外壳，护盖


hover

ˈhʌvər, ˈhɑː-

if a bird, insect, or helicopter hovers, it stays in one place in the air

〔鸟、昆虫〕盘旋；〔直升机〕悬停

flies hovering above the surface of the water

to stay nervously in the same place, especially because you are waiting for something or are not certain what to do

徘徊，走来走去〔尤指因等待或拿不定主意〕

Her younger brother hovered in the background watching us.

她的弟弟在后面走来走去，观察着我们。

I noticed several reporters hovering around outside the courtroom.

我发现几个记者在法庭外面徘徊。

if a level, price etc hovers around a certain amount, it stays close to that amount, only changing slightly up or down

〔水平、价格等在某数量上下〕摇摆不定

The dollar has been hovering around the 110 yen level.

to put the cursor on something on a computer screen, using the mouse

〔用鼠标〕将〔光标〕放于

When you hover the cursor over the image, the title of the image appears.

把光标移到图像上时会出现该图像的名称。


how

[how dare you](bold) at → [dare](->dare) 1 sense 2

You use [how](bold)  before an ordinary adjective: We all know how important exercise is.
Don’t say: [We all know how much important exercise is.](strike)

You use [how much](bold)  before a comparative adjective: They realize how much better life is.
Don’t say: [They realize how better life is.](strike)

You use [what](bold)  with [look/feel/be like](bold)  to ask for or give a description: What does she look like?
Don’t say: [How does she look like?](strike)

You use [what](bold)  with [think](bold)  to ask or talk about someone's opinion: What do you think of him?
Don't say: [How do you think of him?](strike)

used to ask or talk about the way in which something happens or is done

I’d like to help in some way, but I’m not sure how.

我想帮点忙，可不知道该怎么做。

他讲解了该系统是如何运转的。

We both used to work at the airport – that’s how we met.

我们俩都曾经在机场工作过，我们就是这么认识的。

艾伦教我怎么给枪装上子弹。

advice on [how best](bold)(=the best way) to invest your money

如何以最好方式进行投资的建议

They had a number of suggestions [as to how](bold) the service could be improved.

他们有一些关于如何改进服务的建议。

This still leaves [the question of how](bold) local services should be funded.

这仍然没有解决如何为地方公共服务业提供资金的问题。

[how on earth/in the world etc](bold)(=used for emphasis when you are surprised, angry etc)

used to ask or talk about the amount, size, degree etc of something

〔数量、大小、程度等〕多少

How long have you been learning English?

你知道它年代有多久远吗？

They couldn’t tell exactly how far away the bridge was.

他们说不清那座桥确切有多远。

She wondered how much Angela already knew.

她想搞清楚安杰拉已经知道了多少。

[how much?](bold)(=used to ask the price of something)

used to ask about someone’s health, especially when you meet them

怎么样？〔尤用于见面时询问健康状况〕

‘Hi Laurie, how are you?’ ‘Fine, thanks. How are you?’

“嘿，劳里，你好吗？”“挺好，谢谢，你呢？”

罗斯生孩子了吗？她怎么样了？

‘How’s your ankle this morning?’ ‘Better, thanks.’

“今天上午你的脚踝情况如何？”“好些了，谢谢。”

used when you meet someone, to ask for news about their life, work etc

怎么样〔用于询问生活、工作情况等〕

So [how’s it going](bold) at work these days? Still enjoying it?

近来工作怎么样？仍然干得很开心吗？

‘[How are things](bold) with you?’ ‘Fine.’

“你过得好吗？”“挺好的。”

used to ask someone about their opinion or experience of something

怎么样〔用于询问看法、经历〕

“牛排味道怎么样？”“嗯，不错。”

How do you feel about seeing Peter again?

怎么样？那样感觉舒服吗？

used after certain adjectives or verbs to refer to an event or situation

〔用于某些形容词或动词之后，指某一事件或情形〕

It’s amazing how they’ve managed to get everything finished so quickly.

他们这么快就全部完成了，真是让人吃惊。

I remember how she always used to have fresh flowers in the house.

我还记得以前她家总是有鲜花。

used to emphasize the quality you are mentioning

‘John’s been in an accident.’ ‘Oh, how awful!’

“约翰出事了。”“啊，太糟了！”

I didn’t realize how difficult it was to get tickets.

我当时没有意识到弄几张票这么困难。

He was impressed at how well she could read.

她识那么多字，这给他留下了深刻印象。

used to say that something happens to a very great degree

used to make a suggestion about what to do

…好吗？ …行吗？〔用于建议〕

No, I’m busy on Monday. How about Tuesday at seven?

不行，我星期一没空。星期二7点行吗？

How about putting the sofa closer to the window?

把沙发挪近窗户一些好吗？

How about we have that game when we get back?

我们回来后再玩那个游戏好吗？

How about if we tell the police where Newley is hiding?

我们告诉警方纽利的藏身之处好吗？

How’s about going to the beach this afternoon?

used to ask about another person or thing

…又怎么样呢？〔用于提及另一人或事〕

‘Mary and Ken are still away.’ ‘And how about Billy?’

“玛丽和肯还没回来。”“那比利呢？”

I need a long cold drink. How about you?

used to ask someone to explain something they have just said

你是指什么？〔要求进一步解释〕

‘What’s your family situation?’ ‘How do you mean?’ ‘Are you married?’

“你的家庭状况如何？”“你是指什么？”“你结婚了吗？”

used to ask why something has happened or why a particular situation exists, especially when you are surprised by it

怎么会呢？〔尤用于表示惊讶〕

How come Dave’s home? Isn’t he feeling well?

戴夫怎么会在家呢？他不舒服吗？

used as a polite greeting when you meet someone for the first time

您好！〔初次见面时的礼貌问候语〕

used when you are very surprised by something or disapprove strongly of something

某人怎么能做某事呢？〔表示震惊或强烈反感〕

威廉！你怎么能说这种话呢？

used when you think something is surprising, rude, impressive etc

你信吗！/你说怎么样呀！〔用于认为某事令人吃惊、粗鲁、给人印象深刻等时〕

used to say that you think something is very impressive

某事物怎么样[如何]？〔用于认为某事物给人印象很深刻时〕

I’ve already arranged everything. How’s that for efficiency?

我已经全部安排好了，效率高吧？

used to say that an action or event has a particular quality to a great degree

那多 …呀！〔用于表示某一行为或事件极具某种特性〕

He sent himself a card for Valentine’s Day. How sad is that?

情人节他给自己寄了一张贺卡，你说有多凄凉呀！

used to say that an action or event does not have a particular quality

那怎么 …？〔用于表示某一行为或事件没有某种特性〕

They say they’re not going to leave, but how likely is that?

他们说不打算走了，不过那怎么可能呢？

used to ask someone to explain an opinion they have given

怎么 …？〔用于要求解释〕

‘Rick’s parents are a little strange, I think.’ ‘How so?’

“我觉得里克的父母有些怪。”“怎么个怪法？”

used to mention something that may happen, and ask what should be done if it does happen

要是我们现在放弃会怎么样？

used to say ‘yes’ strongly in reply to a question

那还用说！当然啦！〔用于对问题极肯定的回答〕

“马特醉了吗？”“那还用说！”


however

used when you are adding a fact or piece of information that seems surprising, or seems very different from what you have just said

This is a cheap and simple process. However, there are dangers.

这是个花钱少而又简单的方法，不过有危险。

an extremely unpleasant disease that is, however, easy to treat

一种让人极其难受却容易治疗的病

used to say that it does not matter how big, good, serious etc something is because it will not change a situation in any way

You should report any incident, however minor it is.

任何事件你都应该汇报，不管它多小。

We have to finish, however long it takes.

我们必须完成，不管需要多长时间。

I really want the car, however much it costs.

我真的很想要这辆汽车，不管它要多少钱。

used to show surprise when you ask how something happens or how someone does something

（到底）如何〔表示惊讶〕

他到底是怎样得到那份工作的？


however

你可以按自己的意思去做。

If we win the match, we’ll be delighted, however it happens.

如果我们能赢下这场比赛，不管怎么赢的我们都会高兴。

However you look at it, it was a wicked thing to do.

不管你怎么看待这件事情，它都是一件缺德的事。


howl

if a dog,wolf, or other animal howls, it makes a long loud sound

to make a long loud cry because you are unhappy, angry, or in pain, or because you are amused or excited

〔因悲伤、愤怒、痛苦、激动等〕号哭，咆哮；〔因开心或兴奋〕大声叫喊

Upstairs, one of the twins began to howl (=cry).

楼上，双胞胎中的一个开始大哭起来。

不知在哪里，有个人痛苦地叫喊着。

He makes audiences [howl with laughter](bold).

Republicans have been howling for military intervention.

共和党人一直愤怒地要求进行军事干预。

if the wind howls, it makes a loud high sound as it blows


howl

a long loud sound made by a dog,wolf, or other animal

〔狗、狼等的〕嗥叫声，长嚎

a loud cry or shout showing pain, anger, unhappiness etc.

〔痛苦、愤怒、悲伤等的〕嚎叫，咆哮

This suggestion was greeted with [howls of laughter](bold).

这个建议引起了阵阵大笑。

a loud high sound made by the wind blowing


hub

the central and most important part of an area, system, activity etc, which all the other parts are connected to

〔地域、系统、活动等的〕中心，枢纽

Birmingham is at the hub of Britain’s motorway network.

伯明翰地处英国高速公路网的枢纽位置。

the [commercial hub](bold) of the region

the central part of a wheel to which the axle is joined


huddle

if a group of people huddle together, they stay very close to each other, especially because they are cold or frightened

〔尤因寒冷或恐惧而〕（使）挤作一团，（使）聚成一堆

People huddled around the radio, waiting for news.

人们聚集在收音机旁，等候消息。

to lie or sit with your arms and legs close to your body because you are cold or frightened

〔因寒冷或恐惧而〕蜷缩着身体

雪花飘落在他蜷缩的身体上。

to sit or stand with a small group of people in order to discuss something privately

〔一小群人〕聚集〔私下讨论某事〕

The executive board huddled to discuss the issue.

管理层聚在一起讨论那个问题。

if American football players huddle, they gather around one player who tells them the plan for the next part of the game

〔美式橄榄球队员〕围拢〔听取战术布置〕


huddle

a group of people or things that are close together, but not arranged in any particular order, pattern, or system

聚在一起的一群人；杂乱的一堆东西

男人们三五成群地站在那里说话。

a group of players in American football who gather around one player who tells them the plan for the next part of the game

〔美式橄榄球中〕围拢听取战术布置的一群队员

to form a small group away from other people in order to discuss something


hug

[Hug](bold)  is a reciprocal verb. This type of verb is used when saying that two or more people or things do something that involves both or all of them. It does not need to have an object: She and her friend hugged.  In this sentence, [hug](bold)  is intransitive and does not have an object.

You can also say: She hugged her friend. She and her friend hugged each other . In these sentences, [hug](bold)  is transitive.

to put your arms around someone and hold them tightly to show love or friendship

Mother hugged him and tucked him into bed.

to put your arms around someone and hold him or her in a caring way. [Embrace](bold) is more formal than [hug](bold)

to put your arms around someone or something as a sign of love, especially a child or a small animal

She sat on a chair, cuddling her daughter.

to hold someone closely to your body, especially to comfort them or show that you love them

The woman put her arms around the sobbing boy.

to hold someone very gently in your arms, like you would hold a baby

She cradled his head in her hands and kissed him on the forehead

[past tense and past participle](italic) [hugged](bold) [present participle](italic) [hugging](bold)

We stood there crying and hugging each other.

我们站在那里哭着互相拥抱。

She went to her daughter and [hugged](bold) her [tightly](bold).

她走到女儿身边，紧紧地拥抱她。

Sarah sat on the floor, hugging her knees.

萨拉抱着双膝坐在地板上。

She stood hugging herself against the cold.

天气寒冷，她抱着胳膊瑟缩站立。

to move along the side, edge, top etc of something, staying very close to it

靠近 …移动；顺着 …延伸

if clothes hug your body, they fit closely

〔衣服〕缚紧，紧贴〔身体〕

to hold something in your arms close to your chest

Kate hugged herself with pleasure after receiving the award.


hug

the action of putting your arms around someone and holding them tightly to show love or friendship

Nesta greeted the visitors with hugs and kisses.

内丝塔和客人拥抱、亲吻，迎接他们的到来。


huge

[Huge](bold)  is not used with ‘very’. You say: The house is absolutely huge.
Don’t say: [The house is very huge.](strike)

extremely large in size, amount, or degree

巨大的，庞大的；极大量的；程度深的

这双鞋让我的脚看上去大极了。

We are only now realizing the [huge scale](bold) of the problem.

我们现在才逐渐意识到这个问题涉及的范围如此之广。

[a huge range/variety/selection etc](bold)

[a huge success/disappointment etc](bold)

The new system has made a huge difference.

用了新系统以后大不一样了。

大卫·哈塞尔霍夫在德国很受欢迎。


hugely

Her latest album has been hugely successful.

The area has changed hugely in the last few years.

该地区在过去几年中发生了翻天覆地的变化。


hum

[past tense and past participle](italic) [hummed](bold) [present participle](italic) [humming](bold)

to sing a tune by making a continuous sound with your lips closed

Tony was humming to himself as he drove along.

if a place hums, it is full of activity – use this to show approval

〔场所〕忙碌，活跃〔含褒义〕

By nine o'clock, the restaurant was humming.

到9点钟时，餐馆里开始忙碌起来。

to take a long time deciding what to say or do


hum

嗡嗡声；〔低沉而持续的〕嘈杂声

the sound of people talking because they are excited etc


human

The diagram shows all the organs in the human body.

Distances in space are too great for the human mind to comprehend.

Our capacity for forgiveness is a triumph of the human spirit.

(=used especially when saying that something cannot be seen by people)

These creatures are too small for the human eye to see.

I firmly believe in the sanctity of all human life.

Toxic waste is a risk to human health and the environment.

We study the aspects of human behaviour that result from our social upbringing.

Our research measured the impact of human activity on this particular eco-system.

Trust is an essential ingredient in all human relationships.

In every human society there is a struggle for power.

The UN estimates that the human population will reach 9.1 billion by 2050.

Investigators concluded that the crash was caused by human error.

(=the things people need to have in order to live a normal healthy comfortable life)

The islanders meet the universal basic human needs of food and shelter in unexpected ways.

The police found human remains in the basement.

This meat is not fit for human consumption.

belonging to or relating to people, especially as opposed to machines or animals

〔尤指与机器或动物相对的〕人的，人类的

There are many different cell types in [the human body](bold).

人体中有许多种不同的细胞类型。

The desire for joy lies deep within [the human spirit](bold).

对快乐的渴求藏在人类心灵深处。

Infra-red light is invisible to [the human eye](bold).

different areas of [human experience](bold)

respect for the absolute value of [human life](bold)

对人类生命绝对价值的尊重

The accident was the result of [human error](bold).

事故是由于人为过失造成的。

The meat was declared unfit [for human consumption](bold).

这种肉已被宣布不适合供人食用。

human weaknesses, emotions etc are those that are typical of people

He was also a person with very obvious human failings.

他也是一个具有明显人性弱点的人。

used to say that someone should not be blamed for what they have done

某人只是个普通人而已〔表示某人不应因其所为受责备〕

having the same feelings and emotions as ordinary people

有人性的，有平凡人的思想感情的

He’s really not so bad. When you get to know him he seems quite human.

他真的没那么坏。你了解他之后就会知道他也是普普通通的人。

someone, especially someone in authority, who has the human touch deals with people in a kind friendly way and is able to understand their feelings and problems

The president has been accused of lacking the human touch.

a quality that makes a story interesting because it is about people’s feelings, lives, relationships etc

〔故事、报道中的〕人情味

the experiences, emotions, needs etc that all people share, especially considered as a situation from which it is impossible to escape

Firefighters [formed](bold) a [human chain](bold) to carry the brothers to safety.

消防队员们组成人链把几兄弟救到了安全的地方。

to make an important event or principle understandable to ordinary people by directing their attention to the way it affects a particular person

〔通过特定的个人〕形象生动地表现某事

Anne Frank was the girl whose diary put a human face on the Holocaust.

安妮·弗兰克就是那位在日记中通过个人经历来描写大屠杀的女孩。

capitalism/communism/socialism etc with a human face

a capitalist etc economic and political system that does not ignore people’s needs

人性化的资本主义/共产主义/社会主义等


human

It was thought that the disease could not be passed to human beings.

all the people in the world, considered as one group

War and aggression threaten the future of the whole human race.

people in general – used especially when you are talking about people’s rights, or their suffering etc

The general was accused of committing crimes against humanity.

30% of humanity live in conditions of terrible poverty.

people in general – used especially when talking about their history and development. Some people prefer not to use [mankind](bold) because it sounds like it does not include women

Travelling into space was a great advance for mankind.

The greatest threat to humankind is poverty.

people in general – used especially when you are talking about people compared to nature. Some people prefer not to use [man](bold) because it sounds like it does not include women

The grandeur of the mountains is a constant reminder of man’s insignificance.

also: [#human =being](bold)  [n](bold) <[C](bold)>


humanitarian

concerned with improving bad living conditions and preventing unfair treatment of people

Humanitarian aid is being sent to the refugees.

正向难民提供人道主义援助。

He was released from prison on humanitarian grounds.

出于人道主义原因，他获释出狱。


humanity

We want a clean healthy environment for [all humanity](bold).

我们希望全人类拥有一个干净健康的生存环境。

[Humanity](bold)  is not used with ‘the’ in this meaning. You say: The future for humanity is uncertain.
Don’t say: [The future for the humanity is uncertain.](strike)

kindness, respect, and sympathy towards others

the state of being human rather than an animal or machine

We must never forget our common humanity.

我们永远不要忘记共同的人性。

subjects of study such as literature, history, or art, rather than science or mathematics


human right

one of the basic rights that many societies think every person should have to be treated in a fair equal way without cruelty, for example by their government, or the right to vote


humble

not considering yourself or your ideas to be as important as other people’s

〔阶层或地位〕卑微的，低下的

He started his career as a humble peanut farmer.

他从一个卑微的花生农起家。

Iacocca rose from humble beginnings to become boss of Ford.

亚科卡出身卑微，后来成了福特公司的总裁。

used humorously to give your opinion about something

愚以为，依拙见〔幽默用法〕

我卑微的道歉〔幽默用法〕

simple and ordinary, but useful or effective

[The humble](bold) potato may be the key to feeding the world’s population.

小小的马铃薯却可能担起养活全世界人口的重任。

to admit that you were wrong about something

您卑微的仆人〔信末的自谦词〕

someone’s house or apartment – used humorously

某人的陋室，某人的寒舍〔幽默用法〕


humble

[humbling](bold) adj. eg: a [humbling experience](bold)

if you are humbled, you realize that you are not as important, good, kind etc as you thought you were

You can’t help but be humbled when you enter this cathedral.

进入这座大教堂，你会禁不住感觉到自己很渺小。

to easily defeat someone who is much stronger than you are

The mighty U.S. army was humbled by a small Southeast Asian country.

强大的美军被一个小小的东南亚国家轻易击败。

to show that you are not too proud to ask for something, admit you are wrong etc

作出谦恭的姿态，不耻下问；勇于认错

I knew he had humbled himself to ask for my help.

我明白他是放下架子来向我求助的。


humid

if the weather is humid, you feel uncomfortable because the air is very wet and usually hot

→see THESAURUS at [damp](->damp) 1   →see THESAURUS at [hot](->hot) 1   →see THESAURUS at [wet](->wet) 1


humidity

the amount of water contained in the air

The room is kept at 72 degrees and 50% relative humidity.

房间的温度保持在72度，相对湿度50%。


humiliate

[humiliated](bold) adj. eg: I’ve never felt so humiliated in all my life.

to make someone feel ashamed or stupid, especially when other people are present

Her boss humiliated her in front of all her colleagues.

她的老板在所有同事面前羞辱了她。


humiliation

a feeling of shame and great embarrassment, because you have been made to look stupid or weak

the humiliation of having to ask her parents for money

不得不开口向她父母要钱的难堪

a situation that makes you feel humiliated

The government suffered a series of political humiliations.

该政府在政治上蒙受了一连串的羞辱。


humorous

In everyday English, people usually say something is [funny](bold)  rather than [humorous](bold) :

The film has some mildly humorous moments.

那部电影中有些略显幽默的片段。


humour

I'm afraid my dad doesn't have a very good sense of humour.

(=the type of jokes, funny stories etc that a particular person likes or tells)

Their brand of humour isn't to everyone's taste.

She replied with a rare flash of humour.

(=jokes, funny stories etc about the unpleasant parts of life)

The tone of the film is light but there are moments of black humour.

(=jokes, funny stories etc which make very unpleasant or dangerous things seem funny)

It was the kind of gallows humor that medical students love.

(=jokes, funny stories etc that are silly and rude but not offensive)

(=when someone makes it seem as if they are being serious, but really they are being funny)

His serious demeanour lends itself to deadpan humour.

(=when someone makes something seem both funny and sad)

He wrote with wry humour about his time in a Turkish prison.

(=jokes or stories that do not offend anyone)

The plays uses gentle humor to make a strong point.

(=jokes, funny stories etc in which you criticize or make fun of yourself)

Her self-deprecating humour made the audience howl with laughter.

I may have been wet and covered in mud, but I could still see the humour in the situation.

([BrE](special)) AmE humor  [n](bold) <[U](bold)>

the ability or tendency to think that things are funny, or funny things you say that show you have this ability

It’s vital to have a [sense of humor](bold) in this job.

做这份工作必须具备幽默感。

The host puts the contestants at ease with his own [brand of humour](bold).

主持人以他别具一格的幽默让参赛者放松心情。

He showed [flashes of humor](bold) that delighted the audience.

他不时冒出些幽默话逗得观众忍俊不禁。

the quality in something that makes it funny and makes people laugh

He failed to see the humour of the situation.

他看不出这一幕的幽默之处。

心情好/心情不佳/心情坏


humour

([BrE](special)) AmE humor  [v](bold) <[T](bold)>

to do what someone wants or to pretend to agree with them so that they do not become upset

“当然了。”他迎合着她的意思说道。


hundred

[hundredth](bold) adj. eg: her hundredth birthday

[plural](italic) hundred or [plural](italic) hundreds

The tree was probably a hundred years old.

这棵树很可能已经有100年了。

[hundreds of people/years/pounds etc](bold)

Hundreds of people were reported killed or wounded.

They’ve had this argument a hundred times before.

这个问题他们以前已经争论过无数次了。

I’m not a hundred percent sure where she lives.

我不能完全确定她住在哪里。

I’m still not really feeling a hundred percent.

我仍然觉得自己没有完全康复。

(also: [give a hundred and ten percent](bold) )

to do everything you can in order to achieve something

Everyone on the team gave a hundred percent.

a piece of paper money that is worth 100 dollars or 100 pounds

100美元[英镑]的纸币


hunger

lack of food, especially for a long period of time, that can cause illness or death

〔尤指长期的〕饥饿；饥荒

Thousands of people are dying from hunger every day.

Try to satisfy your hunger by eating some fruit.

[hunger pangs](bold)(=sudden feelings of being hungry)


hungry

We were really hungry after our long walk.

It’s hard work cooking for a bunch of hungry kids.

I’m feeling a bit peckish. What’s in the fridge?

very hungry and wanting to eat as soon as possible

I missed lunch and I’m absolutely starving.

Sam’s always ravenous when he gets home from school.

very hungry. [Famished](bold) is less common and sounds a little more formal than [starving](bold) or [ravenous](bold)

Everyone was famished by the time they arrived.

‘Are you hungry?’ ‘Yeah, I could eat a horse.’

the desire for food that you have when you are hungry

ill or weak because of not having enough to eat

terrible pictures of hungry children in Africa

not having had enough food for a long time and likely to die soon without food

Because of the drought, millions of people were starving.

unhealthy and thin because you have not had the right kinds of food over a long period of time

According to the report, one-fifth of the world’s population are malnourished.

[comparative](italic) [hungrier](bold) [superlative](italic) [hungriest](bold)

If you [get hungry](bold), there’s some cold chicken in the fridge.

你要是饿了，冰箱里有些冷鸡肉。

ill or weak as a result of not having enough to eat for a long time

We can’t justify wasting food when half the world is hungry.

世界上有一半人在挨饿，我们没有理由浪费食物。

Thousands of families go hungry every day.

每天都有数以千计的家庭吃不饱肚子。

people who do not have enough food to eat


hunt

to chase animals and birds in order to kill or catch them

Wolves tend to hunt in packs (=hunt in groups).

to look for someone or something very carefully

The kids were hunting for shells on the beach.

孩子们在海滩上寻找贝壳。

to search for and try to catch a criminal or someone who is your enemy

The police are still hunting the killer.

The FBI were called in to hunt for the spy.

联邦调查局的人员被叫来搜捕间谍。

to hunt foxes as a sport, riding on horses and using dogs


hunt

an occasion when people chase animals in order to kill or catch them

a search for someone or something that is difficult to find

[the hunt is on](bold)(=used to say that people have started looking for someone or something)

[murder hunt](bold)(=a search for a person who has killed someone)

[have a hunt around for sth](bold) BrE [informal](special)(=look for something)

I’ll have a hunt around for it in my desk.

→ [treasure hunt](->treasure hunt) → [witch-hunt](->witch-hunt)

a sporting event in Britain in which people ride on horses and hunt foxes using dogs

猎狐〔英国的一项野外运动〕

in Britain, a group of people who regularly hunt foxes together

〔在英国经常一起猎狐的〕猎狐队


hunter

a person who hunts wild animals, or an animal that hunts other animals for food

猎人；〔猎食其他动物的〕猎兽

someone who looks for or collects a particular type of thing

搜集纪念品/搜集签名/四处寻找便宜货等的人


hunting

[hunting](bold) adj. eg: a hunting rifle

chasing and killing animals for food or sport

the activity of looking for a job, house, or flat

to hunt for animals, especially as a sport


hurdle

a problem or difficulty that you must deal with before you can achieve something

Finding enough money for the project was the first hurdle.

第一道难关是为该项目筹措足够的资金。

[overcome/clear/get over etc a hurdle](bold)(=deal successfully with a problem)

one of a series of small fences that a person or horse has to jump over during a race

〔跨栏赛跑或马术比赛中用的〕栏架

[clear a hurdle](bold)(=successfully jump over a hurdle)

a race in which the runners have to jump over hurdles


hurdle

to jump over something while you are running

〔跑步过程中〕跨越，跨栏

He hurdled the fence and ran off down the street.

他跨过围栏沿那条街逃走了。


hurl

to throw something with a lot of force, especially because you are angry

〔尤因生气〕猛投，用力投掷

Demonstrators were hurling bricks through the windows.

He hurled a chair across the set, smashing lamps and vases.

他抓起一把椅子扔向片场的那头，把灯和花瓶都砸得粉碎。

hurl abuse/insults/accusations etc (at sb)

to shout at someone in a loud and angry way

谩骂/辱骂/责骂（某人）

He was accused of hurling abuse at the referee.

to throw yourself at someone or something with a lot of force

She wanted to hurl herself into his arms.


hurricane

a storm that has very strong fast winds and that moves over water

→see THESAURUS at [storm](->storm) 1   →see THESAURUS at [wind](->wind) 1


hurry

to go somewhere or do something more quickly than usual, for example because you are late or you must finish something soon

If you don’t hurry, you’ll miss the bus.

We have plenty of time. There’s no need to hurry.

to go somewhere very quickly, or to do something too quickly and without thinking carefully enough

Everyone rushed out into the street to see what was happening.

Try to answer the questions calmly, without rushing.

to go somewhere very quickly, especially because there is something important or urgent you must do

I’ve got to dash to the shops to get some more milk.

She had to dash off and get the kids from school.

doing something quickly because you do not have much time, usually with the result that you make mistakes

She had left in a hurry, and forgotten her passport.

I had to choose a present for her in a rush.

to start to do something or go somewhere more quickly than before

I think we’d better get moving, it’s only five minutes to boarding time.

It’s time you got cracking with your homework.

When Alfie arrives we’ll get cracking moving the furniture.

[past tense and past participle](italic) [hurried](bold) [present participle](italic) [hurrying](bold) [third person singular](italic) [hurries](bold)

to do something or go somewhere more quickly than usual, especially because there is not much time

要是赶紧的话，我们能及时到那里。

We’ll have to hurry, otherwise we’ll miss the start.

我们得赶紧，否则就会错过开头部分了。

There’s no need to hurry. We’ve got plenty of time.

不必匆忙，我们有的是时间。

They were hurrying to catch their train.

She hurried down the corridor as fast as she could.

她以最快速度沿着走廊急匆匆地走了。

约翰急匆匆地追赶他的女朋友。

to make someone do something more quickly

Don’t hurry me. I’m doing this as fast as I can.

别催我，我正在尽快干呢。

She doesn’t want to be hurried into making a decision.

她不想被人催着仓促作决定。

to take someone or something quickly to a place

Emergency supplies have been hurried to the areas worst hit by the famine.

应急物资已经被紧急运往饥荒最严重的地区。


hurry

对不起，我不能停下，我赶时间。

You’ll make mistakes if you do things in too much of a hurry.

→ Do not say that you are ‘in hurry’. Say that you are [in a hurry](bold).

used to tell someone that they do not have to do something quickly or soon

Pay me back whenever you can. There’s no great hurry.

随便什么时候还我钱都行，不用太着急。

sb will not be doing sth (again) in a hurry

used to say that someone does not want to do something again

We won’t be going back there again in a hurry.

我们再也不愿回到那里去了。

while you are trying to do something too quickly

In his hurry to leave the room, he tripped over a chair.

他匆匆忙忙离开房间的时候，被椅子绊倒了。

be in no hurry/not be in any hurry (to do sth)

to be able to wait because you have a lot of time in which to do something

to be unwilling to do something or not want to do it soon

He was clearly in no hurry to reply to our letter.

what’s (all) the hurry?/why (all) the hurry?

used to say that someone is doing something too quickly

We’ve got plenty of time – what’s all the hurry?

我们有的是时间，这么急干吗？


hurt

to damage part of your body, or someone else’s body

She slipped on the ice and hurt herself badly.

Be careful you don’t hurt anyone with that knife.

to hurt yourself quite severely, or to be hurt in an accident or fighting

One of our players has injured his leg, and will be out of the game for weeks.

Four people have been seriously injured on the Arizona highway.

to deliberately hurt someone using a weapon such as a knife or gun

The gunmen shot and killed twelve people and wounded three others.

to hurt someone very severely, especially so that they lose an arm, leg etc, often as the result of an explosion

In countries where there are landmines, people are killed and maimed daily.

to hurt a part of your body by breaking a bone in it

The X-ray showed that I had broken my wrist.

to hurt a part of your body when you fall on it or hit it, causing a dark mark to appear on your skin

Cathy fell off her bike and bruised her legs badly.

to hurt your knee, wrist, shoulder etc by suddenly twisting it while you are moving

I jumped down from the wall and landed awkwardly, spraining my ankle.

to hurt one of your muscles by stretching it or using it too much

When you are lifting heavy loads, be careful not to strain a back muscle.

to damage a joint in your body in a way that moves the two parts of the joint out of their normal position

Our best batsman dislocated his shoulder during training.

to make someone lose the ability to move part or all of their body

A climbing accident had left him paralysed from the chest down.

if part of your body hurts, it feels painful

I’d been walking all day and my legs were really aching.

to feel a bad pain that comes and goes again in a regular and continuous way

Lou had a terrible headache and his whole head seemed to be throbbing.

to feel a sharp pain, or to make someone feel this, especially in your eyes, throat, or skin

to hurt with a sudden sharp pain – used especially about your eyes, or your skin where something has hit you

Her eyes were smarting from the thick smoke.

Jackson’s face was still smarting from the punch.

to feel very hot and painful or uncomfortable

Be careful because this chemical will make your skin burn.

His eyes were burning because of the gas.

if something you are wearing pinches you, it is too tight and presses painfully on your skin

The shirt was a bit too small and it was pinching my neck.

if you have a bad back/leg/arm etc, it feels painful

[past tense and past participle](italic) [hurt](bold)

Put that thing down – you might hurt someone with it.

快把那东西放下，你会伤着别人的。

Be careful you don’t fall and hurt yourself.

[hurt like hell](bold) [informal](special)(=hurt very much)

使〔身体某个部位〕感到疼痛

to make someone feel very upset, unhappy, sad etc

伤害（感情），（使）伤心

I didn’t mean to [hurt](bold) your [feelings](bold).

我不是故意要伤害你的感情。

What hurts is that he never even said goodbye.

令人伤心的是，他甚至没有和我道别。

想到你恨我，我就感到伤心。

to have a bad effect on someone or something, especially by making them less successful or powerful

Foreign competition has hurt the company’s position in the market.

来自国外的竞争已经损害了这家公司的市场地位。

to feel very upset or unhappy about something

Martha’s going through a divorce and really hurting right now.

玛莎目前在闹离婚，内心十分痛苦。

if a group, organization etc is hurting, they do not have something important that they need

〔团体、组织等〕急需，缺乏

said when you think someone should do something or that something is a good idea

The house looks pretty good, but a fresh paint job wouldn’t hurt either.

这房子看上去还不错，但重新粉刷一次也无妨。

It won’t hurt Julia to get up early for a change.

朱莉娅偶尔早起一次也无妨。


hurt

Sometimes players [get hurt](bold) in training.

有时候队员在训练中会受伤。

very upset or unhappy because someone has said or done something unkind, dishonest, or unfair

〔感情上〕受伤害的，痛苦的

蕾切尔觉得自己受到了伤害和欺骗。

He’s no good for you, Jenny. You’ll only [get hurt](bold) again.

珍妮，他不适合你，你只会再次受到伤害。

Alice was deeply hurt that she hadn’t been invited.

没有受到邀请，艾丽斯很伤心。


hurt

a feeling of great unhappiness because someone, especially someone you trust, has treated you badly or unfairly

〔对感情造成的〕伤害，痛苦

过去所受的所有伤害和委屈


hurtful

〔感情上〕伤害人的，冒犯人的


husband

a man that a woman used to be married to

a man and woman who are married to each other


husband

to be very careful in the way you use your money, supplies etc and not waste any


hut

a small simple building with only one or two rooms

〔简陋的〕小屋，棚屋，茅舍


hybrid

an animal or plant produced from parents of different breeds or types

杂种动物；杂交植物；杂交而成的生物体

something that consists of or comes from a mixture of two or more other things

〔两种或两种以上不同物质组成的〕混合体

a unique hybrid of blues, country, pop, and gospel music

糅合布鲁斯、乡村、流行和福音音乐的一种独特音乐


hydrogen

a colourless gas that is the lightest of all gases, forms water when it combines with oxygen, and is used to produce ammonia and other chemicals. It is a chemical element: symbol H

氢〔一种化学元素，符号为H〕


hygiene

the practice of keeping yourself and the things around you clean in order to prevent diseases

the importance of [personal hygiene](bold)

The Consumers’ Association blames poor hygiene standards.

消费者协会指责卫生标准低下。


hygienic

clean and likely to prevent bacteria, infections, or disease from spreading

An inspector ensures that food is prepared in hygienic conditions.

检查员的工作是确保食品在卫生的条件下制作。


hymn

He liked to [sing hymns](bold) as he worked.

a book, film, song etc that strongly praises a person or idea

Their first single was a hymn to selfishness called ‘Looking After Number One’.

他们的第一首单曲颂扬利己，名为《珍惜自我》。

be singing from the same hymn book/sheet

used to say that two or more people understand each other and are thinking about something in the same way

〔两个或更多的人〕彼此理解且想法相同


hyphen

a short written or printed line (-) that joins words or syllables


hypocrisy

when someone pretends to have certain beliefs or opinions that they do not really have – used to show disapproval

It would be sheer hypocrisy to pray for success, since I’ve never believed in God.

我从不相信上帝，因此为获成功而祈祷是纯粹的虚伪之举。


hypocritical

ˌhɪpəˈkrɪtɪkəl◂

ˌhɪpəˈkrɪtɪkəl◂

behaving in a way that is different from what you claim to believe – used to show disapproval

伪善的，虚伪的，假惺惺的〔含贬义〕

It’s hypocritical of Sue to go to Tom's party when she can't stand him.

休受不了汤姆，还参加他的聚会，真虚伪。


hypothesis

an idea that is suggested as an explanation for something, but that has not yet been proved to be true

One hypothesis is that the victim fell asleep while driving.

一种假设是受害人开车时睡着了。

[prove/test/support etc a hypothesis](bold)

We hope that further research will confirm our hypothesis.

我们希望进一步的研究能证实我们的假设。

The authors reject the hypothesis about unemployment contributing to crime.

这些作者否定了关于失业导致犯罪的假设。


hypothetical

ˌhaɪpəˈθetɪkəl◂

ˌhaɪpəˈθetɪkəl◂

based on a situation that is not real, but that might happen

Brennan brought up a hypothetical case to make his point.

布伦南提出一个假设的例子来说明他的观点。

The question is [purely hypothetical](bold).


hysteria

extreme excitement that makes people cry, laugh, shout etc in a way that is out of control

In a fit of hysteria, Silvia blamed me for causing her father’s death.

西尔维娅一阵歇斯底里，指责我害死了她父亲。

a situation in which a lot of people feel fear, anger, or excitement, which makes them behave in an unreasonable way

Since the general’s death, the population has been gripped by [mass hysteria](bold).

自将军死后，民众群情激愤。

a medical condition that upsets someone’s emotions and makes them suddenly feel very nervous, excited, anxious etc


hysterical

unable to control your behaviour or emotions because you are very upset, afraid, excited etc

歇斯底里的，行为[情绪]失控的

Janet became hysterical and began screaming.

珍妮特歇斯底里地尖叫起来。

Everyone in the studio burst into [hysterical laughter](bold).

演播室里的每个人都爆发出一阵狂笑。

It was [absolutely hysterical](bold)! I’ve never laughed so much.

太滑稽了！我还从来没笑得这么厉害。


I

You say: Sarah and I went for coffee.
Don’t say: [I and Sarah](strike)

In everyday English, you say that someone is older, younger, taller etc [than me](bold) : They were older than me.

You can also say: They were older than I was.

It sounds very formal to say [than I](bold) .

[pron](bold) <[used as the subject of a verb](bold)>

used by the person speaking or writing to refer to himself or herself

六年前我搬到了这个城市。

My husband and I enjoy going to the theatre.

我和丈夫喜欢去剧院看戏。


I

[plural](italic) I’s [plural](italic) i’s

the ninth letter of the English alphabet

the number one in the system of roman numerals

the name of an interstateimportant road between states in the US

〔美国〕25号/40号等州际公路


ice

→ [black ice](->black ice) → [dry ice](->dry ice) [break the ice](bold) at [cut no ice](bold) at

water that has frozen into a solid state

a thin coating of white powder-like ice that forms on the ground and plants, or the weather conditions in which this powder appears

Even in May we can sometimes get a late frost.

an area of ice that is very difficult to see on a road

Driving conditions are dangerous, with black ice in many areas.

a long thin pointed piece of ice that hangs from a roof or other surface

There were icicles hanging down from the side of the house.

frozen balls of ice which fall like rain from the sky

Hailstones as big as marbles flattened the crops.

a large mass of ice which moves slowly down a mountain valley

The high mountain glaciers of South America and Asia are melting at an alarming rate.

a very large mass of ice floating in the sea, most of which is under the surface of the water

The ship sank after hitting an iceberg in the North Atlantic.

an area of thick ice that permanently covers the North and South Poles

We all know that the polar ice caps are melting because of global warming.

Thick ice was preventing the ship from moving.

(=a layer of thin ice on a road that is very difficult to see)

Black ice on the roads is making driving conditions very dangerous.

(=broken into small pieces, for example to add to a drink)

Global warming directly causes the melting of polar ice.

Ice was forming on the surface of the lake.

We could feel the ice cracking beneath our feet.

I scraped the ice off the car windscreen.

(=a small square piece of ice that you add to a drink)

She put a couple of ice cubes in her glass.

(=very small pieces of ice that form naturally)

Ice crystals fall from the sky as snowflakes.

The fish were packed in blocks of ice, ready for transportation.

Huge lumps of ice break off from the glaciers and float in the sea.

A thin sheet of ice had formed over the surface of the pond.

Huge slabs of ice drifted down the frozen river.

The city spent $7 million to remove snow and ice from the roads.

市政府花费了700万美元用于清除路上的冰雪。

to do nothing about a plan or suggestion for a period of time

将〔计划、建议〕暂时搁置[冻结]

I’m putting my plans for a new car on ice until I finish college.

我把买车计划推迟到大学毕业之后。

to be in a situation in which you are likely to upset someone or cause trouble

如履薄冰，处境不妙〔处于会惹人不高兴或招来麻烦的境况〕

Don’t be late again, Hugo – you’re skating on thin ice.

别再迟到了，雨果——你会有麻烦的。

a specially prepared surface of ice where you can ice-skate or play ice hockey

The two teams are ready to take to the ice.

a frozen sweet food made with fruit juice

〔用果汁制成的〕冰冻甜食；冰糕


ice

[v](bold) <[T](bold)> ([especially BrE](special))

to cover a cake with icinga mixture made of liquid and very fine sugar


iceberg

[the tip of the iceberg](bold) at → [tip](->tip) 1 sense 4

a very large mass of ice floating in the sea, most of which is under the surface of the water


ice cream

a frozen sweet food made of milk, cream, and sugar, with fruit, nuts, chocolate etc sometimes added to it

a small amount of this food for one person

妈，我能要一份冰激凌吗？


icon

[iconic](bold) /aɪˈkɒnɪk/ US /-ˈkɑː-/  adj.

a small sign or picture on a computer screen that is used to start a particular operation

要打开新文档，点击该图标。

someone famous who is admired by many people and is thought to represent an important idea

a picture or figure of a holy person that is used in worship in the Greek or Russian Orthodox Church

〔希腊或俄罗斯东正教的〕圣像


icy

an icy remark, look etc shows that you feel annoyed with or unfriendly towards someone

〔言辞、目光等〕冷冷的，不友好的


idea

[buck your ideas up](bold) at → [buck up](->buck up)

something that you think of, especially something that you could do or suggest

The thought had entered my mind that he might be lying.

the idea that you have in your mind about what someone or something is like

a good and original idea, which makes you think of doing or creating something

Where did you get your inspiration from for the book?

The design for the house was entirely the inspiration of the architect.

a sudden new and clever idea, especially one that solves a problem

I thought I’d have to sell the house, but then I had a brainwave.

an idea of how something is, or how something should be done

Concepts of beauty are different in different cultures.

an idea about life or society, especially one that is a little silly or old-fashioned

There is no evidence to support the notion that poverty is caused by laziness.

I’ve had an idea. Why don’t we walk into town?

She got the idea from an article in a magazine.

He’s always coming up with interesting ideas.

Then we hit on the idea of renting a cottage.

(=think about using an idea, but not very seriously)

I’m toying with the idea of going back to college.

(=get a group of people to all try and think of ideas)

We had a meeting to brainstorm ideas for the new advertising campaign.

(=tell someone else your ideas, and learn their ideas)

an opportunity for local business people to share ideas

The idea came to me while I was having a bath.

Keeping the drinks cold in the bath was a good idea.

Knocking down this wall was a really bad idea.

(=a very good idea - often used ironically)

Whose bright idea was it to leave the washing out in the rain?

It seemed like a clever idea at the time.

The idea sounded interesting, but I didn’t think it would work.

Camping in the middle of winter was a ridiculous idea!

He had the crazy idea of hitchhiking around South America.

The company is looking for people who can come up with original ideas.

(=an idea that has not been carefully thought out)

It’s yet another of the government’s half-baked ideas.

The children were enthusiastic and full of ideas.

(=discuss each other’s ideas and think of good new ones)

Our regular meetings are opportunities to fire ideas off each other.

a plan or suggestion for a possible course of action, especially one that you think of suddenly

〔尤指突然想到的〕计划；建议；想法，主意

You should talk to Ken - he’s always full of good ideas.

你应该和肯谈谈，他总是满脑子好主意。

I knew it was a bad idea to leave him on his own.

我知道把他独自留下不是个好主意。

The idea for the book came from an old war movie.

这本书的构思源自一部战争老电影。

I had the idea of asking Katie for help.

→ Don’t say ‘the idea to do something’. Say [the idea of doing something](bold). However, you can say [it is a good idea to do something](bold) and [it was someone’s idea to do something](bold).

a general understanding of something, based on some knowledge about it

Could you [give me an idea of](bold) how bad his injuries are?

你能告诉我他的伤有多严重吗？

You must [have some idea](bold)(=have at least a little knowledge) of what happened to the money.

这笔钱的去向你肯定略知一二。

Don’t worry if you don’t understand it right now – you’ll [get the idea](bold)(=begin to understand or be able to do something).

如果你现在不明白，不要着急——你会懂的。

She doesn’t have any idea where they’ve gone.

她压根儿不知道他们去哪里了。

[a general/rough idea](bold)(=a not very exact idea)

Can you give me a rough idea of how much the repairs will cost?

你能否告诉我修理费用大约要多少？

[not have the faintest/slightest/foggiest idea](bold) [spoken](special)

I don’t have the faintest idea what to get Rachel for her birthday.

我完全不知道该给蕾切尔买什么生日礼物。

the aim, intention, or purpose of doing something

The idea is to teach children to save money.

The idea behind the outing is to encourage employees to get to know each other.

远足的目的是鼓励员工相互了解。

They wanted Mike to go to law school, but he [had other ideas](bold)(=had different plans).

他们想让迈克上法学院，但他另有打算。

an image in your mind of what something is like or should be like

Chefs differ in their idea of what makes a good dessert.

对于什么样的甜点是好甜点，厨师们想法各异。

I only [have a](bold) vague [idea](bold) of the kind of work I’ll be doing.

我对将要从事的工作只有个模糊的概念。

It helps if you have a [clear idea](bold) of what you want.

清楚自己要什么是有好处的。

Chocolate milk and a piece of cake is not my idea of dinner.

巧克力牛奶加一块蛋糕并不是我想象中的晚餐。

[The very idea](bold) of kissing him made her feel physically sick.

一想到要吻他，她就恶心想吐。

someone’s opinion or belief about something

〔某人对某事的〕看法，信念

She had some rather unusual ideas about raising children.

对于抚养孩子她有些与众不同的见解。

[where did you get that idea?](bold)(=used to say that what someone thinks is completely wrong)

No, I’m not seeing Jane. Where did you get that idea?

不，我没在和简谈恋爱。你这想法从哪儿来的？

a principle or belief about how something is or should be

The whole idea of democracy was something strange and new to most people.

It’s based on the idea that all people are created equal.

它是基于人人生而平等这个观念之上的。

to be fairly sure that something is true, without being completely sure

猜想( …)，估计( …)〔指猜想确有某事，但无绝对把握〕

I’m not sure where my necklace is, but I [have a pretty good idea](bold) who took it.

我说不准我的项链在哪儿，但我大体上猜到是谁拿的。

to think that something is true when it is not

Don’t get the wrong idea about Dan and Helen – they’re just friends.

不要误会丹和海伦，他俩不过是朋友而已。

to act or think in a way that will probably lead to the correct result

〔行事或思维〕方法正确，方向对头

He still makes a few mistakes but I reckon he’s got the right idea.

他还会犯一些错误，但我认为他已经走对路了。

used to say that you like what someone has just suggested

好主意〔用于表示赞同某人的建议〕

‘Why don’t you invite Paula to come with us?’ ‘There’s an idea.’

“你为什么不邀请葆拉和我们一起去？”“好主意。”

used to tell someone who is learning to do something that they are doing it the right way, in order to encourage them

干得好，做得对〔用于鼓励正在学做某事的人〕

Keep your knees bent and lean forward slightly. That’s the idea!

屈膝稍向前倾。对，就是这样！

used to emphasize what the main point of something is, or to say that someone understands that point

对，就是这样〔用于强调某事的要点或说明某人理解了该要点〕

‘You’re thinking of getting a new job?’ ‘Yeah, that’s the idea.’

“你在考虑找新工作吗？”“对，是这样。”

a very clever idea, often used in a joking way to mean a very stupid idea or action

聪明点子，好主意〔常为反话，用于开玩笑〕

Whose bright idea was it to leave the back door wide open?

这是谁的好主意，把后门大敞着？

to make someone think of doing something that they had not thought of doing before, especially something that they should not do

使某人产生某种念头〔尤指不该做的事〕

Nick tells me he wants a motorbike. Have you been putting ideas into his head?

尼克对我说想要一辆摩托车，是不是你让他胡思乱想的？

used when you are surprised and often rather annoyed by what someone has said or done

有某人这样开玩笑的吗？〔用于对某人的言语或行为表示惊讶和生气〕

‘She wants you to do it by tomorrow.’ ‘Is that your idea of a joke?’

“她想让你明天之前做好。”“有你这样开玩笑的吗？”

used when you cannot understand why someone has done something

(你)这是干什么？(你)这样做用意何在？

used when you are telling someone that something is extremely good, bad etc

你简直想不到〔用于告诉某人某事非常好、非常坏等〕

你简直想不到我当时多么着急。

used to express surprise or disapproval when someone has said something stupid

什么话！〔用于对方说了蠢话时，表示惊讶或贬斥〕


ideal

the best or most suitable that something could possibly be

理想的，最好的；最合适的

advice on how to reach your ideal weight

The scheme offers an [ideal opportunity](bold) for youngsters to get training.

该计划为年轻人提供了获得培训的极好机会。

With so much rain, conditions are far from ideal.

雨水这么多，天气情况很不理想。

An elastic waist makes these jeans ideal for the larger woman.

这种牛仔裤腰身带松紧，很适合较丰满的女性。

an ideal world, job, system etc is one that you imagine to be perfect, but that is not likely to really exist

〔世界、职业、制度等〕完美的，理想中的

[In an ideal world](bold) there would be no need for a police force.

在理想的世界不需要警察。


ideal

Most politicians start out with high ideals.

He was willing to sacrifice his life for this noble ideal.

I gave up my romantic ideal of love at the age of nineteen.

Are you willing to fight for your political ideals?

He still believed in the revolutionary ideals of equality and justice.

He is committed to democratic ideals such as majority rule.

His father had given up artistic ideals in pursuit of money.

We believe in the ideal of justice for all.

Everyone in the party is committed to the same socialist ideals.

(=be as good as you think something should be)

The regime is not living up to its supposed democratic ideals.

(=not be as good as you think something should be)

In appearance, she fell somewhat short of his ideals.

(=to behave in the way that you believe is right)

Stick to your principles and be true to your ideals.

(=continue to believe that something is good or right even when it does not seem to be like this in real life)

He is a man who still clings to ideals of loyalty and friendship.

Have these young people abandoned the ideals of the Civil Rights Movement?

(=to do something that is not acceptable according to your ideals)

He argues that Lenin betrayed his revolutionary ideals.

a principle about what is morally right or a perfect standard that you hope to achieve

the ideal of a free and democratic society

早已破灭的20世纪50年代的理想

a perfect example of what something should be like

是我们美的典范在改变吗？


idealistic

aɪˌdɪəˈlɪstɪk◂

aɪˌdɪəˈlɪstɪk◂

believing that you should live according to high standards and principles, even if they cannot really be achieved, or showing this belief

理想主义(者)的；空想的

20世纪60年代的理想主义价值观


ideally

used to describe the way you would like things to be, even though this may not be possible

Ideally, your car should have high-security locks.

最理想的情况是，你的车应该配有高度安全的车锁。

Fruit and vegetables should ideally be organically grown.

水果和蔬菜最理想的应该是有机种植。

having the best qualities, experience, knowledge etc for a particular situation

非常适合的/位置理想的等

The hotel is ideally located for enjoying the beauty of Yorkshire.

这家宾馆位置非常理想，可以欣赏到约克郡的美景。


identical

→see THESAURUS at [same](->same) 1   →see THESAURUS at [similar](->similar)

Nutritionally, infant formulas are almost identical to breast milk.

从营养方面来说，婴儿配方奶粉和母乳几乎一样。

The ingredients are identical with those of competing products.

The sisters were identical in appearance and character.

这对姐妹在相貌和性格上极其相似。


identifiable

She looked young, and was immediately identifiable as a trainee.

她看上去很年轻，一眼就可以看出是实习生。

The police were identifiable by their uniform.

警察可以从其制服辨认出来。


identification

official papers or cards, such as your passport, that prove who you are

Bring some form of identification, preferably a passport.

带上身份证件，最好是护照。

fingerprinting as a [means of identification](bold)

作为身份证明方式的指纹提取

when someone says officially that they know who someone else is, especially a criminal or a dead person

〔尤指对罪犯或死者身份的〕确认，识别，鉴定

His body was taken to Brighton mortuary for identification.

他的尸体被送到布赖顿停尸所确认身份。

when you recognize something or discover exactly what it is

the identification of children who need professional help

对于需要专业帮助的孩子的确认

the act of saying that two things are very closely related

the identification of sexism with women’s oppression

性别歧视和妇女受压迫密切相关

a strong feeling of sympathy with someone that makes you able to share their feelings

my identification with the heroine of the book

我与书中女主角在情感上的共鸣


identify

[past tense and past participle](italic) [identified](bold) [present participle](italic) [identifying](bold) [third person singular](italic) [identifies](bold)

to recognize and correctly name someone or something

认出，识别〔某人或某物〕

→see THESAURUS at [recognize](->recognize)

He was too far away to be able to identify faces.

他离得太远，没法看面孔认出谁是谁。

The police took fingerprints and [identified the body](bold).

警方采集了指纹，对尸体作了身份确认。

Eyewitnesses identified the gunman as an army sergeant.

目击者确认枪手是一名陆军中士。

The aircraft were identified as American.

那些飞机被认出是美国的。

to recognize something or discover exactly what it is, what its nature or origin is etc

Scientists have identified the gene that causes abnormal growth.

科学家已发现造成畸形发育的基因。

They identified a number of problem areas.

他们发现了一些出现问题的区域。

if a particular thing identifies someone or something, it makes them easy to recognize

His accent identified him as a Frenchman.

他的口音表明他是法国人。


identity

The true identity of the author was not revealed until 100 years later.

He avoided arrest by adopting a new identity.

(=when someone pretends to be another person)

He used a fake passport to assume a false identity.

The police have yet to discover the victim’s identity.

He wanted to know the identity of his real father.

She used a false name to conceal her identity.

The company did not reveal the identity of the prospective buyer.

The thief gave away his identity by mistake.

(=make sure no one finds out who someone is)

Journalists frequently protect the identity of confidential sources.

She assumed a false identity and went to live in South America.

Each member of staff is issued with an identity card.

(=when someone looks at a line of people to see if they recognize a criminal)

The victim identified her attacker from an identity parade.

(=the crime of stealing another person's personal details in order to pretend to be that person)

Identity theft is becoming more and more common because of the Internet.

(=something that proves you are who you say you are)

You’ll need proof of identity, such as a driving licence.

(=when people think that someone is a different person, especially with the result that they are accused of something that they did not do)

The defendant claimed he’d been arrested in a case of mistaken identity.

someone’s identity is their name or who they are

[The identity of](bold) the killer is still unknown.

the qualities and attitudes that a person or group of people have, that make them different from other people

Children need continuity, security, and a [sense of identity](bold).

孩子们需要稳定感、安全感以及自我认同感。

Travelling alone can lead to a [loss of identity](bold).

独自旅行会使人产生身份迷失。

[national/cultural/social etc identity](bold)(=a strong feeling of belonging to a particular group, race etc)

Our strong sense of national identity has been shaped by our history.

我们的历史使我们形成了强烈的民族认同感。

[identity crisis/crisis of identity](bold)(=a feeling of uncertainty about who you really are and what your purpose is)

My father experienced an identity crisis in middle age.

我父亲在中年时经历了一次身份危机。

〔两件事物的〕相同，一致


ideological

ˌaɪdiəˈlɒdʒɪkəl◂

based on strong beliefs or ideas, especially political or economic ideas

思想上的；思想体系的；意识形态的〔尤指政治或经济思想〕

The party is split by ideological differences.

意识形态上的差异造成该政党分裂。


ideology

ˌaɪdiˈɒlədʒi

a set of beliefs on which a political or economic system is based, or which strongly influence the way people behave

〔作为政治或经济制度基础的〕思想体系；意识形态

基于个人主义的新思想体系


idiom

a group of words that has a special meaning that is different from the ordinary meaning of each separate word. For example, ‘under the weather’ is an idiom meaning ‘ill’.

→see THESAURUS at [phrase](->phrase) 1   →see THESAURUS at [word](->word) 1

a style of expression in writing, speech, or music that is typical of a particular group of people

〔某群体在写作、言语、音乐方面典型的〕风格，特色


idiomatic

ˌɪdiəˈmætɪk◂

ˌɪdiəˈmætɪk◂

typical of the natural way in which someone speaks or writes when they are using their own language

〔说话或书写时〕符合语言习惯的；地道的

He had the ability to write fluent and idiomatic English.

他能够写出流利地道的英语。

the idiomatic richness of the Spanish language


idiot

[idiotic](bold) /ˌɪdiˈɒtɪk◂/ US /-ˈɑːt-/  adj. eg: Stop asking such idiotic questions.

a stupid person or someone who has done something stupid

someone who is mentally ill or has a very low level of intelligence


idle

[idly](bold) adv. eg: They sat chatting idly. eg: I cannot [stand idly by](bold) and let him take the blame.

I cannot afford to leave the land [lying idle](bold).

The whole team [stood idle](bold), waiting for the mechanic.

The workers have been idle for the last six months.

最近六个月工人们都很闲。

not serious, or not done with any definite intention

She was not a woman to make [idle threats](bold).

她不是只会空口威胁的人。

It was only from [idle curiosity](bold) that she went into the barn.

她进仓库只是出于无聊的好奇心。

Go and wake up that idle brother of yours.

[Idle](bold)  sounds rather old-fashioned and literary. In everyday English, people usually say [lazy](bold) :

it is not worth doing something, because nothing will be achieved

It would be idle to deny that progress was made.

否定所取得的进步毫无意义。


idle

if an engine idles, it runs slowly while the vehicle, machine etc is not moving

He flicked a switch and let the boat idle.

他啪的一声按下开关，让船的发动机空转。

Sometimes he went for a walk; sometimes he just idled.

有时他去散散步，有时他纯粹是无所事事。

to stop using a factory or stop providing work for your workers, especially temporarily

〔尤指暂时地〕使〔工厂〕闲置；使〔工人〕闲着

The company has idled a number of its US plants indefinitely.

公司已经无限期地关闭了一些在美国的工厂。


idol

someone or something that you love or admire very much

a picture or statue that is worshipped as a god


i.e.

written before a word or phrase that gives the exact meaning of something you have just written or said

即，也就是〔用于对刚刚写下或说过的内容作确切说明〕

The film is only open to adults, i.e. people over 18.

该影片只限成年人观看，即18岁以上者。


if

[as if](bold) at → [as](->as) 2 sense 9 [if ever there was one](bold) at → [ever](->ever) sense 15 [what if ... ?](bold) at → [what](->what)

You use [if](bold)  with the present tense, when talking about possible future events: If I see him, I’ll tell him.
Don’t say: [If I will see him, I’ll tell him.](strike)

You use [if](bold)  with the past tense to talk about something that is unlikely or impossible: If I won the lottery, I would leave my job.
Don’t say: [If I would win the lottery ...](strike)

In everyday spoken English, you say [if I was](bold) : If I was younger, I’d do it myself.

In more formal English, you say [if I were](bold) : If I were in your position, I’d ask for help.

You use [if](bold)  with the past perfect to talk about something that did not happen: If they had tried to stop the protest, there would have been a riot.
Don’t say: [If they would have tried to stop the protest ...](strike)

You also use [if ](bold) with the present perfect, when talking about whether something has happened or not: If she hasn’t called by tomorrow, I’ll call her.

You say: I’m not sure if I heard him correctly. I don’t know if he is guilty.

You say: I’m not sure whether I heard him correctly. I don’t know whether he is guilty.

You can use [whether](bold)  after a preposition: We discussed the issue of whether to pay.
Don’t say: [the issue of if to pay](strike)

You can say [whether to do](bold)  something: He doesn’t know whether to accept.
Don’t say: [He doesn’t know if to accept.](strike)

used when talking about the possibility that something might happen or be true

He faces a long prison sentence if the court finds him guilty.

If scientists’ predictions are correct, average global temperatures could rise by 6 degrees.

if something does not happen, or if someone does not do something

The star is difficult to see unless the sky is very clear.

Doctors said they could not treat the boy unless his parents gave their permission.

used when saying that it does not matter if something happens or not, or if something is true or not

Most people will get better on their own, whether or not they receive medical treatment.

I’m still going, whether she likes it or not.

used when saying that there will be a bad result if someone does not do something, or if something does not happen

Drink plenty of water – otherwise you will become dehydrated.

in order to deal with something that might happen

She did not think it would rain, but she took her umbrella just in case.

It is best to keep a medical kit ready in case of emergency.

only if something else happens or is true

Visitors are welcome, as long as they bring their own tent.

Anyone can join the course, provided that there is space available.

As long as you can find a computer, you can access an internet-based bank account wherever you are.

used when you agree to do something only if someone first agrees to do something else

He was offered the job  on condition that he went on a month-long training course.

used when talking about something that might happen or be true, or might have happened

如果下雨，我们就待在家里。

如果你需要钱，我能借给你一些。

如果我没有道歉，我会感到内疚。

If you had worked harder, you would have passed your exams.

要是你再努力一点，就通过考试了。

What would happen to your family if you were to die in an accident?

要是你在意外事故中身亡，你的家人会怎么样呢？

If Dad were here, he would know what to do.

如果爸爸在这儿，他会知道怎么做的。

Taste the soup and add salt and pepper [if necessary](bold).

尝一下汤，需要的话加一点盐和胡椒粉。

I want to get back by five o’clock [if possible](bold).

如果可能的话，我想5点之前回来。

I think I can fix it tomorrow. [If not](bold), you’ll have to wait till Friday.

我想明天我能修好它，如果不行，你只好等到周五了。

Is the book available, and [if so](bold), where?

有没有这本书？如果有的话，在哪儿？

The missiles can be fired [only if](bold) the operator types in a six-digit code.

只有在操作员输入一组六位数密码后，导弹才能发射。

We’ll face that problem [if and when](bold) it comes along (=if it happens or when it happens).

如果这一问题真的发生了，我们就要面对它。

[If by any chance](bold) you can’t manage dinner tonight, perhaps we can at least have a drink together.

万一你今晚不能来吃饭，或许我们至少可以一起喝一杯。

used to mention a fact, situation, or event that someone asks about, or is not certain about

He stopped to ask me if I was all right.

他停下来问我是否身体不适。

I don’t know if what I am saying makes any sense.

我不知道我说的话是否有道理。

我怀疑是否会有人记得我。

I’m not sure [if](bold) this is the right road [or not](bold).

used to mention a type of event or situation when talking about what happens on occasions of that type

If I go to bed late, I feel dreadful in the morning.

我要是睡晚了，早上起来就会感觉非常糟。

used when saying what someone’s feelings are about a possible situation

〔用于表示某人对某一可能情况的感受〕

你好像不在意我是不是累了。

It would be nice if we could spend more time together.

如果我们能多些时间在一起有多好。

I’d be grateful if you would send me further details.

如能寄来详细资料，我将不胜感激。

If you would just wait for a moment, I’ll try to find your papers.

请稍等，我会尽力找到你的文件。

used when you are adding that something may be even more, less, better, worse etc than you have just said

Brian rarely, if ever, goes to bed before 3 am.

布赖恩难得在凌晨3点钟之前睡觉。

Their policies have changed little, if at all, since the last election.

自从上次选举以后，他们的政策基本没有改变。

Her needs are just as important as yours, if not more so.

她的需求，不说比你的更重要吧，至少也和你的一样重要。

The snow was now two feet deep, making it difficult, if not impossible, to get the car out.

现在雪已有两英尺深，就算有可能，把车弄出来也是很困难的。

used to emphasize that, although something may happen or may be true, it will not change a situation

即使我知道也不会告诉你。

Even if she survives, she’ll never fully recover.

即使她挺过来，也不可能完全康复。

used when adding a remark that changes what you have just said or makes it stronger

It’s warm enough here in London. A little too warm, if anything.

伦敦这边够暖和，其实是有点太暖和了。

used during a conversation when you are trying to make a suggestion, change the subject, or interrupt someone else

〔用于谈话时想提出建议、变换话题或插话〕

If I might just make a suggestion, I think that the matter could be easily settled with a little practical demonstration.

我能否提个建议，我认为做点实际示范就能轻松解决问题。

If I could just take one example to illustrate this.

我能否举一个例子来说明这一点。

used when giving advice and telling someone what you think they should do

如果我是你〔用于给某人忠告〕

I wouldn’t worry about it if I were you.

我要是你的话，就不会为此担心。

used to express a strong wish, especially when you know that what you want cannot happen

但愿，要是 …就好了〔用于表达强烈愿望，尤用于知道所想的事不能发生时〕

他要是早点和她谈谈就好了！

used to give a reason for something, although you think it is not a good one

即便仅仅〔用于为某事给出原因，虽然这个原因并不充分〕

Media studies is regarded as a more exciting subject, if only because it’s new.

媒体研究被视为一门更能激起人们兴趣的学科，即便仅仅因为它是个新兴学科。

used to say that, although something may be true, it is not important

如果〔用于承认某事可能属实，但不重要〕

If he has a fault at all, it is that he is too generous.

如果他有什么缺点的话，那就是他太慷慨了。

Her only problem, if you can call it a problem, is that she expects to be successful all the time.

她唯一的问题，如果称得上是问题的话，就是她总是渴望成功。

used when adding one criticism of a person or thing that you generally like

但，却，不过〔用于对大体上喜欢的人或事作批评〕

The eldest son was highly intelligent, if somewhat lazy.

大儿子很聪明，不过有点懒。

Lunch was a grand if rather noisy affair.

午餐场面盛大，只是有点嘈杂。


if

([ifs, ands, or buts](bold) ([AmE](bold)) )

if you do not want any ifs and buts, you want someone to do something quickly without arguing

〔为故意拖延而给出的〕借口，托词

No ifs and buts – just make sure the job is done by tomorrow!

别找任何借口，一定要保证在明天把工作完成！

used to say that something is not likely to happen

这是一大疑问〔用于表示某事不大可能发生〕

The team will go racing next year if – and it’s a very big if – they can raise £6 million.

该队明年会参加比赛——如果他们能筹到600万英镑的话，但这可能性很小。

There are too many ifs in this plan of yours.

你的计划里有太多不确定因素。


ignorance

lack of knowledge or information about something

Excuse my ignorance, but how does it actually work?

请原谅我的无知，它究竟是如何运作的？

I would have remained in ignorance if Shaun hadn’t mentioned it.

要不是肖恩提起这件事，我还蒙在鼓里呢。

公众对于艾滋病的恐惧和无知

used to say that if you do not know about a problem, you cannot worry about it


ignorant

not knowing facts or information that you ought to know

Political historians are often rather ignorant of economics.

政治历史学家往往对经济学一窍不通。

Many people remain [blissfully ignorant](bold) about the dangers of too much sun (=happy because they do not know about the dangers).

很多人对日晒过度的危害一无所知。

caused by a lack of knowledge and understanding


ignore

to deliberately pay no attention to something that you have been told or that you know about

You can’t [ignore the fact](bold) that many criminals never go to prison.

你不能无视很多罪犯从未获刑的事实。

problems which we can’t afford to ignore

to behave as if you had not heard or seen someone or something

电话铃响了，但她只当没听见。

萨姆粗鲁地对这个问题不予理睬。

He had completely ignored her remark, preferring his own theory.

他完全不理睬她的话，认为自己的说法更有道理。

In everyday British English, people often say [take no notice of](bold)  something or [not take any notice of](bold)  something rather than [ignore](bold)  something:

There are signs telling you not to smoke, but people [don’t take any notice of](bold) them.


ill

→ [ill feeling](->ill feeling) → [ill will](->ill will)

suffering from a disease or not feeling well

Her mother is seriously ill in hospital.

Sarah’s not very well – she has a throat infection.

The singer had been unwell for some time.

Symptoms include fever, aching muscles, and feeling generally unwell.

Your grandmother’s been very poorly lately.

very ill because of a serious injury or disease

You’d better call an ambulance – she looks like she’s in a bad way.

Sorry I haven’t called you – I’ve been a bit under the weather lately.

You look a bit off colour – are you sure you’re OK?

feeling slightly ill and tired all the time, for example because you have been working too hard, or not eating well

Some people take extra vitamins if they are feeling run down.

Chopin was already in poor health when he arrived on the island.

She was delicate and pale and frequently complained of headaches.

He had a delicate constitution and throughout his adult life suffered from various illnesses.

He was a sickly child and spent a lot of time at home on his own.

His younger daughter was sickly and died when she was young.

I’ve been feeling ill since I woke up this morning.

Louise fell ill while she was on holiday.

Henry was suddenly taken ill and had to go to the hospital.

I think it was the heat that made me ill.

Any seriously ill patients are usually sent to a state hospital.

She went to visit her grandfather, who was gravely ill.

He got news that his mother was critically ill in hospital.

(=having a very serious illness that you will die from)

(=having a long-term illness that cannot be cured and will not get better)

Chronically ill patients often find it difficult to get travel insurance.

Caring for mentally ill people can be challenging.

布里奇特不能来了，她生病了。

I was feeling ill that day and decided to stay at home.

我那天不太舒服，决定留在家里。

Her husband has been ill with bladder trouble.

她丈夫膀胱有毛病，身体一直不好。

Many people consumed the poisoned oil without [ill effects](bold).

很多人食用了这种有毒的油，但没有出现不良反应。

the neglect and [ill treatment](bold) of children

He was unable to join the army because of [ill health](bold).

他因为身体不好没法参军。

He always felt shy and ill at ease at parties.

他参加聚会总有害羞和不自在的感觉。

it’s an ill wind (that blows nobody any good)

used to say that every problem brings an advantage for someone

没有绝对的坏事〔指任何坏事都会使某些人获益〕


ill

to be unable to do or have something without making the situation you are in very difficult

某人难以承担(做)某事的后果

I was losing weight which I could ill afford to lose.

我的体重在减轻，我已轻得不能再轻了。

Most gamblers can ill afford their habit.

大多数赌徒都承担不起赌博这个恶习所带来的后果。

to think or say unpleasant things about someone

对某人抱有恶感/说某人坏话

She really believes you should never speak ill of the dead.

她的确认为绝不该说死者的坏话。

to give you a reason to think that something bad will happen

The look on his face boded ill for somebody.

他的脸色对某人来说是不好的兆头。


ill

He wants to cure all the ills of the world.

他想消除世上所有的弊病。

She did not like Matthew but she would never wish him ill.

她不喜欢马修，但也绝不希望他倒霉。


illegal

[illegally](bold) adv. eg: They entered the country illegally.

[illegality](bold) /ˌɪlɪˈɡæləti/  n. <U>

It is illegal to sell tobacco to children under 16.

to be illegal. This phrase is very commonly used in everyday English, instead of saying that something is [illegal](bold)

Driving a car without insurance is against the law.

illegal – a rather formal word, which is used especially when this particular action is considered to be illegal, although there are some situations where such actions can be legal

The judges said that the strike was unlawful.

The money was obtained by unlawful means.

illicit  activities or goods are illegal and usually kept secret

Marijuana remains the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States.

not allowed or acceptable according to rules or agreements

The election results were declared to be illegitimate.

not allowed by a country’s set of rules and principles by which a country is governed

The court ruled that the new law was unconstitutional.

(=completely illegal – used for emphasis)

(=according to the exact details of a law)

This type of boxing, although technically illegal, remained popular until the 1880s.

It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 16.

The drug did not become illegal until the 1970s.

He was involved in the campaign to make hunting illegal.

The strike was declared illegal on July 7.

He was charged with carrying an illegal weapon.

She was found guilty of possession of illegal drugs.

Customs officials found an illegal substance in Smith’s luggage.

The fines for illegal parking are likely to increase.

An estimated seven million illegal immigrants are brought into Europe each year.

They were suspected of being involved in illegal activities.

Driving without insurance is an illegal act.

They were found guilty of the illegal use of confidential information.

They were involved in illegal activities.

It is illegal to sell tobacco to someone under 16.

In everyday English, people often say that something is [against the law](bold)  rather than [illegal](bold) :

It is [against the law](bold) to have a gun without a licence.


illegal

[n](bold) <[C](bold)> ([AmE](special)) [spoken](special)

Illegals are still slipping through in unacceptable numbers.

非法移民仍在偷偷越境涌入，数量奇多。


illicit

not allowed by laws or rules, or strongly disapproved of by society

非法的，违禁的；社会不容许的

the [illicit trade](bold) in stolen cattle


illness

something wrong with your health which makes you feel ill

Her husband was in hospital for six months with a serious illness.

a particular illness, especially one that spreads to other people easily or that affects one part of your body

childhood diseases such as measles and chickenpox

His cough got worse and worse and became a chest infection.

a health problem that affects you permanently or for a long time

something that is wrong with a particular part of your body or your health in general

illness or pain that affects a particular part of your body

an illness that prevents a particular organ of your body from working properly, or affects the way you behave

an illness that spreads to other people very easily but that is not very serious

There’s a bug going round at school and a lot of the children are absent.

an illness that affects a particular part of your body, especially one that is not very serious – used by doctors

Deakin suffers from a back complaint called arachnoiditis.

an illness that affects a particular part of your body, especially one that is not serious

People often go to their doctor about relatively minor ailments.

The ointment is used to treat ailments such as small wounds and insect bites.

Stress is emerging today as a major cause of illness.

the state of being ill, especially when it stops you working

the state of being ill, usually for a long period of time

Research shows that there is a link between air pollution and ill health.

When did you first find out that you had the illness?

She developed the illness when she was in her 50s.

(=get an illness by catching it from another person)

He contracted the illness while he was working abroad.

It took several months for him to recover from his illness.

(=be found by doctors to have an illness)

Her husband had just been diagnosed with a terminal illness.

Vaccines have been successful in preventing illness.

His illness is more severe than the doctors first thought.

He suffered a succession of minor illnesses.

Doctors say that his illness isn’t life-threatening.

(=causing death eventually, and not possible to cure)

At that point the illness was thought to be terminal.

The films tells the sad story of a young boy with an incurable illness.

A lot of illnesses can be either acute or chronic.

(=that lasts a long time, and cannot be cured)

Diabetes is an example of a chronic illness.

She nursed him through his long illness.

His last years were ruined by a debilitating illness.

We provide specialist care for young people with mental illnesses.

Symptoms of the illness include vomiting and severe headaches.

He returned to work after a period of illness.

a disease of the body or mind, or the condition of being ill

She had all the normal childhood illnesses.

儿童的常见病她小时候都得过。

Her mother was recovering from a serious illness.

她母亲重病后正在逐渐康复。

I’ve never missed a day’s work through illness.

我从未因病耽误过一天工作。

ways to improve your health and reduce the risk of illness


illuminate

also: [illumine](bold)  [v](bold) <[T](bold)>

to make a light shine on something, or to fill a place with light

At night the canals are beautifully illuminated.

晚上运河灯火辉煌，美景毕现。

to make something much clearer and easier to understand

阐明，解释〔某事物〕；使易懂

The report illuminated the difficult issues at the heart of science policy.

报告阐明了科学方针核心部分的难点。


illusion

→ [optical illusion](->optical illusion)

an idea or opinion that is wrong, especially about yourself

〔尤指对自己的〕错误观念，幻想

They suffer from the illusion that they cannot solve their problems.

他们误以为解决不了自己的问题。

She [was under no illusion that](bold) he loved her.

她没有心存幻想地认为他爱她。

[It is an illusion that](bold) the Arctic is dark in winter.

认为北极冬天一片黑暗是错误的。

She [had no illusions about](bold) her physical attractiveness.

她对自己外表的吸引力不抱幻想。

‘I hate to shatter your illusions,’ he said.

“我不愿意打破你的幻想。”他说。

something that seems to be different from the way it really is

He was unlikely to be satisfied with the illusion of power.

他不可能满足于这种虚幻的权力。

The mirrors in the room gave an illusion of greater space.

房间里的镜子给人一种空间增大的错觉。

Credit creates the illusion that you can own things without paying for them.

赊购会让人产生买东西不用付钱的错觉。


illustrate

to make the meaning of something clearer by giving examples

Let me give an example to [illustrate](bold) the [point](bold).

让我举个例子来说明这一点。

She illustrated her discussion with diagrams.

她用图表来说明自己的论述。

to be an example which shows that something is true or that a fact exists

〔作为例证〕说明〔事实〕

This dispute illustrates that the regime is deeply divided.

这次争端说明该政权极度分裂。

The following examples illustrate how this operates in practice.

下面几个例子说明这在实际中是如何运行的。

This illustrates a fundamental weakness in the system.

这表明该系统有一个根本性的缺点。

给〔书籍、文章等〕加插图

Over a hundred diagrams, tables and pictures illustrate the book.

这本书有一百多幅图解、表格和图片。


illustration

ˌɪləˈstreɪʃən

ˌɪləˈstreɪʃən

a picture in a book, article etc, especially one that helps you to understand it

〔书籍、文章等中的〕插图，图解

The book contains 62 pages of illustrations.

a story, event, action etc that shows the truth or existence of something very clearly

a striking illustration of 19th-century attitudes to women

19世纪时对待女性态度的鲜明例证

For the purposes of illustration, some of the more important symptoms are listed below.

下面列出一些更重要的症状作为例证。

the act or process of illustrating something


image

We want to give people a positive image of the town.

It’s difficult to explain why the industry has such a bad image.

Many negative images of women are found in the media.

(=morally good and never doing anything bad)

The recent scandal has damaged his clean-cut image.

The company is trying to promote an upmarket image.

The store has struggled to break away from its downmarket image.

They want to improve the traditional image of English food.

The popular image of the spy as a glamorous figure of mystery is far from the reality.

(=the image that many people have of someone or something)

Her public image does not reflect the way she behaves in private.

He had cultivated a screen image as a ruthless tough guy.

(=someone’s image as a man who is strong and tough)

He was keen to project a macho image in this film.

The product has a rather downmarket image.

The company is trying to create an image of quality and reliability.

The casino industry was keen to improve its image.

Has this scandal damaged the company’s image?

(=be like the image you have presented of yourself)

He has certainly lived up to his wild rock-star image.

(=behave in a way that creates a particular image)

He presented an image of himself as an energetic young leader.

He was trying to cultivate an image of himself as an intellectual.

His behaviour has tarnished the image of the sport.

(=improve your image after it has been damaged)

The pop star promised to clean up his image after he was released from prison.

The party struggled to lose its image of being somewhat old-fashioned.

Politicians have an image problem as far as many young people are concerned.

the opinion people have of a person, organization, product etc, or the way a person, organization etc seems to be to the public

〔某人、组织、产品等的〕声誉；形象

→see THESAURUS at [reputation](->reputation)

attempts to improve the image of the police

a picture that you have in your mind, especially about what someone or something is like or the way they look

〔尤指对某人或某物的〕印象，形象

He had no visual image of her, only her name.

他记不得她的样子了，只记得她的名字。

He had the clearest [image in](bold) his [mind](bold) of his mother and father.

他脑海中对父母的印象极其清晰。

a picture of an object in a mirror or in the lens of a camera

〔镜子或相机镜头中的〕映像

She peered closely at her image in the mirror.

她仔细检视镜子中自己的映像。

a picture on the screen of a television, cinema, or computer

〔电视、电影或计算机屏幕上的〕图像，影像

Jill Sharpe was little more than a name, a glossy image on a television screen.

吉尔·夏普只是一个名字而已，一个电视荧屏上的浮华影像。

a picture or shape of a person or thing that is copied onto paper or is cut in wood or stone

a word, phrase, or picture that describes an idea in a poem, book, film etc

〔诗、书、电影等中的〕意象；比喻

He paints a very romantic image of working-class communities.

他描绘了工人阶级社区的浪漫景象。

be the (very/living/spitting) image of sb

to look exactly like someone or something else

in the same form or shape as someone or something else

According to the Bible, man was made in the image of God.

《圣经》上说，人是照着上帝的样子创造的。


imagery

the use of words or pictures to describe ideas or actions in poems, books, films etc

〔诗、书、电影等中的〕意象，形象化描述；比喻

→see THESAURUS at [language](->language)

Their dreams commonly involved complex stories with [visual imagery](bold).

他们的梦里常常有很多复杂的情节，充满了意象画面。


imaginary

not real, but produced from pictures or ideas in your mind

As she listened, she played an imaginary piano on her knees.

她边听边在膝盖上作弹钢琴状。

We must protect older people from harm, whether it is real or imaginary.

我们必须保护老人免受伤害，无论这伤害是真实的还是假想的。


imagination

ɪˌmædʒəˈneɪʃən

ɪˌmædʒəˈneɪʃən

[not by any stretch of the imagination](bold) at → [stretch](->stretch) 2 sense 4

She's a lively child, with a good imagination.

(=an ability to think of a lot of ideas and things that could happen)

She had a fertile imagination and a great sense of humour.

With your vivid imagination, you should write a book.

(=a mind that imagines strange things that are not real)

These stories are the product of an overactive imagination.

The story captured the public imagination.

I don't have the creative imagination to be a writer.

Her poems show that she has a lot of imagination.

Musicians need to use their imagination as well as their technical skills.

His latest paintings display a vivid imagination.

A lot of today's pop music seems to lack imagination.

The aim of the exhibition is to stimulate people's imagination.

Their policies show a lack of imagination.

also: let your imagination run riot (BrE)

(=allow yourself to imagine many strange or wonderful things)

He uses painting as a way of letting his imagination run riot.

the ability to form pictures or ideas in your mind

a storyteller with an incredible imagination

It does not take much imagination to understand their grief.

不难想象他们是多么悲伤。

With a little imagination, you can find great inexpensive gifts.

稍微动点脑筋，你就会找到物美价廉的礼物。

to be something that someone imagines, not something that really exists or happens

Did you hear that noise, or was it my imagination?

你听到那个声音了吗？还是那是我的幻觉？

These people do exist; they’re not figments of my imagination.

这些人确实存在，他们不是我凭空想象出来的。

only existing or happening in someone’s mind, not in real life

只存在[发生]于某人的想象之中

For the refugees, home exists only in their imagination.

对于这些难民来说，家只存在于他们的想象之中。

to make people feel very interested and excited

American football really captured the imagination of the British public.

美式橄榄球着实使英国民众着迷。

to deliberately not describe something because you think someone can guess or imagine it

将某事留给某人自己去想象〔因认为某人能够猜出或想象到〕

Mercifully, the writer leaves most of the physical horrors to our imagination.

幸而作者把大部分有形的恐惧留给我们自己去想象。

if someone’s clothes leave little or nothing to the imagination, the clothes are very thin or are worn in a way that shows the person’s body

〔薄透或贴身的衣服〕令身材显露无遗

Her black satin dress left nothing to the imagination.

她的黑色缎子连衣裙令身段显露无遗。

if something sexual or violent is described in a way that leaves nothing to the imagination, it is described in too much detail

〔对性爱或暴力事件的描述〕很露骨

used to tell someone that they can easily guess the answer to a question, so you should not need to tell them


imaginative

ɪˈmædʒənətɪv

ɪˈmædʒənətɪv

an [imaginative use](bold) of computer technology

an imaginative solution to the litter problem

解决乱扔垃圾问题的创意性办法

good at thinking of new and interesting ideas


imagine

to form a picture or idea in your mind about what something might be like

When I think of Honolulu, I imagine long white beaches and palm trees.

I can’t really imagine being a millionaire.

to form a picture of someone or something in your mind, especially something that is definitely going to happen or exist in the future

Anna visualized meeting Greg again at the airport.

The finished house may be hard to visualize.

to form a clear picture of something or someone in your mind

I can still picture my father, even though he died a long time ago.

The town was just how she had pictured it from his description.

to imagine something as possible or likely to happen in the future

How do you envisage your career developing over the next ten years?

They had envisioned the creation of a single armed force, small but efficient.

to imagine a situation, especially one that is difficult to imagine

For many people, music is so important that they cannot conceive of life without it.

to imagine something exciting that you would like to happen, but that is very unlikely to happen

I used to fantasize about becoming a film star.

to imagine pleasant things, so that you forget where you are and what you should be doing

Mark began to daydream, and didn’t even hear the teacher’s question.

to imagine that you are seeing things that are not really there, especially because you are ill or have taken drugs

The drug can cause some people to hallucinate.

When I saw the walls moving, I thought I must be hallucinating.

It’s easy to imagine how the change in the law caused a lot of confusion.

It’s hard to imagine the suffering she must have gone through.

I can easily imagine how frightening the accident must have been.

I can well imagine how delighted you were with the news.

He could scarcely imagine what living in such poor conditions must have been like.

He couldn’t imagine life without his wife.

(=what someone thought something would be like, before they saw it or experienced it)

The office was not what he had imagined.

be bigger/smaller/worse etc than you had imagined

The job interview proved to be much worse than I had imagined it would be.

(=used to encourage someone else to think about a possibility)

Let us imagine that you are an employer who wants to recruit some new staff.

(=someone has a false or wrong idea about something)

She’s imagining things if she thinks she has a chance of winning the prize.

(=to imagine something without realizing how complicated the situation is)

She had naively imagined that marriage would solve all her problems.

He had fondly imagined that she was in love with him.

to form a picture or idea in your mind about what something could be like

Imagine that you have just won a million pounds.

设想你刚刚赢得一百万英镑。

想象一下没有热水的生活。

Can you imagine what it’s like when it’s really hot out here in Delhi?

你能想象出德里这儿热起来是什么样子吗？

She could imagine dark-robed figures moving silently along the stone corridors.

她可以想象出身穿黑袍的人悄无声息地在石廊里穿行的情景。

想象一下做那种可怕的工作吧！

Just imagine going all that way for nothing!

想想看，白走了那么多的路！

He didn’t quite dare to imagine himself as a real artist.

他不太敢把自己想象成一个真正的艺术家。

Somehow, I can’t imagine him without a beard.

不知为什么，我想象不出他没有胡子的样子。

[it’s difficult/easy/possible/impossible etc to imagine sth](bold)

After such a dry summer, it’s difficult to imagine what rain looks like.

经过如此干燥的夏季，很难想象下雨的样子。

[Imagine](bold)  is followed by an [-ing](bold)  form, not an infinitive. You say: I can’t imagine living without music.
Don’t say: [I can’t imagine to live without music.](strike)

to have a false or wrong idea about something

Perhaps she’d never really been there at all – perhaps she’d just imagined it.

可能她从未到过那儿——也许这都是她的幻想。

She had imagined that the doctor would be male.

她原本以为会是个男医生。

I was surprised when I saw the farm. I had imagined it would be much bigger.

看见农场时我很惊讶——我原来想象它会大得多。

There’s nobody here. You’re just [imagining things](bold).

这儿没人，你只是在胡思乱想。

to think that something is true or may happen, but without being sure or having proof

〔不确定或没有根据地〕猜想，猜测

‘A very complicated subject, I imagine,’ said Edwin.

“一个非常复杂的问题，我猜想。”埃德温说。

You are obviously tired and I imagine that nothing would make you admit it.

你明显是累了，但我想你是绝对不肯承认的。

used to emphasize how good, bad etc something is

你能想象到/你想象不到某事物〔用于强调某事物好、坏等的程度〕

你能想象我当时有多生气!

You can’t imagine what a terrible week we had.

你想象不到我们经历了多么可怕的一个星期。


imbalance

[imbalanced](bold) adj. eg: Many pupils follow an imbalanced curriculum.

a lack of a fair or correct balance between two things, which results in problems or unfairness

The government must [redress](bold) the [imbalance](bold)(=put it right) in spending on black and white children.

the current imbalance between farming and conservation interests

农业耕种和资源保护之间利益的不平衡现状


imitate

to copy the way someone behaves, speaks, moves etc, especially in order to make people laugh

〔尤指为引人发笑而〕模仿

She was a splendid mimic and loved to imitate Winston Churchill.

她是个出色的模仿者，喜欢模仿温斯顿·丘吉尔。

→ Do not use [imitate](bold) to mean ‘do the same thing as someone else’. Use [copy](bold)[She worries that Tom will copy his brother (NOT imitate his brother) and leave home.](italic)

to copy something because you think it is good

The Japanese have no wish to imitate Western social customs and attitudes.

日本人无意仿效西方的社会习俗和处事态度。


imitation

ˌɪmɪˈteɪʃən◂

ˌɪmɪˈteɪʃən◂

Many people think that children learn language by imitation.

很多人认为儿童通过模仿学习语言。

The remake of ‘Casablanca’ was a [pale imitation](bold)(=something that is much less good than the thing it imitates) of the original movie.

重拍的《卡萨布兰卡》远不如原版。

when you copy the way someone speaks or behaves, especially in order to be funny

She acted, she danced, she [did imitations](bold).

她演戏，跳舞，做滑稽模仿。

→see THESAURUS at [artificial](->artificial)   →see THESAURUS at [false](->false)

She wore an imitation of a sailor’s hat.

她戴着一顶仿制的水手帽。

[imitation fur/pearls/silk/leather etc](bold)(=something that looks like an expensive material but is a copy of it)


immaculate

→see THESAURUS at [clean](->clean) 1   →see THESAURUS at [tidy](->tidy) 1

他穿着整洁的深蓝色西装。

exactly correct or perfect in every detail


immature

someone who is immature behaves or thinks in a way that is typical of someone much younger – used to show disapproval

〔行为、思想〕不成熟的，幼稚的〔含贬义〕

He forgave his son’s immature behaviour.

他原谅了儿子的幼稚行为。


immediate

happening or done at once and without delay

Our [immediate response](bold) to the attack was sheer horror.

我们对攻击的第一反应就是非常惊恐。

They promise [immediate action](bold) to help the unemployed.

他们承诺立即采取行动帮助失业者。

If the eyes are affected, seek immediate medical attention.

如果眼睛感染了要立即就医。

existing now, and needing to be dealt with quickly

Let’s try and solve the most [immediate problem](bold).

咱们尽力解决最急迫的问题吧。

There is an [immediate danger](bold) of war.

happening just before or just after someone or something else

The most [immediate effect](bold) of retirement is a dramatic reduction in living standards.

退休的最直接影响是生活水准的大幅度下降。

He promised that there would be no tax increases in [the immediate future](bold).

他承诺短期内不会提高税收。

next to, or very near to, a particular place

It is a thriving shopping centre for the people who live in the [immediate area](bold).

这是一家为附近居民服务的生意兴隆的购物中心。

people who are very closely related to you, such as your parents, children, brothers, and sisters

直系亲属〔如父母、子女、兄弟姐妹等〕